You are on page 1of 5

C ALIFORNIA S TATE U NIVERSITY, B AKERSFIELD (CSUB)

D EPARTMENT OF E LECTRICAL & C OMPUTER E NGINEERING & C OMPUTER S CIENCE


ECE 423: D IGITAL C OMMUNICATIONS

Homework 1
Solution

QUESTION 1:(25 POINTS)


t
For the signal g (t ) shown in the following figure, sketch (a) g (t −4); (b) g ( 1.5 ); (c) g (2t −4); (d)
g (2 − t ).

Answer:

1
QUESTION 2:(25 POINTS)
For the signal g (t ) and x(t ) shown in the following figure, find the component of the form
x(t ) contained in g (t ). In other words, find the optimum value of c in the approximation
g (t ) ≈ c x(t ) so that the error signal energy is minimum. What is the error signal energy?

Answer:
R1
a) In this case E x = 0 d t = 1 and

1
Z 1 Z 1
c= g (t )x(t )d t = t d t = 0.5
Ex 0 0

b) Thus, g (t ) ≈ cx(t ) = 0.5x(t ). The error e(t ) = t − 0.5 over (0 ≤ t ≤ 1) and zero outside this
integral. Also, E g and E e (energy of the error signal) are
Z 1 Z 1
Eg = g 2 (t )d t = t 2 d t = 1/3
0 0
Z 1
Ee = (t − 0.5)2 d t = 1/12
0
The error is orthogonal to x(t ) because
Z 1
e(t )x(t )d t = (t − 0.5)(1)d t = 0
0

2
QUESTION 3:(25 POINTS)
Find the correlation coefficient ρ between of signal x(t ) and each of the four pulses g 1 (t ),
g 2 (t ), g 3 (t ) and g 4 (t ) shown in the following figure.

Answer: Let us first compute the energies of all the signals


Z 1
Ex = sin2 2πt d t = 0.5.
0

In the same way, we find E g 1 = E g 2 = E g 3 = E g 4 = 0.5. The correlation coefficients for four
cases are found as follows:

1)
1
Z 1
p (sin 2πt )(sin 4πt )d t = 0
(0.5)(0.5) 0

2)
1
Z 1
p (sin 2πt )(− sin 2πt )d t = −1
(0.5)(0.5) 0

3)
1
Z 1
p 0.707 sin 2πt d t = 0
(0.5)(0.5) 0

4)
1 h Z 0 Z i
p .50.707 sin 2πt d t − .51 0.707 sin 2πt d t = 2.828/π = 0.9
(0.5)(0.5) 0 0

3
QUESTION 4(25 POINTS)
Find the exponential Fourier series for each of the following periodic signals.

Answer:

a) T0 = 4, ω0 = π/2. Also D 0 = 0:

1
Z 1 Z 3 2 nπ
Dn = e − j (nπ/2)t d t − e − j (nπ/2)t d t = sin |n| ≥ 1
2π −1 1 nπ 2

b) T0 = 10π, ω0 = 2π/10π = 1/5. Also D 0 = 1/5:


∞ n
Dn e j 5 t
X
g (t ) =
n=−∞

4
1
Z π j nπ 1 nπ
Dn = e − j (n/5)t d t = (−2 j sin )= sin( )
10π −π 2πn 5 nπ 5

c)

D n e j nt
X
g (t ) = D 0 +
n=−∞

with D 0 = 0.5
1
Z 2π t − j nt j
Dn = e dt =
2π 0 2π 2πn
1
|D n | =
2πn

π
(
2 n>0
∠D n = −π
2 n<0

d) T0 = π, ω0 = 2 and D n = 0:

D n e j 2nt
X
g (t ) =
n=−∞

1
Z π/44t − j 2nt −j ³ 2 nπ πn ´
Dn = e dt = sin − cos
π −π/4 π πn πn 2 2

e) T0 = 3, ω0 = 2π
3 and D 0 = 1/6:

D n e j 2πnt /3
X
g (t ) =
n=−∞

1
Z 1 3 h − j 2πn/3 ³ j 2πn ´ i
Dn = t e − j 2πnt /3 d t = e + 1 − 1
3 0 4π2 n 2 3
Therefore s
3 h 4π2 n 2 2πn 4πn 2πn i
|D n | = 2 2 2+ − 2 cos − sin
4π n 9 3 3 3
2πn 2πn 2πn ´
3 cos 3 − sin 3
³
∠D n = tan−1
cos 2πn 2πn 2πn
3 + 3 sin 3 − 1

f) T0 = 6, ω0 = π/3 and D 0 = 0.5:



D n e j πnt /3
X
g (t ) = 0.5 +
n=−∞

1 hZ −1 Z 1 Z 2 i 3 ³ nπ ´
− j πnt /3 − j πnt /3
Dn = (t +2)e dt+ e d t + (−t +2)e − j πnt /3 d t = cos −cos 2πn3
6 −2 −1 1 π2 n 2 3

You might also like