Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding I

CMBUkTI9
sm<½n§KImITI1³ bBaØtþiCamUldæan
(Chemical Bonding I: fundamental concepts)
esckþIepþIm
ehtuGIV)anCaGatUménFatuxusKñamanRbtikmµCamYyKña? etIkMlaMgEdlTajrvagGatUm
kñúgm:UelKul nigGIuy:ugkñúgsmasFatuGIuyug: CakMlaMgGIV? etITMrg;GIVEdleKsnµtcMeBaHm:UelKul?
TaMgenHCasMNYrxøHEdlRtUv)aneKdak;CabBaðaenAkñúgemeronenH nigemeronTI10. eyIgcab;epþIm
edaysikSaeTAelIRbePTBIrénsm<½n§ KWsm<½n§GIuy:ugnigsm<½n§kUva:Lg; RBmTaMgkMlaMgEdleFIV
eGaymanlMnwgdl;sm<½n§TaMgenH.
1 nimitþsBaØaLWvIs
2 sm<½n§GIuyug:
3 famBlbNþajénsmasFatuGIuyug:
4 sm<½n§kUva:Lg;
5 kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man
6 karsresrTMrg;LWvIs
7 bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; nigTMrg;LWvIs
8 bBaØtþiersUNg;
9 krNIelIkElgcMeBaHviFanGdæta
10 famBlsm<½n§
1 nimitþsBaØaLWvIs
karGPivDÆtaragxYbnigbBaØtþir)ayeGLicRtug)anpþl;eGayKImIviTUnUvehtuplsmrmü
sMrab;kMNm:UelKul nigsmasFatu. karBnül;enHRtUv)anEcgeday Gilbert Lewis Edlfa 1
GatUmTaMgLaypSMCamYyKñaedIm,IeFIVeGayr)ayeGLicRtugkan;EtzitefreLIg.
1
CaKImIviTUCnCatiGaemricmñak;kñúgcMeNamKImIviTUrUbl,I²kñúgstvtSenH. elak LWvIs
Gilber Newton Lewis(1875-1946)
)anpþl;viPaKTansMxan;²CaeRcInkñúgEpñksm<½n§KImI ETm:UDINamic GasIut-)as nigs,iúcRtUTsSn_. eTaHbICakargar

rbs;LWvIsmansarsMxan;k¾eday k¾Kat;minEdlTTYl)anrgVan;NUEbleT .
9-1
sißrPaBx<s;bMputTTYl)anenAeBlEdlGatUmmYymanr)ayeGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwg]sµ½nkMr.
enAeBlEdlGatUmTaMgLaymanGMeBICamYyKñaedIm,IbegáItCasm<½n§KImImYy vaeRbIR)as;
EteGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs;vaEtb:ueNÑaH. sMrab;ehtuplenHehIy )anCaenAeBlEdleyIg
sikSaGMBIsm<½n§KImI eyIgykcitþTukdak;CasMxan;eTAelIEteGLicRtugva:Lg;rbs;GatUm. edIm,I
RtYtBinitüGMBIeGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúgRbtikmµKimI nigedIm,IeGayR)akdfacMnYneGLicRtugsrubmin
mankarpøas;bþÚrenaH KImIviTU)aneRbIRbB½n§cuc²EdlbegáIteLIgedayelak LWvIs ehIyeKehAfa
nimitþsBaØaLWvsI . nimitþsBaØaenHpSMeLIgedaynimitþsBaØaénFatu nigKMnUscMnucmYytageGay
eGLicRtugva:Lg;nImYy²kñúgGatUménFatu. rUb1 bgðajBInimitþsBaØaLWvIssMrab;FatuCatMNag
nig]sµ½nkMr. cUrcaMfa elIkElgEtsMrab;eGlüÚm cMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;rbs; GatUmnImYy²esµIKña
eTAnwgelxRkuménFatuTaMgenaH. ]TahrN_ LisßitenAkñúgRkum1A vamanKMnUscMnucsMrab;
eGLicRtugva:Lg;mYy Be sßitkñúgRkum 2A maneGLicRtug va:Lg;BIr ¬KMnUscMnucBIr¦.l. Fatu
EdlsßitkñúgRkumdUcKñamanr)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkAdUcKña nigmannimitþsBaØaLWvIscuc²dUcKña
Edr. elah³qøgBIr KWLg;tanIdnigGak;TInIdminTan;)anbMeBjeGLicRtugRsTab;xagkñúgeGay
)anRKb;RKan;enAeLIyeT CaTUeTA eyIgminGacsresrnimitþsBaØagay²rbs;LWvIstageGay
FatuTaMgenH)aneLIy.
enAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgeroneRbIR)as;r)ayeGLicRtug nigtaragxYbedIm,ITsSn_Tay
RbePTGatUmEdlRtUvcUlrYmkñúgkarcgsm<½n§ k¾dUcCacMnYnsm<½n§énGatUmrbs;FatuNamYyGac
ekIneLIg nigsißrPaBrbs;plitpl.
2 sm<½n§GIuy:ug
eyIgdwgfaGatUménFatuEdlmanfamBlGIuy:ugkmµexSaymanTMenarrbegáItkacug cMENk
ÉFatuEdlmanfamBlGIuyu:gkmµx<s;manTMenarrbegáItGaj:úg. Cac,ab; FatuEdlgaybegáItCa
kacugkñúgsmasFatuGIuyug: KWCaelah³Gal;kaLaMgnigelah³ Gal;kalINUETruW ehIyFatuEdl
gaybegáItCaGaj:úg KWCaGaLÚEsnnigGuksIuEsn. dUecñH smasPaKGIuyu:gCaeRcIny:agpSM
elah³Rkum 1A nig 2A CamYyGaLÚEsnnigGuksIuEsn. sm< sm½<n§GIuyu:g CakMlaMgeGLicRtUsþaTic
EdlcgP¢ab;GIuy:ugenAkñúgsmasFatuGIuyu:g. ]TahrN_ cUrBinitüemIlRbtikmµrvaglIcUmnig
PøúyGredIm,IbegáItCalIcUm PøúyGrYEdlCaemSABulBN’seRbIkñúgkarbBa©úHcMNucrlayrbs;
elah³sMrab;pSar nigeRbIkñúgkarplitesra:mic (ceramics).
9-2
CMBUkTI9
rUb1³ nimitþsBaØacMNuc²rbs;
rbsLW;LvW sénFatu
IsénFatutMtN
M agnig]sµ½nkMr. cMnYncMNucEdlminsßitenACaKU
RtUvKñaeTAnwgcMnYnsm<
sm½<n§EdlGatUménFatumYyGacbegáItkñúgsmasFatumYy
r)ayeGLicRtugrbs;lIcUm (Li) KW 1s 2s nigrbs;PøúyGr(F)KW 1s 2s 2p . enAeBl

2 1 2 2 5
EdlGatUmlIcUmnigPøúyGrmanRbtikmµCamYyKña eGLicRtugva:Lg;RsTab;eRkA2s rbs;lIcUmRtUv 1
)anbBa¢ÚneTAeGayGatUmPøúyGr. edaykareRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIs eyIgGactagRbtikmµenHdUct

eTA³
¬b¤ LiF¦ ¬1¦
.. ..
+ -
.Li + :F . Li :F :
.. ..
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
edIm,IgayRsYl eyIgRtUvyl;faRbtikmµenHekIteLIgkñúgdMNak;epSg²BIKña. dMbUg

GIuyu:gkmµrbs; Li
.Li Li+ + e-
bnÞab;mkkarTTYlykeGLicRtugmYyeday F
.. ..
:F . + e- : F :-
.. ..
bnÞab;mkeTot RtUvyl;faGIuyu:gEdlxus²KñaTaMgBIrTajcUlKñaedIm,IbegáItCa LiF

.. ..
Li+ + : F :- Li+ : F :-
.. ..
cUrcMNaMfa plbUksrubénRbtikmµTaMgbIenHKW
.. ..
.Li + :F . Li+ : F :-
.. ..
9-3
EdldUcKñaeTAnwgsmIkar ¬1¦. sm<½n§GIuy:ugkñúg HF CaTMnajeGLicRtUsþaTicrvagbnÞúkGKÁisnI

viC¢manrbs;GIuy:uglIcUm nigbnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢manrbs;GIuyu:gPøúyGr. smasFatuEdlbegáIt)an
enHmanbnÞúkGKÁisnINWt.
manRbtikmµCaeRcInepSgeTotEdlbegáItsm<½n§GIuyu:g. ]TahrN_ kasüÚmeqHkñúg
GuksIuEsnedIm,IbegáItCakal;süÚmGuksIut³
2Ca(s) + O2(g) 2CaO(s)
dMbUg m:UelKulGuksIuEsn (O ) RtUvbMEbkecjCaGatUmGuksIuEsn ¬eyIgnwgeXIj
2
famBlbMEbkéndMNak;kalenHenAeBleRkay¦. eyIgGactagRbtikmµedaynimitþsBaØaLWvis
dUcxageRkam³
.. ..
⋅ Ca ⋅ + ⋅ O⋅ Ca2+ + : O :2−
.. ..
2 2 2 4
[Ar]4s 1s 2s 2p [Ar] [Ne]
mankarepÞreGLicRtugcMnYnBIrBIGatUmkal;süÚmeTAeGayGatUmGuksIuEsn. cUrcMNaMfa
GIuyu:gkal;süÚmEdlbegáIt)an (Ca ) manr)ayeGLicRtugdUcGakug ehIyGIuy:ugGuksIutman
2+
r)ayeGLicRtugdUcenGug ehIysmasFatu (CaO) manbnÞúkGKÁisnINWt.

enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn kacugnigGaj:úgkñúgsmasFatuminmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIdUcKñaeT. dUecñH
enAeBlEdllIcUmeqHkñúgxül;begáIt)anCalIcUmGuksIut (Li O) smIkarlMnwgKW³ 2
4Li(s) + O2(g) 2Li2O(s)

edayeRbInimitþsBaØacMnuc²rbs;LWvis eyIgsresr
.. ..
2.Li + ⋅O⋅ 2Li+ : O :2- (Li2O)
.. ..
1s22s1 1s22s22p4 [He] [Ne]
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH GatUmGuksIuEsnTTYleGLicRtugBIr ¬eGLicRtugnimYy²TTYl)an
BIGatUmlIcUmcMnYnBIr¦ begáIt)anCaGIuyu:gGuksIut. GIuyu:g (Li ) maneGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwg +
eGlüÚm.
enAeBlEdlma:ejsüÚmeFIVRbtikmµCamYyGasUt enAsItuNðPaBx<s; smasFaturwgBN’
sma:ejsüÚmnIRTYekIteLIg (Mg N ) 3 2
3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)

b¤
.. ..
3 ⋅ Mg ⋅ + 2⋅ N⋅ 3Mg2+ 2 : N :3-
.. ..
2 2 2 3
[Ne]3s 1s 2s 2p [Ne] [Ne]
RbtikmµenHTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞreGLicRtug6 ¬eGLicRtugBIr)anmkBIGatUmma:ejsüÚm
mYy¦eTAeGayGatUmGasUtBIr. GIuyug: ma:ejsüÚm (Mg ) nigGIuyu:gGasUtEdlbegáIt)an (N ) 2+ 3-
9-4
CMBUkTI9
maneGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwgenGug. edaysarEtmanGIuyug: EdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI +2 cMnYnbI

nigGIuy:ugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI –3 cMnYnBIr bnÞúkGKÁisnITaMgenHmanlMnwgnwgKñaEdleFIVeGay
smasFatuenHmanbnÞúkGKÁisnINWt.
enAkñúg]TahrN_1 eyIgGnuvtþnimitþsBaØaLWvIs edIm,IsikSaBIkarbegáItsmasFatu
GIuyu:g.
]TahrN_
TahrN_ 1³ cUreRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIs edIm,IbegáItGaluymIj:ÚmGuksIut (Al O ) .
2 3
yuT§sa®sþ³ eyIgeRbIeGLicRtUNWRtalIet EdlbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrubrbs;kacugRtUvEtesµIKñaeTA

nwgbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrubrbs;Gaj:úgCalMnaMkñúgkarsresrrUbmnþrbs;smasFatuGIuyug: .
cMelIy³ eyagtamrUb1 nimitþsBaØaLWvIsrbs; Al nig O KW³ ⋅ Al ⋅ nig ⋅ O⋅.
..
..
edaysarGaluymIj:ÚmTMenarbegáItCakacug (Al ) ehIyGuksIuEsnTMenarbegáItCa

2+
Gaj:úg O enAkñúgsmasFatuGIuyu:g karepÞreGLicRtug KWekIteLIgBI Al eTAeGay O. man

2-
eGLicRtugva:Lg;bIkñúgGatUm Al nImYy² cMeBaHGatUm O nImYy²RtUvkareGLicRtugBIr edIm,I

begáItGIuyu:g O EdlmaneGLicRtugdUceTAnwgenGug. dUecñH pleFobNWtkmµgaybMputén Al
2- 3+
nig O KW 2 : 3. GIuy:ug Al BIrmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrub +6 ehIyGIuyug: O bImanbnÞúkGKÁisnI

2- 3+ 2-
srub –6. dUecñH rUbmnþrbs;GaluymIj:ÚmGuksIut KW Al O ehIyRbtikmµenH RbRBwtþeTAdUcxag

2 3
eRkam³
.. ..
2 ⋅ Al ⋅ + 3 ⋅ O⋅ 2Al3+ 3 : O :2- (Al2O3)
. .. ..
[Ne]3s23p1 1s22s22p4 [Ne] [Ne]
epÞógpÞat;t³; sUmBinitüemIlfa cMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg; (24) KWesµIKñaenAEpñkTaMgsgxagén

smIkar. etIelxsnÞsSn_kñúg Al O )anbnßyeTAdl;cMnYnKt;tUcbMputehIyb¤enA?
2 3
lMhat;atG; nuvtþn³_ cUreRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIsedIm,ItageGaykMN)arüÚmGIuRdY.
3 famBlbNþajénsmasFatuGIuy:ug
eyIgGacTsSn_TayfaetIFatuNagaybegáItCasmasFatuGIuyu:gedayEp¥keTAelI
famBlGIuyug: kmµnigcMNUleGLicRtug (electron affinities) b:uEnþetIeyIgeFIVEbbNaedIm,IdwgBI
sißrPaBénsmasFatuGIuyu:gmYy? famBlGIuyu:gkmµnigcMNUleGLicRtugRtUv)ankMNt;eday
dMeNIrkarekIteLIgkñúgpas]sµ½n b:uEnþenAsMBaF 1atm sItuNðPaB 25 c smasFatuGIuyu:g
o
9-5
TaMgGs;sßitkñúgPaBrwg. PaBrwgKWCabrisßanEdlxusKñaxøaMgNas; BIeRBaHkacugnImYy²kñúg

GgÁFaturwgRtUvB½T§eTAedaycMnYnCak;lak;énGaj:úg nigpÞúymkvij. dUcecñHsißrPaBénsmasFatu
GIuyu:gGgÁFaturwgTaMgmUlGaRs½yeTAnwgGnþrkmµrbs;GIuyu:gTaMgGs;enH ehIyminEmnRtwmEt
GnþrkmµénkacugEtmYyelIGaj:úgEtmYyenaHeT. rgVas;brimaNsißrPaBénGgÁFaturwgGIuyug: Ca
famBlbNþaj EdlRtUv)ankMNt;CafamBlRtUvkaredIm,IbMEbk1m:UlénsmasFatuGIuyug: rwg
eGayCaGIuyug: ]sµ½n.
3>1 vdþ Born-Haber sMrab;abkarkM
;karkMNt;tfamBlbNþ
kar ;famBlbNþaj
famBlbNþajminGacRtUvvas;edaypÞal;)aneT. b:uEnþ ebIsineyIgdwgBITMrg; nigsmas
PaBrbs;smasFatuGIuyu:gmYy eyIgGacKNnafamBlbNþajrbs;smasFatuedayeRbI
abK; ULM (Coulomb’s law) EdlEcgfa famBlb:Utg;Esül (E) rvagGIuy:ugBIrKWsmamaRteday
c,ab; 2
pÞal;eTAnwgplKuNénbnÞúkGKÁisnIrbs;va ehIysmmaRtpÞúy eTAnwgcMgayrvagGIuyu:gTaMgenaH.

sMrab;GIuyug: eTal Li nigGIuyu:geTal F EdlRtUvXøatKña edaycMgay r famBlb:Utg;Esülén
+ -
RbB½n§enHRtUv)ankMNt;eday³
Q Li + × Q F −
Eα
r
Q Li + × Q F −
=K ¬2¦ r
Edl Q nig Q CabnÞúkGKÁisnIelIGIuy:ug Li nig F ehIy K CaefrsmamaRt.
Li + F−
+ -
edaysar Q viC¢mannig Q GviC¢man EmantMélGviC¢man nigkMNsm<½n§GIuy:ugrvag Li nig F

Li + F−
+ -
CadMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA. dUecñH famBlRtUvEtpþl;edIm,IeFIVeGaymandMeNIrkarRtLb;mkvij

¬mann½yfa famBlbNþajén LiF KIviC¢man¦ dUecñH karcgsm<½n§GIuy:ugrbs; Li nig F eTACa + -
LiF eFIVeGayvamansißrPaBCagkarzit enACaGIuyug

: Li nig F . + -
eyIgGackMNt;famBlbNþaj)anedayminpÞal;pgEdr edaysnµtfakarbegáItsmas
FatuGIuyu:gmYyRbRBwtþeTAtames‘rIéndMNak;kalRbtikmµeRcIn. lMnaMenHRtUv)aneKsÁal;fa Ca
vdþbn-haEb‘ (Born-Haber) EdlTak;TgnwgfamBlbNþajénsmasFatuGIuyug: eTAnwg
famBlGIuyug: kmµ cMNUleGLicRtug niglkçN³GatUmnigm:UelKulepSgeTot. vaRtUv)aneFIV
2
GñkrUbviTüaCnCati)araMg. elak)anRsavRCavBIGKÁisnInigma:ejTic nigc,ab;kaerpÞúy
Chales Augustin de Coulomb(1736-1806)
rbs; Newton GnuvtþeTAelIGKÁisnI. Kat;k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdrnUvCBa¢IgrmUl (torsion).
9-6
CMBUkTI9
eGaykan;EtRbesIredayEp¥keTAelIc,ab; Hess (Hess’s law). GPivDÆedayelak Max Born 3
nigelak Fritz Haber vdþ Born-Haber )ankMNt;dMNak;kalepSg²EdlRbRBwtþeTAmunkMN

4
GgÁFaturwgGIuy:ug. eyIgnwgbgðajkareRbIR)as;vaedIm,IrkfamBlbNþajrbs;lIcUmPøúyGrY.
RbtikmµrvaglIcUmnigPøúyGrKW³
1
Li ( s ) + F2( g ) → LiF( s )
2
bMErbMrYlcMeBaHGg;tal;BIsþg;dasMrab;RbtikmµenHKW –594,1kJ ¬BIeRBaHFatuRbtikrnig
plitplsßitkñúglkçxNÐsþg;darbs;va EdlmansMBaF1atmbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIk¾sßitkñúg
Gg;tal;BIsþg;daénkMNLiFpgEdr). cUrcgcaMfa plbUkénbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsMrab;dMNak;kal
TaMgenaHKWesµIKñanwgbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIrbs;RbtikmµTaMgmUl(-594,1kJ). eyIgGactamdanemIl
kMN LiF BIFaturbs;vaqøgkat;5dMNak;kalepSg²Kña. dMeNIrkarenHRbEhlCaminBitfaGac
ekIteLIgtamrebobenHeT b:uEnþlMnaMenHGacCYyeyIgedIm,IviPaKbMErbMrYlfamBlénkMNsmas
FatuGIuyu:g)anedaymanCMnYyBIc,ab; Hess.
1- bMEbøgBIlIcUmrwgeTACacMhaylIcUm ¬bMElgpÞal;BIGgÁFaturwgeTA]sµ½nKWRtUv)aneK
ehAfa rMehIr¦³
Li ( s ) → Li ( g ) ∆H 10 = 155,2kJ
famBlénbMElgBIGgÁFaturwgeTACa]sµ½nrbs;lIcUmKW 155,2 kJ/mol

2- bMEbk ½ m:Ulén]sµ½n F eTACaGatUm]sµ½n F dac;BIKña³
2
1
F2( g ) → F( g ) ∆H 20 = 75,3kJ
2
famBlEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ipþac;sm<½n§ 1m:Ulénm:UelKul F KW 150,6kJ. eBl 2
enHeyIgkMBugpþac;sm<½n§ ½m:Ulén F dUcenHbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW150,6/2 b¤esµI

2
75,3kJ.
3
CaGñkrUbviTüaCnCatiGaløIm:g; Kat;CamnusSmñak;kñúgcMeNamGñkRsavRCavGMBIrUbviTüaTMenIb. kargarrbs;
Max Born(1882-1970)
Kat;rYmmanRbFanbTCaeRcIn. Kat;)anTTYlrgVan;NUEblxagrUbviTüakñúgqñaM1954 sMrab;karRsaybBa¢ak;rbs;Kat;GMBImux

garrlksMrab;PaKl¥it .
4
Fritz Haber(1868-1934) CaKImIviTUCnCatiGaløWm:g;. dMeNIrkarrbs;Kat;sMrab;karsMeyaKGam:Uj:ak;BInIRtUEsnbriyakas
)aneFIVeGayRbeTsGaløWm:g;plitnIRtatbEnßmsMrab;eFVIeRKOgpÞúHkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI1. Kat;k¾)anplit]sµ½nsMrab;
sRgÁampgEdr. kñúgqñaM1918 Kat;)anTTYlrgVan;NUEblxagEpñkKImI.
9-7
3- eFIVGIuy:ugkmµ 1m:UlénGatUm Li ]sµ½n³

Li(g) Li+ (g) + e- ∆H 30 = 520kJ
dMeNIrkarenHRtUvKñaeTAnwgGIuyu:gkmµTI1énlIcUm.
4- bEnßm 1m:UléneGLicRtugeTAeGay 1m:UlénGatUm F ]sµ½n. bMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI
sMrab;dMeNIrkarenH KWRKan;EtCakarpÞúyKñaéncMNUleGLicRtug.
F(g) + e- F-(g) ∆H 40 = −328kJ
5- pSMbBa©ÚlKñakñúg 1m:Ul]s½µn Li nig 1m:Ul F- edIm,IbegáItCamYym:UlGgÁFaturwg LiF
+
Li+(g) + F-(g) LiF(s) ∆H 50 = ?

karb®Ba©asdMNak;kalTI5 enH KWGackMNt;famBlbNþajén LiF .
famBl + LiF Li
(s) + F +
(g)
-
(g)
dUecñHfamBlbNþajRtUvEtmanTMhMdUcKñaKW ∆H b:uEnþmansBaØapÞúyKña. eTaHbI

0
5
eyIgminGackMNt; ∆H edaypÞal; EteyIgGacKNnatMélrbs;vatamdMNak;

0
5
kaldUcxageRkam³
1- Li (s) → Li (g ) ∆H 10 = 155,2kJ
2- 1
2
F2 ( g ) → F( g ) ∆H 20 = 75,3kJ
3- Li(g) Li+ (g) + e- ∆H 30 = 520kJ
4- F(g) + e- F-(g) ∆H 40 = −328kJ
5- Li+(g) + F-(g) LiF(s) ∆H 50 = ?
Li(s) + 1/2F2 LiF(s) ∆H overall

0
= −594kJ
eyagtamc,ab; Hess eyIgGacsresr
∆H overall
0
= ∆H 10 + ∆H 20 + ∆H 30 + ∆H 40 + ∆H 50
b¤ -594kJ = 155,2kJ + 75,3kJ + 520kJ - 328kJ + ∆H 50
dUcenH ∆H =-1017kJ nigfamBlbNþajrbs; LiF KW +10117kJ/mol.

0
5
rUbTI2 segçbBIvdþ Born-Haber rbs; LiF. dMNak;kalTI1/ 2 nig3 RtUvkarfamBl

bEnßm ¬RsUbfamBl¦. cMENkÉdMNak;kalTI4 nig5 beBa©jfamBl. edaysar ∆H 0
5
mantMélGviC¢manFM dUcenHfamBlbNþajénLiFk¾mantMélviC¢manFMEdr EdlCaehtunaMeGay

GgÁFaturwgLiFmansißrPaBxøaMg. famBlbNþajkan;EtFMeFIVeGaysmasFatuGIuy:ugkan;Etman
9-8
CMBUkTI9
sißrPaB. cUrcgcaMfa famBlbNþajCanic©kalmantMélviC¢man BIeRBaHkarbMEbkGIuyug: kñúg

GgÁFaturwgeTACapas]sµ½nCadMeNIrkarRsUbkMedA tamc,ab;KULúM.
rUbTI2³ vdþ Born-Haber srab;
MrabkM;kN
rab M GgÁFaturwrgw LiF
Li+(g)+F-(g)
∆H 30 = 520kJ ∆H 40 = −328kJ
∆H 50 = −1017 kJ
Li(g)+F(g)
∆H 10 = 155,2kJ ∆H 20 = 75,3kJ
Li(s)+1/2F(g)
∆H overall
0
= −594,1kJ LiF(s)
taragTI1cuHbBa¢IfamBlbNþaj nigcMnucrlayrbs;smasFatuGIuyug: mYycMnYn. man

TMnak;TMngminrlUneTrvagfamBlbNþajnigcMnucrlay. famBlbNþajkan;EtFM; GgÁFaturwg
kan;EtmansißrPaB ehIyGIuyu:gcgsm<½n§nwgKñakan;EtrwgmaM. vaRtUvkarfamBleRcInedIm,IrMlay
GgÁFaturwgEbbenaH EdlCaehtueFIVeGayGgÁFaturwgenaHmancMnucrMlayx<s;CagGgÁFaturwgEdl
manfamBlbNþajTabCag. cUrcgcaMfa MgCl , Na O ehIy MgO manfamBlbNþajx<s;
2 2
cEmøkBIeK. smasFatuGIuyu:gTI1mankacugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnIeTV (Mg ) ehIysmasFatu 2+
GIuyu:gTI2manGaj:úgEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTV(O ). kñúgsmasFatuTI3 manGnþrkmµrvagRbePT

2-
KImIEdlbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTVcMnYnBIr(Mg nig O ). TMnajKULMúrvagRbePTKImIEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI

2+ 2-
eTVBIr b¤rvagGIuy:ugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTVmYynigGIuy:ugEdl manbnÞúkGKÁisnIGIuyu:geTalmYy

KWxøaMgCagTMnajKULúMrvagGaj:úgnigkacugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTal.
taragTI1 famBlb
famBlbNþajni
jnigcMnucrlayénelah³
rlayénelah³Gal;
GalkaLaM
;kaLaMg Gal;
GalkalI
;kalINUETru
TruW elah³
elah³GaLÚEsnY nig
GuksIutmUycMnYn
smasFatu famBlbNþaj (kJ/mol) cMnucrlay ( c) o
LiF 1017 845

LiCl 828 610
9-9
LiBr 787 550
LiI 732 450
NaCl 788 801
NaBr 736 750
NaI 686 662
KCl 699 772
KBr 689 735
KI 632 680
MgCl2 2527 714
Na2O 2570 sub∗
MgO 3890 2800
3>2 famBlb
famBlbNþaj nigrUbmnþénsmasFatu
énsmasFatuGIuy:ug
én
edaysarfamBlbNþajCargVas;sißrPaBénsmasFatuGIuyug: enaHtMélrbs;vaGacCYy
eyIgBnül;BIrUbmnþénsmasFatuTaMgenH. cUrBinitüemIlma:ejsüÚmkørYCa]TahrN_. eyIg
eXIjfa famBlGIuy:ugkmµekIneLIgya:grh½sedIm,Ipþac;eGLicRtugbnÞab;ecjBIGatUmrbs;va.
]TahrN_ famBlGIuyu:gkmµdMbUgrbs;ma:ejsüÚm 738kJ/mol ehIyfamBlGIuyug: kmµTI2
1450kJ/mol vaesÞIrEtesµIBIrdgénfamBlGIuy:ugkmµTI1. eyIgGacq¶l;fa ehtuGIV)anCa
ma:ejsüÚmminmanTMenarbegáItGIuyu:gviC¢man1kñúgsmasFaturbs;va. ehtuGIV)anCama:ej:süÚm
kørYminmanrUbmnþMgCl¬EdlmanGIuy:ugMg ¦CaCagmanrUbmnþ MgCl ¬EdlmanGIuyug: Mg ¦?
+
2
2+
eyIgdwgfa GIuyug: Mg manr)ayeGLicRtugdUc]s½µnkMr[Ne] EdlbBa¢ak;BIkMritsißrPaBeday

2+
sarRKb;RsTab;rbs;vaRtUv)anbMeBjTaMgGs;. b:uEnþtamBiteTA kMritsißrPaBEdlTTYl)antam

ry³RKb;RsTab;RtUv)anbMeBjenaHminTan;RKb;RKan;edIm,ITUTat;CamYyfamBlEdlcaM)ac;edIm,I
pþac;eGLicRtugBIGIuyu:g Mg eT. ehtuplEdlma:ej:süÚmkørYmanrUbmnþ MgCl KWedaysar
+
2
vamankMritsißrPaB bEnßmEdlTTYl)anBIkMNGgÁFaturwgma:ejsüÚmkørY. famBlbNþajrbs;

MgCl KW 2527kJ/mol EdlvaelIsBIRKb;RKan;edIm,ITUTat;famBlEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ipþac;
2
eGLicRtugBIrdMbUgBIGatUm Mg ¬738kJ/mol + 1450kJ/mol = 2188kJ/mol¦.

cMeBaHsUdüÚmkørYya:gNaEdr? ehtuGIV)anCarUbmnþsUdüÚmkørYKWNaCl ehIyminEmn NaCl2
¬EdlmanGIuyu:g Na ¦? eTaHbICa Na minmanr)ayeGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwg]sµ½nkMr eyIg

2+ 2+
GacrMBwgfa smasFatuenHmanrUbmnþ NaCl edaysar Na manbnÞúkGKÁisnIx<s;Cag dUecñHCa

2
2+
∗
Na2O mancMnucrlayelIsBI 1275 c o
9-10
CMBUkTI9
smµtikmµ NaCl KYrEtmanfamBlbNþajFMCag. dUcKñaEdrcMelIyKWTak;TgeTAnwglMnwgrvag

2
famBlEdlpþl;eGay¬mann½yfafamBlGIuyu:gkmµ¦ nigsißrPaBEdlTTYl)anBIkMNGgÁFatu
rwg. plbUksrubénfamBlGIuyug: kmµBIrdMbUgrbs; sUdüÚmKW
496kJ/mol + 4560kJ/mol = 5056kJ/mol
smasFatu NaCl minmaneT b:uEnþebIsin eyIgsnµttMél 2527kJ/mol CafamBl

2
bNþajrbs;va¬dUceTAnwgkrNI MgCl Edr¦ eyIgeXIjfafamBlEdlTTYl)anKWmantMéltUc

2
eBk edIm,ITUTat;cMeBaHfamBlRtUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;begáItGIuyug: Na . 2+
GIVEdl)anniyayBIkacugk¾dUcCaniyayBIGaj:úgEdr. eyIgsegáteXIjfacMNUl
eGLicRtugénGuksIuEsnKW141 kJ/mol mann½yfadMeNIrkarxageRkamenHbeBa©jfamBl ¬dUecñH
GMeNaypl¦³
O(g) + e- O-(g)
dUceyIgrMBwgTuk karbEnßmeGLicRtugmYyeToteTAeGayGIuy:ug O- vaminGaceTArYceT
edaysarmankarekIneLIgnUvcMraneGLicRtUsþaTic.
O-(g) + e- O2-(g)
tamBitcMNUleGLicRtugrbs;O KWGviC¢man. b:uEnþsmasFatuEdlmanGIuyug: GuksIut
-
¬O ¦ BitCamannigmansißrPaBxøaMgNas; cMENkÉsmasFatuEdlmanGIuyug: O minTan;RtUv

2- -
)aneKsÁal;enAeLIyeT. dUcKñaEdr famBlbNþajx<s;EdlTTYl)anBIvtþmanGIuyu:g O kñúg 2-
smasFatudUcCa Na O nig MgO KWFM;CagfamBlEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegáItGIuy:ug O .

2
2-
4 sm<½n§kUva:Lg;
bBaØtimþ :UelKulmantaMgBIstvtSTI17mkem:øH vaminEmneTIbEtmankñúgedImstvtSenHeT
EdlKImIviTU)ancab;epþImyl;BIrebobnigmUlehtu Edlm:UelKulekIteLIgenaH. karrkeXIjd¾
eqñImmuneKenaH KWCakaresñIrbs;elak Gilbert Lewis Edlfasm<½n§KImImYyekIteLIgTak;TgeTA
nwgkarEckrMElkeGLicRtugedayGatUm. Kat;)anBiBN’naGMBIkMNsm<½n§GIuRdUEsndUcteTA³
H⋅ + ⋅H H:H
RbePTénkardak;KUeGLicRtugenHCa]TahrN_mYyén sm< sm½<n§kUkvU a:aLg;
:Lg;. vaCasm<½n§mYy
Lg
EdleGLicRtugBIrRtUv)andak;h‘unedayGatUmBIr. smasFatukUva:aLg;:Lg;CasmasFatuEdlmanEt
Lg
sm<½n§kUva:Lg;b:ueNÑaH. edIm,ICakargayRsYlenaH KUeGLicRtugEdl)andak;h‘unKña CaTUeTARtUv
)antagedayKMnUsbnÞat;mYy. dUecñHsm<½n§kUva:Lg;enAkñúgm:UelKulGIuRdUEsnGacsresr H–H .
enAkñúgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyeGLicRtugnImYy²enAkñúgKUeGLicRtugEdl)andak;h‘unRtUv)anTaj
9-11
edayéNVyU:rbs;GatUmTaMgBIr. TMnajenHTajGatUmTaMgBIrkñúg H eGaysßitenACamYyKñanig 2
r:ab;rgkMNsm<½n§kUva:Lg;enAkñúgm:UelKulepSgeTot.
karcgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;rvagGatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgeGLicRtugva:Lg;
Etb:ueNÑaH. cUrBinitüm:UelKul F . r)ayeGLicRtugrbs; F KW 1s 2s 2p . eGLicRtug 1s
2 2
2 2 5
manfamBlTab nigsßitenACitéNVyUb: Mput. ehtuenHehIyvaminGaccUlrYmkñúgkMNsm<½n§)an

eT. dUecñHGatUm F man7eGLicRtugva:gLg; (RsTab; 2s nig 2p). tamrUbTI1 maneGLicRtug
essEtmYyKt;enAelI F dUecñHkMNm:UelKul F GacRtUv)anbgðajdUcteTA÷
2
:F :F : r W
.. .. .. .. .. ..
: F⋅ + ⋅F : :F – F :
.. .. .. .. .. ..
cUrcgcaMfa eGLicRtugva:Lg;EtBIrb:ueNÑaHEdlcUlrYmkñúgkMNF . ÉeGLicRtugepSg 2
eTotEdlminmankarcgsm<½n§RtUv)aneKehAfaeeTVtaesrI¬CaKUeGLicRtugv:aLg;EdlmincUlrYm
kñúgkMNsm<½n§kUv:aLg;¦. dUecñHGatUm F nImYy²kñúg F manKUeTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§bI.
2
KUeTVtaeGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§ ..
:F – F :
..
..
..
KUeTVtaeGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§
TMrg;EdleyIgeRbIedIm,ItageGaysmasFatukUva:Lg; dUcCaH nigF maneQµaHfaTMrg; 2 2
LWvIs. TMrg;gLW;LvW Is Cakartagénkarcgsm<½n§kUva:Lg; EdlkñúgenaHKUeGLicRtugdak;h‘unKñaRtUv

)anbgðajCaKMnUsbnÞat; b¤CaKMnUscucKU²rvagGatUmTaMgBIr nigeTVtaesrIRtUv)anbgðajedayKU
cMnuceTAelIGatUmerog²xøÜn. manEteGLicRtugva:Lg;Etb:eu NÑaH EdlRtUvbgðajkñúgTMrg;LWvIs.
eyIgBinitüemIlTMrg;LWvIsrbs;mUe: lKulTwk. rUbTI1bgðajnimitþsBaØaLWvIscMeBaH
GuksIuEsnEdlmanKMnUscuc²essBIr b¤eGLicRtugessBIr dUecñHeyIgGaceCOCak;fa O Gac
begáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;)anBIr. edaysaGIuRdUEsnmaneGLicRtugEtmYy vaGacbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;
)anEtmYyb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH TMrg;LWvIsrbs;TwkKW ÷
b¤ H– O – H
.. ..
H :O : H
.. ..
enAkñúgkrNIenH GatUmOmaneTVtaesrIBIr. GatUmGIuRdUEsnminmaneTVtaesrIeT BIeRBaH

eGLicRtugEtmYyrbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbegáItsm<½n§kUv:aLg;.
kñúgm:UelKul F nig H O GatUm F nig O TTYl)anr)ayeGLicRtugdUc]sµ½nkMreday
2 2
kardak;h‘uneGLicRtug³
9-12
CMBUkTI9
.. .. ..
:F :F : H: O : H
.. .. ..
8e- 8e- 2e- 8e- 2e-
kMNm:UelKulTaMgenHbgðajnUvviFanGdæta Edl)anbegáItedayelakLWvIs³ GatUmmYy

eRkABIGatUmGIuRdUEsnmanTMenarbegáItsm<½n§rhUtdl;vaRtUvB½T§edayeGLicRtugva:Lg;R)aMbI. n½y
müa:geTotfa sm<½n§kUva:Lg;ekIteLIgenAeBlminmaneGLicRtugRKb;RKan;cMeBaHGatUmnImYy²
edIm,IbMeBjeGayRKb;R)aMbI. edaykardak;h‘uneGLicRtugkñúgsm<½n§kUva:Lg; GatUmnImYy²Gac
bMeBjtamviFanGdæta. tMrUvkarcMeBaHGIuRdUEsnKWvamanr)ayeGLicRtugdUceGlüÚm b¤srubTaMg
Gs;maneGLicRtugBIr.
viFanGdæta Gnuvtþ)ancMeBaHFatuTaMgLayenAkñúgxYbTI2éntaragxYb. FatuTaMgenHman
RsTab;rg 2s nig 2p EdlGacdak;eGLicRtugsrub)anR)aMbI. eBlEdlGatUmmYyénFatumYy
kñúgcMeNamFatuTaMgenHbegáItCasmasFatukUva:Lg; vaGacTTYl)anr)ayeGLicRtugdUc]sµ½nkMr
[Ne] edaykardak;h‘uneGLicRtugCamYyGatUmepSgeTotenAkñúgsmasFatuEtmYy. enAeBl
eRkay eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIkarelIkElgénviFanGdæta EdlCYyeGayeyIgkan;Etyl;c,as;BI

FmµCatiénsm<½n§KImI.
GatUmGacbegáItRbePTsm<½n§kUva:Lg;xus²Kña Casm sm<
sm½<n§eTal EdlGatUmBIrRtUv)ancg
P¢ab;KñaedayeGLicRtugmYyKU. smasFatuCaeRcInRtUv)ancgP¢ab;KñaedayBhu Bhusm<m½<n§ mann½yfa
sm<½n§ekIteLIgenAeBlGatUmBIrdak;h‘unKñaBIrb¤eRcInKUeGLicRtug. ebIsinGatUmBIrdak;h‘unKña
edayBIrKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§kUva:Lg;enaHmaneQµaHfa sm<sm½<n§BIBrI Can;
Can;. sm<½n§BIrCan;RtUv)aneKeXIj
enAkñúgm:UelKulkabUnDIGuksIut (CO ) nigeGTIELn (C H )³
2 2 4
.. .. .. ..
H H
O :: C :: O O =C= O C=C
.. .. .. ..
H H
8e- 8e- 8e-
sm<½n§bICan;ekIteLIgenAeBlGatUmBIrdak;h‘uneGLicRtugbIKUeGLicrYmKña dUckñúgm:Uel-
KulGasUt (N )³
2
:N MM N: b¤ :N ≡ N:
-
8e- 8e
m:UelKulGaesTIELnk¾mansm<½n§bICan;Edr kñúgkrNIenHrvagGatUmkabUnBIr³
9-13
H :C MM C: H b¤ H – C ≡ C– H
cUrcMNaMfa kñúgeGTIELnnigGaesTIELn eGLicRtugva:Lg;TaMgGs;RtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarcg
sm<½n§³ KµaneTVtaesrIenAelIGatUmkabUneT. tamBit elIkElgEtkabUnm:UNUGuksIut m:UelKul
zitefrEdlmanGatUmkabUnmYyminmaneTVtaeGLicRtugminsm<½n§enAelImUe: lKulkabUneT.
Bhusm<½n§manRbEvgxøICagsm<½n§eTalkUva:Lg;. RbEvgsm
RbEvgsm<sm½<n§ CacMgayrvagéNVyU:én
GatUmEdlcgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;TaMgBIrkñúgm:UelKulmYy¬rUbTI3¦. taragTI2bgðajBIRbEvgsm<½n§
mYycMnYnEdlRtUvkMNt;)anedayBiesaFn_. cMeBaHKUGatUmmYycMnYn dUcCakabUnnigGasUtsm<½n§
bICan;KWxøICagsm<½n§BIrCan;EdlxøÜnvaxøICagsm<½n§eTal. Bhusm<½n§EdlmanRbEvgxøIKWzitefrCag
sm<½n§eTalpgEdr.
kareRbobeFobBIlkçN³énsmasFatu
énsmasFatuGIuy:ugnigsmasFatukUva:aLg;
: Lg
Lg
smasFatuGIuyug: nigsmasFatukUva:Lg;xusKñaKYreGaykt;sMKal;kñúglkçN³rUbTUeTA
rbs;va edaysarPaBxusKñaénRbePTsm<½n§rbs;va. manRbePTBIrya:génkMlaMgTMnajkñúg
smasFatukUva:Lg;. RbePTTImYyCakMlaMgTMnajEdleFIVeGayGatUmTaMgenaHenACamYyKñakñúg
m:UelKul. rgVas;brimaNénTMnajenHRtUv)anpþl;edayfamBlsm<½n§EdlnwgRtUvBiPakSaenA
EpñkTI10.
taragTI2 RbEvgsm
RbEvgsm<
sm½n< §mFümén
Füménsm
énsm<
sm½n< §mYmyY Can;
Can; BIrCan;
Can; nigbICan;an;
RbePTsm
RbePTsm<
sm½<n§ RbEvgsm
RbEvgsm½<n§ (pm)
C–H 107
C–O 143
C=O 121
C–C 154
C=C 133
C ≡C 120
C–N 143
C=N 138 rUbTI3 RbEvgsm<
RbEvgsm½n< § H nig F (KitCa pm)
2 2
C ≡N 116
N–O 136
N=O 122
O–H 96
RbePTTIBIrénkMlaMgTMnajekIteLIgrvagm:UelKulEdleKehAfa kMlaMgGnþrm:UelKul.
edaysarkMlaMgGnþrm:UelKulCaTUeTAexSayNas; ebIeRbobeFobCamYykMlaMgTMnajrbs;GatUm
kñúgm:UelKulmYy dUecñHm:UelKulénsmasFatukUva:Lg;minP¢ab;KñarwgmaMeT. dUecñHehIy)anCa
9-14
CMBUkTI9
smasFatukUva:Lg;CaTUeTACa]sµ½nGgÁFaturav b¤GgÁFaturwgEdlmancMnucrlayTab. cMENkÉ

kMlaMgeGLicRtUsþaTicEdlTajeGayGIuyug: enACamYyKñakñúgsmasFatuGIuy:ugCaTUeTAxøaMgNas;
dUecñHsmasFatuGIyug: CaGgÁFaturwgenA sItuNðPaBbnÞb; ehIymancMnucrlayx<s;. smasFatu
GIuy:ugCaeRcInrlaykñúgTwk ehIysUluysüúgTwkEdlTTYl)ancMlgcrnþGKÁisnI BIeRBaHsmas
FatuTaMgenHCaeGLicRtUlIRtxøaMg. smasFatukUva:Lg;esÞIrEtTaMgGs;minrlaykñúgTwkeT b¤
ebIsinvarlayvij sUluysüúgTwkrbs;vaCaTUeTAmincMlgcrnþGKÁisnIeT BIeRBaHsmasFatuTaMg
enaHminEmnCaeGLicRtUlIRteT. smasFatuGIuyu:grlaycMlgcrnþGKÁisnIedaysarvaman
kacugnigGaj:úgeFIVclna\tQb;Qr. smasFatukUva:Lg;ravb¤rlaymincMlgcrnþGKÁisnIeT
BIeRBaHKµanvtþmanGIuyug: . taragTI3 eRbobeFobBIlkçN³TUeTAénsmasFatuGIuyug: tYy:agKW
sUdüÚmkørY(NaCl) CamyylkçN³TUeTAénsmasFatukUva:Lg;kabUnetRtakørY (CCl ). 4
taragTI3 kareRbobeFoblkçN³TUeTAmYycMnYnénsmasFatuGIuyug: nigsmasFatukUva:aLg;

:Lg;
Lg
lkçN³TUeTA NaCl CCl 4
lkçN³xageRkA GgÁFaturwgBN’s GgÁFaturavKµanBN’

cMnucrlay ( C) o 801 -23
kMedArMlaym:UEl (kJ/mol)
30,2 2,5
cMnucrMBuH ( C)
o
1413 76,5
kMedAcMhaym:UEl (kJ/mol)

600 30
dg;sIuet (g/cm ) 3
2,17 1,59
kMritrlaykñúgTwk x<s; exSaybMput
PaBcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI
GgÁFaturwg exSay minman
GgÁFaturav l¥ minman

kMedArMlaym:UElnigkMedAcMhaym:UElCabrimaNkMedAEdlcM)ac;edIm,IrMlaymYym:UlGgÁFaturwg nigedIm,IeGay
eTACacMhaymYym:UlénGgÁFaturaverogKña
9-15
5 eGLicRtUGviC¢man
dUceyIg)ansikSarYcmkehIy sm<½n§kUva:Lg;Cakardak;h‘unKñaéneGLicRtugmYyKUeday
GatUmBIr. kñúgm:UelKulmYydUcCa H EdlGatUmrbs;vadUcKñaebHbit eyIgeCOfaeGLicRtug
2
EdlRtUvdak;h‘unKWesµIKña mann½yfaeGLicRtug)aneRbIbrimaNeBlevladUcKñakñuúgTICitxagén
GatUmnImYy². b:uEnþ kñúgm:UelKul HF Edlcgsm<½n§
kUva:Lg;GatUm H nig F mindak;h‘uneGLicRtugsm<½n§esµIKña
eT BIeRBaH H nig F CaGatUmxusKña.
..
H– F:
..
rUbTI4³ dg;
dgsI;sueteGLi
IeteGLicRtug
eteG
sm<½n§kñúg HF RtUv)aneKehAfa sm<

sm½<n§kUkvU a:aLg;
:Lgb; U:El b¤ehAya:ggayfasm<½n§bUE: l BIeRBaH
Lg
eGLicRtugcMNayeBlevlaenAEk,rGatUmmYyeRcInCagGatUmepSgeTot. PsþútagBiesaFn_
bgðajfakñúgm:UelKul HF eGLicRtugcMNayeBlevlaenAEk,rGatUmF eRcInCag. eyIgGacKit
fa kardak;h‘uneGLicRtugminesµIKñaenHCabenÞreGLicRtugedayEpñk b¤CarMkildg;sIueteGLicRtug
BI H eTAeGay F dUc)anBN’na¬rUbTI4¦. kardak;h‘unminesµIKñaénKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§enHekIt
eLIgedaysarpleFobdg;sIueteGLicRtugEdlFMCagenAEk,rGatUm F ehIydg;sIueteGLicRtug
TabenACitGIuRdUEsn. sm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: lmanlkçN³sßitenAkNþalrvagsm<½n§kUva:Lg;(minb:UEl)
Edlmankardak;h‘uneGLicRtugesµIKña nigsm<sm½<n§GIuyu:g EdlmanbenÞreGLicRtugesÞITaMgRsug.
lkçN³EdlGacCYyeGayeyIgEbgEckrvagsm<½n§kUva:Lg;minb:UElBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: l
KWkMriteGLicRtUGvi
GviC¢man.
man
man vaCalT§PaBénGatUmkñúgkarTajeGLicRtugmkdak;CitxøÜnvakñúg
sm<½n§KImI. FatuEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manx<s;manTMenarTajeGLicRtugxøaMgCagFatuEdl
mankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manTab. dUceyIgGacrMBwgTuk eGLicRtUGviC¢manTak;Tg TAnwgcMNUl
eGLicRtug nigfamBlGIuy:ugkmµ. dUecñHGatUmdUcCaPøúyGmancMNUleGLicRtugxøaMg ¬TMenar
TajykeGLicRtug)anya:ggayRsYl¦ nigmanfamBlGIuyug: kmµx<s; ¬mingay)at;bg;eGLic-
Rtug¦ dUecñHvamankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manx<s;. cMENkÉsUdüÚmmancMNUleGLicRtugTabnigman
famBlGuIyug: kmµTab dUecñHvamankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢mank¾TabEdr.
9-16
CMBUkTI9
rUbTI5³ kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatuFmµ
Fmµta
kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manCabBaØtieþ FobmYy mann½yfakMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatumYy

GacRtUv)anvas;edaykareFobKñaCamYykMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatudéTeTotEtb:ueNÑaH.
elak lInWse)a:lIg (Linus Pauling ) )anbegáItviFIsMrab;KNnakMrit eGLicRtUGviC¢maneFobén
5
FatuPaKeRcIn. tMélTaMgGs;enHRtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI5. taragenaH)anbgðajBITMenarnig

TMnak;TMngrvagtMélkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatuxus²Kña. CaTUeTAkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manekIn
BIeqVgeTAsþaMkñúgxYbCamYyKñaéntaragxYb cMENkÉlkçN³elah³fycuH. kñúgRkumCamYyKñakMrit
eGLicRtUGviC¢manfycuHtamkMeNInelxGatUm nigtamkMeNInlkçN³elah³¬BIelIcuHeRkam¦.
cUrcgcaMfaelah³qøgmineKarBtamTMenarTaMgenHeT. FatuEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg
dUcCaGaLÚEsn GuksuIEsn GasUt nigs<an;F½rRtUv)aneKeXIjenARCugxagsþaMEpñkxagelIén
taragxYb ehIyFatuEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manexSayCageK ¬elah³Gal;kaLaMgnig
elah³Gal;kalINUETrWu¦ RbmUlpþúMenARCugxageqVgEpñkxageRkam. TMenarTaMgenHRtUv)anbgðaj
elIRkahVkñúgrUbTI6.
5
KImIviTUCnCatiGaemric EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCaKImIviTUEdlman\T§iBlCageKbMput
Linus Carl Pauling (1901-1994)
enAstvtSTI20. Kat;)ansikSaRsavRCavmuxviC¢aCaeRcInKYreGaykt;sMKal;BIrUb-KImIrhUtdl;CIvviTüam:UelKul. elak

Pauling )anTTYlrgVan;NUEbl EpñkKImIkñúgqñaM1954BIkargarelITMrg;RbUetGIunrbs;Kat; ehIyKat;)anTTYlrgVan;
NUEblsnþiPaBkñúgqñaM1962. Kat;CamnusSEtmñak;Kt;Edl)anTTYlrgVan;NUEblBIrdg.
9-17
rUbTI6³ bMErbMrYlkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢mant
antamelxGatUm. GaLÚEsnmankM
snmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manx<
anxs< ;
CageKbM
CageKbMput ehIyelah³
elah³Gal;
GalkaLaM
;kaLaMgmankM
mankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manexSayCageKbM
anexSayCageKbMput.
GatUménFatuEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxusKñaxøaMgmanTMenarbegáItsm<½n§GIuyug: CamY
yKña¬dUcCaFatuEdlmanenAkñúgsmasFatu NaCl nig CaO¦ BIeRBaHGatUménFatuEdlmankMrit
eGLicRtUGviC¢manexSaye)aHbg;eGLicRtugeTAeGayGatUménFatuEdlkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man
xøaMgCag. CaTUeTA sm<½n§GIuyu:gP¢ab;GatUménFatuelah³CamYyGatUménFatuGelah³. GatUmén
FatuEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manRbhak;RbEhlKñamanTMenarbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: lCamYy
Kña BIeRBaHrMkildg;sIueteGLicRtugCaFmµtamantMéltUc. sm<½n§kUva:Lg;PaKeRcInmankarcUlrYm
BIFatuGelah³. manEtGatUménFatuCamYyKñaEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢mandUcKñab:ueNÑaH
EdlGacP¢ab;edaysm<½n§kUva:Lg;suT§saF. TMenarniglkçN³TaMgenHEdleyIgrMBwgTukpþl;eGay
eyIgcMeNHdwgGMBIfamBlGIuyu:gkmµ nigcMNUleGLicRtug.
minmankarxusEbøkKñac,as;las;eTrvagsm<½n§b:UElnigsm<½n§GuIyug: b:uEnþk,ÜnxageRkamenH
CYyeyIgkñúgkarEjkBIPaBxusKñaeGay)anc,as;rvagsm<½n§TaMgBIrenH. sm<½n§GIuyu:gekIteLIg
enAeBlEdlpldkkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manrvagGatUmEdlcgsm<½n§TaMgBIrmantMél 2,0 b¤elIs
BIenH. k,ÜnenHGnuvtþ)aneTAelIsmasFatuGIuy:ugPaKeRcIn b:uEnþmin)anTaMgGs;enaHeT. CUnkal
KImIviTUeRbIbrimaNPaKrylkçN³GIuyug: edIm,IbBa¢ak;RbePTénsm<½n§. sm<½n§GIuyu:gsuT§saFRtUv
manlkçN³GIuyug: 100% eTaHbICasm<½n§EbbenaHminTan;RtUv)ansÁal;k¾eday cMENkÉsm<½n§
kUva:Lg;minb:UElb¤sm<½n§kUva:Lg;suT§saFmanlkçN³GIuyu:g 0%.
9-18
CMBUkTI9
kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢mannigcMNUleGLicRtugTak;TgKña b:uEnþvaCabBaØtþiBIrxusKña. bBaØtiþ

TaMgBIrcg¥úlbgðajBITMenarTajeGLicRtugrbs;GatUm. b:uEnþ cMNUleGLicRtugsMedAeTAelI
TMnajeGLicRtugbEnßmrbs;GatUmesrImYy ¬dac;edayELkEtÉg¦ cMENkÉkMriteGLicRtU-
GviC¢mansMedAeTAelIlT§PaBrbs;GatUmenAkñúgsm<½n§KImI ¬CamYyGatUmmYyeTot¦ edIm,ITaj
ykeGLicRtugEdl)andak;h‘unKña. müa:geTot cMNUleGLicRtugCabrimaNEdlGacvas;)an
tamBiesaFn_ cMENkÉkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manCacMnYn)a:n;sµanEdlminGacvas;)an.
]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIrebobEdlkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manGacCYyeyIgedIm,IkMNt;
)anfaetIsm<½n§KImImYyCasm<½n§kUva:Lg; b¤sm<½n§GIiuy:ug.
]TahrN_
TahrN2_ ³
cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;sm<½n§xageRkamenHCasm<½n§GIuyug: kUva:Lg;bUE: l b¤sm<½n§kUva:Lg;³ k¦
sm<½n§ HCl, x¦ sm<½n§ KF K¦ sm<½n§ CC kñúgm:UelKul H CCH . 3 3
yuT§sa®sþ³
eyIgeKarBtamk,ÜnpldkkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢amanénGatUmcgsm<½n§TaMgBIrEdlesµInwg 2,0 ehIy
BinitüemIltMélkñúgrUbTI 5.
cMelIy³ k¦tamrUbTI5 eyIgdwgfa pldkkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manrvag H nig F KW 0,9 vaFMKYrsm
b:uEnþvaminTan;FMRKb;RKan; ¬tamk,ÜnTal;Et2,0¦ edIm,IkMNt;fa HCl CasmasFatuGIuyug: . dUecñH
sm<½n§rvag H nig Cl Casm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: l.
x¦ pldkkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manrvag KnigF KW3,2 EdlCatMélmYyFMCag2,0. dUecñHsm<½n§rvag
K nig F Casm<½n§GIuyug :.
K¦GatUmkabUnTaMgBIrmanlkçN³RKb;ya:gdUcKñaebHbiT EdlGatUmnimYy²cgsm<½n§CamYyKña
eTAvijeTAmk ehIyGatUmkabUnnImYy²enHk¾cgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmGIuRdUEsncMnYnbIeTot. dUecñH
sm<½n§rbs;vaCasm<½n§kUva:Lg;suT§saF.
lMhat;atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ etIsm<½n§xageRkamenH mYyNaCasm<½n§kUva:Lg; sm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: l nigsm<½n§
GIuyu:g? k¦sm<½n§kñúg CsCl x¦sm<½n§ H S nig K¦sm<½n§ NN kñúgm:UelKul H NNH .
2 2 2
kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man nigcMnYnGuksIutkmµ
eyIg)andwgBIk,ÜnsMrab;karkMNt;cMnYnGuksIutkmµrbs;FatuenAkñúgsmasFaturbs;va.
bBaØatiþkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manCamUldæansMrab;k,ÜnenH. CasMxan; cMnYnGuksIutkmµsMedAeTAelI
9-19
cMnYnbnÞúkGKÁisnIEdlGatUmmYyman ebIsineGLicRtugRtUv)anepÞreTAeGayGatUmcgsm<½n§Edl
mankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgkñúgsm<½n§kñúgm:UelKul.
BinitüemIlm:UelKul NH EdlGatUm N begáItsm<½n§eTalbICamYyGatUm H BIeRBaH
3
GatUm N mankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgCag H ehIydg;sIueteGLicRtugnwgRtUvrMkilBI H eTA

N. ebIsinCamankarepÞreGLicRtugTaMgRsug GatUm H nImYy²RtUvpþl;eGLicRtugmYyeTA
eGayGatUm N EdlmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnIsrub –3 enAelI N ehIyGatUm H nImYy²manbnÞúkGKÁisnI

+1. dUecñH eyIgGacdak;cMnYnGuksIutkmµ -3 eTAeGay N ehIycMnYnGuksIutkmµ +1 eTAeGay H
kñúgm:UelKul NH . 3
CaFmµtaGuksIuEsnmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ-2 enAkñúgsmasFaturbs;va. elIkElgEt

GIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut (H O ) EdlTMrg;LWvisrbs;vaKW
2 2
.. ..
H –O – O – H
.. ..
sm<½n§rvagGatUmdUcKñaebHbiTminmankarpþl;cMnYnGuksIutkmµeTAeGayGatUmTaMgenaHeT
BIeRBaHKUeGLicRtugkñúgsm<½n§enaH)anmkBIkardak;h‘unesµIKña. edayGatUmHmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ
+1 dUcenHGatUm O nImYy²mancMnYnGuksIutkmµ -1.
etIeBlenHGñkdwgBImUlehtuEdlPøúyGrmancMnYnGuksIutkmµ–1 Canic©b¤eT? eyIg)andwg

ehIyfa vaCaFatumYyEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMgCageKbMput ehIyvaEtgEtbegáIt
sm<½n§eTalkñúgsmasFaturbs;va. dUecñHvaRtUvEtmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnI–1 ebIsinCamankarepÞr
eGLicRtugTaMgRsug.
6 karsresrTMrg;LWvIs
eTaHbICaviFanGdætanigTMrg;LWvIsminTan;bgðajBIrUbPaBBitR)akdrbs;sm<½n§kUva:Lg;k¾
eday k¾vaBit)anCYyBnül;BITMrg;sm<½n§kñúgsmasFatuCaeRcIn ehIynigBnül;BIlkçN³nig
Rbtikmµrbs;mUe: lKul. sMrab;ehtuplenH GñkKYrEtGnuvtþkarsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;smasFatu
TaMgLay.
dMNak;kalCamUldæanmandUcxageRkam ÷
1- sresrTMrg;eRKagrbs;smasFatuedayeRbInimitþsBaØaKImI nigdak;GatUmcgsm<½n§
eGayenACitKña. cMeBaHsmasFatugay² karsresrenHgayRsYleT. cMeBaH
smasFatusaMjaMu eyIgRtUvEtTTYl)anBt’manTak;TgbEnßm b¤eFIVkarTsSn_Tay
9-20
CMBUkTI9
RtwmRtUvTukmun. CaTUeTA GatUmEdlmankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manexSaysßitenATI

taMgkNþal. GIuRdUEsn nigPøúyGr CaFmµtamanTItaMgsßitenAxagcugkñúgTMrg;LWvIs.
2- rab;cMnYnsrubéneGLicRtugva:Lg;EdlGatUmman edayeyagtamrUbTI1 ebIsinCa
caM)ac;. sMrab;Gaj:úgb:UlIGatUmEfm bnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢manedIm,IeGayRKb;eTAtam
cMnYneGLicRtugsrubTaMgGs;. ¬]TahrN_ sMrab;GIuyu:g CO eyIgbUkbEnßmBIr
2−
3
eGLicRtug BIeRBaHbnÞúkGKÁisnI–2 bBa¢ak;famanBIreGLicRtugelIsBIeGLicRtug

Edlpþl;edayGatUmNWtenaH¦. sMrab;kacugb:UlIGatUm eyIgdkcMnYnbnÞúkGKÁisnI
viC¢manecjBIeGLicRtugva:Lg;srubTaMgGs;. ¬dUecñH sMrab; NH eyIgdk +
4
eGLicRtugmYy BIeRBaHbnÞúkGKÁisnI +1 bBa¢ak;BIkar)at;eGLicRtugmYyBIRkumGatUm

énGatUmNWt¦.
3- KUsKMnUssm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyCan;rvagGatUmkNþalnigGatUmnImYy²énGatUmEdlB½T§
CMuvij. bMeBjeGayRtwmRtUvtamviFanGdætaeTAelIGatUmEdlcgsm<½n§eTAnwg
GatUmkNþal. ¬cUrcgcaMfa RsTab;va:Lg;rbs;GatUmGuIRdUEsnEq¥tRtwmEtBIr
eGLicRtugb:ueNÑaH¦. eGLicRtugrbs;GatUmkNþalnigGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvijRtUv
bgðajCaeTVtaesrIminsm<½n§ ebIsinvamincUlrYmkñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§. cMnYneGLicRtug
srubEdlRtUveRbIKWRtUvKNnaenACMhanTI2.
4- bnÞab;BIbMeBjtamCMhanTI1-3 ebIsinCaGatUmkNþalmaneGLicRtugticCagR)aMbI
cUrBüayambEnßmsm<½n§BIrCan;b¤bICan;rvagGatUmEdlB½n§CMuvijnigGatUmkNþaledayeRbIeTVtaesrI
BIGatUmEdlB½T§CMuvij edIm,IbMeBjeGay)anRtwmRtUveTAtamviFanGdætaeTAelIGatUmkNþal.
]TahrN_TI3/ 4/ nig5 cg¥úlbgðajBIdMeNIrkarCMhanTaMgbYn sMrab;karsresrTMrg;
LWvIsrbs;smasFatu nigGIuyu:g.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T3I ³
cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GasUtRTIPøúyGrY (NF ) EdlkñúgenaHGatUm F TaMgbIRtUv)ancg
3
sm<½n§CamYyGatUm N.
cMelIy³ eyIgeKarBeTAtamCMhanTaMgbYnsMrab;karsresrTMrg;LWvsI ³
CMhanTI1³ GatUm N mankMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manexSayCag F dUcenHTMrg;eRKagrbs; NF KW 3
F N F
F
9-21
CMhanTI2³ r)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs; N nig F KW 2s 2p nig 2s 2p tamerog.

2 3 2 5
dUecñHman 5 + (3 7) = 26 eGLicRtugva:Lg;sMrab;m:UelKul NF
x 3
CMhanTI3³ eyIgKUssBaØasm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyCan;rvag N nig F nImYy² nigbMeBjeGLicRtug

eGay)anRtwmRtUveTAtamviFanGdætacMeBaHGatUm F. eyIgdak;BIreGLicRtugEdlenAsl;enA
elIGatUm N dUcxageRkam³
.. .. ..
:F – N – F :
.. ..
:F :
..
edayTMrg;enHEq¥ttamviFanGdætasMrab;GatUmTaMgGs; dUcenHCMhanTI4mincaM)ac;eRbI
eT.
epÞógpÞat;t³; rab;eGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúg NF ¬kñúgsm<½n§nigeTVtaesrI ¦. CalT§plKW26 eGLicRtug
3
esµIeTAnwgcMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;EdlmanelIGatUm F TaMgbI (3x7 = 21) nigGatUm N mYy (5).

lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GatUmkabUnDIs‘ulPY (CS ) . 2
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T4I ³ cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GasIutniRTic (HNO ) EdlkñúgenaH GatUm O bIRtUvcg
3
sm<½n§CamYyGatUmkNþal N ehIyGatUm H GacbMEbkCaGIuyu:g)anRtUvcgsm<½n§eTAelIGatUm O

mYy.
cMelIy³
CMhanTI1³ TMrg;eRKagrbs; HNO KW 3
O N O H
O
CMhanTI2³ r)ayeGLicRtugenARsTab;xageRkArbs; N, O nig H KW 2s 2p , 2s 2p nig 1s 2 3 2 4 1
tamerog. dUecñH man 24 eGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúg HNO KW 5+ (3 6) +1 = 24 .

3 x
CMhanTI3³ eyIgKUsKMnUssm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyCan;rvagGatUm N nigGatUm O TaMgbI ehIIynwgrvag

GatUmOmYyCamYyGatUmHmYy. bnÞab;mkeyIgbMeBjeGLicRtugeGay)anRtwmRtUvtamviFan
GdætacMeBaHGatUm O.
9-22
CMBUkTI9
.. ..
:O – N – O – H
.. ..
:O :
..
CMhanTI4³ eyIgeXIjfaTMrg;enHbMeBjRtwmRtUvtamviFanGdætasMrab;GatUmGuksIuEsnTaMgGs;
b:uEnþminRtwmRtUvsMrab;GatUm N dUcenHeyIgRtUvEtrMkileTVtaesrIBIGatUmGuksIuEsn EdlenAcug
eKedIm,IbegáItsm<½n§mYyeTotCamYyN. eBlenHviFanGdætaEq¥tRKb;RKan;sMrab;GatUm N ehIy.
.. ..
O =N– O –H
.. ..
:O :
..
epÞógpÞat;t³; RtUvR)akdfaGatUUm¬elIkElgEtH¦RtUv)anbMeBjRtwmRtUvtamviFanGdæta. rab;

eGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúg HNO ¬TaMgkñúgsm<½n§nigeTVtaesrI¦. lT§plKwesµIeTAnwgcMnYneGLicRtug
3
va:Lg;srubenAelIGatUm O bI (3x6 = 18) GatUmGasUtmYy (5) nigGatUm H mYy (1) .

lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GasIutprmic (HCOOH) .
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T5I ³ cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIssMrab;GIuy:ugkabUNat ( CO ).2−
3
cMelIy³
eyIgeKarBeTAtamlMnaMEdl)anbgðajBImunsMrab;karsresrTMrg;LwvIs nigcgcaMfaenHKW
CaGaj:úgEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI -2.
CMhanTI1³ eyIgGacsÁal;TMrg;eRKagrbs;GIuy:ugkabUNat edaydwgfa C maneGLicRtUGviC¢man
exSayCag O. dUcenHkabUnmanTItaMgCaGatUmkNþaldUcxageRkam³
O
O C O
CMhanTI2³ r)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs; C nig O KW 2s 2p ehIy 2s 2p tamerog
2 2 2 4
ehIyGIuyug: enHmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI -2 . dUecñHcMnYneGLicRtugsrubTaMgGs;KW 4+ (3 x 6 ) +2 =24

CMhanTI3³ eyIgKUsKMnUssm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyCan; rvag C nig O edayeKarBeTAtamviFanGdæta
sMrab;GatUm O dUcteTA³
.. ..
:O – C – O:
.. ..
:O :
..
TMrg;enHbgðajeGayeXIjeGLicRtugTaMg 24.
9-23
CMhanTI4³ eTaHbIviFanGdætaRtUv)anEq¥tRKb;RKan;cMeBaHGatUm O b:uEnþvaminTan;RKb;cMeBaHGatUm

C dUecñHeyIgRtUvbBa¢ÜneTVtaesrIBIGatUm O mYykñúgcMenamTaMgbIedIm,IbegáItsm<½n§CamYy C.
eBlenH viFanGdætaRtUv)anbMeBjRKb;RKan;cMeBaHGatUm C:
2-
.. ..
:O – C – O:
.. ..
: O:
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GIuyug: ( NO ). −
2
7 bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;nigTMrg;LWvIs
edayeRbobeFobcMnYneGLicRtugkñúgGatUmesrIeTAnwgcMnYneGLicRtugpSMCamYyGatUmdUc
KñakñúgTMrg;LWvIs eyIgGackMNt;r)ayeGLicRtugenAkñúgm:UelKul ehIyKUsTMrg;LWvIs)anRtwm
RtUvbMputtamlMnaMteTAenH. kñúgGatUmesrI cMnYneGLicRtugEdlmanenAkñúgGatUmCacMnYn
eGLicRtugva:Lg; ¬CaTUeTA eyIgmincaM)ac;KitBIeGLicRtugRsTab;kñúgeT¦. enAkñúgm:UelKul
eGLicRtugpSMCamYyGatUmCaeTVtaesrIelIGatUmenaH bUknwgKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§rvagGatUmnig
GatUmdéTeTot. b:uEnþ edayeGLicRtugRtUvdak;h‘unKñakñúgsm<½n§ eyIgRtUvEtEckeGLicRtug
eGay)anesµIKñakñúgKUeGLicRtugsm<½n§rvagGatUmEdlbgásm<½nCamYyKña.
bnÞúkGKÁIsnICak;
Caklak;
Cak ;lak;rbs;GatUmmYyKWCapldkbnÞúkGKiÁsnIrvageGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúg
lak
GatUmesrI nigcMnYneGLicRtugEdlRtUveRbIkñúgTMrg;LWvIs. eyIgGacKNnabnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;
enAelIGatUmmYy edayeRbIsmIkardUcxageRkam ÷
bnÞúkCak;lak;elI cMnYnsrubéneGLicRtug cMnYnsrubeGLic 1 cMnYnsrubéneGLic

= – –
GatUmkñúgTMrg;LWvIs va:Lg;kñúgGatUmesrI -Rtugminsm<½n§ 2 -Rtugsm<½n§
s
¬3¦
eyIgbgðajbBaØtiþénbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;edayeRbIm:UelKulGUsUn(O ). edayeRbI3
dMeNIrkarCadMNak;² dUcEdleyIg)aneFIVkñúg]TahrN_TI3nigTI4 eyIgGacKUsTMrg;eRKagrbs;

O )an ehIybnÞab;mk eyIgbEnßmsm<½n§ nigeGLicRtugedIm,IeGayvaRsbtamc,ab;GdætasMrab;
3
GatUmenAxagcugTaMgBIr³
9-24
CMBUkTI9
.. .. ..
: O− O− O :
.. ..
eyIgeXIjfa eTaHbICaeGLicRtugEdlmanTaMgGs;RtUv)aneRbITaMgGs;k¾eday k¾c,ab;

GdætaminTan;)anbMeBjRtwmRtUveT sMrab;GatUmkNþal. edIm,IeGayRtwmRtUvtamviFanGdæta
eyIgbþÚreTVtaesrImYyenAelIGatUmxagcugeTACasm<½n§TIBIrrvagGatUm xagcug
nigGatUmkNþaldUcxageRkam ÷
.. .. ..
O = O− O :
.. ..
eBlenHeyIgGaceRbIsmIkarTI3 edIm,IKNnabnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;enAelIGatUm
GuksIuEsndUcxageRkam ÷
• GatUmkNþal O. kñúgTMrg;LWvIsEdlmanBImun GatUmkNþalman6eGLicRtugva:Lg;
mYyeTVtaesrI¬eGLicRtugBIrmincgsm<½n§¦nig3sm<½n§¬6eGLicRtugcgsm<½n§¦.
edayCMnYskñúgsmIkar3 eyIgsresr
bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 6 – 2 – ½(6) = +1
• GatUm O enAxagcugkñúgsm<½n§ O=O . GatUmenHman 6eGLicRtugva:Lg; 2 eTVtaesrI
¬4eGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§ ¦ nig 2sm<½n§ ¬4eGLicRtugcgsm<½n§ ¦. dUecñH eyIgsresr

bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 6 – 4 – ½(4) = 0
• GatUm O enAxagcugkñúgsm<½n§ O–O. GatUmenHman6eGLicRtugva:Lg; 3eTVtaesrI ¬6
eGLicRtugmincgsm<½n§¦nig1sm<½n§¬BIreGLicRtugcgsm<½n§¦. dUecñH eyIgGacsresr
bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 6 – 6 – ½(2) = – 1
eBlenHeyIgGacsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GUsUn edaybgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;³
.. .. ..
O = O − O :− +
.. ..
cMeBaHbnÞúkGKÁisnIviC¢mannigGviC¢manmYy CaTUeTA eyIglubelx 1 ecal. enAeBl

eyIgsresrbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; eyIgeRbIR)as;k,ÜndUcxageRkam³
• cMeBaHm:UelKulNWt plbUkénbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;RtUvEtesµIsUnü ¬]TahrN_ k,ÜnenH
Gnuvtþkñúgm:UelKul O ¦.
3
• cMeBaHkacug plbUkénbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;RtUvesµInwgbnÞúkGKÁisnIviC¢man.
9-25
• cMeBaHGaj:úg plbUkénbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;RtUvesµInwgbnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢man.
cUrcgcaMfa bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;BitCamintageGaykarEjkbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;EsþgenA
dac;BIKñakñúgm:UelKuleT. ]TahrN_ cMeBaHm:UelKul O minmanlkçN³Cak;EsþgNa
3
EdlbBa¢ak;faGatUmkNþalmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI +1 b¤faGatUmenAxagcugmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI
–1enaHeT. karsresrbnÞúkGKÁisnIEbbenHelIGatUmkñúgTMrg;LWvIsRKan;EtCYyeyIg
eGayemIleXIjeGLicRtugva:Lg;enAkñúgm:UelKul.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T6I ³ cUrsresrbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;rbs;GIuyu:gkabUNat ( CO ). 2−
3
cMelIy³ TMrg;LWvIsrbs;GIuyu:gkabUNatRtUv)ankMNt;dUc]TahrN_TI 5
2-
.. ..
:O – C – O:
.. ..
: O:
bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;enAelIGatUmGacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
GatUmkabUn (C)³ bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 4 – 0 – ½(8)= 0
GatUm O kñúg C=O³ bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 6 – 4 – ½(4) = 0
GatUm O kñúg C – O³ bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; = 6 – 6 – ½(2) = –1
dUecñH TMrg;LWvIssMrab; CO CamYybnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;KW
2−
3
:O:
.. ..
−
: O – C – O :−
.. ..
epÞógpÞat;t³; eyIgeXIjfa plbUksrubrbs;bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;KW –2 dUceTAnwgbnÞúkGKÁisnI

enAelIGIuyug: kabUNat.
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrsresrbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;rbs;GIuyu:g NO . −
2
karsresrTMrg;LWvIsmaneRcInEbb. kñúgkrNIEbbenH CaTUeTA eyIgGaceRCIserIsTMrg;

LWvIsEdlGacsresr)anRtwmRtUvbMput edayeRbIbnÞúkGKÁIsnICak;lak;eTAtameKalkarN_
xageRkam ÷
• cMeBaHm:UelKulNWt TMrg;LWvIsEdlKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;RtUv)aneKcUlcitþeRbICag
TMrg;EdlmanbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
9-26
CMBUkTI9
• TMrg;LWvIsEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;FM¬+2 , +3 nig¼b¤ – 2 , –3.l.¦ KWmankar

GnuvtþticCagTMrg;LWvIsEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;tUc.
• kñúgcMeNamTMrg;LWvIsEdlmanr)aybnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;RsedogKña TMrg;EdlCak;lak;
bMputenaHKwCaTMrg;mYyEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;GviC¢manenAelIGatUmEdlman
eGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg.
]TahrN_xageRkamenHbgðajBIrebobEdlbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;CYyeFIVeGaygayRsYl
kñúgkareRCIserIsTMrg;LWvIseGay)anRtwmRtUvcMeBaHm:UelKulmYy.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T7I ³ prma:l;edGIud (CH O) CaGgÁFaturavEdlmanxøinminKYreGaycUlcitþ. CaFmµta
2
vaRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IrkSaRbePTepSg²enAkñúgTIBiesaF. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsEdlTMngbMputrbs;
smasFatuenH.
yuT§sa®sþ³ TMrg;LWvIsEdlRtwmRtUvKWRtUvEteKarBeTAtamc,abGdætacMeBaHFatuTaMgGs; elIk
ElgEt H nigmanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; ¬ebIsinCaman¦ rayelIGatUm edayEp¥keTAelIkMrit
eGLicRtUGviC¢man.
cMelIy³ sNæaneRKagEdlGacman KWmanBIrrebob
H
H C O H C O
H
(a) (b)
dMbUg eyIgGacKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;sNæannImYy²)anKW ÷
H
− + ..
.. .. C =O
H – C = O –H ..
H
(a) (b)
eTaHbICaTMrg;TaMgBIreKarBeTAtamviFanGdætak¾eday k¾(b) CaTMrg;EdlRtwmRtUvbMput

BIeRBaHvaKµanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;eT.
epÞógpÞat;t³; kúñgkrNInImYy²RtUvR)akdfacMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;srubKW12. etIGñkGaceGay
ehtuplBIrya:gfa etIehtuGVI)anCavaminRtwmRtUv?
9-27
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsEdlsmehtuplbMput cMeBaHm:UelKulEdlmanGatUm N mYy
GatUm C mYy nigGatUm H mYy.
8 bBaØtiþersUNg;
karKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GUsUn (O ) )aneKarBeTAtamviFanGdætasMrab;GatUmkNþal
3
BIeRBaHeyIg)andak;sm<½n§BIrCan;mYyrvagGatUmkNþalnigCamYyGatUmO EdlenAxagcugmYy
kñúg cMeNamGatUmTaMgBIr. CakarBit eyIgGacdak;sm<½n§BIrCan;enAelIGatUmxagcugNamYyén
m:UelKulenaH dUcbgðajkñúgTMrg;LWvIsTaMgBIrenH³
.. .. .. .. .. ..
+ − − +
O = O −O: : O− O = O
.. .. .. ..
eyIgeCOCak;fa sm<½n§ O–O kñúg O RtUvEtEvgCagsm<½n§ O=O eRBaHsm<½n§BIrCan;RtUv

3
)aneKdwgfaxøICagsm<½n§eTal. b:uEnþ PaBCak;EsþgtamBiesaFbgðajfa sm<½n§TaMgBIrBIGatUm

GuksIuEsnmYyeTAGatUmGuksIuEsnmYymanRbEvgesµIKña (128pm). eyIgedaHRsayPaBcEmøk
enH edayeRbITMrg;LWvIsTaMgBIredIm,ItageGaym:UelKulGUsUn.
.. .. .. .. .. ..
+ − − +
O = O −O: : O− O = O
.. .. .. ..
TMrg;nImYy²enHRtUv)aneKehAfa TMrg;gersU
er;ersUNg;
Ng;. dUecñHTMrg;ersUNg;CaTMrg;LWvIsmYykñúg
Ng
cMeNamTMrg;LWvIsBIr b¤eRcInénm:UelKulEtmYyEdlvaminGacRtUv)antagedayTMrg;LWvIsEtmYy
)an. RBYjEdlmank,alBIrcg¥úlbgðajBITMrg;Edl)anbgðajenaHCaTMrg;ersUNg;.
Bakü ersUNg;g; enHmann½yfa kareRbIR)as;TMrg;LWvIsBIr b¤eRcInedIm,ItageGaym:UelKul
NamYy. CaTUeTA karyl;RcLMGMBIersUNg; CasBaØaNEdlm:UelKulmYy dUcCaGUsUnmankar
rMkilRtLb;eTARtLb;mkya:grh½s BITMrg;ersUNg;mYyeTATMrg;ersUNg;mYyeTot. cUrcgcaMfa
KµanTMrg;ersUNg;NamYykñúgcMenamTMrg;TaMgGs;rbs;mUe: lKulmYybgðajfa vaCaTMrg;zitefrenaH
eT. {ersUNg;} KWCakarbegáIteLIgrbs;mnusSedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIEdnkMNt;enAkñúgKMrUsm<½n§gay².
GIuy:ugkabUNatCa]TahrN_mYyeTotsMrab;ersUNg;³
.. ..
:O: : O :− : O :−
.. .. .. .. .. ..
−
: O – C – O :− O = C – O :− −
:O – C = O
.. .. .. .. .. ..
edayeyageTAtamkarBiesaFCak;Esþg RKb;sm<½n§rvagkabUn-GuksIuEsnTaMgGs;kñúg
CO32 −
KWesµIKña. dUecñH
9-28
CMBUkTI9
lkçN³rbs;GIuy:ugkabUNatRtUv)anBnül;ya:gc,as;las;edaykarBinitü eTAelITMrg;ersUNg;
rbs;va.
bBaØtiþersUNg;Gnuvtþ)any:agl¥dUcKñaEdrcMeBaHRbB½n§srIragÁ. ]TahrN_d¾l¥mYyKW
m:UelKulbg;Esn.
ebIsinCaTMg;ersUNg;mYykñúgcMeNamTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgenHRtUvKñaeTAnwgTMrg;Bitrbs;
bg;Esn vaGacCaRbEvgsm<½n§xusKñaBIrrvagGatUmkabUnEdlenACab;Kña EdlmYyCasm<½n§eTal
nigmYyeTotCasm<½n§BIrCan;. tamBit cMgayrvagGatUmkabUnTaMgGs;EdlenACab;Kñakñúg
bg;EsnKW140pm EdlxøICagsm<½n§ C – C (154pm) ehIyEvgCagsm<½n§ C=C ( 130pm) .
viFIgayRsYlmYyénkarKUrTMrg;rbs;mUe: lKulbg;Esn nigsmasFatudéTeTotEdlman
{vg;bg;Esn} KWedIm,IbgðajTMrg;eRKagEtb:ueNÑaH nigminbgðajGatUmkabUnnigGIuRdUEsneT. Tam
karsnµtenH TMrg;ersüÚNg;rbs;bg;EsnRtUv)antagdUcxageRkam³
cUrcgcaMfa GatUm C EdlenAtamkac;RCugTaMg6 nigGatUm H TaMgGs;RtUv)anlubecal

¬minbgðajeGayeXIj¦ eTaHbICavamanGtßiPaBk¾eday. manEtsm<½n§rvagGatUm C b:ueNÑaHRtUv
)anbgðaj.
cUrcgcaMfa k,ÜnsMxan;enHsMrab;KUsTMrg;ersUNg;KW³ TItaMgeGLicRtugGacRtUv)antMerob
eLIgvijkñúgTMrg;ersUNg;xus²Kña b:uEnþminmankarpøas;bþÚrTItaMgrbs;GatUmeT. müa:gvijeTot
GatUmdUcKñaRtUvEtcgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmmYyeTotkñúgTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgGs; sMrab;RbePTpþl;
eGay.
]TahrN_xageRkamcg¥úlbgðajBIdMeNIrkarsMrab;karKUsTMrg;ersUNg;énm:UelKul³
9-29
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T8I ³
cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg; ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;¦ rbs;GIuy:ugnIRtat NO3−
EdlmankartMerobeRKagdUcxageRkam³
O
O N O
cMelIy³
RKan;EtGnuvtþdUckñúgkrNIGIuyu:gkabUNat eyIgGacKUrTMrg;ersUNg;rbs;GIuyug: nIRtat)andUc
xageRkam³
.. ..
: O :− :O: : O :−
.. .. .. .. .. ..
O = N − O :− -
: O − N − O :− -
: O− N = O
.. + .. .. + .. .. + ..
epÞógpÞat;t³; edayGasUtmaneGLicRtugva:Lg;R)aM ehIyGatUmGuksIuEsnnImYy²maneGLicRtug

va:Lg;R)aMmYy nigmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢man dUecñHeGLicRtugva:Lg;srubTaMgGs;KW 5 + ( 3 × 6 )
+ 1 = 24 cMnYnenHesµInwgcMnYneGLicRtugsrubkñúgGIuyu:g NO . −
3
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;rbs;GIuyug: nIRTIt ( NO ) .
−
2
cugbBa©b;enH eyIgRtUvyl;fa eTaHbICavamanlkçN³c,as;las;edIm,IbgðajTMrg;

ersUNg;rbs;GIuyu:gb¤smasFatuk¾eday k¾CaTUeTAeyIgeRbITMrg;LWvIsedIm,Icg¥úlbgðajBIPaB
gayRsYlrbs;TMrg;ersUNg;Edr.
9 krNIelIkElgcMeBaHviFanGdæta
eyIg)andwgehIyfa viFanGdætaGnuvtþPaKeRcInEteTAelIFatuEdlenAxYbTIBIr. karelIk
ElgcMeBaHviFanGdætamanbIkrNI KWkrNIeGLicRtugminRKb;R)aMbI krNIcMnYneGLicRtugess
nigkrNIeGLicRtugva:Lg;elIsBIR)aMbIenACMuvijGatUmkNþak.
9-30
CMBUkTI9
9>1 krNIeGLicRtugminRKb;RKbR; )aMbI

cMeBaHsmasFatuxøH cMnYneGLicRtugEdlB½T§CMuvijGatUmkNþalkñúgm:UelKulzitefrKW
ticCagR)aMbI. ]TahrN_ BinitüemIlebrIlüÚmEdlCaFatuenAkñúgRkum2A ¬enAxYbTI2¦. r)ay
eGLicRtugrbs;ebrIlüÚmKW1s 2s . vaman2eGLicRtugva:Lg;kñúgGrb‘Ítal;; 2s. kñúgpas]sµ½n
2 2
ebrIlüÚmDIGIuRdY (BeH ) manGtßiPaBCam:UelKuldac;BIKña. TMrg;LWvIsrbs; BeH KW

2 2
H – Be – H
eyIgeXIjfamaneGLicRtugEtbYnb:ueNÑaHEdlB½T§CuMvijGatUm Be nigmineKarBeTAtam
viFanGdætasMrab;ebrIlüÚmenAkñúgm:UelKulenH.
FatuenAkñúgRkum3A CaBiessbrnigGaluymIjÚm: k¾manTMenarbegáItsmasFatuEdlva
RtUvB½T§CMuvijedayeGLicRtugticCagR)aMbIEdr. elIkykbrCa]TahrN_. vamansNæanr)ay
eGLicRtugrbs;vaKW 1s 2s 2p . vamaneGLicRtugva:Lg;srubcMnYn3. breFIVRbtikmµCamYy
2 2 1
GaLÚEsnedIm,IbegáItsmasFatuEdlmanrUbmnþ BX Edl X CaGatUmGaLÚEsn. dUecñH kñúg 3
brRTIPøúyGrYmanEtR)aMmYyeGLicRtugB½T§CMuvijGatUmbr³
..
:F :
..
:F – B
..
:F :
..
TMrg;ersUNg;xageRkamenHmansm<½n§BIrCan;rvag B nig F nigeKarBeTAtamviFanGdæta

cMeBaHGatUmbr³
.. ..
:F : : F :+ :F :
.. .. ..
+
F = B– : F – B– : F – B–
.. .. ..
:F : :F : : F :+
.. ..
PaBBitEdlRbEvgsm<½n§ B – F kñúgm:UelKul BF (130,9pm) KWxøICagRbEvgsm<½n§ 3
mYyCan; (137,3pm) pþl;edayTMrg;ersUNg; eTaHbICakñúgkrNInImYy²manbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;

GviC¢manenAelIGatUm B ehIybnÞúkGKÁisnIviC¢manenAelIGatUm F.
eTaHbICabrRtIPøúyGrYzitefrk¾eday k¾vamanRbtikmµCamYyGam:Uja:k;. RbtikmµenH
RbRBwtþeLIgedayeRbITMrg;LWvIsEdlbrmanEteGLicRtugva:Lg;EtR)aMmYyb:ueNÑaHenACMuvijva.
9-31
.. ..
:F : H :F : H
.. ..
:F – B + :N – H : F – B- – N+ – H
.. ..
:F : H :F : H
.. ..
vahak;dUcCalkçN³rbs; BF RtUv)anBnül;ya:gc,as;edayTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgbYnrbs;
3
va. sm<½n§ B – N kñúgsmasFatuxagelIKWxusBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg; Edl)ansikSaBImunRtg;fa

eGLicRtugTaMgBIrRtUv)anpþl;edayGatUmN. RbePTsm<½n§EbbenHRtUv)aneKehAfa sm< sm½<n§kUva:a-:
Lg;
LgkU;kGU rDINasüúg. vaKWCasm<½n§kUva:Lg;EdlkñúgenaHGatUmmYyCaGñkpþl;eGLicRtugTaMgBIr.
eTaHbICalkçN³sm<½n§kUva:Lg;kUGrDINasüúgminxusBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;Fmµtak¾eday¬BIeRBaHeGLic
RtugTaMgGs;dUcKñaedamminKitfavaTTYl)anBIRbPBNaeT¦ k¾PaBxusKñaenHmansarRbeyaCn_
cMeBaHkarBinitüemIleGLicRtugva:Lg; nigkarkMNt;bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
9>2 krNImU:elKulmaneGLicRtugess
m:UelKulxøHmancMnYneGLicRtugess. kñúgcMeNamenaH manGasUtm:UNUGuksIut (NO)
nigGasUtDIGuksIut (NO ) 2
.. .. .. . ..
N = O O = N + – O :-
. .. .. ..
edaysareyIgRtUvkareGLicRtugKUedIm,IbMeBjCaKUeGLicRtug ¬edIm,ITTYl)anR)aMbI¦
dUecñH viFanGdætaminGacRtUvbMeBjeGayRtwmRtUveT cMeBaHGatUmTaMgGs;kñúgm:UelKulNamYy
énm:UelKulTaMgenH.
m:UelKulEdlmaneGLicRtugess CYnkalehAfa ra:DIkal;. ra:DIkal;CaeRcInRbtikmµ
xøaMgNas;. ehtuplenHKWedaysareGLicRtugKµanKUmanTMenaredIm,IbegáItCasm<½n§kUva:Lg;Ca
mYyeGLicRtugKµanKUenAelIGatUmmYyeTot.
]TahrN_ enAeBlGasUtDIGuksIutBIrm:UelKulTgÁicKña vabegáItCaDIGasUtetRtaGuksIut
EdleKarBeTAtamviFanGdætacMeBaHTaMgGatUm N nig O.
NO. + NO. N2O4
9>3 krNIeGLicRtugelI
gelIsBIvivFi anGdæta
GatUménFatukñúgxYbTI2minGacmaneGLicRtugva:Lg;B½T§CMuvijGatUmkNþaleRcInCag
R)aMbI)aneT b:uEnþGatUménFatukñúgxYbTI3 nigbnÞab;BIxYbTI3begáItsmasFatuEdlmaneGLicRtug
9-32
CMBUkTI9
B½T§CMuvijGatUmkNþaleRcInCagR)aMbI. bEnßmelIGrb‘Ítal; 3s nig 3p FatukñúgxYbTI3k¾man

Grb‘Ítal;;3d EdlGacRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarbegáItsm<½n§pgEdr. Grb‘Ítal;TaMgenHGaceFIVeGay
GatUmbegáIt)annUvlkçN³elIsBIviFanGdæta. smasFatumYy EdleRbIeGLicRtugelIsBIc,ab;
GdætaKWs<an;F½rGicsaPøúyGrY EdlCasmasFatuzitefrbMput. r)ayeGLicRtugrbs;s<an;F½rKw
[Ne]3s 3p . enAkñúgSF GatUms<an;F½rmaneGLicRtugva:Lg;6 begáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;CamYy
2 4
6
GatUmPøúyGr. dUcenH man12eGLicRtugB½T§CMuvijGatUmkNþals<an;F½r³

..
:F:
.. ..
:F F:
.. ..
..
S ..
:F F:
.. ..
:F:
..
enAkñúgemeroneRkay eyIgnwgeXIjeGLicRtugTaMg12enH b¤sm<½n§TaMg6enH RtUv)an

begáItkñúgGr½BItal;cMnYn6 EdlmanCaRbPBBI 3s cMnYnmYy 3p cMnYnbI nigGrBItal; 3d cMnYnBIrkñúg
cMeNamGrBItal; 3d TaMg 5. s<an;Fr½k¾begáItsmasFatuCaeRcInpgEdr EdleKarBeTAtamviFan
Gdæta. ]TahrN_ enAkñúgs<an;F½rDIkørY S RtUvB½T§CMuvijedayeGLicRtugEtR)aMbIbue: NÑaH.
.. .. ..
: Cl − S − Cl :
.. .. ..
]TahrN_xageRkamenHTak;TgeTAnwgsmasFatuEdlmineKarBtamviFanGdæta.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T9I ³
cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;m:UelKulGalumIjÚm: RTIGIuy:UdY (AlI ) . 3
cMelIy³ r)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs; Al nig I KW 3s 3p nig 5s 5p tamerog. 2 1 2 5
cMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;srub KW 3 + (3 x 7) b¤ 24. BIeRBaHGaluymIj:Úm (Al) mankMriteGLicRtU

GviC¢manTabCag I vasßitenACaGatUmkNþal nigbegáItsm<½n§kUva:Lg;cMnYnbICamYy I dUcxag
eRkam enH³
..
:I :
..
:I : Al
:I :
..
9-33
cUrcgcaMfa KµanbnÞúkGKiÁsnICak;lak;eTenAelI Al nig I.

epÞógpÞat;t³; eTaHbIviFanGdætaRtUv)aneKarBsMrab;GatUm I b:uEnþmaneGLicRtugva:Lg;Et 6 b:ueNÑaH
B½T§CMuvijGatUm Al. m:UelKulenHCa]TahrN_mYyénkarbMeBjminRKb;tamviFanGdæta.
lMhat;atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;m:UelKul BeF . 2
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T10³ I10³ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;pUsVrb:g;takørY EdlGatUm F TaMg 5 cgsm<½n§CamYy
10
GatUmkNþal P.
cMelIy³ r)ayeGLicRtugRsTab;eRkArbs; P nig F KW 3s 3p nig 2s 2p tamerog dUecñH
2 3 2 5
cMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;srubKW 5 + (5 × 7) = 40. pUsVrk¾dUcCas‘ulpYEdrCaFatusßitenAkñúgxYbTI3

dUecñHvaGacmaneGLicRtugelIsBIviFanGdæta. TMrg;LWvIsrbs; PF KW 5
..
:F:
..
.. F:
..
:F P ..
..
F:
..
:F:
..
cUrcgcaMfa KµanbnÞúkGKiÁsnICak;lak;enAelIGatUm P nig F eT.

epÞógpÞat;t³; eTaHbIviFanGdætaRtUv)aneKarBcMeBaHGatUm F k¾eday b:uEnþman10eGLicRtugva:Lg;
B½T§CMuvijGatUm P EdleFIVeGaymaneGLicRtugelIsBIviFanGdæta.
lMhat;
atGnu;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;m:UelKulGaesnicb:g;taPøúyGrY (AsF ).
5
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T11³ I11³ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GIuy:ugs‘ulpat ( SO ) EdlGatUm O TaMgbYnRtUvcg
11 2−
4
sm<½n§eTAnwgGatUmkNþalS.
cMelIy³
CMhanTI1³ TMrg;eRKagrbs; SO KW 2−
4 O
O S O
O
9-34
CMBUkTI9
CMhanTI2³ O nig S KWCaFatuenAkñúgRkumTI 6A dUecñHGatUmnImYy²man6eGLicRtugva:Lg;.

edaybUkbEnßmbnÞúkGKÁisnIGviC¢manBIr dUecñHcMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg;srubTaMgGs;kñúg SO KW 6 2−
4
+ (4 × 6) + 2 = 32 .
CMhanTI3³ eyIgKUssm<½n§kUva:Lg;mYyCan;rvagGatUmsm<½n§TaMgGs;³
..
:O:
.. ..
:O S O:
.. ..
:O :
..
bnÞab;mkeyIgbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;elIGatUm S nig GatUm O KW

.. -
:O:
- .. .. -
:O S2+ O:
.. ..
-
:O :
..
epÞogpÞat;t³; TMrg;mYykñúgcMenamTMrg;smmUlR)aMmYyepSgeTotrbs; SO KW 2−
4
:O:
.. ..
-
:O S O :-
.. ..
:O:
TMrg;enHTak;TgeTAnwgkarelIsBIviFanGdætacMeBaHGatUm S bu:EnþGacykCakar)an
BIeRBaHvamanbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;tic. eTaHbIya:gNak¾eday karKNnalMGittamRTwsþIbgðaj
fa vaCaTMrg;mYyEdleKarBtamviFanGdæta eTaHbICavamanbnÞúkGKÁIsnICak;lak;eRcInEjkdac;
BIKña. c,ab;TUeTAsMrab;FatuenAkñúgxYbTI3nigeRkayxYbTI3CaTMrg;ersUNg;EdleKarBtamviFan
Gdæta RtUv)aneKniymeRbICagTMrg;Tak;TgeTAnwgkrNIeGLicRtugelIsBIR)aMbI b:uEnþmanbnÞúk
GKÁisnICak;lak;tic.
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsrbs;GasIuts‘ulpYric (H SO ) 2 4
10 famBlpþac;sm<½n§
karvas;kMritsißrPaBmYyrbs;mUe: lKul KWCa famBlpþ
famBlpþac;csm<
;sm½<n§ ¬rwfamBlsm<½n§¦ rbs;va
sm
EdlCabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIEdlRtUvkarcaM)ac;edIm,Ipþac;sm<½n§NamYykñúg1m:Ulénm:UelKul]sµ½n
¬famBlsm<½n§rbs;GgÁFaturwgnigravrg\T§iBlBIm:UelKulenAEk,rva¦. ]TahrN_ famBlpþac;
sm<½n§tamBiesaFn_rbs;mU:elKulDIGIuRdUEsnKW³
9-35
H2(g) H(g) + H(g) ∆H o = 436,4kJ
smIkarenHeGayeyIgdwgfakarpþac;sm<½n§kUva:Lg;kñúg1m:Ulrbs;mU:elKul]sµ½n H2
RtUvkarfamBlcaM)ac; 436,4kJ.
cMeBaHm:UelKulkørYminsUvzitefr famBlpþac;sm<½n§KW 242,7KJ.
Cl2(g) Cl(g) + Cl(g) ∆H o = 242,7 kJ
famBlsm<½n§GacRtUv)anvas;edaypÞal;sMrab;mU:elKulDIGatUmEdlmanFatuxusKña
dUcCa HCl
HCl(g) H(g) + Cl(g) ∆H o = 431,9kJ
vak¾manlkçN³dUcKñaEdrsMrab;mUe: lKulEdlmansm<½n§BIrCan; nigsm<½n§bICan;³
O2(g) O(g) + O(g) ∆H o = 497,7 kJ
N2(g) N(g) + N(g) ∆H o = 941,4kJ
karvas;kMlaMgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;enAkñúgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUmKWsµúKsµajCag. ]TahrN_ kar

vas;bgðajfafamBlRtUvkaredIm,Ipþac;sm<½n§TI1rbs; O–H KWxusBIfamBlEdlRtUvkaredIm,I
pþac;sm<½n§ O – H TI2³
H2O(g) H(g) + OH(g) ∆H o = 502kJ
OH(g) H(g) + O(g) ∆H o = 427 kJ
kñúgkrNInImYy² sm<½n§ O–H RtUv)anpþac; b:uEnþdMNak;kalTI1RsUb ¬RtUvkar¦ kMedAeRcIn
CagdMNak;kalTI2. PaBxusKññarvagtMél ∆H TaMgBIresñIeLIgfa sm<½n§ O–H TI2TTYlrg
o
bMErbMrYledaysarbMErbMrYlenAkñúgmCÄdæanKImICMuvij.
eBlenHeyIgyl;ehIyfa ehtuGIV)anCafamBlsm<½n§ O–H dUcKñaenAkñúgm:UelKulBIr
xusKña dUcCaemtaNul (CH OH) nigTwk (H O) nwgmindUcKñaKWmCÄdæanCMuvijrbs;va xusKña.
3 2
dUecñH sMrab;m:UelKulb:UlIGatUm eyIgniyayBIfamBlsm<½n§mFüménsm<½n§NamYy. ]TahrN_

eyIgGacvas;famBlsm<½n§ O-H enAkñúgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUmcMnYn10xus²Kña ehIyeyIgTTYl)an
famBlsm<½n§ O–H mFüm edaykarEckfamBlsm<½n§srubnwg10. taragTI4bgðajBIfamBl
sm<½n§mFüménm:UelKulDIGatUmnigb:UlIGatUmmYycMnYn. tamkarGHGagBImunsm<½n§bICan;xøaMg
Cagsm<½n§BIrCan; EdlxøÜnvaxøaMgCagsm<½n§eTal.
9-36
CMBUkTI9
taragTI4³ famBlsm
famBlsm<
sm½n< §rbs;
rbsm; Ue: lKulDIGatUmmYycMnYn
rbs nigfamBlsm
famBlsm<
sm½n< §mFümrbs;
mFümrbssm<
mFümrbs ;sm
sm½<n§kñkúgñ m:mUe: lKul
bU:lIGatUm
sm<½n§ famBlsm<½n§ (kJ/mol) sm<½n§ famBlsm<½n§ (kJ/mol)
H–H 436,4 C–S 255
H–N 393 C=S 477
H–O 460 N–N 193
H–S 368 N=N 418
H–P 326 N≡N 941,4
H–F 568,2 N–O 176
H – Cl 431,9 N–P 209
H – Br 366,1 O–O 142
H–I 298,3 O=O 498,7
C–H 414 O–P 502
C–C 347 O=S 469
C=C 620 P–P 197
C≡C 812 P=P 489
C–N 276 S–S 268
C=N 615 S=S 352
C≡N 891 F–F 156,9
C–O 351 Cl – Cl 242,7
C = O* 745 Br – Br 192,5
C–P 263 I–I 151,0
* sm<½n§ C=O kñúg CO KW 799kJ / mol

2
kareRbIR)as;
asfamBlsm
;famBl
famBlsm<
sm½<n§kñúgETm
ETmU:KImI
kareRbobeFobbMErbMrYlETm:UKImIEdlekIteLIgkñúgeBlRbtikmµmYycMnYnbgðajBIbMEr
bMrYlxusKñaya:gxøaMgkñúgGg;tal;BI (enthalpies) énRbtikmµepSg². ]TahrN_ cMehH]sµ½n
GIuRdUEsnkñúg]sµ½nGuksIuEsnbeBa©jkMedAxøaMgKYrsm.
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l) ∆H o = −285,8kJ
müa:gvijeTot kMNKøúykUs (C H O ) BITwknigkabUnDIuGuksIutTTYl)anlT§pll¥
6 12 6
bMputedayrsµIsMeyaK KWCaRbtikmµRsUbkMedAya:gxøaMg.
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ∆H o = 2801kJ
eyIgGacdwgBIbMErbMrYlTaMgenH edayemIlBIkMritsißrPaBénRbtikrnigm:UelKulplit
pledayELk². bnÞab;BIenaH RbtikmµKImIPaKeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgkarbegáItnigkarpþac;sm<½n§.
dUecñH karyl;dwgBIfamBlsm<½n§ nigkMritsißrPaBm:UelKulR)ab;eyIgGMBIFmµCatiETm:UKImIén
RbtikmµEdlm:UelKulenaHTTYlrgRbtikmµ.
9-37
kñúgkrNICaeRcIn eyIgGacTsSn_Tay)anBItMélRbEhlénGg;tal;BIrbs;Rbtikmµeday
eRbIfamBlsm<½n§mFüm. BIeRBaHfamBlEtgEtRtUvkaredIm,Ipþac;sm<½n§KImI nigkMNsm<½n§KImI
EtgEtCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbeBa©jfamBl eyIgGac)a:n;sµanBIGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµedaykar
rab;cMnYnsrubénsm<½n§EdlRtUv)anpþac; nigsm<½n§EdlRtUv)anbegáItenAkñúgRbtikmµ nigkarkt;Rta
ral;bMErbMrYlfamBlEdlTak;Tg. Gg;tal;BIénRbtikmµkñúgpas]sµ½nRtUv)anpþl;eday
∆H = ΣBE ¬FatuRbtikr¦ – ΣBE ¬plitpl¦
o
¬4¦
= famBlsrubEdlRtUvpþl; - famBlsrubEdlbeBa©j
Edl BE tageGayfamBlsm<½n§mFüm ehIy Σ CasBaØaplbUk. eyageTAtam

smIkarTI4 sUmykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsBaØarbs; ∆H EdlTTYl)an. dUecñH ebIsinfamBl
o
srubEdlRtUvpþl;eGayFMCagfamBlEdlbeBa©j enaHtMél ∆H KWviC¢man ehIyRbtikmµCa

o
RbtikmµRsUbkMedA (endothermic). b:uEnþebIsinfamBlbeBa©jeRcInCagfamBlRsUb enaHtMél

∆H KWGviC¢man ehIyRbtikmµCaRbtikmµbeBa©jkMedA (exothermic) ¬rUbTI7¦. ebIsinFatu
o
RbtikrnigplitplKWCam:UelKulDIGatUmTaMgGs; enaHsmIkarTI4nwgpþl;lTÞpl)anCak;lak;
BIeRBaHfamBlpþac;sm<½n§rbs;mUe: lKulDIGatUmRtUv)andwgya:gc,as;las;. ebIsinFatuRbtikr
nigplitplmYycMnYn b¤TaMgGs;Cam:UelKulb:UlIGatUm enaHsmIkarTI4 nwgpþl;lT§plCatMél
RbEhlb:ueNÑaH BIeRBaHfamBlsm<½n§EdleRbInwgRtUvkMNt;CatMélmFüm.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_TI 12³
12³ cUreRbIsmIkarTI4 edIm,IKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµcMeBaHdMeNIrkarxageRkam³
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
cMelIy³ dMNak;kaldMbUgKWRtUvdwgBIcMnYnsm<½n§EdlRtUvpþac; nigcMnYnsm<½n§EdlRtUvekIteLIg.
enHCaviFIl¥bMputedaykarbegáIttarag. cUreyageTAtamtaragTI4sMrab;famBlpþac;sm<½n§rbs;
m:UelKulDIGatUmTaMgenH.
RbePTsm<½n§Edlpþac; cMnYnsm<½n§Edlpþac; famBlsm<½n§ bMErbMrYlfamBl
(kJ/mol) (kJ)
H – H (H2) 1 436,4 436,4
Cl – Cl (Cl2) 1 242,7 242,7
RbePTsm<½n§EdlkekIt cMnYnsm<½n§EdlkekIt famBlsm<½n§ bMErbMrYlfamBl
(kJ/mol) (kJ)
H – Cl (HCl) 2 431,9 863,8
bnÞab;mkeyIgTTYl)anfamBlRsUbsrub nigfamBlbeBa©jsrub³
famBlRsUbsrub = 436,4kJ + 242,7kJ = 679,1 kJ
9-38
CMBUkTI9
famBlbeBa©jsrub = 863,8 kJ
edayeRbIsmIkarTI4 eyIgsresr ∆H = 679,1kJ − 863,8kJ = −184,7 kJ
o
dUecñH tMélGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµKW - 184,7kJ

tamviFIepSg eyIgGaceRbIsmIkar ∆H = ∑n ∆H (plitpl) + ∑m ∆H (FatuRbtikr)
o
rxn
o
f
o
f
∆H of = 2 ∆H of (HCl) - [ ∆H of (H2) + ∆H of (Cl2)]

= (2 mol)(-92,3 kJ/mol) - 0 - 0
= -184.6 kJ
lMhat;
atGnu
;Gnuvtþn³_ cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ H + F 2(g) 2(g) 2HF(g)
(a) edayeRbIsmIkarTI4 (b) edayeRbIsmIkar ∆H o

rxn
rUbTI7³ bMErbM
rbMrYlfamBlsm
famBlsm<
sm½n< § (a) CaRbtikmµRsUbkMedA (b) CaRbtikmµbeBa©jkMedA
GatUm GatUm
− ΣBE ¬plitpl¦ ΣBE ¬FatuRbtikr¦
Gg;tal;BI
Gg;tal;BI
m:UelKulplitpl m:UelKulFatu
Rbtikr
ΣBE ¬FatuRbtikr¦
− ΣBE ¬plitpl¦
m:UelKulFatu
Rbtikr m:UelKulplitpl
(a) (b)
]TahrN_xageRkameRbIsmIkarTI4edIm,I)a:n;RbmaNGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµEdlTak;Tg
eTAnwgm:UelKulb:UlIGatUm.
]TahrN_
TahrNTI_T13³
I13³ cUr)a:n;RbmaNbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BI sMrab;cMehH]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn
13
H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O
cMelIy³ dUceTAnwg]TahrN_TI12 Edr eyIgbegáIttaragmYyKW
9-39
RbePTsm<½n§Edlpþac; cMnYnsm<½n§Edlpþac; famBlsm<½n§ bMErbMrYlfamBl

(kJ/mol) (kJ)
H – H (H2) 2 436,4 872,8
O = O (O2) 1 498,7 498,7
RbePTsm<½n§kekIt cMnYnsm<½n§kekIt famBlsm<½n§ bMErbMrYlfamBl
(kJ/mol) (kJ)
H – O (H2O) 4 460 1840
bnÞab;mkeTot eyIgTTYl)anfamBlRsUbsrub famBlbeBa©jsrub
famBlRsUbsrub = 872,8kJ + 498,7kJ = 1372kJ
famBlbeBa©jsrub = 1840kJ
edayeRbIsmIkar4 eyIgsresr ∆H = 1372kJ − 1840kJ = −468kJ
o
dUecñHGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµKW – 468kJ
bu:EnþlT§plenHminc,as;las; eRBaHfamBlsm<½n§rbs; O-H CatMElmFüm. tamviFI
epSgeyIgGaceRbIsmIkar ∆H = ∑n ∆H (plitpl) + ∑m ∆H (FatuRbtikr)
o
rxn
o
f
o
f
∆H o = 2 ∆H of (H2O) + [2 ∆H of (H2) + ∆H of (O2)]

= (2 mol)(-241.8 kJ/mol) - 0 - 0
= -483.6 kj
CMNaMaMaMaM³ lT§plkMNt;edayfamBlsm<½n§mFümKWCittMElRtwmRtUvEdl)anKNnaBITnñ½y ∆H . o
f
CaTUeTAsmIkarTI4 KWRbesIrbMputsRmab;Rbtikmµbea©ajkMedAeRcInKYrsm rWRsUbkMedAeRcInKYrsm

KWsMrab; ∆H > 100kJ rWsMrab; ∆H < -100kJ.
o
f
o
f
lMhat;
atGnu ;Gnuvtþn³_ Rbtikmµ H + CH
2(g) 2 2(g) CH 2 6(g)
(a)-cUr)a:n;RbmaNtMélGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ edayeRbItMélfamBlsm<½n§kñúgtaragTI4.
(b)- cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµedayeRbIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;da. ¬ ∆H sMrab; H , o

f 2
C H nig C H KW 0kJ/mol, 52,3kJ/mol nig -84,7kJ/mol tamerog¦.

2 4 2 6
segçbsmIkarKnøwH
bnÞúkCak;lak; cMnYnsrubéneGLic cMnYnsrubeGLic cMnYnsrubén
elIGatUm Rtugva:Lg;kñúg - Rtugminsm<½n§ - ½ eGLicRtug
*
kñúgTMrg;LWvIs
=
GatUmesrI cgsm<½n§
¬3¦
9-40
CMBUkTI9
* ∆H o = ΣBE ¬FatuRbtikr¦ – ΣBE ¬plitpl¦ ¬4¦

sMrab;KNnabMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµBIfamBlsm<½n§
karsegçbBIehtukarN_nigbBaØtiþ
1. nimitþsBaØacMnucrbs;LWvIs (Lewis) bgðajBIcMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg; EdlmanelIGatUmrbs;
FatumYy. nimitþsBaØacMnucrbs;LWvIs (Lewis) KWmansar³sMxan;sMrab;FatutMNag.
2. FatuEdlmanTMenarbegáItsmasFatuGIuyU:nicmanfamBlGIuy:ugkmµTab ¬dUcCaelah³Gal;-
kaLaMgnigelah³Gal;kalINUETruWEdlbegáItCakacug¦ b¤mancMNUleGLicRtugx<s; ¬dUcCa

GaLÚEsnnigGuksIuEsnEdlbegáItCaGaj:úg¦.
3. sm<½n§GIuyU:nicKWCaplénkMlaMgTMnajeGLicRtUsþaTicrvagGIuyug : viC¢mannigGIuyu:gGviC¢man.
smasFatuGuIyU:nicmYyrYmmanbNþajGIuy:ugya:gFM EdlbnÞúkGKÁisnIviC¢mannigbnÞúkGKÁisnI
GviC¢manmanlMnwg¬esµI¦nwgKña. TMrg;smasFaturwgGIuyUn: iceFVIeGaykMlaMgTMnajsrub
GtibrmarvagGIuyu:gTaMgLaykñúgsmasFatuenaH.
4. famBlbNþajCargVas;énkMritsißrPaBrbs;GuIyu:gGgÁFaturwg. famBlbNþajGacRtUv)an
KNnatamviFIvdþbn-haEb‘ (Born-Haber) EdleyageTAtamc,ab; Hess (Hess’s law).

5. kñúgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;eGLicRtugBIr ¬mYyKUeGLicRtug¦ KWRtUv)andak;h‘unedayGatUmBIr. kñúg
sm<½n§kUva:Lg;eRcInCan;KWBIr b¤bIKUeGLicRtugRtUv)andak;h‘unedayGatUmBIr. GatUmcgsm<½n§

kUva:Lg;xøHk¾maneTVtaesrICaKUeGLicRtugva:Lg;EdlmincUlrYmkñúgkarcgsm<½n§. kartMerobKU
eGLicRtugcgsm<½n§nigeTVtaesrIB½T§CMuvijGatUmkñúgm:UelKulmYyKWRtUv)antagedayTMrg;LWvIs
(Lewis structure).
6. viFanGdætaBüakrN_fa GatUmbegáItcgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;Eq¥tedayeFVIeGay)anmanR)aMbIeGLic-
RtugenACMuvijxøÜnvanImYy². eBlEdlGatUmmYycgsm<½n§kUva:Lg; edayeRbIR)as;eGLicRtug

BIrrbs;vaedIm,IbegáItsm<½n§enaH TMrg;LWvIs (Lewis) GacbBa©ÚlbnÞúkGKÁisnIelIGatUmnImYy²
CaviFIrkSaviFankMNt;eGLicRtugv:aLg;. mankrNIelIkElgeRcIn cMeBaHviFanGdætaCa
BiesssMrab;smasFatukUva:Lg;rbs;ebrIlüÚm (Be) FatuenAkñúgRkum 3A nigFatuenAkñúgxYbTI
3 nigbnÞab;BIxYbTI3kñúgtaragxYb.
7. kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man KWCargVas;lT§PaBGatUmkñúgkarTajeGLicRtugkñúgsm<½n§KImI.
9-41
8. cMeBaHm:UelKulb¤GIuyu:gb:UlIGatUmmYycMnYnTMrg;LWvIsBIrb¤eRcInEdlBwgEp¥keTAelITMrg;eRKag
dUcKñabMeBjeTAtamviFanGdætanigmanPaBsmehtupltamEbbKImI. TMrg;BIr b¤eRcInenHKW
CaTMrg;ersUNg; EdltageGayTMrg;mU:elKul b¤GatUmCak;lak;CagTMrg;LWvIsmYy.
9. kMlaMgsm<½n§kUva:Lg;RtUv)anvas;edayfamBlbMEbksm<½n§rbs;va. famBlsm<½n§GacRtUv)an
eRbIedIm,IRbmaNtMélGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ.
BaküKnøwH
famBlbMEbksm<½n§ Bond dissociation energy 9-36
RbEvgsm<½n§ Bond length 9-14
vdþbn-haEb‘ Born-Haber cycle 9-7
sm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgkUva:Lg; Coordinate covalent bond 9-33
c,ab;KULúM Coulomb's law 9-6
sm<½n§kUva:Lg; Covalent bond 9-12
smasFatukUva:Lg; Covalent compound 9-12
sm<½n§BIrCan; Double bond 9-14
eGLicRtUGviC¢man Electronegativity 9-17
bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak; Formal charge 9-25
sm<½n§GIuyug: Ionic bond 9-17
famBbNþaj Lattice energy 9-6
nimitþsBaØaLWvIs Lewis dot symbol 9-2
TMrg;LWvIs Lewis structure 9-13
eTVtaesrI Lone pair 9-12
Bhusm<½n§ Multiple bond 9-14
viFanGdæta Octet rule 9-13
sm<½n§kUva:Lg;b:UEl Polar covalent bond 9-17
ersUNg; Resonance 9-29
TMrg;ersUNg; Resonance structure 9-29
9-42
CMBUkTI9
sm<½n§eTal Single bond 9-14
sMNYrniglMhat;
at;
nimitþsBaØaLWvIs
sMNYrrMlwk
1. dUcemþcEdlehAfanimitþsBaØaLWvIs? etIeKGnuvtþnimitþsBaØaLWvIsCacMbgeTAelIFatuGIVxøH ?
2. cUreRbIFatuTI2énRkumnImYy²kñúgRkumTI1A eTAdl;RkumTI7A edIm,IbgðajfacMnYneGLicRtug
va:Lg;enAelIGatUménFatuKWesµIeTAnwgelxRkumrbs;va.
3. edaymineyageTAelIrUbTI1 cUrsresrnimitþsBaØaLWvIsrbs;GatUménFatuxageRkamenH³
(a) Be (b) K (c) Ca (d) Ga (e) O (f) Br (g) N (h) I (i) As (j) F.
4. cUrsresrnimitþsBaØaLWvIsrbs;GIuyug : xageRkamenH³
+ - 2-
(a) Li (b) Cl (c) S (d) Sr 2+
(e) N .
3-
5. cUrsresrnimitþsBaØaLwvIsrbs;GatUmnigGIuyug : teTAenH³ (a) I (b)I (c) S (d) S

- 2-
(e) P (f) P3- (g) Na (h) Na+ (i) Mg (j)Mg2+ (k) Al (l) Al3+ (m) Pb
(n) Pb2+ .
sm<
sm½n< §GIGuyI u:g
sMNYrrMlwk
6. cUrBnül;fa etIGIVeTACasm<½n§GIuyug
:.
7. cUrBnül;BImUlehtuEdlfamBlGIuyug : kmµnigcMNUleGLicRtugCaGñkkMNt;faetIFatupSMKña
tamrebobNa edIm,IbegáItsmasFatuGIuyu:g.
8. cUreGayeQµaHelah³R)aMnigGelah³R)aMEdlmanTMenarbegáItsmasFatuGIuy:ug. cUrsresr
rUbmnþrbs;smasFatuEdlGacTTYl)anBIkarpSMrbs;elah³nigGelah³TaMgenH.
cUrkMNt;eQµaHsmasFatuTaMgenaHpg.
9. cUrkMNt;eQµaHsmasFatuGIuyu:gmYy EdlmanEtFatuGelah³Etb:ueNaH.
10. cUrkMNt;eQµaHsmasFatuGIuyu:gmYy Edlmankacugb:UlIGatUmnigGaj:úgb:UlIGatUm.
11. cUrBnül;faehtuGIV)anCaGIuyu:gEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIFMCagbIminsUveXIjkñúgsmasFatu
GIuyug: .
9-43
12. Baküfa{ma:smU:l}RtUv)anbBa©ÚlkñúgCMBUkTI2. etImanRbeyaCn_GIVkñúgkareRbIR)as;Bakü

{ma:sm:Ul} eBlEdleyIgBiPakSaGMBIsmasFatuGIuyug: ?
13. etIkñúglkçxNçxageRkamenH etI NaCl cMlgcrnþGKÁisnI)anl¥Edrb¤eT?
(a) GgÁFaturwg
(b)Faturlay ¬EdlRtUv)anrMlay¦
(c)-FaturlaykñúgTwk
cUrBnül;cMelIyrbs;Gñk.
14. ebrIlüÚmbegáItsmasFatumYyCamYykør EdlmanrUbmnþ BeCl . etIGñkRtUvkMNt;ya:g 2
dUcemþcedIm,IeGaydwgfa vaCasmasFatuGIuyu:g? ¬smasFatuenHminrlaykñúgTwkeT ¦.

lMhat;
at³;
15. sm<½n§GIuyug: mYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykacug A nigGaj:úg B . etIfamBlsm<½n§GIuyu:g
+ -
RtUv)anb:HBal;ya:gdUcemþcedaybMErbMrYldUcxageRkamenH?
(a) begáInRbEvgkaMsm<½n§rbs; A BIrdg +
(b) begáInbnÞúkGKÁisnIbIdgeTAelI A +
(c) begáInbnÞúkGKÁisnIBIrdgeTAelI A nig B + -
(d) bnßyRbEvgkaMrbs; A nig B Bak;kNþaltMéledImrbs;va.

+ -
16. cUrkMNt;rUbmnþnigeQµaHrbs;smasFatuEdlRtUv)anbegáItBIrKUGIuyu:gdUcxageRkam³
(a) Rb nig I
+ -
(b)Cs nig SO +
4
2-
(c) Sr nig N
2+ 3-
(d) Al nig S 3+ 2-
17. cUreRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIs edIm,IbgðajBIbenÞreGLicRtugrvagGatUmdUcxageRkam edIm,IbegáIt
kacugnigGaj:úg³
(a) Na nig F (b) K nig S
(c) Ba nig O (d) Al nig N
18. cUrsresrnimitþsBaØaLWvIsénFatuRbtikr nigFatuplitplkñúgRbtikmµxageRkam. ¬CadMbUg
cUrføwgsmIkar ¦
(a) Sr + Se SrSe (b) Ca + H2 CaH2
(c) Li + N2 Li3N (d) Al + S Al2S3
9-44
CMBUkTI9
19. cMeBaHKUnImYy²énFatuxageRkam cUrbBa¢ak;fasmasFatueTVtaEdlkekIteLIgmanTMenarCa

smasFatuGIuyug: b¤mUe: lKul. cUrsresrrUbmnþgaynigeGayeQµaHsmasFatuTaMgenH³
(a) I nig Cl (b) Mg nig F
20. cMeBaHKUnImYy²énFatuxageRkam cUrbBa¢ak;fasmasFatueTVtaEdlkekIteLIgmanTMenar

CasmasFatuGIuyu:gb¤kUva:Lg;. cUrsresrrUbmnþgaynigeGayeQµaHsmasFatuTaMgenH³
(a) B nig F (b) K nig Br
famBlb
famBlbNþajénsmasFatu jénsmasFatuGIGuyI u:g
sMNYrrMlwk
21. etIfamBlbNþajCaGIV? etIvamantYnaTIEbbNaeTAelIkMritsißrPaBrbs;smasFatuGIuyu:g ?
22. cUrBnül;BIrebobEdlfamBlbNþajrbs;smasFatuGIuyu:gmYy dUcCa KCl GacRtUv)an
kMNt;edaykareRbIR)as;vdþBorn-Haber. etIdMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneyageTAelIc,ab;GIV?
23. cUrkMNt;smasFatuEdlmanenAkñúgKUsmasFatuGIuyug : teTAenH EdlmanfamBlbNþaj
x<s;Cag³ (a) KCl b¤ MgO (b) LiF b¤ LiBr (c) MgN b¤ NaCl
2
cUrBnül;BICMerIsrbs;Gñk.
24. cUreRbobeFobkMritsißrPaB ¬kñúgPaBrwg¦ énKUsmasFatuxageRkamenH³
(a) LiF nig LiF ¬manGIuyu:g Li ¦

2
2+
2 (b) Cs O nig CsO ¬manGIuyu:g O ¦

-
(c) CaBr nig CaBr ¬manGIuyug

2 3 : Ca ¦
3+
lMhat;at
25. cUreRbIvdþ Born-Haber EdlmankñúgEpñkTI3 sMrab; LiF edIm,IKNnafamBlbNþajrbs;
NaCl ¬kMedArMehIrrbs; Na KW 108kJ /mol ehIy ∆H ( NaCl ) = −411kJ / mol .

o
f
famBlEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbMEbk ½ mol Cl eTACaGatUm Cl = 121,4kJ/mol¦ .

2
26. cUrKNnafamBlbNþajrbs;kal;süÚmkørY eKeGaykMedArMehIrrbs;CaKW121kJ/mol ehIy
∆H (CaCl ) = −795kJ / mol .

o
f 2
sm<
sm½n< §kUkvU a:aLg;
:Lg;
Lg
sMNYrrMlwk
27. etIelakLWvIs)anpþl;GIVcMeBaHkaryl;dwgrbs;eyIgGMBIsm<½n§kUva:Lg;?
9-45
28. cUreRbI]TahrN_bBa¢ak;cMeBaHBakünImYy²xageRkam³ eTVtaesrI TMrg;LWvIs viFanGdæta

nigRbEvgsm<½n§ .
29. etIGIVCaPaBxusKñarvagnimitþsBaØaLWvIs nigTMrg;LWvIs ?
30. etImaneTVtaesrIbun
: µancMeBaHGatUmEdlKUsbnÞat;BIeRkamkñúg smasFatuTaMgenH? HBr,
H2S , CH4
31. cUreRbobeFobsm<½n§eTal sm<½n§BIrCan; nigsm<½n§bICan;kñúgm:UelKulmYy. cUreGay
]TahrN_bBa¢ak;cMeBaHkrNInImYy². cMeBaHGatUmcgsm<½n§dUcKña etImanbMErbMrYlRbEvg
sm<½n§EbbNaBIsm<½n§eTaleTAsm<½n§bICan;?
32. cUreRbobeFoblkçN³rbs;smasFatuGIuyug : nigsmasFatukUva:Lg;.
kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manni
annigRbePTsm
RbePTsm<
sm½n< §
sMNYrrMlwk
33. cUreGayniymn½yeGLicRtUGviC¢man nigBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagkMriteGLicRtUGviC¢man
nigcMNUleGLicRtug (electron affinities) . cUrBN’naBIlkçN³TUeTA faetIkMriteGLicRtU
GviC¢manénFatuERbRbYlya:gdUcemþc eyageTAtamTItaMgkñúgtaragxYb.
34. dUcemþcEdlehAfasm<½n§kUva:Lg;bUE: l? cUreGayeQµaHsmasFatuBIrEdlmansm<½n§kUva:Lg;
b:UElmYyb¤eRcIn.
lMhat;
at;
35. cUrerobsm<½n§tamlMdab;ekIneLIgénlkçN³GIuyu:gsm<½n§lIcUm-PøúyGrkñúgLiF sm<½n§
b:UtasüÚm-GuksIuEsnkñúg K O sm<½nGasUt-GasUtkñúg N sm<½n§s<anF½r- GuksIuEsnkñúg
2 2
SO sm<½n§kør-PøúyGrkñúg ClF .
2 3
36. cUrtMerobsm<½n§teTAenHxageRkamtamlMdab;ekIneLIgénlkçN³GIuyu:g³ kabUn-GIuRdUEsn

PøúyGr-GuksIuEsn RbUm-GIuRdUEsn sUdüÚm-GIuyU:d b:UtasüÚm-PøúyGr niglIcUm-kør.
37. GatUmbYnRtUv)aneKkMNt;sMKal;edayGkSr D E F G . kMriteGLicRtUGviC¢manKW D=3,8
E=3,3 F=2,8 nig G=1,3. ebIsinCam:UelKulénFatuTaMgenH begáIt)anm:UelKul DE DF
EG nig DG etIGñkRtUvtMerobEbbNacMeBaHm:UelKulTaMgenH edIm,IeGayeTAtamlMdab;
ekIneLIgénlkçN³sm<½n§kUva:Lg;?
38. cUrerobsm<½n§teTAenHtamlMdab;ekIneLIgénlkçN³GIuy:ug essüÚm-PøúyGr kør-kør
RbUm-kør nigsIulIsüÚm-kabUn.
9-46
CMBUkTI9
39. cUreFVIcMNat;fñak;sm<½n§xageRkamCasm<½n§GIuy:ug kUva:Lg; b¤kUva:Lg;bUE: l nigeGayehtupl

rbs;Gñkpg.
(a)- sm<½n§ CC kñúg H CCH
3 3 (b)- sm<½n§ KI kñúg KI
(c)- sm<½n§ NB kñúg H NBCl3 (d)- sm<½n§ CF kñúg CF

3 4
40. cUreFIVcMNat;fñak;sm<½n§xageRkamCasm<½n§GIuy:ug kUva:Lg; b¤kUva:Lg;b:UEl nigeGay

ehtuplrbs;Gñkpg.
(a)- sm<½n§ SiSi kñúg Cl SiSiCl
3 (b)- sm<½n§ SiCl kñúg Cl SiSiCl
3 3 3
(c)-sm<½n§ CaF kñúg CaF 2 (d)- sm<½n§ NH kñúg NH 3
TMrg;gLW;LvW IsnigviFanGdæta
sMNYrrMlwk
41. cUrsegçblkçN³sMxan;²énviFanGdætarbs;LWvIs. viFanGdætaGnuvtþPaKeRcIncMeBaHFatu
enAkñúgxYbTI2. cUrBnül;.
42. cUrBnül;BIbBaØtiþénbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;. etIbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;tageGaylkçN³eday
ELkrbs;bnÞúkGKÁisnIb¤eT?
lMhat;at
43. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;mU:elKulxageRkam³
(a)- ICI (b)-PH (c)-P ¬GatUm P nImYy²RtUv)ancgsm<½n§CamYyGatUm P bIeTot¦

3 4
(d)-H2S (e)-N2H4 (f)-HCIO3

(e)-COBr2¬GatUm C cgsm<½n§CamYyGatUm O nigGatUm Br¦
44. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;mU:elKulnigGIuyu:gxageRkamRBmTaMgbgðajBIbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;
rbs;vapg.
(a)- O 22 − (b)- C 22 − (c)- NO + (d)- NH 4+
45. TMrg;LWvIsxageRkamminRtwmRtUveT. cUrBnül; faetIvamankMhusGIVcMeBaHTMrg;nImYy² ehIy
cUreFIVkMENTMrg;LWvIsénm:UelKulTaMgenHpg ¬TItaMgEdlmanTMnak;TMngénGatUmRtUv)an
bgðajeGay)anRtwmRtUv¦.
(a) (b) (c)
F F
F
(d) (e) (f) (g)
9-47
46. TMrg;eRKagénGasIutGaesTicbgðajxageRkamKWRtwmRtUv b:uEnþmansm<½n§xøHminRtwmRtUveT.

(a)-cUrkMNt;sm<½n§EdlminRtwmRtUv nigBnül;faehtuGIV)anCavaminRtwmRtUv.
(b)- cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsEdlRtwmRtUv cMeBaHGasIutGaesTic.
bBaØtiþersU
erersUNg;g;
sMNYrrMlwk
47. cUreGayniymn½yRbEvgsm<½n§ ersUNg; nigTMrg;ersUNg;. etIviFIsresrTMrg;ersUNg;
ya:gdUcemþc?
48. etIGackMNt;eGay)anc,as;BITMrg;ersUNg;rbs;smasFatumYytamkarsikSa)anEdrb¤eT?
cUrBnúül;.
lMhat;
at;
49. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;RbePTxageRkamenHrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgGs; nigbgðaj
bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;rbs;vapg³ (a)-HCO (b)-CH NO . TItaMgeFobrbs;GatUmdUc

2
-
2 2
-
xageRkam³
O H O
H C C N
O H O
50. cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgbIrbs;GIuyug: køra:t ClO RBmTaMgbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;rbs;
3
-
vapg.
51. cUrsresrTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgbIrbs;GasIutGIuRdasUGicHN . kartMerobGatUmKW
3 HNNN
cUrbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
52. cUrKUsTMrg;er:sUNg;TaMgBI;rbs;CH N . cUrbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;. TMrg;eRKagrbs;va
2 2
KW H
C N N
H
53. cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgbIEdlGacekIteLIgrbs;GIuyug: OCN- . cUrbgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;
lak;.
9-48
CMBUkTI9
54. cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;TaMgbIrbs;mUe: lKul N O EdlGatUmRtUv)antMerobkñúglMdab; NNO cUr

2
bgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
karelIkElgcMeBaHvi
BaHviFanGdæta
sMNYrrMlwk
55. ehtuGVI)anCaviFanGdætaminGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHFatuenAkñúgxYbTI3éntaragxYb?
56. cUreGay]TahrN_bIénsmasFatuEdlmineKarBtamviFanGdæta. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIs

cMeBaHkrNInImYy².
57. GatUmPøúyGrman7eGLicRtugva:Lg; (2s , 2p ) CaeKalkarN_sm<½n§kUva:Lg;R)aMBIrGacekIt
2 5
eLIgCMuvijGatUmenaH. smasFatudUcenHGacCa FH rw FCl . bu:EnþtamBit smasFatuTaMg

7 7
enaHminEdl)anerobcMeT. cUrBnül;.
58. etIsm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgKWCaGVI? etIvaxusBIsm<½n§kUva:L;gEdrrWeT?
lMhat;
at;
59. m:UelKulAlI mankarbMeBjminRKb;tamviFanGdætaenAelIGatUm Al. cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;
3
bIénm:UelKulEdleKarBtamviFanGdætasMrab;TaMgGatUm Al nig I cUrbgðajbnÞúkGKÁIsnI

Cak;lak;pg.
60. kñúgpascMhay ebrIlüÚmkørYRtUv)anpSMeLIgedaym:UelKulBeCl dac;²BIKña. etIsmasFatu
2
enH)aneKarBviFanGdætasMrab;Fatu BekñúgsmasFatuenH? ebIeT etIGñkGacbegáItGdætaCMu

vijGatUm Be edayKUrTMrg;ersUNg;mYyeTotEdrrWeT? etITMrg;enHRtwmRtUvy:agdUcemþc?
61. kñúgcMeNam]s½µnkMr manEt Kr, Xe nig Rn EdlGacbegáItsmasFatumYycMnYnCamYy O rw
F. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIssRmab;mUe: lKulxageRkam ³ (a) XeF (b) XeF (c) XeF (d)

2 4 6
XeOF (e) XeO F . kñúgkrNInImYy² Xe KWCaGatUmkNþal.

4 2 2
62. cUrsresrTMrg;LwvIscMeBaH SbCl . etImU:elKulenH)aneKarBtamviFanGdætaEdrrWeT?

5
63. cUrsresrTMrg;LwvIscMeBaH SeF nig SeF . etImU:elKulenH)aneKarBtamviFanGdætacMeBaH

4 6
Fatu Se EdrrweT?
64. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIsrbs;Rbtikmµ AlCl + Cl
3
-
AlCl 4
-
etIRbePTsm<½n§GIVEdlP¢ab;rvag Al nig Cl kñúgplitpl?

famBlsm
famBlsm<sm½<n§
sMNYrrMlwk
9-49
65. etIfamBlbMEbksm<½n§CaGVI? témøfamBlsm<½n§rbs;mU:elKulb:UlIGatUmKWCatémømFüm

cMENkÉgmU:elKulDIGatUmGacRtUv)ankMNt;Cak;lak;. ehtuGVI?
66. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCafamBlsm<½n§rbs;mU:elKulRtUv)ankMNt;kñúgn½yfaRbtikmµkñúgpas
]sµ½n. ehtuGIV)anCadMeNIrkarpþac;sm<½n§EtgEtCaRbtikmµRsUbkMedA nigkarbegáItsm<½n§Ca

lMnaMbeBa©jkMedACanic©?
lMhat;
at;
67. tamTinñn½yxageRkam cUrKNnafamBlsm<½n§mFümsMrab;sm<½n§ N - H
NH3(g) NH2(g) + H(g) Ho = 435kJ
NH2(g) NH(g) + H(g) Ho = 381kJ
NH(g) N(g) + H(g) Ho = 360kJ
68. sMrab;Rbtikmµ³ O + O (g) O
2(g) H = -107,2kJ 3(g)
o
cUrKNnafamBlsm<½n§mFümkñúg O . 3
69. famBlsm<½n§rbs; F (g) KW 156.9 kJ/mol.. cUrKNna H rbs; F(g).

2
o
f
70. sMrab;smIkarxageRkamenH
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
(a) cUr)a:n;sµanGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµ BIfamBlsm<½n§mFümkñúgtaragTI4.
(b) cUrKNnaGg;tal;BIénRbtikmµBIGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daénmU:elKulRbtikrnigplitpl ¬emIl
Tinñn½y¦ ehIyeRbobeFobCamYycMelIy(a). H rbs; C H (g) = -84.7 kJ/mol, CO (g)

o
f 2 6 2
= -393.5 kJ/mol, H O(g) = -241.8 kJ/mol.

2
lMhat;atbEnß
;bEnßm
71. cMeBaHsarFatuteTAenH cat;Cafñak;smasFatuGuIyu:grWkUva:Lg;manm:UelKuldac;²Kña³ CH , 4
KF, CO, SiCl , BaCl .

4 2
72. etIsarFatuteTAenH NaCasmasFatuGuIyug : nigmYyNaCasmasFatukUva:Lg;³ RbCl, PF , 5
BrF , KO , CI .
3 2 4
73. pÁÚrpÁgbMErbMrYlfamBldUcxageRkamCamYydMeNIrkarmYyEdl)anpþl;[³famBl GIuyug : kmµ

cMNUleGLicRtugfamBlbMEbksm<½n§ nigGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;da.
-
(a) F(g) + e- F (g)
(b) F2(g) 2F (g)
(c) Na(g) Na+(g) + e-
(d) Na(s) + ½ F2(g) NaF(s)
9-50
CMBUkTI9
74. rUbmnþsMrab;PøúyGrénFatukñúgxYbTI3 KW NaF, MgF , AlF , SiF , PF , SF , nig ClF .

2 3 4 5 6 3
cUrcat;fñak;smasFatuTaMgenHCasmasFatukUv:aLg; b¤smasFatuGIuyug: .
75. eRbIR)as;tMélfamBlGIuy:ugkmµ¬emIltarag8>3¦ nigcMNUleGLicRtug¬emIltarag8>4¦
edIm,IKNnabMErbMrYlfamBl ¬KitCa KJ¦ sMrab;smIkardUcxageRkam³

-
(a) Li(g) + I(g) Li+(g) + I (g)
-
(b) Na(g) + F(g) Na+(g) + F (g)
-
(c) K(g) + Cl(g) K+(g) + Cl (g)
76. cUrerobrab;;nUvlkçN³xøHénsmasFatuGIuyug: dUcCaKF EdlEjkvaBIsmasFatukUv:aLg;dUcCa

bg;Esn(C H ).
6 6
77. sresrTMrg;LWvIsénsmasFatu BrF , ClF , nig IF . cUrkMNt;lkçN³rbs;vaviFanGdæta

3 5 7
minRtUv)aneKarB.
78. cUrsresrTMrg;ersUNg;d¾smRsbcMnYn3sMrab;GIuyu:gGasYN (azide ion) EdlGatUmrbs;
-
3
vaRtUv)anerobcMCa NNN . cUrbgðajnUvbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.

79. RkumGamItedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;nUvTMrg;RbUetGIun³
:O:
..
N C
H
cUrKUsnUvTMrg;ersUNg;mYyepSgeTotsMrab;RkumenH. cUrbgðajnUvbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
80. cUrpþl;nUv]TahrN_mYyénGIuyu:gb¤mUe: lKulEdlman Al ehIy (a) eKarBnUvviFanGdæta (b)
manviFanGdætaBRgIk (expanded octet) nig (c) manGdætaminRKb;cMnYn (incomplete

octet).
81. cUrKUsnUvTMrg;ersUNg;cMnYn4 sMrab;GIuyug

: PO F . GatUm P kNþalcgsm<½n§eTAnwgGatUm
3
2-
GuksIuEsncMnYn3 nigGatUm F mYy. cUrbgðajnUvbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.

82. karb:ugb:gerobcMsmasFatudUcxageRkamCaRbePTzitefreRkamlkçxNÐbriyakasRtUv)an
braC½y. cUresñIeLIgnUvmUlehtuusMrab;braC½yenH. smasFatuman³ CF , LiO , CsCl , 2 2 2
PI .
5
9-51
83. cUrKUsTMrg;ersUNg;d¾smRsbsMrab;smasFatus<an;F½rteTAenH³ (a) HSO -, (b) PO 4 4

3-
, (c)
- 2-
HSO3 , (d) SO3
84. etIBMenalteTAenHRtUvb¤xus? (a) bnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;tageGaykarEbgEckbnÞúkBit
R)akd (b) ∆H0 GacRtUv)anTsSn¾TayBIfamBlsm<½n§énFatuRbtikrnigplitpl (c)
rxn
FatuTaMgGs;kñúgxYbTI2 eKarBviFanGdæta (d) TMrg;ersUNg;énm:UelKulmYyGacRtUv)anEjk

BImU:elKulmYyepSgeTot.
85. viFanmYysMrab;karKUsTMrg;LWvIsEdlKYr[eCOTukcitþKWfaGatUmkNþalKWmanPaBeGLicRtU
GviC¢manmin ERbRbYlticCagGatUmEdlenACMuvij. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCavadUcecñH.

86. edayeRbIR)as;Bt’manxageRkamnigehtukarN_EdlfamBlsm½n < §C-HmFümKW 414KJ/mol
cUrTsSn_TayGg;tal;BIkMNsþg;daemtan (CH ) 4
0
C(s) C(g) ∆H rxn= 716 KJ
0
2H2(g) 4H(g) ∆H rxn= 872,8 KJ
87. Ep¥kelIkarKitBIfamBl etIRbtikmµdUcxageRkammYyNanwgekIteLIgRsYlCag?

(a) Cl(g) + CH4(g) CH3Cl(g) + H(g)
(b) Cl(g) + CH4(g) CH3(g) + HCl(g)
¬tMruy³ eyageTAelItarag 4 nigsnµtfafamBlsm½<n§mFüménsm<½n§ C-Cl KW 338 KJ/mol¦

88. etIm:UelKulteTAenNmYyNamannUvsm<½n§GasUt-GasUtxøI? cUrBnül;. N H , N 0, N , 2 4 2 2
NO .
2 4
89. GasIutsrIragÁPaKeRcInRtUv)antageday RCOOH Edl COOH CaRkumkabuksIulnig R
CaEpñksl;énm:UelKul¬Edl R GacCa CH CaGasIutGaesTic¦ (a) cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;

3
RkumkabuksIul (b) edayEp¥kelIGIuyug: kmµ RkumkabuksIulRtUv)anbMEbøgCaRkumkabuksIuLat

COO . KUsnUvTMrg;ersUNg;sMrab;RkumkabuksIuLat.
-
90. etIsmasFatuxageRkamNaCaGIusUeGLicRtUnic?
NH4+, C6H6, CO, CH4, N2, B3N3H6
9-52
CMBUkTI9
91. RbePTteTAenHRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúglMh³ (a) CH, (b) OH, (c) C , (d) HNC, (e) 2
HCO. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;RbePTTaMgenHTaMgenH ehIycg¥úlbgðajfa etIvaCa

DIm:aejTic (dimagnetic) nig)a:r:am:aejTic (paramagnetic)
92. GIuyug
: GamY (NH -) Ca)aseR)‘anesÞt (Bronsted base) . cUrtagRbtikmµrvagGIuyu:gGamY
2
nigTwk.
93. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;mU:elKulsrIragÁ³ (a) etRtaPøúyGrU:eGTIELn (C F ), (b) RbU):an 2 4
(C H ), (c) b‘uytaELn (CH CHCHCH ), (d) RbUBIn (CH CCH), (e) GasIutbg;sUGiuc
3 8 2 2 3
(C H COOH). ¬edImI,KUsC H COOHCMnYsGatUm H kñúgbg;EsnCamYyRkum COOH¦.

6 5 6 5
94. GIuyug
: RTIGIuy:UdY (I -) EdlGatUmGIuyU:tRtUv)antMerobCabnÞat;Rtg;KWzitefr b:uEnþcMeBaHGIuyu:g
3
F minmanlkçN³EbbnwgeT. cUrBnül;.
-
3
95. eRbobeFobfamBlbMEbksm<½n§ F CamYybMErbMrYlfamBldUcxageRkam³

2
+ -
F2(g) F (g) + F (g)
edayKiteTAelIfamBl etIfamBlbMEbk F NaEdleKcUlcitþ? 2
96. m:UTIlGIusUsüaNat (CH NCO) RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IeFVIfñaMsmøab;stVl¥it. kñúgExFñÚ qñaM1984

3
manbBaðamYyekIteLIgKWTwk)anliccUleTAkñúgFugpÞúksarFatuenHenAeragcRkKImIeday
plitsarFatuBulBN’sEdl)ansMlab;mnusSrab;Ban;nak;enABophal RbeTs\NÐa. cUrKUs
TMrg;LWvIsén CH NCO edaybgðajbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
3
97. m:UelKulnIRtatkørIn(ClONO ) RtUveKeCOfa)ancUlrYmkñúgkarbMpøajRsTab;GUsUnkñúgRsTab;

2
mNÐlGakass¶b;éntMbn;Gg;tak;Tic. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsKYreGayTukcitþ)anénsmasFatuenH.
98. TMrg;ersUNg;mYycMnYnénm:UelKul CO RtUv)anbgðajxageRkamenH. cUrBnül;mUlehtuGIV
2
Edlm:UelKulxøHKWhak;dUcCamansar³sMxan;bnþicbnþÜckñúgkarBiBN’nakarcgsm<½n§kñúg
m:UelKul.
.. .. .. .. -
(a) O C O (b) +
.. .. :O C O.. ..:
+ -
.. .. - .. 2+ .. -..
(c) :O C .. :
O (d) :O
.. C .. :
O
99. sMrab;m:UelKulsrIragÁxageRkamnImYy² cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIs EdlGatUm C cgsm<½n§CamYyKña

eTAvijeTAmkedaysm<½n§mYyCan;³ (a) C H , (b) C H (c) C H . sMrab; (b) nig (c)
2 6 4 10, 5 12
9-53
cUrbgðajTMrg;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH EdlGatUm C )ancgsm<½n§CamYyGatUmkabUn C minelIsBI

BIr.
100. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;kørYPøúyGrYkabUn (CFC ) teTAenHEdlbMpøajRsTab;GUsUnkñúg s
RsTab;mNÐlGakass¶b;³ (a) CFCl , (b) CF Cl , (c) CHF Cl, (d) CF CHF .

3 2 2 2 3 2
101. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;mU:elKulsrIragÁdUcxageRkam. kñúgm:UelKulnImYy²mansm<½n§

C=C mYy ehIyGatUmkabUnEdlenAsl;P¢ab;Kñaedaysm<½n§ C-C³ C H F, C H , C H . 2 3 3 6 4 8
0
102. cUrKNna ∆H sMrab;Rbtikmµ
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
edayeRbI(a)smIkar (9.4) nig (b) smIkar (6.8) ehIy ∆H0 (I ) = 61,0 KJ/mol. f 2
103. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;mU:elKulsrIragÁteTAenH³ (a) emtaNul (CH OH), (b) 3
eGtaNul (CH CH OH), (c) etRtaeGTIlIt [Pb(CH CH ) ] EdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgsaMg

3 2 2 3 4
mansMN (d) emTInGamIn (CH NH ) EdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarsmøab;Es,k (c) ]sµ½nBul

3 2
mustard gas (ClCH CH SCH CH Cl) Ca]sµ½nBuleRbIkñúgsRgÁamelakelIkTI1 (f)

2 2 2 2
G‘uyer [(NH ) CO] CaCI nig (g) KøIsIun (NH CH COOH) CaGasIutGamIen.
2 2 2 2
104. cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIssMrab;RbePTGIusUeGLicRtUnicbYnxageRkam³
(a) CO, (b) NO , (c) CN , (d) N . cUrbgðajnUvbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.

- +
2
105. GuksIuEsnbegáItnUvsmasFatuGIuyu:gcMnYn3RbePTKW³ GuksIut (O ) , EBGuksuIt (O ) 2-

2
2-
nigs‘uyEBGuksIut (O ) . cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIssMrab;GIuyug: TaMgenH.

2
-
106. cUrpþl;eyabl;elIPaBRtwmRtUvénXøafa :RKb;smasFatuTaMgGs;EdlmanGatUm]sµ½nkMr
mineKarBviFanGdæta :.
107. cUrsresrTMrg;ersUNg;bIsMrab; (a) GIuy:ugsüaNat(NCO ), (b) GIuyug : GIusUsüaNat
-
(CNO ) . kñúgkrNInImYy² cUrcat;fñak;TMrg;ersUNg;tamlMdab;PaBsMxan;ekIneLIg.

-
108. (a) BITinñn½yxageRkam KNnanUvfamBlsm<½n§énGIuyug : F- 2

0
F2(g) 2F(g) ∆H rxn = 156,9 kJ
- 0
F (g) F(g) + e- ∆H rxn = 333 kJ
- 0
F2 (g) F2(g) + e- ∆H rxn = 290 kJ
(b) Bnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagfamBlsm½<n§én F nig F -. 2 2
9-54
CMBUkTI9
109. bBaØtþiersUNg;eBlxøHRtUv)anBiBN’naedayPaBdUcKñaeTAnwgesHeTsEdlekIteLIgBI
karbgáat;rvagesHnigla. eRbobeFobPaBdUcKñaenHeTAnwgPaBdUcKñakñúgCMBUkenHEdlCa
karBBiN’naBIhgSEdlekItBIkarbgáat;rvagTanigk¶an. etIkarBiBN’naNamanPaBsmrmü
Cag? ehtuGIV?
110. etIGIVCamUlehtuBIrepSgeTotsMrab;kareRCIserIs (b) kñúg]TahrN¾ 9.7 ?
111. GuksIutnIRTic (NO) Cam:UelKulzitefrmYykñúgcMeNamm:UelKultUcbMput10 EdleK
sÁal;. Ep¥keTAelIGIVEdlGñk)aneronrYmmkehIt sresrnUvm:UelKulDIGatUmEdlGñksÁal;

ehIypþl;eQµaHvanigbgðajnUvTMrg;LWvIsrbs;va.
112. cMgaysm½<n§ N-O kñúgGuksIutnIRTicKW 115 pm EdlCas<ankNþalrvagsm½<n§bICan;mYy
(106pm) nigsm½<n§BIrCan;mYy(120pm). (a) KUsTMrg;ersUNg;BIrsMrab;NO nigpþl;eyabl;
elIsarsMxan;eFobrbs;va. (b) etIvaGaceTArYceTkñúgkarKUsTMrg;ersUNg; Edlmansm½<n§bI

Can;rvagGatUm?
113. eTaHbICasmasFatuGuksIutnIRtUEsn(NO ) 2 CasmasFatuzitefrk¾manninñakarsMrab;
m:UelKulBIr dUcenHpSMKñaedIm,IbegáItetRtuksIutDInIRtUEsn (N O ). ehtuGIV? cUrKUsnUvTMrg;
2 4
ersUNg;bYnén N O edaybgáajnUvbnÞúkGKÁisnICak;lak;.
2 4
114. TMrg;eRKagEdlGaceTArYcmYyepSgeTotsMrab;GIuyu:g CO (carbonate) eRkABITMrg;mYy

3
2-
Edl)anbgðajkñúg]TahrN_5KW O C O O . ehtuGIV)anCaeyIgminGaceRbI
TMrg;enHedIm,Itag CO ? 3
2-
115. cUrKUsTMrg;LWvIsMrab;b:g;tuksIutnIRtUEsn(N O ) EdlGatUmN nImYy² RtUv)ancgsm<½n§

2 5
CamYyGatUmGuksIuEsncMnYn3.
116. kñúgpas]sµ½n aluminum chloride enAEtCaDIEm (dimer) kñúgrUbmnþ Al Cl . TMrg; 2 6
eRKagrbs;vaRtUv)anbgðaj
Cl Cl Cl
Al Al
Cl Cl
Cl
cUrbMeBjTMrg;LWvIs nigcg¥úlbgðajnUvsm½<n§kUGrDINasüúgkñúgm:UelKul.
117. r:aDIkal;GIuRduksIut (OH) edIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgKImIbriyakas. vaCaFatuRbtikmµxøaMg
nigmanninñakarpSMCamYyGatUm H BIsmasFatuepSgeTot EdleFIV[smasFatuenaHEbk.

eBlxøH OH RtUv)anehAfa r:aDIkal;rbs;sarFatuCMrHEk¥l (detergent) edaysarEtvaCYy
9-55
kñúgkarCMrHbriyakas. (a) cUrsresrTMrg;LWvIssMrab;r:aDIkal;enaH (b) cUreyageTAelI

tarag4 nigBnül;mUlehtuEdlr:aDIkal;manPaBcMNUlcitþx<s;sMrab;GatUmH. (c)
TsSn_TaybMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkam³
OH(g) + CH4(g) CH3(g) + H2O(g)
(d) r:aDIkal;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg eBlBnøWRBHGaTitüb:HcMhayTwk. cUrKNnaCMhanrlk
Gtibrma ¬KitCaNaNUEm:Rt¦ EdlRtUvkaredIm,IibMEbksm½n< § O-H mYykñúg H O . 2
118. BiesaFn_CaeRcInbgðajfavaRtUvcMNayfamBl 1656 kJ/mol edIm,IbMEbksm<½n§TaMgGs;
kñúgm:UelKulemtan (CH ) nig 4006 kj/mol cMeBaHm:UelKulRbU):an (C H ). Ep¥kelI

4 3 8
Tinñn½yTaMgenH KNnafamBlsm½<n§mFüménsm½<n§ C-C.

119. KUsTMrg;ersUNg;bIéns<an;F½rDIGuksIut(SO ). cUrbgðajnUvTMrg;EdlKYr[eCOCak;bMput.
2
¬tMruy³ emIl]TahrN¾ 11 ¦.
120. vinIlkørY (C H Cl) manlkçN³xusBIeGTIELn (C H ) edayGatUm H mYyRtUv)an
2 3 2 4
CMnYsedayGatUmCl. vInIlkørYRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IerobcMbU:lIvInIkørYEdlCab:U;lIEmsMxan;eRbI
edIm,IeFIVbMBg;. (a) KUsTMrg;LWvIsénvInIlkørY (b) ÉktadEdl²kñúgb:UlIvInIlkørYKW
-CH -CHCl- . cUrKUsnUvcMENktUcmYyénm:UelKulEdlbgðajÉktadEdl². (c) cUrNna
2
bMErbMrYl Gg;tal;BIeBl 1.0 x 10 kg vInIlkørYbegáItCab:UlIvInIlkørY.

3
cMelIylMhat;Gnuvtþn_
1. . Ba . + 2 . H → Ba2+ 2H:- rw
( BaH2)
1
[Xe]6x2 1s [Xe] [He]
2. k¦ sm<½n§GIuy:ug x¦ kUva:Lg;bUE: l K¦ sm<½n§kUva:Lg;
.. ..
3. S = C = S
.. ..
:O:
II ..
4. H − C − O − H
..
 .. .. ..
  .. .. ..

5. O = N − O : − 6. O = N − O : − 7. H − C ≡ N :
 .. ..   .. ..  ..
..
:F :
F:
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
8. O = N − O : − ↔ − : O = N − O 9. : F − Be − F : 10. : F − As
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
..
F:
..
:F :
..
9-56
CMBUkTI9
11.
12. (a) -543,1 kJ (b) -543,2 kJ 13. (a) -119 kJ (b) -137 kJ
cMelIy
16. (a) RBI (b) Cs2SO4 (c) Sr3N2 (d) Al2S3
.. ..
. . 2+
18. (a) . Sr . + Se → Sr : Se :2-
.. ..
. . . 2+ -
(b) Ca + 2H → Ca 2H:
.. ..
(c) 3Li . + . N . → 3Li+ : N : 3-
. ..
.. ..
(d) 3 . Al . + 3 . S . → 2Al3+ 3 : S : 2-
. .. ..
20. (a) BF3 kUva:Lg; / KBr GuIyug: 26. 2195 kJ/mol

36. C – H < Br – H < Na – I < F – H < Li – Cl < K – F
38. Cl – Cl < Br – Cl < Si – Cl < Cs – F
40. (a) kUva:Lg; (b) kUva:Lg;bUE: l (c) GIuyug: (d) kUva:Lg;bUE: l
 .. .. 
44. (a) : O − O : 2- (b) [: C ≡ C :]2- (c) [: N ≡ O :] +
 .. .. 
(d) H + 46.
I H :O:
I II ..
H–N –H H–C–C– O –H
..
I
H
50. .. ..
:O: - :O: :O: -
.. II .. .. II .. .. II ..
O − Cl − O : - ↔ - : O − Cl − O : - ↔ - : O − Cl = O
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
+ + +
52.
H H
I + .. - I +
H −C = N = N ↔ H − C = N ≡ N :
.. ..
-
.. + .. .. + .. .. + +
54. − N = N = O ↔ : N ≡ N − O : − ↔ 2− : N − N ≡ O :
.. .. .. .. ..
9-57
2−
minsmeT
.. ..
60. + : Cl = Be = Cl +
.. ..
62.
Cl
I
mU:elKulenHmineKarBtamviFanGdætaeT.
Cl – Sb – Cl
Cl Cl
64. sm<½n§kUGrDINasüúgkUva:Lg; 68. 303,0 kJ/mol 70. (a) -2759 kJ (b) -2855 kJ
74. sm<½n§GIuyu:g ³ NaF, MgF , AlF , sm<½n§kUva:Lg;³ SiF , PF , SF , ClF 76. KF :
2 3 4 5 6 3
sm<½n§GIuyug: cMNucrMBuHx<s; GacrlaykñúgTwk)an KFrlay rw kñúgsUluysüúgGaccMlgGKÁisnI

)an. C6H6 sm<½n§kUva:Lg; mU:elKulnImYy²dac;²BIKña.
9-58

Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding I

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Chapter 9 Chemical Bonding I

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CMBUkTI9

)anpþl;viPaKTansMxan;²CaeRcInkñúgEpñksm<½n§KImI ETm:UDINamic GasIut-)as nigs,iúcRtUTsSn_. eTaHbICakargar

r)ayeGLicRtugrbs;lIcUm (Li) KW 1s 2s nigrbs;PøúyGr(F)KW 1s 2s 2p . enAeBl

EdlGatUmlIcUmnigPøúyGrmanRbtikmµCamYyKña eGLicRtugva:Lg;RsTab;eRkA2s rbs;lIcUmRtUv 1

)anbBa¢ÚneTAeGayGatUmPøúyGr. edaykareRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIs eyIgGactagRbtikmµenHdUct

edIm,IgayRsYl eyIgRtUvyl;faRbtikmµenHekIteLIgkñúgdMNak;epSg²BIKña. dMbUg

bnÞab;mkeTot RtUvyl;faGIuyu:gEdlxus²KñaTaMgBIrTajcUlKñaedIm,IbegáItCa LiF

EdldUcKñaeTAnwgsmIkar ¬1¦. sm<½n§GIuy:ugkñúg HF CaTMnajeGLicRtUsþaTicrvagbnÞúkGKÁisnI

r)ayeGLicRtugdUcenGug ehIysmasFatu (CaO) manbnÞúkGKÁisnINWt.

4Li(s) + O2(g) 2Li2O(s)

3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)

maneGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwgenGug. edaysarEtmanGIuyug: EdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI +2 cMnYnbI

yuT§sa®sþ³ eyIgeRbIeGLicRtUNWRtalIet EdlbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrubrbs;kacugRtUvEtesµIKñaeTA

edaysarGaluymIj:ÚmTMenarbegáItCakacug (Al ) ehIyGuksIuEsnTMenarbegáItCa

Gaj:úg O enAkñúgsmasFatuGIuyu:g karepÞreGLicRtug KWekIteLIgBI Al eTAeGay O. man

eGLicRtugva:Lg;bIkñúgGatUm Al nImYy² cMeBaHGatUm O nImYy²RtUvkareGLicRtugBIr edIm,I

nig O KW 2 : 3. GIuy:ug Al BIrmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIsrub +6 ehIyGIuyug: O bImanbnÞúkGKÁisnI

srub –6. dUecñH rUbmnþrbs;GaluymIj:ÚmGuksIut KW Al O ehIyRbtikmµenH RbRBwtþeTAdUcxag

epÞógpÞat;t³; sUmBinitüemIlfa cMnYneGLicRtugva:Lg; (24) KWesµIKñaenAEpñkTaMgsgxagén

lMhat;atG; nuvtþn³_ cUreRbInimitþsBaØaLWvIsedIm,ItageGaykMN)arüÚmGIuRdY.

TaMgGs;sßitkñúgPaBrwg. PaBrwgKWCabrisßanEdlxusKñaxøaMgNas; BIeRBaHkacugnImYy²kñúg

pÞal;eTAnwgplKuNénbnÞúkGKÁisnIrbs;va ehIysmmaRtpÞúy eTAnwgcMgayrvagGIuyu:gTaMgenaH.

edaysar Q viC¢mannig Q GviC¢man EmantMélGviC¢man nigkMNsm<½n§GIuy:ugrvag Li nig F

CadMeNIrkarbeBa©jkMedA. dUecñH famBlRtUvEtpþl;edIm,IeFIVeGaymandMeNIrkarRtLb;mkvij

LiF eFIVeGayvamansißrPaBCagkarzit enACaGIuyug

rbs; Newton GnuvtþeTAelIGKÁisnI. Kat;k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdrnUvCBa¢IgrmUl (torsion).

eGaykan;EtRbesIredayEp¥keTAelIc,ab; Hess (Hess’s law). GPivDÆedayelak Max Born 3

nigelak Fritz Haber vdþ Born-Haber )ankMNt;dMNak;kalepSg²EdlRbRBwtþeTAmunkMN

famBlénbMElgBIGgÁFaturwgeTACa]sµ½nrbs;lIcUmKW 155,2 kJ/mol

enHeyIgkMBugpþac;sm<½n§ ½m:Ulén F dUcenHbMErbMrYlGg;tal;BIKW150,6/2 b¤esµI

Kat;rYmmanRbFanbTCaeRcIn. Kat;)anTTYlrgVan;NUEblxagrUbviTüakñúgqñaM1954 sMrab;karRsaybBa¢ak;rbs;Kat;GMBImux

3- eFIVGIuy:ugkmµ 1m:UlénGatUm Li ]sµ½n³

Li+(g) + F-(g) LiF(s) ∆H 50 = ?

dUecñHfamBlbNþajRtUvEtmanTMhMdUcKñaKW ∆H b:uEnþmansBaØapÞúyKña. eTaHbI

eyIgminGackMNt; ∆H edaypÞal; EteyIgGacKNnatMélrbs;vatamdMNak;

3- Li(g) Li+ (g) + e- ∆H 30 = 520kJ

4- F(g) + e- F-(g) ∆H 40 = −328kJ

5- Li+(g) + F-(g) LiF(s) ∆H 50 = ?

Li(s) + 1/2F2 LiF(s) ∆H overall

dUcenH ∆H =-1017kJ nigfamBlbNþajrbs; LiF KW +10117kJ/mol.

rUbTI2 segçbBIvdþ Born-Haber rbs; LiF. dMNak;kalTI1/ 2 nig3 RtUvkarfamBl

mantMélGviC¢manFM dUcenHfamBlbNþajénLiFk¾mantMélviC¢manFMEdr EdlCaehtunaMeGay

sißrPaB. cUrcgcaMfa famBlbNþajCanic©kalmantMélviC¢man BIeRBaHkarbMEbkGIuyug: kñúg

taragTI1cuHbBa¢IfamBlbNþaj nigcMnucrlayrbs;smasFatuGIuyug: mYycMnYn. man

cEmøkBIeK. smasFatuGIuyu:gTI1mankacugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnIeTV (Mg ) ehIysmasFatu 2+

GIuyu:gTI2manGaj:úgEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTV(O ). kñúgsmasFatuTI3 manGnþrkmµrvagRbePT

KImIEdlbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTVcMnYnBIr(Mg nig O ). TMnajKULMúrvagRbePTKImIEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnI

eTVBIr b¤rvagGIuy:ugEdlmanbnÞúkGKÁisnIeTVmYynigGIuy:ugEdl manbnÞúkGKÁisnIGIuyu:geTalmYy

smasFatu famBlbNþaj (kJ/mol) cMnucrlay ( c) o

LiF 1017 845

eyIgdwgfa GIuyug: Mg manr)ayeGLicRtugdUc]s½µnkMr[Ne] EdlbBa¢ak;BIkMritsißrPaBeday

sarRKb;RsTab;rbs;vaRtUv)anbMeBjTaMgGs;. b:uEnþtamBiteTA kMritsißrPaBEdlTTYl)antam

vamankMritsißrPaB bEnßmEdlTTYl)anBIkMNGgÁFaturwgma:ejsüÚmkørY. famBlbNþajrbs;

eGLicRtugBIrdMbUgBIGatUm Mg ¬738kJ/mol + 1450kJ/mol = 2188kJ/mol¦.

¬EdlmanGIuyu:g Na ¦? eTaHbICa Na minmanr)ayeGLicRtugdUcKñaeTAnwg]sµ½nkMr eyIg

GacrMBwgfa smasFatuenHmanrUbmnþ NaCl edaysar Na manbnÞúkGKÁisnIx<s;Cag dUecñHCa

smµtikmµ NaCl KYrEtmanfamBlbNþajFMCag. dUcKñaEdrcMelIyKWTak;TgeTAnwglMnwgrvag

smasFatu NaCl minmaneT b:uEnþebIsin eyIgsnµttMél 2527kJ/mol CafamBl

bNþajrbs;va¬dUceTAnwgkrNI MgCl Edr¦ eyIgeXIjfafamBlEdlTTYl)anKWmantMéltUc

¬O ¦ BitCamannigmansißrPaBxøaMgNas; cMENkÉsmasFatuEdlmanGIuyug: O minTan;RtUv

)aneKsÁal;enAeLIyeT. dUcKñaEdr famBlbNþajx<s;EdlTTYl)anBIvtþmanGIuyu:g O kñúg 2-

smasFatudUcCa Na O nig MgO KWFM;CagfamBlEdlRtUvkaredIm,IbegáItGIuy:ug O .

edayéNVyU:rbs;GatUmTaMgBIr. TMnajenHTajGatUmTaMgBIrkñúg H eGaysßitenACamYyKñanig 2