CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ

cMnYnGuksuItkmµ
RbtikmµGuksudI UerdukmµtampøvÚ s¶tÜ
I.

1.Rbtikmµrvagma:ej:süÚmnigGuksuEI sn

KMrbesña
ExSTg;Edg Mg2+

GuksuEI sn
bnÞHm:aej:süÚm O2-

dIxSac;
Mg2+

Rbtikmµrvagma:ej:süÚmnigGuksuEI sn KMnUstagRkam  Mg2+ + O2- 

bnÞHm:aej:süÚmGaceqHkñúgxül;nigGaceqHkñúgGuksuIEsneday[GNþatePøIgPøRW tcH . m:aej:süÚmGuksuIt MgO Edl

ekIteLIgzitenAeRkamsNæanCaemSABN’s . smIkartagRbtikmµKW ³ 2Mg + O  2MgO .2

GuIy:ugEdlmankñúgbNþajRkamm:aej:süÚmGuksuIt MgO KWGuIyg:u m:aej:süÚm Mg nig GuIy:ugGuksuIt O .

2+ 2-

dUecñHeKGacsnñidæanfakñúglMnaMcMehH ³
-Mg rgGuksuItkmµ ³ Mg  Mg + 2e .2+ -

-O rgerdukmµ ³ O + 4e  2O .
2 2
- 2-

eBalKWmankarepÞreGLicRtugrvag Mg nig O . lMnaMcMehHenHzitenAkñgú RbePTRbtikmµGuksuIdUerdukmµrvagGgÁFaturwg

2

mYynig]sµn½ mYy . enHKWCaRbtikmµGuksuIdUerdukmµtampøÚvs¶Üt .

2.RbtikmµrvagkabUn nig GuksuEI sn

- 2 + -
O C O O C O O C O
KMnUstagLWvIsénkabUnDIGuksuIt TRmg;eGLicRtUnickabUnDIGuksuIt b:UlPaBénkabUnDIGuksuIt (CO ) 2

k>BiesaFn_
eKdutduMFüÚg (C) [eqHrgÁMú ehIydak;eTAkñgú dbEdlmanGuksuIEsn . eKsegáteXIjduFM üÚgeqH[GNþatePøgI PøWRcal
nig beBa©jkemþAy:agxøaMg . kabUneqHkñúgGuksuEI sn[plCakabUnDIGuksuIttamsmIkartulükar ³
C(s) + O (g)  CO (g) .
2 2

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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ
kñúgRbtikmµenHkabUnrgGuksuItkmµedayGuksuIEsn[plCa CO EdlCasmasFatum:UelKul . GatUmTaMgLaykñúg
2

CO cgP¢ab;Kñaedaysm½<n§kvU :aLg; EdlkabUnmanbnÞk

2 ú edayPaK (2  +) ehIyGuksuIEsnmanbnÞúkedayPaK (  -).
x>RbtikmµrvagkabUn nig GuksuEI snCaRbtikmµerduk
smIkarTRmg;bl:U PaBedayPaKrbs; C nig O KW ³ 2 KMrbesña
0 0 - 2 +  - ExSTg;Edg
C + O2  O C O .
GuksuEI sn
-Fatu C rgGuksuItkmµedaybnÞkú ekInBI ³ 0  2  + .
-Fatu O rgerdukmµedaybnÞúkfyBI ³ 0   - . duMFüÚgkabUn (C)
kabUn (C) CaGgÁFaturwg ehIy O Ca]sµn½ . enHCaRbtikmµ
2 Twk
GuksudI UerdukmµtampøÚvs¶ÜteTaHbIbenÞreGLicRtugrvagkabUn
nigGuksuIEsneFVIeLIgedayPaKk¾eday . RbtikmµrvagkabUnnigGuksuEI sn
RbtikmµGuksudI UerdukmµtampøvÚ s¶tÜ KWCaRbtikmµGuksudI UerdukmµEdlGgÁFatuRbtikrKµanlkçNHCarav .
II.cMnYnGuksuItkmµ

1.sBaØaNeGLicRtUGviC¢man

k>karsegát
-FatumYycMnYndUcCa F , Cl , Br , I , O , S ...suTE§ tmanTMenarcg;)an e RsTab;eRkAbg¥s; 8e Eq¥tdUc]sµn½ kRmtamviFI
- -

TTYlyk 1e b¤eRcInedm,IkøayeTACaGuIy:ug F , Cl , Br , I , O , S .... FatuTaMgenHmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manxøaMg .

- - - - - 2- 2-

-FatumYycMnYndUcCa Na , Mg , Ca , Al ...suTE§ tmanTMenarcg;)an e RsTab;eRkAbg¥s; 8e Eq¥tdUc]sµ½nkRmtamviFI

- -

e)aHbg; 1e b¤ eRcInedm,IkøayeTACaGuIy:ug Na , Mg , Ca , Al .... FatuTaMgenHmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manexSay .

- + 2+ 2+ 3+

x>niymn½yeGLicRtUGviC¢man
eGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatumYyKWCasm,Tarbs;FatuenaHkñúgkarrkSaeGLicRtugv:aLg;rbs;xøÜn b¤ kñúgTMnajTajykeG
LicRtugv:aLg;énFatumYyepSgeTot .
eKtageGLicRtUGviC¢manedayGkSrRkicKI (  ) .
-FatuEdlmaneGLicRtUGviC¢mantUcCageKbMputKWessüÚm  (Cs) = 0.7 .
-FatuEdlmaneGLicRtUGviC¢manFMCageKbMputKWPúøyGr  (F) = 4.0 .
K>b:Ulkmµénsm<½n§ nig eGLicRtUGviC¢man
-kñúgm:UelKulDIkør (Cl ) eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§enAcMkNþalGatUmkørTaMgBIr .
2

sm<½nk§ Uv:aLg;kñúgm:UelKulrebobenHCasm<n½ §kUva:Lg;minb:EU l .

-kñúgm:UelKulGuIRdUEsnkørY (HCl) eTVtaeGLicRtugsm<½n§xiteTACitGatUmkørbNþal[GatUmkørmanbnÞúkGviC¢maneday
PaK (  -) ehIyGatUmGuIRdUEsnmanbnÞúkGKÁsI nIviC¢manedayPaK (  +) . sm<½ne§ nHCasm<n½ §kUva:Lg;b:UEl .
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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ
0 0 + -

Cl
 (Cl) = 3.5
Cl
 (Cl) = 3.5
H
 (Cl) = 3.5
Cl
 (Cl) = 3.5

b:UlPaBénm:UelKul (Cl ) 2 b:UlPaBénm:UelKul (HCl)

maRtdæaneGLicRtUGviC¢manénFatuKImI Gac[eKRBagTukb:UlPaBénsm<½n§kUva:Lg; nig sm<½n§GuIy:nU ic .
tagGatUm A nig B EdlmaneGLicRtUGviC¢man  (A) nig  (B) cgsm<½n§Kña ³
-ebI  (A) -  (B)  0.5 Casm<½n§kUva:Lg;minb:UEl .
-ebI  (A) -  (B)  1.8 Casm<½nG§ uIyu:g .
-ebI 0.5   (A) -  (B)  1.8 Casm<½n§kUva:Lg;bE:U l .
Ex1 : emtan CH :  (C) = 2.5 nig  (H) = 2.2 .
4

 (C) -  (H) = 2.5 – 2.2 = 0.3  sm<½n§ C nig H kñúgemtan CH Casm<½n§kUva:Lg;minb:EU l .

4

Ex2 : GuRI dUEsnkørY HCl :  (H) = 2.2 nig  (Cl) = 3.2 .

 (H) -  (Cl) = 2.2 – 3.2 = 1.0  sm<½n§ H nig Cl kñúgGuIRdUEsnkørY HCl Casm<½n§kUva:Lg;bE:U l .
Ex3 : sUdüÚmkørY NaCl :  (Na) = 0.9 nig  (Cl) = 3.2 .

 (Na) -  (Cl) = 0.9 – 3.2 = 2.3  sm<½n§ Na nig Cl kñúgsUdüÚmkørY NaCl Casm<½n§GuIy:nU ic .
tarageGLicRtUGviC¢man Linus Carl PAULING (1901 – 1994 )
H He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

cMnYnGuksuItkmµ ( number oxydation = n.o )

2.

cMnYnGuksuItkmµtageday n.o CacMnYnKt;BiCKNittagedayelxr:UmauMgmanbnÞúkGKÁIsnI .

k>Fatu A CaFatum:UNUGatUm  n.o(A) = 0 .
Na man n.o(Na) = 0 Fe man n.o(Fe) = 0 0 0
Ca man n.o(Ca) = 0

S man n.o(S) = 0
P man n.o(P) = 0

Zn man n.o(Zn) = 0  (H) = 2.2

H H
 (H) = 2.2

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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ
x>GuIy:ugm:UNGU atUmman n.o esµnI wgbnÞúkrbs;va .
+I -II +I
Na man n.o(Na) = +I
+
S man n.o(S) = -II
2-

Ca man n.o(Ca) = +II

2+

Fe man n.o(Fe) = +III

3+
O man n.o(O) = -II
2-

Cl man n.o(Cl) = -I-

 (H) = 2.2
H
 (O) = 3.5
O H
 (H) = 2.2
K>m:UelKul X man n.o(X) = 0 .
2

-I +II -I
N man n.o(N) = 0
2 Cl man n.o(Cl) = 0 2

O man n.o(O) = 0
2

S man n.o(S) = 0
8
P man n.o(P) = 0
4

H man n.o(H) = 0  (H) = 2.2

2
H
 (Mg) = 1.2
Mg H
 (H) = 2.2
X>Fatu H man n.o cMnYn 3 y:agKW ³
-kñúgm:UelKul H man n.o(H) = 0 .
2

-kñúgm:UelKullIcUmGuIRdY LiH Fatu H CaGelah³man n.o(H) = -I .

-eRkABIenHFatu H man n.o(H) = +I TaMgGs; . +I -I -I +I
g>Fatu O man n.o cMnYn 4 y:agKW ³
-kñúgm:UelKul O man n.o(O) = 0 .
2
 (H) = 2.2
H
 (O) = 3.5
O (O) = 3.5
O H
 (H) = 2.2
-kñúgm:UelKul H O Fatu O v:aLg; 1man n.o(O) = -I .
2 2

-( F O Fatu O man n.o = +II ) eRkABIenHFatu O man n.o(O) = -II TaMgGs; .

2

c>plbUk n.o RKb;Fatukñúgm:UelKulesµInwgsUnü .

Ex :rk n.o(N)kñg ú GasuItnIRTic HNO . 3

n.o(H) + n.o(N) + 3  n.o(O) = 0  n.o(N) = -1 + 6 = +5

(+I) + n.o(N) + 3(-II) = 0 dUcenH n.o(N) = +V .
+1 + n.o(N) – 6 = 0
q>plbUk n.o RKb;FatukñúgGuIy:ugesµInwgbnÞkú GKÁIsnIkñúgGuIyu:genaH .
Ex : rk n.o(S)kñúgGuIy:ugs‘ulpat SO . 4
2-

n.o(S) + 4n.o(O) = -II  n.o(S) = -2 + 8 = + 6

n.o(S) + 4(-II) = -II dUcenH n.o(S) = +VI .
>
n.o(S) – 8 = -2

III.beRmIbRmas;cMnYnGuksuItkmµ

1> Na + Cl  2NaCl . > .

0 0 +I -I -II 0 0 -I
2 2 H2S + Cl2  S + HCl

GuksuItkmµ ³ Na + Cl  NaCl + 1e - -
2 GuksuItkmµ ³ H S  S + 2H + 2e
2
+ -

erdukmµ ³ Cl + 2e  2Cl 2
- -
1 erdukmµ ³ Cl + 2H + 2e  2HCl
2
+ -

tulüsmIkar ³ 2Na + Cl  2NaCl 2 tulükar ³ H S + Cl  S + 2HCl

2 2

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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ
+IV 0 0 +II
>
3 CO2 + Mg  C + MgO .
erdukmµ ³ CO + 4H + 4e  C + 2H O
2
+ -
2 1

GuksuItkmµ ³ Mg + H O  MgO + 2H + 2e
2
+ -
2

tulüsmIkar ³ CO + 2Mg  C + 2MgO

2

0 +V +II +II
>
4 Cu + H+ + NO3-  Cu2+ + NO + H2O .
GuksuItkmµ ³ Cu  Cu + 2e 2+ -
3

erdukmµ ³ NO + 4H + 3e  NO + 2H O  2
3
- + -
2

tulüsmIkar ³ 3Cu + 8H + 2NO  3Cu + 2NO + 4H O

+
3
- 2+
2

snidñ æan
-FatuKImImYyrgGuksuItkmµ kalNa n.o énFatuKImIenaHekIneLIg .
-FatuKImIrgerdukmµ kalNa n.o énFatuenaHfycuH .
-GuksuItkr CaRbePTKImIEdlkñúgenaHmanFatuNamYyman n.o fycuH .
-erdukr CaRbePTKImIEdlkñúgenaHmanFatuNamYyman n.o ekIneLIg .
-kñúgRbtikmµerduk plbUkénbERmbRmYl n.o rbs;GuksuItkr nig erdukresµIsUnü .
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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ
H He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

H He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

H He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

H He
2.2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2

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 CMBUkTI3 emeronTI3 saRsþacarü ³ G‘Uc suvNÑ

Z GatUm
v:aLg; 102 Fatu
vaLg;  Z GatUm vaLg;  Z GatUm vaLg; 
1 H 1 2.2 35 Br  1,5 3.0 69 Tm 3,2 1.2
2 He - - 36 Kr - - 70 Yb 3,2 1.1
3 Li 1 1.0 37 Rb 1 0.8 71 Lu 3 1.2
4 Be 2 1.6 38 Sr 2 1.0 72 Hf 4 1.3
5 B 3 2.0 39 Y 3 1.2 73 Ta 5 1.5
6 C  4,2 2.5 40 Zr 4 1.3 74 W 6,5,4,3,2 2.4
7 N  3,5,4,2 3.0 41 Nb 5,3 1.6 75 Re 7,6,4,2, 1 1.9
8 O 2 3.5 42 Mo 6,5,4,3,2 2.2 76 Os 4,3,2,6,8 2.2
9 F 1 4.0 43 Tc 7 1.9 77 Ir 4,3,2,6 2.2
10 Ne - - 44 Ru 4,3,2,6,8 2.2 78 Pt 2,4 2.3
11 Na 1 0.9 45 Rh 3,2,4 2.3 79 Au 3,1 2.5
12 Mg 2 1.3 46 Pd 2,4 2.2 80 Hg 2,1 2.0
13 Al 3 1.6 47 Ag 1,2 1.9 81 Tl 3,1 2.0
14 Si 4 1.9 48 Cd 2 1.7 82 Pb 2,4 1.9
15 P  5,3,4 2.2 49 In 3 1.8 83 Bi 3,5 2.0
16 S  6,4,2 2.6 50 Sn 2,4 1.8 84 Po 2,4 2.0
17 Cl  1,3,5,7 3.2 51 Sb  3,5 2.1 85 At  1,3,5,7 2.2
18 Ar - - 52 Te  4,2,6 2.1 86 Rn - -
19 K 1 0.8 53 I  1,5,7 2.7 87 Fr 1 0.7
20 Ca 2 1.0 54 Xe - - 88 Ra 2 0.9
21 Sc 3 1.4 55 Cs 1 0.7 89 Ac 3 1.1
22 Ti 4,3 1.5 56 Ba 2 0.9 90 Th 4 1.3
23 V 5,4,3,2 1.6 57 La 3 1.1 91 Pa 5,4 1.5
24 Cr 3,2,6 1.7 58 Ce 3,4 1.1 92 U 6,5,4,3 1.4
25 Mn 2,3,4,6,7 1.6 59 Pr 3,4 1.1 93 Np 5,6,4,3 1.3
26 Fe 2,3 1.8 60 Nd 3 1.1 94 Pu 4,5,6,3 1.3
27 Co 2,3 1.9 61 Pm 3 1.1 95 Am 3,4,5,6 1.3
28 Ni 2,3 1.9 62 Sm 3,2 1.2 96 Cm 3 1.3
29 Cu 2,1 2.0 63 Eu 3,2 1.2 97 Bk 4,3 1.3
30 Zn 2 1.7 64 Gd 3 1.2 98 Cf 3 1.3
31 Ga 3 1.8 65 Tb 3,4 1.2 99 Es - 1.3
32 Ge 4 2.0 66 Dy 3 1.2 100 Fm - 1.3
33 As  3,5 2.2 67 Ho 3 1.2 101 Md - 1.3
34 Se  4,2,6 2.6 68 Er 3 1.2 102 No 2 1.3
1.va:Lg; CalT§PaBcUlpSMénGatUm b¤ r:aDIkal;CamYyFatud¾éTeTot .
2.va:Lg; enAxagmuxeK Cava:Lg;EdleRbIjwkjab;CageK .

3.cMnYneGLicRtUGviC¢manrbs; elak lInus kal;e)A:lij ¬GaemrikaMg ¦eKtagedayGkSrRkik KI   .

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