Schoder and Horrigan - Homeric Greek Course, V2

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S.80.5
Second Year Book
VINCENT C/HORRIGAN, S. J.
RAYMOND V. SCHODER, S. J.
A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREEK
v.^.'
S3 «-4
Ad Majortm Dei Gloriam
Arranged for a Two-Year Program

in High School
or One Year in College
by
RAYMOND V. SCHODER, S.J., M.A., Ph.D.

VINCENT C. HORRIGAN, S.J., M.A.
SECOND YEAR BOOK

Revised Edition
1946
Copyright, 1946
by
RAYMOND V. SCHODER
and
VINCENT C. HORRIGAN
No part of this book, including the illustrations,

may be reproduced in any form without the written
permission of the authors.
Lithoprinted in U.S.A.
EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC.

ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
1946
PREFACE
This, in A Reading Course in Homeric Greek, continues

the second, volume
the plan of The first lesson is numbered 121, and is in
the previous book.
tended to follow immediately after the last lesson of volume one. In colleges,
where both volumes may be expected to be covered in the course of a single year,
no formal review period would seem to be required before taking up the new read
ing; in high schools, however, where the summer vacation intervenes, it is
expected that three weeks (or even longer if
the condition of the class demands
it) be spent in a thorough review of the grammar and vocabulary of the first
half of the course. For best results, this review should be made directly from
the first-year book; some of the Readings of the first semester that had not
been seen the year before might also be taken, both for purposes of review and
as relief from the monotony of class drills.
In structure the lessons are same as in the earlier volume.

much the
There are a hundred reading lessons,
each designed to occupy one class period.
The vocabulary to be memorized is printed at the beginning .of each lesson on
the theory that new words are grasped most clearly and retained most permanently
if they are seen first as vocables, then in an actual text, and finally re
viewed briefly but frequently. No attempt, accordingly, has been maoe to equal
ize the memory burden by shifting words from one lesson to another. However,
where the vocabulary load is heavy, less is demanded in the way of text. Thus,
the first forty lessons, which average 6.8 new words for memory, average only
8.9 lines of Homer, while the last sixty lessons, which average only 4.1 vocables,
demand on the average 15 lines of text.
In all, 1,261 lines of Homer are provided, comprising the further ad

ventures of Odysseus and a few selections from the Iliad. Four to six lines are
taken in each lesson in the beginning, the amount being very gradually increased
until the maximum number of twenty-four is reached in the last lesson.

The vocabulary printed in smaller characters immediately beneath the

text is not for memory. It consists of words that occur too infrequently to
be learned but which are necessary to translate the given text. For tests,
these words should be supplied the student.
The Notesare intended to point out and explain unusual forms, points
of grammar, and difficult
idiomatic usages, while in the Comment necessary in
formation is given concerning the background of the story, the more literary
qualities of the poems are discussed, and their perennial significance is
stressed.
In a number of lessons, a brief section is devoted to explaining some

additional points of grammar. The whole of second-year grammar is shown in
summary form on a single page in the appendix.
The final section of most lessons is given to a word study. It is to be

noted that all the words listed are derived from the new words seen in that
ill
particular lesson. Where the meaning or derivation is obscure, a short explana
tion is added.
Exercises for the lessons are not printed in this book. They are printed
separately and arranged in an envelope on which complete instructions are given
for their use. For each lesson, there is a set of twenty-five questions, aimed
at a close analysis of the text, practice in the use of new grammar and vocabu
lary, and a systematic review of previous matter. They are constructed in such
a way that the answers will not require more than two or three words and can be
written directly in blanks provided on the question sheet.
After every ten lessons, special review lessons have been inserted. These
offer a number of suggestions for review, treating the various phases of the
subject matter. It is not expected that a class act on all the suggestions;
the teacher should choose what he wishes, changing or adding according to the.
needs and interests of his class. There is also an essay on some significant
aspect of Greek culture! These essays are intended to be read and discussed
in class under the guidance of the teacher. Under ordinary circumstances, it
is hoped, other time can be found left from the regular assignments to spend
on additional background work and reading of other Greek authors in translation.
Attention should be called to the fact that the general vocabulary in

the back of the book contains both first- and second-year words, that the num
bered list of memory words is complete for the whole course, and that the sum
mary of first-year grammar is reprinted in the appendix.
•
A set of flash-cards (of different color than for first year) has been
"prepared and should be obtained with each book.
Finally, we wish to express again our appreciation and sincere gratitude

to allthose who have assisted in the preparation of this course. Most of their
names have already been listed in the first volume. To the following fellow-
Jesuits in a special way we would like to acknowledge our great debt for their
help in getting out this second volume: to Father James Doyle, for his generous
help in proofreading and correcting the manuscript; to Messrs. John Thibault,

David Bowman, John Felten, James McGlynn, and Brothers Charles Thompkins and
Paul Brosemer for their typing; to Brother John Zollner for his art work; to
Messrs. Edward Stokes and Edward Cincoski for their aid on the exercises and
tests; and finally, to our pupils. in the first experimental class, especially
John O'Keefe and Richard Mardlgian, for their suggestions and help toward the
preparation of this revised edition. To these and to all who have kindly given
us their interest, encouragement, and time we are deeply thankful.
iv
CONTENTS
Preface. ill
Table of Contents v
List of Illustrations viii
Abbreviations xl
LESSON
Introduction to Second Year Greek 1
121. Text, lines 340-345: The Floating Island of the Winds. Masculine
Nouns of the First Declension 4
122. Text, 346-351: Pleasant Living. Accusative of Extent. Dative
Plurals in -<?oi(v) 6
123. Text, 352-360: A Propitious Start. Special Review of Variant
Verb Endings 8
124. Text, 361-365: Safeguards. Peculiar Perfect Participles 10
125. Text, 366-374: The End in Sight. Dative of Cause" 12
126. Text, 375-383: Fateful Curiosity 14
127. Text, 384-390: Sudden Calamity 16
128. Text, 391-399: Shamefaced Return * 18
129. Text, 400-407: Another Try 19
130. Text, 408-417: Rejected and Helpless 20
131» Review. Greek Coins and Their Story 22
Circe 25
132. Text, 418-425: A Reluctant Start. The Irregular Verb Vat, I git . 27
133. Text, 426-430: Suspense 29
134. Text, 431-439: At the Ends of the Earth 30
135. Text, 440-445: A Dread Ritual. Special Forms of PO\JC, Ox, Cow. . . 32
136. Text, 446-454: Invoking the Dead. Special Correlatives 33
137. Text, 455-460: Grim Company. The Irregular Verb ELÎ, I go, I
shall go 36
138. Text,461-467: Prayer and Expectation 37
139. Text,468-475: Singleness of Purpose 38

140. Text,476-483: Tiresias' Greeting 39
141. Text,484-493: A Matter of Will-Power 41
142. Review. Greek as World Language
a 43
143. Text, 494-501: Life or Death. 46
144. Text, 502-509: Revenge and Pilgrimage 47
145. Text, 510-521: Reconciliation and a Happy Ending 49
146. Text, 522-528: The Heart Speaks 51
147. Text, 529-538: Formula for Conraunication / . 52
148. Text, 539-546: A Mother's Solicitude. Future Participle to
'
Express Purpose 53
149. Text, 547-557: Explanations 55
150. Text, 558-567: News From Home 57
151. Text, 568-575: Of Son and Father. Gnomic Aorist 59
152. Text, 576-587: Parental Love 61
153. Review. Greek Sports . 63
LESSON
Pa$e
154 • Text > 588-598: Frustrated Love, ovtoc, atiTTi, TOUTO : "THIS". . . . 66
155 • Text 9 509-608: The Mystery of Death. TOIOUTOC, TOICXUTTI,
TOLOUTOV : '"SUCH" 68
156 • Text f 70
157 • Text t 72
158 • Text » 74
159 • Text r 76
160 • Text t 78
161 • Text t 80
162 • Text 1 82
163 • Text t 84
164 85
165 •> Text f 89
166 • Text t 91
167 • Text » 718-730: Se f c- :.j I — And New Peril 93
163 • Text t 95
169 • Text t 97
170 • Text t 757-769: —And Charybdis 99
171 • Text t 101
172 • Text t 103
173 • Text t 104
174 • Text t 106
175 108
176 • Text t 111
177 • Text f 835-846: A. New Warning 113
178 • Text t 847-861: The Crisis 115
179 • Text > 117
180 • Text t 119
181 • Text t 121
182 • Text t 123
133 • Text t 125
184 • Text t 127
185 • Text f 129

186 131
187 •Text t 134

188 •Text f 136
189 • Text f 138
190 » Text J 140
191 • Text > 1005-1017: A Picnic-Lunch 142
192 •> Text t 1013-1031: All Work — . 144
193 * Text t 146
194 • Text t 149
195 • Text f 151
196 •> Text t 153
197 155
198 • Text t 158
199 • Text t 160
200 • Text t 162
201 • Text t 164
vi
LESSON Page
202. Text", 1156-1170: A Marvel to Behold. ToiooSe, ToiTi5e, TOLOV&E:
"SUCH (AS THIS, AS THAT)" 166
203. Text, 1171-1183: Love at Second Sight 168
204. Text, 1184-1197: The Plan of March 170
205. Text, 1198-1211: Human Nature 172
206. Text, 1212-1222: Plan of Action 174
207. Text, 1223-1238: The Royal Household 175
208.
209.
210.
Review. One Yea r of Greek History
Text, 1239-1255: Such Sweet Sorrow
Text, 1256-1266: Farewell to Phaeaclans
.... 177
180
182
211. Text, 1267-1278: The Day of Return — and Happy Ending 183
Introduction to Iliad Selections 186
212. Text, 1279-1292: The Family 188
213. Text, 1293-1309: War, Hateful to Women 190
214. Text, 1310-1328: Have Pltyl 192
215. Text, 1329-1344: Code of the Warrior 194
216. Text, 1345-1360: From Queen to Slave . 196
217. Text, 1361-1374: A Father's Prayer 198
218. Text, 1375-1391: Farewell Forever* . 200
219. Review . Homer, Schliemann, and Archaeology 203
220. Text, 1392-1412: Hector Fights Achilles 206
221.
222.
223.
Text, 1413-1430: Inhuman Rage
Text, 1431-1452: The Desecration of Hector's Body.
Text, 1453-1476: Andromache's Sorrow
...... 209
212
216
224. Text, 1477-1498: Priam's Daring 220
225. Text, 1499-1516: The Humanizing of Achilles 222
226. Text, 1517-1537: Achilles Comforts the King 224
227. Text, 1538-1555: The Glory of the World Passes . 226
228. Text, 1556-1576: The Body is Ransomed 228
229. Text, 1P77-1600: The Burial of Horse-taming Hector 230
230. Review . Yourself 233
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Bard Reciting (from a Greek vase in the British Museum) Cover

Map of Homer's World and the Adventures of Odysseus Frontispiece
The Deification of Homer (Ingres) 3
Theater of Dionysus at Athens 7
Aeolus 9
A Greek Wall Painting 11
Sappho 13
Readying the Chariots 15
Escape of the Winds . 16
Gold Ornaments of the Heroic Age 17
Pioneers of Science 21
Examples of Greek Coins 24
Circe Watching Her Human Swine (Riviere)- 25
Circe Plotting to welcome Her Visitors (Burne-Jones ) 26
Menander 28
Doric Temples at Paestum (Ewing Galloway) 31
Homeric Warrior i . . . 34
The Tower of the Winds (A. W. Weddell) 36
The Appearing of Tiresias 39
The Fran9ois Vase .' 40
Rising of the Sun-God 42
Alexander Entering Babylon (Charles Le Brun) 45
The Slaying of the Suitors. . 47
Hera and Athene Descending to Earth (Flaxman) 48
Poseidon 50
The Market Place at Athens 54
Artemis and Apollo: Bringers of Death to Mortals 56
Medea 58
Homer Composing by the Sea 60
A Comic Mask 62
General View of Olympia 65

Gold Drinking Cup from the Age of Heroes 69
Oedipus and the Sphinx. 71

Death Mask of 'Agamemnon' 73
The Temple of Athena Nike 75
Toy Horse on Wheels 77
Inlaid Daggers from Mycenae 79
Sisyphus 81
Interior of a Greek Home 83
An Egyptian Youth 86
Shapes of Greek Vases 88
Demosthenes 9O
Odysseus Passing the Sirens 92
Woman Carrying a Powder Box 94
An Ancient Chariot Race 96
The Burial Mound at Marathon (A. W. Weddell ) 98
Dionysus, God of Drama and the Vine 100
viil
ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.)
Scylla and Charybdis 102

Pedestal of the Stage in the Theater (A. W. Weddell) 105
The Apotheosis of Homer 107
A Conference 110
Women Folding Clothes 112
Warrior in Battle Array 114
The Acropolis of Athens 116
A Spirited Horse 118
Poseidon Rising from the Sea (Flaxman) 120
Pensive Athene 122
The Horses of the Sun (Le Lorrain) 124
Boxer Resting 126
'
Disaster I 128
Girl Dancing 130
Athenian School Scene 133
A Royal Gaming Board 135
Odysseus and His Raft 137
The Voting Between Ajax and Odysseus 139
Woman Playing the Flute 141
The Gold Vapheio Cups N 143
Homeric Chariot (Pogany) 145
Artemis the Huntress 147
The School of Athens (Raphael) 148
Marine Life 150
Facade of the Doric Temple at Aegina 154
Object Lesson in Greek Influence (Prof. S. Ralph Harlow) 157
A Vase by Hiero 159
Euripides 163
A Lecythus 165
The Acropolis of Pergamum. 169
Odysseus Following Nausicaa's Wagon Outside the City 171

A Boxing Match 173
The Banquet Hall of Alcinous 176

Farewell of Odysseus and Nausicaa (W. Pogany) 181
The Phaeacian Clipper 184
Reunion of Odysseus and Penelope (Flaxman) 185
Hector and Andromache (Flaxman) 189
Wsrriors Arming for Battle 193
Ares, God of War 195
Captive Andromache (Lord Leighton) 197
Coins of Macedon and Sicily 199
Ajax Defending the Greek Ships from Hector's Men (Flaxman) 201
Restoration of the Acropolis at Athens 202
Entrance to the Treasury of Atreus (Ewing Galloway). 205
Achilles 208
The Greek Spirit in Modern Architecture (Ewing Galloway) 211
ix
ILLUSTRATIONS (cont.)
....................
..... ..........
Achilles' Chariot
............................
Hector Tied to 213
Achilles Drags Hector's Body
......................
(W. Pogany) . 214
The Vaphelo
...........................
Cups 215
Andromache's Faint (Plaxman)
.....................
217
Pathetic Memorial
.....
.......................
218
.............................
Athens from the East 219
Priam Beseeching Achilles
............................
221
Hermes Resting 223
The Sack of Troy
Automedon with Achilles'
Hector's Funeral Pyre
...............
..... ...................
Horses (Regnault)
.
225
227
232
ABBREVIATIONS
acc. : accusative n. : neuter

act . : active no. : numbe r
adj. : adjective nom. : nominative
adv. : adve rb obj. : object
aor. : aorist opt . : optative
comp. : comparative pass . : passive
con j . : conjunction pers. : person
cp. : compare pf.s perfect
dat. : dative pi.: plural
decl. : declension plpf . : pluperfect
f .: feminine prep.: preposition
fut.s future pres . : present
gen. : genitive pron. : pronoun
gend. : gender ptc. : participle
ind. : Indicative rel. : relative
Indecl. : indeclinable Bg.S singular
Inf.: Infinitive sub. : subject
impf . : Imperfect s ub j. : subjunctive
Impt . : imperative supl. : superlative
intr. : intransitive tr. : transitive

irreg. : Irregular voc. : vocative

m. : masculine v. : with
mid. : middle #: numbered set
of this book
xl
INTRODUCTION TO SECOND YEAR GREEK
New Year's Day is traditionally associated with a kind of examina

tion of conscience. On this day many people take time from their routine
activities and. try to realize more clearly what they are doing, how they
can do it and why they are doing it.
better, They recheck their route on
the map of life,
bring into sharper focus their destination, and make cer
tain resolutions regarding the ways of travel and the turns they ought to
make.
As we begin now the second and more important half of our Greek
course, it will be wise for us to do something of the same. thing — to re-
check the reasons for studying Homer, to alert our minds to recognize the
fine things we hope to find in him, and to resolve to keep on the right
road to achieve our aim.
In recent years Greek, and other such cultural studies, seemed to

have no place in the education of modern youth. We were living in the age
of "Science," and it
was the popular dogma that if
everyone worshiped and
served this strange god the problems of the world would be solved and the
lost paradise of humanity would at length be regained. The humanities,
which did not teach the student how to disect, to measure, to weigh, were
pushed out of school curricula and replaced with "practical," "scientific"
subjects.
But now, after two of the most disastrous and horrible wars in the
history of mankind, many people are beginning to ask themselves if the edu
cational theory they had so strongly supported is really sound. They ques
tion the value of the results it has attained. They are asking if there is
not a place among the studies of frogs and stars and forces and rays for
the study also of Man, not of his corpuscles and synapses, but of his
thoughts, and motives, and ideals.

We believe there is such a place; that other studies, valuable and
necessary as they are,, must yet leave room for man to know Man, for "persons"
to appreciate their own "personalities" and to respect the "personalities"
of others. But a "person" is not merely an animated machine which can be
used and measured like
any other machine. A "person" is an intangibility
which can only through its own self-expression — through its de
be. known
liberate actions and, most especially, through its mysterious power of lan
guage. Self-expression. through the medium of written language we call
literature, and it is, therefore, through the study of literature that we
shall come to a better understanding, on the natural plane, of Man in his
concrete human personality.
But not all works of literature are equally successful in revealing
this humanity. There have been in world history certain men of genius who
through a strange gift, which the ancients called "divine," seemed able to
penetrate into the very heart of human beings, and to express their insight
so magnificently through the difficult and tricky medium of words and sen
tences that language became for them merely a perfectly transparent glass
through which the reader can see the object they describe without obscurity
or distortion.
Two thousand, eight hundred years ago lived a man who by common con
sent ranks among the foremost of these geniuses. He was a man who was not
interested in selling a political or economic theory, or in beating the
drums of racism or nationalism. His interest was humanity and his motive
was to entertain, and if
possible to teach men to appreciate themselves and
their fellows. The second of his great poems begins significantly with the
word "man" and Homer states at the very start that his story will tell of a
man and his wondrous experiences. On page after page, written in the fresh
ness and exuberance of a glorious dawn, the essential qualities of this man,
his mind and his will, stand out in bold relief. It
is really not so much
his adventures that form the highest entertainment and instructional con
tent of the poem as his human reactions to the situations in which he un
wittingly finds himself.
As we continue now to read through Homer's Odyssey, our primary pur
pose ought not to be to tear apart, to analyse, to judge. Rather we should
be willing to listen quietly, to allow ourselves to be entertained and
charmed by the amazing personality of the man who tells the story, to try to
see life in its intense reality as he saw it, and to become interested in
people just because they are people in the way that he was.
Many and diversified are the paths in life which we will afterwards
follow, but all of us without exception will have to face the same immensely
important and difficult problem of trying to live with other human beings in
harmony and co-operation. Our failure to solve this problem is a national
disgrace and an international issue more explosive than the atomic bomb.
An education that does nothing to help solve this problem is a failure and
a It is from the sympathetic study of such men as Homer

national danger.
that we begin to appreciate the continuity and community of humanity, an ap
preciation which is basic to peaceful domestic and international relations.

Then, when we have learned this lesson, we shall be better prepared to sit
reverently at the feet of a Galilean Carpenter and learn from His lips that
of which Homer in all his wisdom could not even dream, — how men can be called
and really be the sons of God.
As our see Odysseus and his men setting sail from

story opens, we
the dread horror of the Cyclops1 island. Through his own refusal to despair
and his prayerful dependence on help from the gods, Odysseus had saved most
of his crew and had punished the brutal monster. As they had pulled out
from the island, the blinded Polyphemus had narrowly missed crushing their
boat with huge rocks thrown in the direction of Odysseus' voice. In his
rage and agony he had then called upon his father, Poseidon, god of the sea,
to wreak vengeance for him on the Greeks.
Unfairly, to our way of thinking, but in keeping with the vague
INTRODUCTION TO SECOND YEAR GREEK
mythological notions of the ancients, Poseidon hears the prayer of his son,
and determines, if
he cannot altogether prevent the Greeks from reaching
home, at least- to make their journey as difficult and painful as possible.
Pursued by the implacable hatred of such a foe, Odysseus, the prototype of
the "missing" soldier, struggles on against all obstacles to win his way
back to his home, his parents, his wife, and his child. Time and again it
is his intense love for and loyalty to his family that sustains his courage
and strengthens his will to carry on. In scarcely any other great work of
literature is family unity and loyalty so vividly and touchingly portrayed.
Meanwhile, what is the situation in his Ithacan homeland? The ten
long years of war had passed slowly and anxiously, with word arriving from
time to time saying that Odysseus was still alive. At last the great news
came that the war was over, that Troy was trampled in the dust. Soon the
Greek heroes began to reach home, but Odysseus was not among them. Months
lapsed into years, and friends and enemies alike gradually lost all hope of
seeing him again. His mother, Anticlia, dies of grief; his father, cutting
himself off from other people, lives in loneliness and sorrow. Only his
faithful queen and son refuse to abandon hope. Wealthy and powerful suitors
have 'come from all sides to urge her to marry again, but she remains firm.
At length his son, Telemachus, now grown to young manhood, sets out to find
his missing father. The early part of the Odyssey tells the adventures of
Telemachus in his unsuccessful search.
This background picture of the patient waiting of his family helps

to intensify the pathos of the disappointments and strivings of Odysseus on
his homeward journey with all its strange adventures and frustrations — the
story which we now take up again to follow it to its end.
University Prints Ingres
THE DEIFICATION OF HOMER

A modern French artist's homage to Homer, who is shown seated before an Ionic temple
built to his honor as Fame crowns him with the wreath of immortal renown before re
presentatives of all nations and centuries.
LESSON 121
775. MEMORIZE:
, ou Aeolus [ruler of the vaiu), — , vacoa I inhabit, I dwell
winds] vfiooc, ow [f.] Island
8u>6exa [indecl.] twelve- reixoc, eog wall
six
i| [indecl.] large X^Xxeos, ov of bronze
Heyapov, ov hall; [in pi.:]
halls, palace
776- TEXT:
The Floating Island of the Winds
340
" 8* cs vrjcrov d^t/co/xe^* •
«>#a 8* evaiev
AioXi?}!'
AibXo? '177770x018175, (£1X09 adavdroKTi
ifcra)
•
7ra<rai> Se re fui> 7re/H
dpprjKTOv, Xicrcrr) 8' di/aSe'8po/ie

/cat SwSe/ca TratSe? eVt yxe-yapots
e£
8* vtees
i^y
e^-
345
îei/ Bvyarepes,
AioXioC, T), ov. Aeolian, of Aeolus or i^puu am in the prime of youth,
I
f)3<xu
ocva-Tpexu; pf- *• pres. force: ava-5e6po(ia vigorous
run up; rise 'IraioTC^C, ô Hippotas1 son
I
apprjxToC, ov not to be broken, unbreakable XiaaoC, ov smooth

Jj,
TtXuroC, T), ov floating
777. NOTES:
342. =nepl naoav ntv [EOTL] . Notice again (cf . #404) that dissyllabic prepo
sitions like nept, when placed immediately after their objects throw
back their pitch mark, êv refers to VTJOOC.TB is frequently a difficult
Often it is to be felt rather than bluntly ex
word to translate.
pressed, but its precise feeling in a giveft context can be assigned
only of considerable experience in reading the Homeric
on the basis
text. on in the text, therefore, do not simply by-pass TE,
As you read
but try to build up feeling for it. Notice that has two main usesi it
a
(l) as conjunction to connect words and phrasesj (2) as a particle to

a
mark statement as indefinite or general, and sometimes (as here) to

a
connote a certain permanence of given state of things.

a
343. Take XLOOTJ as predicate: "the rocky (shore) rises up smooth."

344. TO\> = from him.
778. COMMENT:
340. Hardly more than day and a night from the Island of the
a
Cyclops, the Greeks approach strange and amazing island. It is the island
a
of Aeolus, king of the winds, situated apparently not far from, and almost
directly south of, Sicily. In later times, and even at present, the island
of Aeolus has been identified with an island-group off the 'south-western
LESSON 121
coast of Italy, but this location hardly fits into the Homeric description.
342.nA.o>Tji : It
is probable that we should take this adjective lit
erally. To the Greeks the vague Western Mediteranean was full of Just such
marvels, in the same way that the Western Atlantic was to the contemporaries
of Columbus and Mars is to the present generation educated with super-man
and super-woman comics. It
has been suggested that Homer conceived the idea
from the tales of mariners who may have penetrated far enough north to have
seen an iceberg. The towering, sheer, shimmering sides of ice would in fit
well with the smooth wall of brass and rock described by Homer, who is after
all not giving a geological analysis of the island but only an imaginative
glimpse of its strange qualities.
779. MASCULINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION:
Almost all nouns of the first declension are feminine and end in -r\
or -a. You learned long ago how to decline them. However, a few nouns of the
first declension are masculine, and it is now time to learn how to recognize
and decline them also.
Masculine nouns of the first declension have nominatives in -TIG*

or a. The genitive ends in do, eco, or the contracted form -co. In the other
cases (excepting the vocative), masculine nouns of the first declension are
declined like the feminine. Since the nominative and genitive are memorized
as part of the vocable, the declension of such nouns really presents no new
difficulty.
The vocative is formed according to these rules:
I
(1) Nouns in -etc, have a;
(£) Nouns in -TTIC, have a;
(3) Other nouns in -TIG, have T\.
steersman, pilot:
, oto
Sing. Plural
N. xupepvriTTic
G. KupepvT|Ttto (eo), aj)
D. HupepVTiTfl
A. HTjpepvntT|V
V. HupepvT)Ta
780. WORD STUDY
EOLIAN HARP (a harp which gives forth music when exposed to the winds) —
DODECANESE (the 'twelve islands' off the south-west coast of Asia Minor,
'object of many wars and international tensions) — HEX- (prefix meaning
•six-', as in hexagon, hexameter, etc.) — PELOPONNESUS ('the island of
Pelopa', the southern part of the Greek peninsula .connected with the
rest by the narrow Isthmus of Corinth.
LESSON 122
781. MEMORIZE:
ouSoioc, TI, ov revered, honored Xexoc, eog bed [pi. is often used
&aivup.i, SauoiD, 6ouoa I give a for sing.] i
feast; [mid.:] I feast nvpioc, TI, ov countless, measureless
5tou« , atoc house; hall
782. TEXT:
Pleasant Living
346 ot 8' cuel trapa irarpl </>i'Xw Kal /x^re/ot
Trapa Se <r<£ii>
ovf.ia.ra. fjivpia
Se re 8<S/xa Trepio-reva^têrat auXr)
Tjfj.ara
•
i/u/cras 8* aure Trap'
350 evSoutr' €v re raTrcrt »cat eV
/cat /aev rail' i/cofiea-â TroXtv xal Sw/iara

ov trusty, faithful coverlet
rug,
rj,
xeSvoC, TttTCTic, TJTOC

xvTaiietC, eaoo, ev filled with the savor TprjToC, perforated [referring to
11, ov
of roested rr.eats holes bored to admit thongs to support
6'veiap, RTOC blessing; [in pi. viands bedding]
:]
resound
I
783. NOTES:
348. filled with the savor of roasted meats, resounds in the

"and the house,
courtyard" (with the noise of preparing the food and feasting) axiXfi
.
limits the general expression 65>u,a.
351.-oneo6a is occasionally used for -oêScx. usually for metrical reasons.

,
784. COMMENT:
346-350. Notice how swiftlygives us a pic

and effortlessly Homer
ture of the idyllic life of Aeolus the kindly father,
and his family. We see
and the mother ever solicitous for the contentment of her household. We see
the countless dishes which without effort of their own seem to appear before
them on the table. We smell the delicious savor of meats being barbecued
in the open courtyard. We hear the crackling of the fires, the sharpening
of knives, the bustling of the cooks and waiters preparing the next banquet.
We see the night come down to cover the intimate contentment of comfortable,
a
married life. —
splendid picture and in sharp contrast with the sufferings
A
and heart-sickness of Odysseus, so many years away from home.
785. ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT:
The accusative case is sometimes used to denote extent of time or

space, as in Latin. E.g.:
VUHTO.C e$6oi)oi ev Xexeootv.
During (throughout) the nights they sleep in beds.
\
6
LESSON 122
6e navta
For a whole month he entertained me.
\
786. DATIVE PLURALS IN _ooi(v).

In the third declension, the dative plural regularly ends in -ot or
-eoou. However, four times in this book you will meet an ending half way
between these two. Instead of Xexeeooi or Xexeoi, you will see Xexeooi .
From TIOXJS, no&os you will find noooiv instead of no6eooi ornooCv, and so on.
Take a sharp look at this ending now, and it will cause you no hesitation
later.
787. WORD STUDY:
DOME (the vault of a house; often used in poetry to signify a whole palace
or cathedral; cp. Latin domus) —MYRIAD (a 'countless1 number of something) —
TAPESTRY ('rug-like' ornamental woven goods for decorating walls).
Informative Classroom Pictures Co.
THEATER OF DIONYSUS AT ATHENS

A reconstructed view of the large outdoor amphitheater where the g,reat
Athenian writers of tragedy and comedy produced their masterpieces.
LESSON 123
788. MEMORIZE:
[correlative w. f|6e] both opvuî , opocu, opoa, opcupa [aor. mid.

ou[f.] Ilion, Troy also op(6)nrvv] i incite, I raise;
etc. I tell in order, [pf. is intrans. w. pres. meaning:]
I relate I move, I rise
Kpoviojv, LUJVOS Cronus' son [Zeus] naua), naxSoco, navoa I stop; [mid.:]
month I cease
nop.irn, rig escort; safe sending-off
789. TEXT:
A Propitious Start
p,fjva 8e iravra </>tXet /xe /cat cfcp&arev e/caora,

'
"iKiov 'Apyeuyv re. veas /cat vocrrov
,Kal /xei> eyai TW TTOLVTO. Kara fjLOipav
dXX' ore /cat cyan/ 68ov ^reoi/ ^8e /ceXevoi/
877
355
TreftTre/u.ei', ovSe rt /cetô? dvtjvaTO, reuê oe

SaJ/ce 8e e/cSetpa? dcr/coi/ /Soos €vvea>poi.o,
/ot'
€v6a. 8e fSvKToiwv avefjiwv /careS^cr

K.CLVOV yap rap.L'rjv avepâjv Trot^cre
360 êi/ irav€p.eva.i 178' opw/iei/, 6V /c
avouveoncu, avT)vap)V refuse, ewaopoC, r), ov of nine years, nine-year-

L,
deny old
I
'ApyeTot, uv Argives, Greeks EE-eppeivu inquire about

I
ask;^ I
ao [adj.:] roaring xctTcc-6e, KUTK-brpU), xaTo-8T)cra bind
I
|3uxT^C,
£K-6epto, ex-6£ipa flay, skin down; restrain; secure

I
I
I
,
Ta(u'r]S, KO dispenser, manager

790. NOTES:
352. <piXei (impf.) - "he made me his guest."

355. o6ov i.e.,
inquired about my journey, asked leave to go and in what
direction lay Ithaca.
791. COMMENT:
352. Hospitality of this sort was typical of the Greeks and the an
cients 'in general. Unfortunately, in the fury of modern living this virtue
has been very little cultivated. Not everything in our civilization is pro
gress over the past.
355. Even amid such happy surroundings, Odysseus soon becomes
restless to start off once again for home. Nothing else will satisfy him.
359. Notice that Aeolus in Homer is not god or even "king"
a
TO-nC-r^v:
of the winds. He is simply the steward or manager. As we shall see later,
8
LESSON 123
various gods and goddesses had power to stir up or quell the winds. By the
time of Virgil, however, Aeolus is a god and absolute master of the winds,
so much so that even Juno, the queen of heaven, must ask his permission to
cause a storm.
792. SPECIAL REVIEW OF VARIANT VERB ENDINGS:
Your attention was directed earlier in the course (in Lesson 53 and
in the appendix of verb endings) to certain variations in the regular verb
forms. It will be well to review all of them together here so that it will
not be necessary to call your attention to them each time when they occur
henceforward in the text.
(1) In the middle indicative, -op.Eo6a may be used for-o|ie6a usually for
metrical reasons. E.g., \uoiieo6a may be used for \\jopie9a, lf>o\itaQa for
i6one9a, ixoneoGa for t>t6pie9a.
(2) In the middle passive, -aiai. and -O.TO may be used for -VTO.L and -VTO.
Thus, pepXTJaiaL for pepA/nvTai , etato for etvto, XeA.ua.Tai for A,eAx>VTCU.
(3) In the active subjunctive, the older ending -71060 may \be substituted for
-11C; and
-T)OI£V) for -fl. Thus elnpo9a for etnjis, paXjioOa for paXfls,
na9no9a for Tux9fls; eGeXfloiv for e9eA.fl, and etnyioiv for etnfl.
(4) In the middle subjunctive, -r\a.i sometimes contracts to fl. Thus tXnji for
lA.nT]a.L and M-V-qcrn for (ivriqriaL. You can always spot this contraction by
noticing whether the subject is second or third person.
793. WORD STUDY:

PAUSE — POMP (show of magnificence, as In a grand procession: cp. #154) .
J. Zollner, S.J.
AEOLUS
LESSON 124
794. MEMORIZE:
&TUO.I I blow Zetpupoc, oi) The West Wind

of silver bright, shining
rj,
apyupeog, TI, ov (paeivoe, 6v
ex-teXeco, etc. I accomplish (com
pletely)
795. TEXT:
Safeguards
8'
36i 1/171
evl y\a(f>vpr) /careSet
dpyvperj, LVO. [JLTJ TI Trapa.TTi>cv(rr) 6\iyov irep
•
avrap e'/tot Trvoirjv Ze<f>vpov TrpoerjKev dfjvai,

6(f>pa (f)€poi TC /cat avroug •
ouS* dp'
e/
1/77019
•
365 e/CTeXeeii> avrutv yap a7rXo/xe#' d<j>pa§ir)<T(.v.
«9pa8t'r., T)C thoughtlessness,

folly J0ot cord
xaTa-6Eu, KaTa-6T)<jQ, xaTa-8r)oa bind Tcapa-Ttveu, napa-nveuaa blow apart
I
I
,
restrain; breath, blast
f)C
dovra; secure 71VOIT1,
I
I
796. NOTES:
361. xat-e6ei sc. &OHOV.

little,"
:
362. "that might blow past (the fastening) even

none a and so di
vert the ship from the direct route home.
363. npo-er|xev: augmented aorist of npo-trmi. arjva.1 pres. act. inf. of
:
364. auTous ourselves, as is clear from context.
797. COMMENT:
362. oXtyov nep: good story-teller like Homer would relish the
A
possibilities of this phrase.

vocal^
364. ou6* ineAXev: An important literary device, called "foreshadow
ing." Hints of what is to come increase the interest and build up the mood
proper to the event. Mystery and horror stories, for example, never fail to
start off with dark and foreboding insinuations like "little did he dream
of the ghastly terror that awaited him there," or "if he had been even a
minute earlier he would never have begun that frightful adventure which left
him an old and broken man."
798. PECULIAR PERFECT PARTICIPLES:

Three verbs that you will meet in this course show peculiarity in
a
the declension of the perfect active participle. In addition to the regular

stem formed by changing to -or, they use also a stem which keeps the
-<DG
omega of the. nominative, thus changing -CDC to -GOT. E.g., xeevncog (the per
fect of 9vTJCTHa)) may be declined xeevrioToc, Te9vr)OTi ,etc. or TeOvtioaroc
,
Te9vTio)Ti, etc. It should be easy enough to recognize such forms when you
come to them. The feminine of these participles is regular (except that
10
LESSON 124 11
uses the stem xeeviix- ) .
799. WORD STUDY:
ZEPHYR (the West Wind; any gentle wind) —PHENOL (carbolic acid— a shiny
liquid) .
Courtesy Metropolitan Museum
A GREEK WALL PAINTING

A mural from the bedroom of an ancient villa at Boscoreale, painted in brown, red, pink,
yellow, gray, mauve, and green against a blue sky background. Details are crowded but clear.
LESSON 125
800. MEMORIZE:
ayopevu), ayopeuou), ayopeuoa I speak \euoou I see, I look

(in assembly) vconda}, vu>nr|oci), vi^rioa I distribute;
apyupoc, oi) silver I control
[adv.] (lay) nov;, already nous, noSoc [m.] foot; sheet [a rope
diieoiiai., xaôv toil; I attached to the foot of the sail]
I construct; I grow weary
801. TEXT:
The End in Sight
366 evvfjfJiap p.ev

8'
6/ioi? 7rXeo/A«>
VVKT<L<; re /cat
TraTpls apovpa,
rf)
Se/caTT? 17817 dv6<f>aiveTO

eyyv?
Sr)
/cat TTvpiroXeovras eXevcrcro/xe^

ev^' e/xe ju,ev yXu/cu? VTTVOS Iirij\v8c.
370 atet ya/D TrdSa ^1705 lva)}ji(j)v, ouSe TOJ a\Xa>
8wv' erapa)^, if a Bacrcrov LKOip.e0a naTpioa yalav
8'
oi
erapoi eVeecro't TT/DO? dXX^'Xou? dyopevov

/cat ^pvcrov re /cat apyvpov ot/ca8' a
/M'
e<f>acrav
8&jpa Trap' AtoXou /xeyaXr^ropo? 'iTTTroraSao.
etc. <V«C alike' equally

4va-<paivu, reveal; [in pass.:]
I
appear nupKoXeco tend fires

I
'lTC7iOTa6T)C, ao Kippotas1 son Aeclus)

(
802. NOTES:
366. oîLc goes with VUHTCLC Te xa
374. ALO\OU: must, by exception, be scanned as three longs here and in

line 398.
803. COMMENT:
367. It is reported that American soldiers, returning home hardened

from battle, could not repress tears as they glimpsed the statue of liberty
in New York harbor. What must have been Odysseus' emotions as he gazed again
upon his beloved homeland which he had not seen or heard about for so many
years
I
368. Instead of saying how close they were to the shore, Homer gives
us a concrete fact and lets us draw the conclusion for ourselves.
word that tells much of his pathetic longing during

371. 95.000V
A
:
the days and long nights of travel, — unwilling to risk losing even a single
day. Only the joyous reaction to the culmination of his hopes moves him to
12
LESSON 125 13
relax his exhausted body in sleep.

373. Sadly typical of the littleness and greed of average menl
804. DATIVE OF CAUSE:
Like the Latin ablative, the dative in Greek is used to express the
reason or cause. This use is an extension of the instrumental sense of the
dative already familiar to you. Thus: (PIA.OTTITI Inovtai. They follow because
of friendship. 01 T<x5e i6o)xe (piAoTTiti . He gave him these out of friendship.
TLCTO 6\P<p TE nA.out(|) re Hal ULaoi. He was honored by reason of his happiness,
his wealth, and his sons, tinexepn nctTifi. Because of our own folly.
805. WORD STUDY:
CATEGORY (a class or division of things 'spoken of according to nature,1 e.g.,

•Kindliness belongs to the category of quality or virtue1)* CATEGORICAL
('spoken without qualification,' as a 'categorical denial').
University Prints
SAPFHO
A fine Greek portrait bronze, thought to represent the poetess Sappho.

LESSON 126
806. MEMORIZE:
co Tionoi Oh I [a general exclamation \OLpito\UL\., \a.piEo\ia.(. ,
to be trans, according to context] gratify; I give graciously
TITOS love, friendship
807. TEXT:
Fateful Curiosity
375 <5Se Se rts e^Trecr/cei/ iSoji/ es

irXr/criot' a\\ov
'
<a TroTTOt, otj? oSe Tracrt (£tXos /cat rtfttos (.
dvOpanrois, oreatv re TrdXti/ /cat •yatai' t/ajrat.

TroXXa /nei' e/c Tpofys aycrat /cet/u/^Xta /caXa
XT/tSo?, i7/Ltet5
8' aure OJU,T)I/ 6S
380 oi/ca8e ^tcrcrdjiieâ /cej/ea? crui/
/cat I>T)Z> ot raS' eScu/ce âptô/
AtoXo?. aXX' aye Oao-crov tSw/Aeâ, OTTI raS'

ocrcro? rt? ^pucrds re /cat apyupos dtr/ca)
I am in viaCToôci I return
same, equal
xeiuriXiov, ou treasure, keepsake <5W°e, 1. ov
XEVEOC, ov empty
WioC, (T)), ov honored
3,
Xr,fc, XrjiScc booty, spoils
808. NOTES:
376. Distinguish carefully UG and £g, fi)g (with a pitch mark).

380. ouv: adverb — "with us."
382. Gcxooov: the comparative often has the meaning rather, quite, hence the
point here is "Hurryl Let us see..."
383. eveoTtv: the verb sometimes agrees with only the nearest of several
subjects, though it is understood with them all.
809. COMMENT:
378. Whatever booty was captured by the Greek army at Troy was piled
together in the center of the camp and distributed to the soldiers according
to their rank and contribution to the fighting. Odysseus, whose leadership
and bravery were chiefly responsible for the successful conclusion of the
siege, probably received a larger share of the spoils than did his compan
ions. Yet we can be sure that they, too, had been awarded a fair share;
more than likely, it had been gambled away or quickly spent.
381. From the conversation of the crew, rather than from direct
description, Homer artfully indicates to us the winning and friendly person
ality of the hero.
14
LESSON 126
382. Whether their motive was mere curiosity or actual larceny is

not altogether clear. At least, as in the case of Pandora, the incident
shows the ill
effects of uncontrolled curiosity. Perhaps Odysseus is some
what to blame for not taking his comrades into his confidence from the be
ginning; but on the other hand, he may have Judged that his crew knew the if
contents of the bag they would not have been able to resist the temptation
to take just a peek at the winds inside.
810. WORD STUDY:
HOMONYM (a word which sounds exactly like another word of different meaning,
e.g., read, reed) .
Baumeister, p. 2081
READYING THE CHARIOTS

A magnificent vase composition of the fifth century B.C., showing styles of dress and
chariot-design, with ornamental animal figures as border.
LESSON 127
811. MEMORIZE:
<xpTia£u), apnaô), apnaSja or dpnaoa

I snatch (up or away) I ponder (anxiously)
eyeipu), eyepeu), yEi-pa, aor. mid. VLHO.O), vTHTiOtt), vfxTioa I conquer,
eyp6p.T|v I rouse, I wake I ^prevail
£a)06, T), 6v alive, living opovio, opovooi, 6po\)oa I rush, I dart
T\$ .blast, storm
812. TEXT:
Sudden Calamity
•
eS? etâcraz/, /3ov\r) Se /ca/o) vi.Kf]crev iraipatv
385 OLCTKOV {L€V \VCTaV, ai/6/AOt 8' €/C TTaj/TC? OpOVCTaV.
row? 8' au/»' apTraâcra (freptv TrovrovSe Bv€\\a
fc\aioi^ra9, yaii^? aTro TraTpt'So?. avrap eyoi ye
/cara
X J \
e/c 1/1705
390
^ dfcecoi/ TXajLf)i> Kal ert ^wotcrt fltT€Vt)V.
01710-96 1V0; a theme tic aorist a7to-<p6 ijiTjv (ieT-ei|ii I em among, I am with
perish, I die
J. Zollner, S. J.
ESCAPE OF THE WINDS
16
LESSON 127 17
813. NOTES:
384. &To.ipu)y: with
389. ano-cp9i^Tiv: indicative—notice the long iotal
Not The aorist optative
ending without the thematic vowel, -LP.T). is added to the aorist stem,
. The iotas contract to form I.
814. COMMENT:
385. A line typical of the swift action of the poem and of Homer's
style.
385-7. Undue inquisitiveness has often proved a similar source of
disaster.
389. In the black despair of frustrated longing, the terrible temp
tation of suicide comes upon him. Notice, however, the simple moderation
and restraint with which the temptation is stated. More modern writers
would never let pass such an opportunity for frenzied moaning, hair-tearing,
soul -wringing, and the like.
University Prints
GOLD ORNAMENTS OF THE HEROIC AGE
These splendid artworks of beaten gold are actual remnants of the great
Mycenean civilization portrayed in Homer's epics. Schliemann discovered
them, along with other rich treasures, when excavating at Mycenae.
LESSON 128
815. MEMORIZE:
, ou [f.] land; mainland xfipuJj, uxoc attendant, herald

), xaXviJia I cover xexog, eoc child
816. TEXT:
Shamefaced Return
391 d\\' Kal e/xeii/a, Ka\vîa.^vo^ 8' evl vrji

(?T\r)v
Kf.ip.riv. at 8' l(f>epovTO KaKrj av€p.OLo 0veK\rj
awns eV AtoXtTjv VTJCTOV, crTevdôvTO 8' eraipot.
Gv0a 8' eV rjireipov ^rjp,€v Kal d<£ucrcra/u,e#' u
395
au|/a 8e &CITTVOV eXovro 0of)<; irapa. vrjvcrlv
'
avrap eVet criroto r' eVacro-a/xe^ ^8e
TOT' OTracrcrajLtct'o? /cat eralpov
819
T'
e'ycti KTJpvKai
ct? AtoXou K\vra 8oj/xaTa •
TOI/ 8e Kiâvov
v
dXd^w Kat olcrt Te'/cecrcrtt'.

T'
Trapa
rj
AtoXioC, T), ov Aeolian, of Aeolus TIOTTJC, fjroC drink
817. NOTES:
392. at all the boats of the Greeks. Odysseus in his own ship had been
:
leading the rest.

399. =
|fl.
fj
818.
COMMENT:
391. Realizing his dreadful state of mind, we may judge this decision
to be perhaps the bravest and most manly of his life.

395. One might think that Odysseus would be exercising only his right
if he vented his anger on his companions and then them to their fate. left
However, he seems to have said nothing and to have continued in the same re
lationship with them as before.
398. How embarrassed and humiliated he must have felt as he turned
again to Aeolus for help
I
18
LESSON 129
819. MEMORIZE:
etc. I send away; I send epeu)^^ I inquire
off safely 6ajipeu), —-, eauprioa I wonder (at)
&XVUM.O.L I grieve 'o6\)o(o) euc, T\OQ Odysseus
kindly ou6oe, ou threshold
820 . TEXT :
Another Try
cores irapa. (TTa0p.olcnv eV ovSou

e's
400 8* 8<S/ia
8'
'
d^d 0vfiov I0a.p./3eov
r'
epeovro
•
01 e/c
'OSucrev; TIS rot /ca/co?

,
cr €i
Sa <r»)i>
/cat 8ai/xa /cal et TTOV rot <})L\ov icniv?
4os en? (frdcrcLV, avrap eyw
aacroiv erapot re /caxot rouri' re
fi
77/305
a\\' aKe'<
.
— deceive, ruin 6uva(UC, ,ioC power,, ability

ad'j)
-,
Saaa
I
I
heal, provide jieTa-^ve,, ^speak arcong

I
a
axeaa^v
I
I
XP™, — Xptov assail, beset [tot.]

,
I
I
,
821. NOTES:
401. ot: Aeolus and his family.
O.VCL: "in."
ex: they asked out (loud), in contrast to their inner wonder.

404. el not) = "wherever" (cp. the Latin si quid, z whatever).
406. npoe TOIOL "besides these," "in addition to these."

:
822. COMMENT:
400. Feeling too abashed to approach Aeolus directly, Odysseus takes

up the position of a beggar or suppliant at the door.
406. Like truly great man, he has little blame for others and
a
shares their blame even when hardly deserved.

407. Notice again the forceful brevity of expression, so character
istic of Homer.
823. WORD STUDY:

PANACEA ('all-healer,' claimed universal remedy) — DYNAMITE powerful
(a
a
explosive) .
19
LESSON 130
824. MEMORIZE:
painful, grievous xont£to, xouteu, xoîooo. tend;
f),
aXeyeLVoe, ov
I
PapvJe, eia, u heavy; dire aid; pick up
I
6o|ios, ov house naXaxos, TJ, ov soft, gentle
H\56oc, ov word, speech, saying
825. TEXT:
Rejected and Helpless
8'
8'
• •
ot ai/ew eyeVoi/ro Trar^p ^/AetySero p.vdo)
•
e'* vijcrov Oacrcrov, eXeyîcrre
'
410 £,a)6vTO)i>
c/3/3'
ov o. -Oi 0eu,i? ear!
a Beoicriv a.TT€^dr]Tai p.a.K(ip€crcriv
TOV, o? /ce
eVet dOavaTOHTw aTre)(06p.€vos ro8' t/cai'

W9 ctTTwi/ aTreVc/ATre So/xair (Bapea.
4is «>#ei' 8e irporepoj TrXeo/Mev a/c
8'
Tf.ipe.ro dv$p(t)v Ovfjios VTT* etpecri/^?
i^, eVet ov/cert <f>aiv€To
TJ, ov grieved, grievinfe

C,
wander [connotes misfortune!

I j
gpp(l) go>
z
aveu [irreg. nom. pi.] speechless, silent xae-ajiTO^-cu address, speak
I
an-eyetxvoiicu, — em hateful to M-°rtn, r^c folly
I
GC7iex6cnT)V
,
r,, r)C rowing farther, forward

TtpOTepu [adv.]
~<, r), ov vilest, most contemptible
826. NOTES:
412. TOV is placed after its noun in order to introduce the relative pro
noun which will explain it.
413. ToS'txaveic literally^ "you come this (coming)." Although strictly
:
cognate accusative, to6e is best translated as an adverb, "here."

a
417. noîrn "escort" — in this case, favoring wind; consequently they had
a
:
to row.
827. COMMENT:
412. The ancients were much impressed with the idea of a curse or
"evil eye" that sometimes fell upon a man, ruining his life and all those
who associated with him. Even today there is a surprisingly widespread be
lief in "good luck" and "bad luck" which certain people are supposed to have
or to bring to others. In mythological times when the deities were so often
capricious and vengeful, a prudent man like Aeolus would have to be espe
cially careful. He wants to run no risk of angering the gods by befriending
their seeming enemy.
417. TineTep-p Notice that he again identifies himself with their
:
20
T-KSSON 150 21
guilt. The contrast between their former lolling ease as the wind swept
them on and their present weary rowing would be all the more bitter through
the realization that they had no one at all to blame except themselves.
828. WORD STUDY:
MYTH, MYTHOLOGY (imaginative stories or 'sayings' about the gods or old

heroes) .
9F9" WiWiK'' WWBV*' * ••

wvvv 'r*i. VTTWV

's*~r TV v^rrrv: v v v-VV:/*TT •/•-rv v •;•>v vy vv-1/-vv.*w.' v-
• EUCLID 1/EMC21KITV5 THALE)
«L -
Courtesy National Academj of Science

PIONEERS SCIENCE
OF
Pert of the frieze on the National Academy of Science building
in Washington, depicting great leaders of science down the ages.
LESSON 131
Review
889. Go over again Lessons 121-130; make sure now that you have really mastered
them. Here are a few suggestions for your review:
1. Vocabulary; Check your mastery of the 60 new memory words.
2. Text: Reread -the 78 lines of text, making sure you recognize all the forms.
3. Story; Write a 100 word summary of the Aeolus episode.
4. Criticism;
a. What new points are revealed in the character of Odysseus?
b. Do you think the psychological portrayal of the Greek sailors is sound?
Why?
c. Bow did the ancients look upon suicide?
d. What can you deduce from line 361 regarding the skill of Greek metal
workers?
e. What, in your opinion, is the most dramatic point in the story? Why?
5. Grammar; Explain the following:

a. Masculine nouns of first declension, how recognized and declined.
b. Accusative of extent.
c. Dative plural in -ooi.
d. Variant 'verb endings.
e. Peculiar perfect participles.
f. Dative of cause.
6. Composition; Translate accurately:
a. Out of friendship, Aeolus gave Odysseus a bag in which he tied the
winds.
b. They kept sailing for many days but had not yet seen the fatherland.
c. Wondering, the children of Aeolus said that their father had sent
Odysseus off safely.

830. GREEK COINS AND THEIR STORY:
Like so other things in our highly advanced civilization, the
many
concept and use of coins for business transactions seems so wholly obvious
and commonplace that we seldom consider what a remarkable and useful device
coinage is. We can get a new insight into this important aspect of our
daily life, and a better appreciation of its significance, by looking back
into the past for the story of its origins and development. As with so many
other features of our life and civilization, the search will lead us to the
ancient Greeks.
Historians point out that the idea of coinage did not come easily,
or to many people. All primitive cultures, and indeed many which were highly
developed, conducted their business on a barter-basis, a man trading a slave,
22
LESSON 151 23
for example, for ten sheep or an axehead Tor a cooking utensil — whatever
seemed a fair exchange to both parties. A later stage of trade is by way of
reference to some standard of value, such as an ox or a bronze caldron. Thus
in Homer, things are generally evaluated in terms of cattle: something is
worth half as much as an ox, worth four oxen, etc., without the oxen them
selves being actually exchanged as barter. (It is interesting to note in
this connection that the Latin word for money is pecunia, from pecus: cow,
and that the English word "fee" originates from an old root meaning cow,
showing that in medieval and in early Roman times money was in the beginning
a substitute for actual cattle, as simply a handier medium of -exchange.)
A further advance was the use of metal pieces of uniform weight and
worth as symbols of value, so that one iron cooking-spit, for instance, came
to stand for a certain standardized amount of wealth, and could be exchanged
for anything equal to it
in value, then re-exchanged by the recipient with
someone else for an altogether different object of the same worth. Bigger
items could then be bought by giving four or five such metal symbols, and
these came to function as true money.
With the progress of commerce and the appearance on the market of
many new products of industry and importation, there was need of a further
simplification and standardizing of the medium of exchange. The answer was
coinage, invented about the middle of the eighth century before Christ by
the Lydians, neighbors of the Greek cities along the coast of Asia Minor, and
promptly taken up and developed to its full commercial role by the Greek
island of Aegina off Athens.
things are necessary to constitute true coinage: use of some in
Three
trinsically valuable metal, use of it only in standard amounts of uniform
weight (3 ounces, 12 ounces, etc.), and guarantee of its honest value by the
official stamp of some responsible authority, such as a king or a city gov
ernment. At first, many individuals issued coins, stamping them with their
own sign of guaranteed value. But soon kings appropriated to themselves the
sole right to issue coins, often making them of pure gold as token of regal
splendor and wealth.. By the end of the sixth century B.C., the coining of
money had spread all over the Greek world, each city putting out its own
coins with its own values and markings. Athenian coins were stamped with an
owl, symbol of the city's patroness Athene, and with the goddess1 head on the
other side of the disc. The device stamped on coins of Aegina was a tor
toise, of Corinth a winged horse, and so on for each city. When cities were
absorbed in an empire, their coinage was suppressed and only that of the rul
ing city allowed, so that in time Athenian "owls" were the dominant and stan
dard coins of the whole Aegean region.
The earliest coins were made of electrum, an alloy of gold and silver.
*The Lydian and Persian icings soon used only gold, whereas Greek coins were
mostly of silver only (a purer form of silver, incidentally, with less alloy
in it, than in American coins) . Bronze was used for cheaper coins, like our
penny; gold only when silver was unobtainable, which after the time of
Alexander the Great was commonly the case. The unit of weight for Greek
coins was the stater, about the equivalent in metallic content of the former
American five-dollar gold piece, and amounting in comparative purchasing
value to about four dollars of our money before the war, say in the late 30' s.
The most common Greek coins were the obol (about 3£, but many times that in
24 A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREEK
purchasing value under Greek living conditions) , the drachma (worth six ob-
ols) , the tetradrachma ("four -drachma piece"), the mina (100 drachmas), and
the talent (6000 drachmas) .
It was of the Greeks, indeed inevitable, that they
characteristic
should strive on their coins as noble and beautiful as
to make the stamping
possible. The artistic style of the engraving on Greek coins closely paral
lels that of sculpture and painting at the same period, progressing in pace
with these to a level of unparalleled beauty and sharpness of impression,
so that coins of the fourth century B.C. are universally considered the most
splendid examples of the art of coin stamping in either ancient or modern
times. The clarity, fine details, noble designing, and' exquisite workman
ship of the better Greek coins make them both admired and treasured posses
sions of the world's museums and art collections. A large number of them
have been found, no doubt because the ancients, like some moderns, buried
coins in the earth for safe keeping, whence they have finally come to light,
often in a condition as good as new.
Once the Greeks had perfected the art and features of coin making,
all other nations have followed their principles in their own coinage. It is
one more instance of the abiding influence of Greek pioneering on our own
daily life.
Next time you spend a dime, you might reflect on what a remarkable
invention a coin is, and on some of the long history behind itt
, •»
EXAMPLES OF GREEK COINS

CIRCE
For six days and nights they rowed northward (apparently the winds
were still blowing so strongly from the East that the light ships could make
little headway against them in that direction) , and came at last to the har
bor of the Laestrygonians . The other ships rushed at once into the calm
waters of the inner harbor and tied up there, glad to escape the rough bil
lows of the open sea. Odysseus, with characteristic fore-thought, would not
allow his ship to enter, but moored it to some rocks outside; he then sent
two scouts with a messenger to reconnoiter. What was their horror to dis
cover that the inhabitants of this land, too, were cannibals of gigantic
stature. Though one of the scouts was lost, the other two escaped and fled
with desperate speed back to their ship, pursued by the aroused savages.
Surrounding the enclosed harbor, the Laestrygonians sank the escaping ships
with rocks, speared the struggling men like fish.
and Only the ship of
Odysseus, which had not entered the harbor, escaped. Thus on that one day
were destroyed utterly all the other ships and their crews.
Depressed in spirit and sorely in need of provisions, Odysseus' men

had sailed on only a little way to the southwest when they came to the island
of the divine sorceress, Circe. Once on shore, Odysseus divides the men into
two bands, taking the command of one of them himself and giving the other to
the charge of Eurylochus. They then cast lots to see which would stay by the
ship and which would go to explore the land and obtain provisions. According
to the lot, Eurylochus1 band set out and found in the center of the island a
mansion built of polished stone. They are invited by the occupant, the fair-
haired sorceress, to enter, and all do so except Eurylochus who suspects a
trick. Once inside they are fed drugged food and then, by a movement of the
magic wand in the hand of Circe, they are changed to swine.

Amer. Class. League Riviere

CIRCE WATCHING HER HUMAN SWINE
25
Terrified, Eurylochus rushes

back to report to Odysseus, who at once
girds on his armor and bids the way. When Eurylochus is too fearful
him show
to go, he starts off alone.
Thanks to a magic herb, moly, which Hermes sup
plies him, Odysseus resists the magic wiles of Circe. When she attempts to
wave her terrible wand over him, he draws his sword and threatens to kill
her, thereby winning not only her promise to release his men but also her
complete admiration and assistance. She insists on entertaining him and his
men for a time, and is able through her preternatural powers to. give him much
good advice regarding his journey home.
But his first necessity, she tells him, is to make the awesome jour
ney to Hades, there to consult the soul of Teiresias, the blind seer of
Thebes, who alone can tell him his future course. Reluctantly, but encour
aged by the explicit directions of Circe as well as by her supplying of the
black sheep necessary for sacrifice to the nether gods, the Greeks make ready
for departure to that region where only the dead belong.
Geo.P.Brown Co. Burne-Jones
CIRCE PLOTTING TO WELCOME HER VISITORS
A famous modern conception of the enchantress and her home.

LESSON 132
831. MEMORIZE:
Soixpuov, ou or 8<xxpv,uoc tear IOTIOV, ou sail [pi. often used
awe-inspiring, for sg.]
f|,
Eivog, ov
dreadful xat-epxo|iaL, etc. come down
I
eiJnA.6xap.og, ov fair-tressed Kipxri, TIG Circe
9aAep6s, TJ, ov blooming; vigorous; xuavonpcppog, ov dark-prowed
big ovpog, ou a (fair) wind
832. TEXT:
Reluctant Start
A
"
Irrl vfja
p'
avrdp eTrct KaTtjXdofjLev T^Se

0dXao'(rav,
LCV ap 7rdp,Trpa)Tov eputrcra/xe^ eis aXa 8tai>,
8'
420 ev ifTTOv Ti0€fJL€cr0a Kai tcrrta vrfi peXaivr),

iv 8e ra p.rjXa XaySd^re? cfttjcrafMev, av 8e /cat avrol
ftawofjiev d^vvfAevoi, dakepov Kara Sdicpv êovrcs.
8'
i^^ti' a5 Karovrtcrê reos KVOLVOTT pqtpoio

iKfjievov ovpov tet TrXi^crtcrrto^', ecruXbv eratpo^,
425
-Eaca, -EV using mortal speech TtajjiTiÛTOV [adv.] first of all

ion swelling the sail
,
favorable rXtja ov
C
ov
o
T),
,
behind, following
833. NOTES:
first plural of Ti9rmi (cf. #470).

420. Ti9eVe(o)ea: imperfect middle person

421. epf|oaM.EV: first aorist, with transitive force, from paCvco: "we caused
a
to go, we put."
834. COMMENT:
418 ff . This passage exemplifies well the art of Homer in giving

a
sense of reality to the story by the use of concrete details. Possibly the
English author most noteworthy for the same art was Daniel Defoe, whose
tremendously popular Robinson Crusoe owes its success largely to the care
ful and minute attention given to details.
425. aufirjeooa: According to the notion current among the Greeks, there
were different classes of divinity among the gods, some of whom used only
divine speech, others only human speech, while some used both.
835. THE IRREGULAR 'VERB ?juai SIT:

I
,
This verb has no thematic vowel and is used only in the present and
imperfect. Its stem is TIC -,but the drops before another or p., v.
o
In the third person plural, is sometimes written as ei.

TI
27
Thus in the indicative:
Present Imperfect
TIHOU
T)OO
TIOTOU •noTo
•f|00e •fioGe
TIVTCU or eiatttL f)VTO OP ELO.TO
University Prints
MENANDER
An ancient portrait, now in the Vatican

galleries, of the great comic poet and
epigrammatist.
LESSON 133
836. MEMORIZE:
na, fie street, way SnXov, ov tool;' roper r

t '
&v(i>} ''T"1oouci L , 6CooLîT]V or 6vv I «
TEtvu), Teveu), Tetva, Texaxa,
t
tetaâi
enter; I put (on); I sink, I stretch
I set (of the sun) 'SHECXVOC, ov Ocean [a river
I sit encircling the earth, sometimes
0.0 steersman, pilot personified as a god ]
837. TEXT:
Suspense
426 T7/u,€t? 8' ovrXa e/cacrra, Troi/r^crd/xei'oi /caret

rr)^ 8' oVe/AO? re KvfiepvtJTr)*; T Wvvev.
•
T7/xe0a
rfjs 8e 77011/17/xe/HT} 9
rera^' tcrria TrovTOTropovcrrjs
Sucrcrd T' iJe'Xios OTKIOLOVTO re Trao-at dywcu,
8'
'
e'?
430 17 Tretpa^' i/cai/e fiaffvppoov
steady flow novTOTiopeu sail the sea
I
3a9uppooC, ov w. deep,
.ecu overshadow, darken
I
straight,
I
t6uvu make guide
I
I
ov all day long

C,
T),
838. NOTES:
428. TiovTonopoxicrnc: the stem-vowel must be considered as dropping, or ir

e
regularly contracting with ov to form ov instead of ev (as does it in

Attic Greek) .
navrmepiric: best translated as adverb with Tiovtonopovoric.
Bvoeto: irreg., formed as if
429. from aor.

2
839. COMMENT:
430. Homer is wise in putting the entrance to the lower world on the
banks of Ocean, the world-encircling stream whose beginning no one knew and
«
whose stretches were vast and mysterious. He is too clever a story-teller

to break down the feeling of mystery by describing too exactly the location.
Sometimes our own imaginations, once excited, will more easily create in us
the feeling desired by the author than he had spent pages in description. if
proof of this is found in the famous Pit and the Pendulum of Edgar Allan
A
Poe, — the author never tells us what is actually in the pit; he leaves that
to our imagination. But who of us can say that he is not quite thoroughly
convinced that it
would be better to suffer all the other horrors of the
dungeon rather than the one nightmare of the pit?
840 WORD STUDY:

^
PANOPLY (the 'complete equipment1 of some profession, e.g., 'The band turned
out in full panoply. ')•
29
LESSON 134
841. MEMORIZE:
&T)p, tjepoc [f.] mist 6n(n)OTC when, whenever

aoTepoeis, eooa, ev starry pooc, ov stream, current
6Ei\o£, T|, ov cowardly; luckless q>pa£u), (ppao(o)d), <ppao(o)a I point
ST^CS, ov realm, people out; [mid.] I consider
ve<peXr|, TIC cloud
842. TEXT:
At the Ends of the Earth
431 8e KLfjLfjL€pCa)v dvSpaw bypos re 7rdXi9 T6,

•
KCU v€<j>e\r) K€KaXu/i//,ci/oi ovSe TTOT* aurou?
<f>a€0o)v KaraSe/a/cerai a/
ou#* OTTOT* aV oret^Tycri Trpo? ovpavbv
435 ov^' or* av ai/> CTTI ycucLv aTr' ovpavoOtv TrpoTpdirrjTcu,,
dXX' CTTI yu^ 6X0^ rerarat SeiXoicrt j3poroi(rLi>.
vija (lev ev0' eX^d^re? eKeXcra/Ltey, «K Se ra
aurot 8' aSrc Trapd poov *£lK€avolo
£5
xaTa-8epxojiai I look down upon i, uv Cimmerian [here, an adj.]

xeXXu, —, KE>,OO I bring to shore, I come 7tpo-Tperto(Kxi, — , 7tpo-Tpan6|XT)V I turn, I
to shore take my way
<jpa£6cov, ov bright, resplendent
843. NOTES:
43S. xexaAumievoi : from xexaXu^âi , perfect passive of

439. fionev: imperfect first person plural of el\i\. I go.
844. COMMENT:
daily rising and setting of the sun was a constant source

434-5. The
of interest puzzlement to the Greeks.
and Some thought that was an al it
together different sun that crossed the sky each day. Others held that it
was the same sun that sneaked back to the East at night through or around
*0cean. It
was even suggested that the sun at night went back across the
sky but that it
couldn't be seen on account of the. darkness I Fantastic, it
is true, but characteristic of a people who invented science by wanting to
know the answers to just such problems.
436. A successful story-teller must always be on the alert to pick

up new and strange tales that he may hear. This tale of the Cimmerians and
their land covered with perpetual night quite possibly was taken from tra
velers who had experienced or heard rumors of the long arctic nights. As
30
LKSSON 154 J51
Kipling put it:

Wen 'Omer smote 'is bloomin' lyre,
'E'd eard men sing by land and sea,
'
And wot 'e thought 'e might require,

'E went and took, the same as me.
345. WORD STUDY:
AIR— DEMOCRACY by the people'), DEMOCRAT; EPIDEMIC (a disease wide

('rule
spread and seizing 'on the whole people'), ENDEMIC (peculiar to a
rampant,
particular region; native; e.g., 'Fear of the moon is endemic to aborigines
of this island.') — ACTINIC (pertaining to the chemical effect produced by
radiation of the sun. etc.).
Ewing Galloway
DORIC TEMPLES AT PAESTUM
These mellow old 'remnants of a Greek colony in southern Italy
are among the most impressive monuments of ancient architecture
still surviving largely intact, despite time, earthquakes, war.
LESSON 135
846. MEMORIZE:
po9pos, ou hole, pit , uoc corpse; [pi.:] the dead

Eupx)\oxog , ov Eurylochus [a com
panion of Odysseus]
847 . TEXT :
A Dread Ritual
440 evB' Eu/auXoxd? re

iepijia pev Hepi/r^'S^s
cyw 8* aop 6£v epucrcraêi/o? Trapa
V >•> V / » /) %
eî/a Kat
poupov opvg , ocrcroi' re Trvyovcnov evi
dp.<f>' aura* 8e \orfv êo^v ira
Trpaira jMeXt/cpT/Tw, /LtereVetra 8e 17
445 TO rpirov avff* uSaTt •

eVl 8' aXcîTa \ev/ca
aXiftTOV, 00 barley; [pi.] barley meal TiaXuvu I sprinkle, I powder

oop, fiopoC [a.] sword nepi(jLrJ6T)C, eoC Perimedes, a companion cf
Odysseus
lepmov, ou an animal for sacrifice
(j.eXtxpT)Tov, ou a mixture of honey and milk TtuôuaioC, T), ov a cubit in length
Tptiov the third (time)
|j.£T£7ieiTa afterwards, next [w. TO]
libation
?|C
opuaou, opuEu, opuâ I dig (up)
848. NOTES:
442. Iv9a xal tv9a: He made the pit cubit (18-20 inches) long and cubit
a
a
wide.
849. COMMENT:
This strictly ordered ritual is described a number of times

443 ff.
in the Greek religion, as a matter of fact, concerned itself almost
Odyssey.
exclusively with such ritualistic services even though, unlike most religions,
it never had a genuine priesthood with exclusive ordained right to officiate
in sacred functions. There were professional priests, experts in the ritual,
but, as here depicted, the local leader, be he king, general, or simply head
of the family, could also officially offer sacrifices. There seems to have
been no definite symbolism connected with the form of the libations.
850. SPECIAL FORMS OF POUS, OX, COW:
Besides the regular declension of POUC derived from the genitive POOS,
three special forms occur. These forms imitate the nominative. Thus:
(1) Ace. sg. POVV for POOL.
(2) Ace. pi. Poiic for POO.G.

(3) Dat. pi. POUOI for POEOOI.
32
LESSON 136
851. MEMORIZE:
ayepeu), fr-yeipa, aor. mid. (ov summits; heads

I gather together etc. I die
I supplicate EG cloud-wrapped, dark
t9os, eog group, band, nation fie funeral-pyre, sacrifi
uepevu), tepeijou), lepeuoo. I sacri cial-fire
fice, I slaughter TeipeoLae , So Tiresias [a blind
seer of Thebes]
'l9axTi, rig Ithaca [the island-
home of Odysseus]
852, TEXT:
Invoking the Dead
446 8e
ovv,
€v irvpTv r
i^ 8' d-rrdvevOev oiv lepcwrcfuev otw
450 ', os /xr/XotcrL /xeraTrpeTret rj
'
Tou? 8 eVet cv^wX^crt Xir^crt re, €0vea. v
eXXttra/xî/, ra 8e /x^Xa \a/3<jJi> d

e? ftoOpov, pet 8' at/xa xeXatt'eê^
•
at 8' dyepovro
fleeting |ji£Ta-7tp£7t(i) am pre-eminent among

1
0}ievT)v6c, (11)^, ov
weak,
(
aico- VEicpoC, ou corpse, the dead
6£ipoTO(iTioa I cut the throat
aiva, av all-black
adj.] that has never brought

epefBoC, eoC darkness, realm of darkness r)C [as
,
euxcoXrj, rjC prayer, vow

forth calf
XiTi], prayer i£^ forth, from

?|C
853. NOTES:
446. Understand "promising."
447. pe£etv: to do or offer (sacrifice).
words of "filling" take either genitive full of) or
(=
lo6A.u>v: may
dative filled
(r
with) .
452. (eX) A.IOO.JITVV: the initial consonant is sometimes doubled after the
augment .
453. eg p"o9pov, i.e., so that the blood flowed into the pit.
854. COMMENT:
449. He promises to sacrifice separately to Tiresias because it

was
from him of course that he wished to obtain the special information he had
come to seek.
453. From time immemorial fresh blood has been fancied to have a
33
special attraction for ghosts and spirits. Why it should be so is not clear,
unless perhaps blood, to the ancients the substance of life, was considered
to give new vigor to the ghosts, who would thus be eager to drink it. In
this case, since the blood is shed as part of the sacrifice, it may be pre
sumed to have also a superimposed mystical value to the souls.
855. SPECIAL CORRELATIVES:

You have probably noticed idiomatic expressions in Latin of this
type: alius aliud dicit, "One says one thing, another says another thing."
In Greek, ftAAos, Eteposand similar words are used in the same idiom.
Thus:
(1) etepoe eoTL nXrjpTic HOHCOV, etepoe 6e HCL\COV.
One is full of evils; the other, of good thingj[.
(2) ecpoitcxov &\Xo9ev fcAAoe.
They wandered, some from one direction; others, from another.
(3) &AAo6ev &AXov eni.cn:a66v.
Going up to one after the other.
(4) &AA.OTE xaxqp HXJpeTat., &XA.OTE eo9A.(J>.
At one time he lights upon evil; at another time, on good.
856. WORD STUDY:
PANEGYRIC (a laudatory speech in someone's honor, such as were commonly

given in 'gatherings of all the people' to celebrate some god or hero) —
ETHNOLOGY (the scientific study of races — their history, qualities, etc.),
ETHNIC (pertaining to a nation or race) .
J.Z.
HOMERIC WARRIOR
From an ancient vase.

LESSON 157
857. MEMORIZE:
, OVTOS old man OUTOUO, ouTT)ou), or OUTO.
6eog, Seeos fear, terror wound, I pierce

I go, I shall go Tex>xea> *uv [3 decl.] arms, armor
TIC maiden; nymph; bride , eg bronze-tipped
858. TEXT:
Grim Company
455 r' r)L0eoi, re TroXvrXTyroi re •yejooi'res

i r' draXat veoirtvBea Bvpov e^
TroXXot 8' ovrd/xet'ot âX/cr^pecrt

'
di/Spes dp-rjufxLToi, /3e/3/>or&)jaeVa reuê'
ot TroXXot Tre/31 fioBpov e'<£oira»i> a\\o6ei> dXXo?
460 OecnrecrCm iavw •
e/xe 8e x\a)poi> o€o<s
cxpT)i<pcxTOC, ov slain in battle f)i'0eoC, ou an unmarried youth

otTaXoC, Jl, 6v young, tender 'Kyi* ^ shriek, loud cry
pf. mid. 6eBpoTU)(iai
(3pOTO(0, I make gory V£07iev9rjc, £C w. sorrow still fresh
or blood-steined KapBevixr), maiden, virgin
f)C
'!) W spear, lance 7ioXuTXr)ToC, ov having endured much
859. NOTES:
455. Understand: "There were. .."
457. ovxanevoi: here, with passive significance.
860. COMMENT:
ff similar description in Virgil, 6.306-S08:

455 . Compare the
matres atque viri,

defunctaque corpora vita
magnanimum heroum, pueri innuptaeque puellae
impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum.
"there were mothers and bodies,
and husbands,
done with life, of great-souled
heroes, boys
and unwed girls, and youths placed on their
funeral pyres before the eyes of their parents."
460. The hero is not ashamed to admit that he was frightened "green"
by the sight of the flitting throngs of lifeless shades and the unearthly
sound they made.
861. THE IRREGULAR VERB elî, GO, SHALL GO:

I
I
You have already memorized the participles of el|ai: toiv, Louoa, lov.
Only two other forms occur more than once in this course. Learn them now:
(1) eloiv: third singular indicative— "he goes, he will go."
35
(2) lnev(ai): infinitive — "to go."

862. WORD STUDY:
NYMPH (a mythological minor goddess inhabiting a wood, spring, cave, sea, etc}.
Courtesy A.W. Weddell
THE TOWER OF THE WINDS
Built in the first century B.C., this octagonal tower served as town
clock to Athens, as. it housed an intricate water-clock operated by an
aqueduct flowing from a spring on the side of the Acropolis. Above the
door is the wind Sciron, holding a vase, while to the right Zephyrus
shakes out flowers from his cloak. Other winds are on the other panels.
LESSON 138
863. MEMORIZE:
'Ai6ao or 'AiSoc Hades nepoecpoveia, TIC Persephone [wife of

[rulerôf the lower world] Hades and ijueen of lower world]
6epu, 6epeu, 6etpa I flay nptv [adv.] before, sooner
en-oTpuvu, -orpuveu), -orpxiva i stir [conj. + inf. or anticipatory
up, I compel [dat. or ace.] . f subj .] before, until
TI, ov mighty, doughty o<pa£u>, wpa^co, ocpaâ I cut the throat,
I lie down I slaughter
ox> copper, bronze
864. TEXT:
Prayer and Expectation
erm^' erdpoLcnv
ST)
461 TOT' €TTorpvi>a<s eKe'Xeucra

a, KaT€K€LT' eVây/aeVa vr^Xet
ST)
TO,
KaraKrai, 8e
'A 1817 Kat

T
i<j>6ip.(t)
46s 8e Trapa
rjjjLTrjv, ot»8'
at/xaTO5 aacroi/ Tei/ocai'do
oC, (11), 6v weak, fleeting -emuvoC, TJ, 6v dread, dire

£7t-euxo|i<xi, etc. pray (to) KCtTcc-xa fu, etc. burn, consume (w. fire)
I
I
I
865. NOTES:
462. eomayneva: perfect passive participle of oxpa£u>.

463. Setpavtac: understand ocpeae.
866. COMMENT:
461. Frightened as he is, Odysseus refuses to lose his head. He

encourages his men and continues with the plans-
466. Odysseus could hardly have expected to do any harm to a bodyless

spirit with his 'sword. His action was probably more instinctive than logical
(as was also Aeneas', 6.291)., a sort of "whistling in the dark." But perhaps
he depended on the threatening gesture to help him intimidate the feeble
powers of the shades pressing round him until he had time to consult, the
blind seer.
37
LESSON 139
867. MEMORIZE:
--, &HCLXOV I grieve npotepoe, TI, ov sooner; former

Tj, ov Theban oxrinTpov, ou staff [usually a symbol
Ho.Ta-A.einu), etc. I leave behind, of office]
I forsake XP^°e(i-)oe, TI, ov of gold
868. TEXT:
Singleness of Purpose
8' eVl ^fv^fj p.r)Tpb<s
AVTO\VKOV OvyaT-rjp /AeyaX^ro/aos 'Ai/rucXeia,

470
Tr/v £,(t)r)v KareXetTroi/ iwv ct? "\\iov IpTJv.
re
aXX' ou8' w? eiw^ irpoTtp'rjv, TTVKIVOV irep
at/u-aro? dcrcroi/ t/iei', Tr/ati' Tetpecrtao T
rf\Bf. 8' CTU i/*v^ ®i7^Satou Tetpecrtao

475 V(T€OV (TKTJTrrOV CCOV, €jl€ 8' ey^to Kttl
'AvTixXeta, T)C Anticlia 6axpuu, 6axpuau, 6axpuaa I weep
, ou Autolycus
869. NOTES:
468. int: (adv.)on, forward.
469. 'AvrLxXeia: in apposition grammatically with tlJUX'Hj but referring to
\iT\tpOQ. This use is called "construction according to sense."
472. npotepriv: modifies uritepa understood but is best translated as adverb.

mmivov: (adv.) "vehemently."
475. tx^v: see note on line 469.
870. COMMENT:
472. A difficult situation, in which the rule of the head over the
heart, true generally of the Greeks and in the highest degree of Odysseus,
is dramatically made evident.
475. When the soul departed from the body, lost, according to it
current belief, all
power of using human speech. By a special privilege and
reward of the gods, Tiresiaa was exempted from this deprivation.
871. WORD STUDY:

a
CATALEPSY, CATALEPTIC (a form of fit, a sudden 'leaving behind1 the senses

and consciousness, accompanied by stiffening of the muscles) — SCEPTRE (a roy
al staff) .
38
LESSON 140
872. MEMORIZE:
, eos sprung from Zeus vnêpTr|G, ec unfailing; true; clear

6i>ofnvo£ , ov wretched, unfortunate noX-u^rixavoS> ov resourceful
AaepxiaSTig, ecu Laertes' son xCnte what? why? how?
[pdysseus]] cpacryavov, ov sword
M.OLVTLC, tog seer
873. TEXT:
Tiresias' Greeting
476
TITTT
v^€5, o<f>pa 1817 VCKVCLS /cat arcpnea
480 o<f>pa 7rta> Kat rot

<âr', eyw 8' a
w eyKa.T€7rr)t;y. 6 8' eVel Trtet' cu/na /c
l rare pawns
817
eTreecrcrt TT/ooaT/vSa
/x*
d/u.v
— draw back thrust
I
ava-x«cr(Ta(ir)V
I
,
,
— hold off down into

oyu
I
l
withdraw from xeXcuvoC, 7], ov dark, black

I
ov silver-studded
xouXeov, ou sheath, scabbard
e'c ,
iC, joyless, painful

J. Zollner, S. J.
THE APPEARING OF TIRESIAS
39
874. NOTES:
478. t6fl: contraction of

480. atnatoe: iuvu> sometimes takes a partitive genitive: "I drink of, drink
some of."
483. npocrriufia: augmented and contracted (from npoo-auSaoo) .
875. COMMENT:
478. atepnea: To Homer's way of thinking, the underworld at its best

was notvery pleasant place to live.
a In fact Achilles, hero of the Iliad,
states that he would rather be the lowest slave on earth than king of the
dead.
480. Once he has drunk the blood, he will have the energy and incli
nation to prophesy in detail Odysseus' future problem and experiences.
(Recall the comment on line 453) .
876. WORD STUDY:
NECROMANCY (the black art pretending to foretell the future by communication

with the dead) .
University Prints
THE FRANCOIS VASE
Most precious relic of its period,- this famous vase from the middle of
the sixth century B.C. is a wonderful example of Greek mythological art.
Each of its six divisions portrays a different scene from Homer, legend'
or nature. If you study it closely, you can see the unity of story on
each band. The vase is signed by its painter, Clitias.
Now in Florence.
LESSON 141
877. MEMORIZE:
at if [=ei] tcpLos, TI, ov fat, strong

apyoXeoc, TK ov hard, painful ne\a£u), neXaou), neXao(o)a bring I
POOHU), Pooxrioto, pooxTioa I pasture, near to; I
go near to
I feed (paiSinoG, ov [never f.] shining;
evvooLyciLoc, ov earth-shaker glorious
fecithet of Poseidon] r xuoiicu, xôonai, XU°O-^.TIV I am
epuxio, epv5;u>, tpvJjot. or epuxoxov angry (with)
I
check, I guard
878. TEXT:
A Matter of Will-Power
'
VCKTTOV St^Tjat /xeXt^Se'a, cât
485 TOV Se rot dpyaXeov BrfO'f.i 0f6<; •
ov ya/> ot
Ivvoa-iyaiov, o rot KOTOV evOero

, ort ot vtoi/
en /ieV KG /cat cS? /caKa Trep
a?
/c'
490 oTTTTore /ce irp£)Tov TreXacrry? cvepyea vrja

®pwa.Kir) vrftTfo Trpo<f>vya)v toetSea Trdi
8'
ySocr/cojaeVa? fvptjre /8oa? /cat

'HeXtou, 05 TTO.VT' e<f>opq. /cat irdvr eVa/couet.
epivdxioc, of Thrinaoia mythical

[a
seek T), OV
put into [aor. mid. island]

-,
ev-Ti'6T)ni £v-8£|J»iv]
I
violet-like, blue, dark

e'c
U-aXaow, EE-aXaoaa blind ioeie^C,

I
en-axouco hear XOTOC,- ou resentment, grudge

I
etc. look upon Ttpo-feuvu, etc. flee forth, escape

I
£<p-opdu,
I
879. NOTES:
484.
485. apvoAeov: in predicate position.
486. A.TioeLV: oe is understood as subject accusative.
488. .txotoGe: "you may yet come (home)." potential optative taking the
A
place of a future indicative in a Vivid Future construction.

489. eraipcov: understand GTJJIOUG.
e9e\ns: stronger than merely "wishing." Translate: "if you have the.
will," "if you determine."
880. COMMENT:
484-5. Notice the fine contrast: "You seek return sweet and easy;
a
god will make it bitter and difficult."

a
41
488. The Greeksseemed always to have a strong realization of man's

free will. of the interference of the gods and fate in Homer is little
Much
more than mythological machinery used to externalize and dramatize the con
flict of the hero with the forces of nature and his own inner psychological
reactions. Here, Tireaiaa plainly states that Odysseus and his men have the
power of winning their way home if they choose to use the power. If, later,
you read the Greek tragedians, you will see there in much sharper outline
the Greeks' insistence on the free will as at least a partial cause in the
working out of man's destiny.
493. We are reminded of the opening lines of the poem where the
cattle of the Sun were mentioned with grim foreboding.
RISING OF THE SON-GOD

Scene from the Blacae vase, now in the British Museum

(CatalogIII, p. 284). The ancient artist translates all
aspects of dawn into human figures — the fleeing stars
are boys plunging behind clouds, Dawn is a winged god
dess arousing the hunter Cephalus, while the moon is a
goddess on horseback sinking Behind the hills. This is
one of the most imaginative of Greek paintings knomto us.
(From Gardner, principles of Greek Art, p. 260, courtesy
Macmillan Co. )
LESSON 142
Review
1. Vocabulary: 'Check your mastery of the 76 new memory words.

2. Text: Reread the 76 lines of text, making sure you recognize all the forms.
3. Story:
a. Why did the Greeks have to visit the Underworld?
b. Where was the entrance to the Underworld?
c. Describe the ritual of sacrifice.
d. What special promise was made to Tireaias ?
e. What did Tireaiaa say of the return Journey?
4. Criticism;
a. How does Lesson 132 illustrate a significant point of Homer's style?
b. Circe gave Odysseus directions for entering the Underworld. Who per
formed the same functions for Aeneas? for Dante?
c. Discuss Lesson 139 from the point of view of character formation.
5. Grammar; Review:
a.
b.
c. Special correlatives.
d. etî i go.
a. The sail had been stretched by the steersman going to Tiresiaa in
Hades.
b. Having slaughtered the cow, Laertes' son sat beside the pit until the
mighty seer came down.

c. A group of dead maidens went near to Odysseus to drink of the blood,
some from one direction, others from another.
882. GREEK AS A WORLD LANGUAGE:
in many ways, a world in itself, uniting within its ter

Greece was,
ritorial boundaries and scattered colonies an interesting diversity of cus
toms, outlook, occupations, and expression. Basically it was 'One World,'
with a language, life-view, and civilization common to all Greeks anywhere,
at least in essentials and in distinction to the characteristics of other
nations around them. Still, the culture of Athens was not that of Sparta or
Miletus, and life at Thurii was noticeably different from the ways and in
terests of the citizens of Mytilene.
So too the Greek language, though fundamentally the same throughout
Greece and its colonies, manifested certain minor differences in each geo-
43
graphical historical division of the nation's life. The natural result

or
of local tradition and of contagious peculiarities of speech growing up in
particular communities, largely cut off from mingling with other groups sep
arated by barriers of sea or mountains, was the development of several dis
tinctive dialects of the common language. This is a frequent phenomenon,
and may be seen in most other nations also.
In Greece, dialects were three : Aeolic, Doric, and Ionic —

the main
the latter with four important subdivisions: Epic (as in Homer), New Ionic
(e.g., Herodotus and Hippocrates), Attic (the great dramatists, orators,
Thucydides, Plato, etc.), and Koine (later authors and the New Testament).
Aeolic is characterized by having no rough breathings, by doubling
many consonants, changing vowels, and by a few special endings of verbs and
nouns. For instance, Sappho, Alcaeus, or Anacreon would write tvvexa, una,
A.eyoLOL, no\A.cue where Homer -or Attic would have Ivexa, tmo, Xeyouot, ncAAac .
In Doric, such as that of Pindar, Theocritus, and much of the choral

parts of Attic tragedy, primitive long alpha is retained instead of changing
to eta as in other dialects, -TL is used for -01 and -nee for -jiev in verb
endings (e.g., apeta, IXOVTL, (paêc for apeTTJ, txouoi, cpajiev) .
Ionic drops the digamma, changes original long alpha to eta, often
resists contraction, and alters seme consonants from the original form of
old words when followed by certain other sounds. You are familiar with most
of these features of Ionic dialect from study of Homeric usage. Attic, as a
considerably later form of Ionic, differs from Homer's language mostly just in
dropping many alternative endings (e.g., -OLO, -p.evai), in contracting vowels
more often and sometimes a bit differently in result (eo becoming ou not eu) ,
by adding many new words, and by developing a more elaborate syntax.
Koine or 'common Greek' is simply a still later form of popular (in
distinction to literary) Attic, with the interblending of a few words and
It grew up in the wake of the far-roving
peculiarities of other dialects.

armies of Alexander the Great, which by 323 B.C. had brought the whole
Mediterranean world, the Near East, and even western India into one vast
empire, throughout which the Greek language and culture rapidly spread and
became predominant. With men from all over Greece mingling together in
Alexander's armies, and various foreign countries subdued by them learning to
speak Greek, it was natural that the language should change and simplify
somewhat and become practically uniform all over the ancient world.
When the Roman Empire Alexander's domains and added near

had absorbed
ly all of Europe too, Greek still
for centuries the international
remained
language, understood from Gaul to Babylon, from North Africa to Germany. In
all these nations, educated men and everyone connected with international
business or commerce, and in most countries even the common people too, all
spoke or understood Greek with ease. It was hardly less familiar to them
than their hundred different native tongues.
That is why St. Paul, for instance, could spread the glorious news
of Christ's life, divinity, world-changing doctrine in eighteen distinct
and
countries scattered throughout the then known world — for in any nation or
LESSON 142 45
city he could reach, his fierycould be readily understood, since

eloquence
he spoke Greek fluently. reason, the entire New Testament was
For the same
written in Greek, because thus its divine message could be read almost any
where. Even the Roman government used Greek, rather than Latin, in its im
perial administration and decrees outside Italy. And Roman emperors like
Marcus Aurelius or Julian wrote their books in Greek, not Latin, as did most
other authors who wanted a world-wide audience. It was only in the third and
fourth centuries after Christ that Greek gave way to Latin as the universal
language of the empire and later of medieval Europe.
One of the reasons, then, why Greek is so important historically is

the fact that for hundreds of years it was the common language of all the
civilized nations of the West, and unifying bond of thought and culture play
ing a vital part in those formative influences of ancient civilization from
which our own has so largely stemmed.
University Prints Charles Le Brun
ALEXANDER ENTERING BABYLON
The Conqueror spread Greek culture throughout the middle

East, and helped uni'fy the Greek language.
LESSON 143
883. MEMORIZE:
aXvoxu), aAuJju), &M)£a I shun, I £6va or te6va, cov bride-price; dowry

escape I am mindful of; I court
avTiSeoe, T), ov godlike O.TOC suffering, woe
(kotog, ou living; possessions ov overbearing
884. TEXT:
Life or Death
rcis et p.€v K' d<rii>ea9 eaas i/oarou re /LteSrjat,

435 /cat /cei> Ir' et? *I0a.KV)v /ca/ca Trep Warôi/res i/coter#e
ei 8e /ce crii/Tât, Tore rot reK/^taipo
vT)i re /cat erapots. avros 8' et TTC/)

6»|;e KaKox; i/eiat, 6\eVas aVo TTOLVTOL^ cratpov?,
1^1705
eV a\\OT/)(/J75 •
Siêts 8' eV Trry/xara ot/ca>,
soo a^Spa? U7rep^)taXou5, ot TOI fiiorov

/cat
aXXoTpioC, T), ov another's, alien |i£&0|J.cu I am mindful of

atJtvriC, eC unharmed
o\|;e [edv. ] late
fut. sense] I shall find or come OLVOfiai I hurt, I despoil
8r)(d [w.
upon T£K(iaipo(iat I decree, I foretell
xocT-E6u I eat up
885. NOTES:
494. eaqic: for

aotveac: ea form one syllable by synizesis.

498 velai = veeai . veonai usually has future connotation.
oXeoac &no: (an-oAAua)) "having lost."
499. ev: with otxtp; a quite unusual word order.
501. 6i6ovTeg: present active participle of 6160)^.1.
886. COMMENT:
494 ff. To Odysseus and his men listening to the prophet, this con
dition must have seemed absurdly simple. It was not until the time for de
cision actually came that they realized how hard it would be.
497. auToe: Considering the type of comrades Odysseus had and the
loose control he exercised over them, one could not justly hold him respon
sible for their actions.
500. The welcome home intimated by Tiresias must have been far dif
ferent from the one he had pictured to himself time and again during his
wanderings.
46
LESSON 144
887. MEMORIZE:
• x
, EG well-balanced suitor
888. TEXT:
Revenge and Pilgrimage
'
cLXX T rot ye ^ta? aTrorurecu
avrap {JunrjcrTr)pa.<s eVl
ê 8o\o> 17 ajjL(f)a$bv oêit,

81)
sos a.i eVei/ra Xaflwv ev^pe?
e
t(ra(n 0d\acr(rav
ot
€ts o rou? dî/crjat, ov/c
ouSe 0' aXecrcrt /xe/xty/xeVot' eiSap eSovcrt

ouS' apa rot uracrt
y*
i/eia? ôtt't/coTra/aôv?
ov8' IvTjpt eper/bta, ra re irrepa vr\ vtrt Tre'Xoirai.
aXC, iXoC [dat. pi. aXecroi] salt TiTepov, ou wing
subterfuge red-p rowed

afi<pa6ov [adv.] openly, without qpoivTxoTOXpjioC, 0V
OHiO-Tlvu, etc. pay back

I
889. NOTES:
506. etc 6: until (same construction as $<ppa) .

507. ivepec: translate with ot. In sense it belongs with
from JIEHLYÔLI, perfect of HLOYUJ.
W. Pogany
THE SLAYING OF THE SUITORS

(From Colum,Ad\>»ntur»i of Odysttui, p. 248, courtesy Macmillan Co.]
47
890. COMMENT:
502. The outwitting and punishing of the suitors occupies most of

the last twelve books of the Odyssey.
506 ff . He is to go so far inland that he comes upon people who have
never seen the sea nor know of ships and oars — and consequently would not
know or worship the lord of the sea, Poseidon.
891. WORD STUDY:
PTERODACTYL ('wing-finger,' a gigantic prehistoric flying reptile with head

like a bird's and bony bat-like wings).
Flaxman
HERA AND ATHENE DESCENDING TO EARTH

(From Smith-Miller, Bomtr's Iliad, p. 173, courtesy Macmillan Co.)
LESSON 145
892. MEMORIZE:
, aoe old age 6A.[kos, T|,ÔV happy, prosperous

etpu), epeco I speak, say, tell I I nriYVU'm., n^co, nr\la. fix, make
I
I
ixaTouPT), TIG hecatomb [strictly fast
sacrifice of 100 cattle; but ofiâ, O.TOC sign; mound
usually sacrifice in general] crug, CTUOC pig, swine
iêiTic [adv., =&£?ic] in order TOLOS, TI, ov such
xanpog , ou boar ov shoulder
TJ,
Xinapos, ov sleek; comfortable
893. TEXT:
Reconciliation and Happy Ending
a
510 crrj/na 8e roi e/oew /naX' dpi(/>/>a8e5, ovSe ere
&rj
OTTTTOTC Ktv rot (ru/x^8XT7/>teôs aXXos 681x175
it roxe
817
yaii7 7râ5 evrjpe5

p€â<; itpa. /caXa IlocretSa&j^t,
sis apveiov ravpov re crvwv Kairpov,
T'
em/8>fropa
V^»5 *£ /i
/
ot/cao aTrocrxeiêti/ epouv u

aOavoLTOicn êotcrt, rot ovpavbv evpvv
e^
Tracrt jitaX' eêa/s- 6a.va.ros 8e xot 01X65 auxw
0,^X17^^65 /u,dXa roto5 eXeutrexat, 05 Ke crc 77
520 yripa.i viro Xnrapa) dpr^jiteVoi', afjifftl 8e Xaot

oX/8tot eV(roi'xat. rd 8e rot

feeble, gentle - set together;

6v
af3XT)Xp6c, -pXrjo-u,
I
T), o-UM.-pdXXu,
a6T}priXoiYOC, ou winnowing-fan [mid.] fall in with

I
ano-OTeixu, etc. go away 65TTT)C, ou traveller, passer-by

I
apr)(ievoC, worn out, hurt aor. only] killed

[2
ov
I
T), Tteqpvov
apieppaSTi?, £C clear, manifest TOtupoC, ou bull

en Pryrap opoC (the) male
i
894. NOTES:
512. <pr\i\'. present subjunctive third singular of <pr\\ii.

tvetv: understand oe as subject accusative.
'
514. pe£ac: peû) and ip6co when used in reference to worship usually mean
"I sacrifice."
519. TOLOC: lit.: "quite such," i.e., "ever so (gentle),"
n<xA.a an expres«-
sion usually accompanied by some appropriate gesture.
522. Distinguish:
49
etpoiaai, eipôoiiai, kpo\rr\v , I ask

epeco I ask
elpu, epeio I speak, I say
895. COMMENT:
512. Odysseus is to carry an oar over his shoulder as he travels.

Certain proof that he has reached the people intended will be given when
those who meet him no longer recognize the oar he carries but think it must
be a winndwing-fan (a sort of flail for separating the grains of wheat from
the chaff) .
514. There, in a land where no worship had ever been offered to
Poseidon, Odysseus is to perform solemn sacrifice in his honor, thus appeas
ing him for the supposed wrong done his son, Polyphemus, and obtaining re
lief from his merciless persecution.
518. e£ oAoc: It
is not clear what kind of death is meant by a "death
from the sea," or whether Homer means to say that death will come upon him
"away from the sea." In any event, the following words make clear that it
he will die in peace and comfort, honored and served by happy subjects. Even
as his sufferings are certain, so also is the future happiness which will be
the reward of his manliness and piety.
896. WORD STUDY:
SEMAPHORE ('sign-bearer,' a means of signalling by putting flags, lights,

mechanical arms in certain agreed-on positions) ; SEMANTICS (the science of
the origin and history of words as 'signs' of ideas) — SYMBOL (a mark, ob-
Jetit, or drawing standing for or representing something by being tradition
ally 'set together' with it
in meaning, e.g., a skull-and-crossbones signi
fying death, a cross noting a building or other object as consecrated to
Christ), SYMBOLIC, SYMBOLISM.
University Prints
POSEIDON
LESSON 146
897. MEMORIZE:
aTpexecoe truly, exactly
898. TEXT:
The Heart Speaks
cSs €<âr', avrap ey&> \LIV djuet/

' •
TetpefTirj, TO,
/JLGV ap TTOV eVe'/cX&>crai' $eot avrot
dXX' dye /xot roSe etTre /cat dr/ae/ce'cu?
17
8' d/ceovcr' rjcrrai crêSot' cuju.arog, ovo' eo
•
eVXTy ecrdi/ra toetf ovoe irpoTijJLvurjo'ao'uai
'
^,_mt)^ Kev [*,€ a.va.yvoir) TOV IOVTO. ;
QIVOL-Y lYvuauu) ,
etc. I recognize £7U-xX<o6<i), -xXtoaci), -xXaxra I spin, I assign
e(t)aixvTa [adv.] in the face, face to face as one'e lot

icpoTi-nu0£o|iai, —, -(iD8r)CTa(jLT)v I speak (to)
899. NOTES:
525. TT^voe: "here."

528. avayvoLT|: optative of expectation.
TOV: predicate: "how she can recognize me as being that man who I am
(her son)
900. COMMENT:
523. not): Odysseus is not one to waste time and energy in useless
self-pity. He resigns himself to what must be and turns his mind to the
present situation.
enexXwoav: Man1 s destiny was often conceived of as a thread which

was for him by the gods or Fate. From this notion grew the expanded
spun
mythological fancy of the three Fates: Clotho (from xXcoea) I spin) who
spins the thread of life; Lachesis (from \axov aorist of XaYXavco I am as
signed by lot) who measures the thread of life; and Atropos (from a-i
not-to-be-turned-aside) who cuts the thread of life.
: The implication seems to be that they did it entirely
of their own will without consulting Odysseus.
524. Not having drunk the blood, Anticlia does not have the power to
speak to or even to recognize her son; yet, perhaps through some dim con
sciousness of familiarity, she has lingered near him.
51
LESSON 147
901. MEMORIZE:
t(L)ou) [adv.] within oXoqruponai , oXocpupeonai , 6\o<pupa|iT|V

inneSoG, ov firm, unchanged I lament, I commiserate
9eo<po.Tos, ov divinely decreed; a 6nCo(o)co [adv.] behind; backj
divine decree hereafter
902. TEXT:
'
Formula for Communication
<5g c<f>dp,r)v, 6 Se p? avrwc' d

f
530
pr)L$LOV TOt eTTOS tpea) Kal CTTt <f>pecrl 0TJCTO}.
ov nva jiev KZV ect9 VZKVOJV
T^'>>;/ir rot ^/xepre? •

at/Aaro? acrcrov ifjitv, 6 8e
w oe /c
to/
o oe rot
/\ •?
TraA.ii' etcrti/
»/
eVu//et
OTricrcraj.
>
CTrKpc/oi/e^?,
a>9
$v)(r) p-cv
<j)afJL€vrj f^
SO/AOV "AtSo? etcrw
Tetpecrtao ai/a/cro?, evret Kara, êcrâr' e\e£ei>
535 •
avrap eyaiv avrov ptvov ejuTreSoi/, 0(^/3' eVt fJi.TjTrjp

TJXvOe /cat Tnei/ al/aa /ceXatyeê'?. O.VTLKO. 8' eyi/a>,
/cat eWa irTepotvTa
/a'
6\o^>vpo^4vj]
begrudge, refuse [dat.]

I
£T[i-<p9ov£(i)
I
903. NOTES:
530. Inoe: a simple "rule."

531. eqlc: contracted from

534. (paêvTi: present middle participle of
535. Hcxta: with tXeêv.

537. iyvw: understand ejie.
904. COMMENT:
530. The simple rule for communicating with the dead was to allow
them to drink of the blood, apparently because it revived their life-powers
enough to speak.
905. WORD' STUDY:
ESOTERIC (secret, confidential, confined to select 'inner circle')-

a
52
LESSON 148
906. MEMORIZE:
ev9a6e [adv.] here, hither nepouo, neprjoco, neprioa I cross, I

TI, 6v on foot; by land pass through
texvov, o\) child
907. TEXT:
A Mother's Solicitude
TCKVOV fJiOV, 770)9 r)6<; VTTO o<OI

540
£0)69 i(i)v ; âXeTrot' Se raSe £a>oicriv bpacrOai.
/xeicrcTft) yap /neyaXot Trorayxol KCU Seii/a p€€0pa,

/xei> Tr/Dojra, TOI> ou TTWS ecrrt
Treôi' eoz/r', 17^ /aif rt?

evepyca vrja.
e^^
Srj
y vvv TpofyOev dXco/ACi/o? ei/â8'

545 re /cat irdpoicri rro\vv ^povov ouSe TTCD
;
i/7/t
€t? 'lâ/CTp, ou8' elSe? eVt peydpoicri
T)£p6eiC, eaaa, ev hazy, dark peeSpov, ou stream
Co<poC, ou gloom, darkness
908. NOTES:
540. âXenov: understand eori.

542. ton: "it is possible." (Notice that the pitch mark moves back to the
first syllable when the word has this meaning.) It takes an accusative
with infinitive here.

545. &Tepoioi: an ordinary instrumental dative. The companions are perhaps
considered merely as rowers.

Xpovov: with o.xd)(ievac . .
909. COMMENT:
539. ncug ?JA.9ec: Not so much a real question as an exclamation.

548. nparca: This word would lead us to expect something about the
other rivers and streams to follow, but nothing does. Anticlia is so ex
cited at seeing her son again that she starts talking at full speed, hardly
realizing what she is saying.
543. ne£ov eovr': A. bit of extreme naivete, .indicative of his
mother's state of mind.
544. She can hardly believe that he should still be wandering on his
way has not yet reached his wife.
home and Strength of family affection is
prominent throughout this whole episode, lines 524-608.
53
910. FUTURE PARTICIPLE TO EXPRESS PURPOSE:
The future participle may be used to express purpose or desire.

Thus:
(l) fiYttYEV jie etc 'Ai6ao Teipeoiyi
It brought me to Hades in order to consult Tiresias •
(2) etnaTct &YOIKXI ee notaôv nXxiveorjoa.

I bring the clothes to the river in order to wash them.
THE MARKET PLACE AT ATHENS
View of the 'agora,1 the general meeting ground for business and
discussion, with the Acropolis in the background. Around this
spot, the civic life of Athens, and much of its intellectual ac
tivity, revolved. This was, in a way, the heart of the city.
LESSON 149
911. MEMORIZE:
ayavoc, TJ, 6v gentle toxeaipa, TIG shooter of arrows

'Aptenie, i&oe Artemis [twin sister aor. only] slew
[2
xata-necpyov
I
ôf
Apollo] HTJP, HTipoc [f.] fate, death
Pe\oc, eoc missile,
arrow vv now' weak temporal or
[a
en-oixoucu go towards or round, inferential particle]
I I
assail; work oi£\)6, VOQ [f.] sorrow, distress

I
£at)
onai §ônai ônonnv follow Tpuec, cov Trojans
I
,
,
(with) Xpe(t)u), OOG [f.] need, necessity
912. TEXT:
Explanations
avrap eyw p.w a/u,et//Aet'os irpcxreenrov
'
€19 'AtSao
v
•
Tetpecrtao
550 ov yo*p TT(t) crêSop' r)\9ov 'AâtiSo?, ovSe TTCO
a/
ou TO,
*lXioi/ ct? evTrwXov, Iva Tpwetrcrt

dXX' aye /not roSe etTre /cat dr/De/ceiw? KardXe£oi>
555 rts i^v ere K^/3 eSa/xacrcre raz^Xeye'c? OOLVOLTOIO
;
80X1^7) voucro?, "Apre/u? toê'ai/oa

^
dyai/ois
^
alev xaT-ayw, etc. bring down

=îei
I
ajioc, ov our first

i
Ttpwriora [w. ra] (adv.

)
'AXCCU'C, i'8oc Achaean (land) TavTiXeyric, £C bringing leng woe
yf), earth, land xpW^t consult

XP«0|iai, (an oracle)
I
YTJC
ov long
fi,
6oXixoC, fw> det<

]
ov abounding in fine foals
913. NOTES:
548. 6op.ov is understood (cp. the English usage,

*AL5ao: e.g., "Services will
held at St. Paul's.")
be
552. e$; o5: "from the time when"
555. HT)p ea.va.Toio: "fate of death," i.e., the particular kind of death fated
for each pe'rson.
914. COMMENT:
547. An instance of Homer's masterly technique in allowing his char

acters to speak for themselves. It is from their own self-expression that
55
we come really to know other people.

550. <xp.T|£ '• He delicately refers to it as still "our" land, as
though his mother were yet alive.
556. To the goddess Artemis and her gentle arrows was attributed the
sudden, peaceful death of women; that of men, to Apollo.
555-7. Lines of striking melodic beauty and poetic charm.
University Prints
ARTEMIS AND APOLLO: BRINGERS OF DEATH TO MORTALS
From a red-figure vase, C.46C B.C., by the 'Niobid Painter.'

LESSON 150
915 MEMORIZE:
yepac, aoc prize (of honor); estate (p9Tvu), q>efou), (pGioa I waste away,
notv(L)a, TIC queen; [as ad;]/] I^pass away
revered <puA.aoou), cpuXaJja), (pv\a|a I guard;
I observe
916. TEXT:
News From Home
eiTre 8e p,oi Trar/ad? re /eat vte'o?, 6V
ert Trap Ktivouriv C/AOI/ ye'pag, ê TIS 17817

5\O>>/
17
» C " »\\ »
" ou/een J N '
560 avopoiv aAAos e^61' t/e (pacri vtzt
re,
€L7T€ Se'jaot p.vrjCTT'rj'; ctXdôu POV\TJV re t'doi'
ije
/xeVet irapa. 7rat8l /ecu e/i7re8a TTOLVTO.
/x.ti' eyi7/xei> 'Aâtait' os Tts

TI
17817
8'
cS? f(f>dfji7)v, auTi'/e* ct/xeiySero Trdri'ia

17
565 /cat Xtrji' Ktiwr] ye /xeVet rerX-^dTt 0vfJi(o

'
crolcnv tvl ptydpoia'Lv • oi^vpal 8e' ot atei
<f>0ivov(Tti> VVKTZS re /eai T^/xara 8a/epi»
[adj.] oiCupoC, 6v wretched, miserable

rj,
rjC
|ivr)<mi, wooed, wedded
917. NOTES:
558. ncrrpoe: sometimes the genitive follows elnov with the sense "tell of."
xeuvoioiv: understand EOTL: "is still in^their hands."
559. nap
560. <paoi: present indicative third plural of <prmi. The subject is indefi
nite.
563. tyrinev: the Subject is "she." As rule, a change of subject is in
a
dicated by 6e.
565. TeTA-TioTt: perfect participle of xA.au).
918. COMMENT:
559. yepacJ His property, and the hereditary dignity and honor of
a king.
560. If
Odysseus were dead, his son Telemachus should by rights be
come king; but since he was yet minor, Odysseus fears that one of the
a
powerful nobles had seized power and had expelled Telemachus and Laertes,
the father of Odysseus, from any share in the wealth or rights of the kingly
family.
563. The obvious way for noble to have himself proclaimed king
a
would to marry the widow-queen;

be would take no it
strength of will little
for her to resist long their arguments and importunities and even threats,
57
as Odysseus is presumed dead.
567. With the second World War still

vividly in our mind, it is not
hard to sympathize with this soldier's wife. During her household tasks of
the day the thought of her beloved husband fighting, perhaps suffering and
dying, far away from all his loved ones, would often bring sudden tears to
her eyes. The sight, too, of her baby growing up without the love and care
of a father, and her husband's inability to share with her in their son's
Joyous delight in the strange and wonderful world of childhood must indeed
have caused her many a heartache. And at night, when apart from the distrac
tions of the daytime and alone with her sorrow, her longing for her beloved's
return must have been intensified, and even her sleep must have been dis
turbed by fitful dreams about him.
University Prints
MEDEA
Photograph of a faded ancient fresco, showing the style and merits of

Greek painting. Euripides wrote a famous play about Medea, perhaps in
fluencing the artist's conception here.
LESSON 151
919. MEMORIZE:
O-YPOC, 0 field, country [opp. to looc, (e)fori, Toov equal, fair;

city] trim
OUT091 [adv.] right here, right xaXeo), xaXeu), xaXea(o)a 1 call;
there I invite
6aCg, Sauce feast, portion oTYO-XoeiGj eooa, ev shining
£tH<x, O.TOG garment; pi.
clothes tejievoc, eoc land marked off [for
£xr|A.oe, ov at rest, undisturbed a god or as private property]
ivvuiu, 6o(o)u), lo(o)a I clothe, cloak
*
I ' put on; [pass.f] I wear skin, body, person
TIC bed; anchor-stone
920. TEXT:
Of Son and Father
croi/8' ov Ira) TIS eêi Ka\ov yepas, dXXa 007X09

Tr^Xc/Ltaôs re/neVea i/e/uicrai /cat Satras etVa?
570 SaiWrai, a? cireoifce St/cacrTroXo^ a.v$p aiKtyvvei
p.i
iraivTCs yap KaXeovcrt. iraTrjp 8e cros avrodi
dypw, ouSe TroXti/Se Karcp^rai. ovSe ot evi'at
bffjLvia Kal xXatâi xa^ pijyâ cri-yaXdei'Ta,
w « w» o »» »
^
>
<»/i
»
v
\
\
\
aXA. o ye ^€i/xa /xei/ euoet, oc/t o/xwe9 ei't OIKW,

575 cV KOI/I ayx1 7rv/°o?, KaKa Se Xpot ct/btara ctrat
partake of [w. ace.] xovtC, toe [dat. xdvt] dust, earth

I
8e|JLVia, uv couch eoC rug, coverlet

xacmoXo ov busied about judgments, 01) Telemachus of Odysseus
6
[son
i
,
administering justice and Penelope]

it is fitting cctoC winter, cold
921. NOTES:
569. teêvea: ea is scanned as one syllable by synizesis.
572. evvoa predicate — "nor does he have for bedding couch, etc."
a
:
575. eltai perfect passive of 6vv\3|it with, as often, present sense.

:
92£. COMMENT:
569-571. Telemachus is undisturbed in his possession of the gardens

and farms set aside as crown-lands. At the banquet table he sits in place
a
of honor and receives the deference becoming to one who is or will soon be
the king and therefore the dispenser of justice to his people. Nor is there
a single important feast to which he, because of his rank, is not invited.
Telemachus, it
seems, is. a worthy son of a noble father, and maintains his
position despite the ambitious princes.
59
Laertes, the father of Odysseus, was a man whose whole life

571-575.
became wrapped up in that of his hero son. When his son fails to return,
the world and all its struggles and interests become flat and stale to his
taste. Social life becomes abhorrent; he loses all concern about his com
fort and his appearance; he hardly lives, but Just exists.
923. GNOMIC AORIST:
The aorist indicative regularly expresses a single past act. By an
extension of this use, peculiar to the Greeks, the aorist was used in cer
tain contexts to express a single concrete fact from which the reader or
hearer was expected to infer that what happened thus once was typical of what
always or frequently happens in such circumstances. Hence, the aorist in
dicative (besides the present) came to be used to express general truths,
maxims, or proverbs. When thus used, it is called the gnomic aorist (from
"proverb") .
(l) vouoog
Disease most frequently takes the life from our limbs.,
(2) fie TIG xatexTave em <pa.TVfl.
(Joiiv
Just as a man kills
an ox at the manger.
(3) 8c xe 9eoic eninei6TiTa.t. , jiaXa T' txMiov a/UToxi.
Whoever obeys the gods, him they especially hear.
W. Pogany
HOMER COMPOSING BY THE SEA
(From Colum, Adventures of Odysseus, p. 13, courtesy Macmillan Co.)

LESSON 152
924. MEMORIZE:
TT.G threshing-floor; garden nev9os, EOS sorrow, grief

eq>-e7uo, e<p-ei|iu), eiu-onov I meet; fate, death
I
oxi^
drive; I pursue T|J
ov hateful, gloomy
xXtvco, xXtveu), xAiva I lean; or TeGaXa. [pf. w. pres.
[mid.:] I lie ^meaning] I flourish
^0X10x0. [supl. of naAa] especially <puXXov, ou leaf
[adv.] on all sides,
everywhere
925. TEXT:
Parental Love
576 avrap lirrjv eX^r/crt Ocpos re#aXuia r' oiratpr),

"T)
01 /card yovvov
»/!>«' t «»>/
5'^J v '^1 ' '
fvu o ye K€ir a^ctoi/, /xeya oe 9/3€(rt irevuos ae
580 O"6f J/d<TTO^ 7TO0eW, âXcTTOP' 8' CTTt y>J
OVTW yap /cal eywv 6X6fir)v /cat TTOTÔV lire
ovr' e/xe y' eV /icyapotcrti/ eucr/coTro? lo
, 17 re /maXtara
585 r^KcSdi^t trruyepTj /LteXewi/ eêt'Xero Ovpov •
dXXa /u,€ ads re TTOÔS aa re /xr/Sea, </>at8t/x'
'OSvcrcrev,
f T' aya.vo<f)po<rvvT) /xeXt^Se'a Bvôv a.Trr)vpa.'

T)C mildness |o.f)8oc, eoC plan, counsel

an-aupau I take away Oivo7te6oc, ov vine-bearing
youvoC, ou swell, knoll OTtupT), T)C late summer, harvest time
e^-ocipeco, etc. I take from 7to6oC, ou long ing, mourning
euoxoTioC, ov sharp-sighted, aiming well TT)xe8<av, ovoC a wasting or pining away
GepoC, eoC (early) sunmier 71, ov on the ground, low
926. NOTES:
577. navtji: with
578. xexXi|j.ev(jov: from xexXniai, perfect of xXtvu).
pepxf|aTaL: perfect passive third person plural of paXXco w. present sense.
Take •^Qaâ.Kaii. as predlcate-"are laid on the ground."
579. neytx: predicate after <xe|;u>, "I make grow."
580. ITU: adverbial "besides."
581. O^TID =
61
586. represents an objective genitive.

cog: n^Seo. and iyavotppoouvTi follow
in thought after no6oc: "longing for you and (for) your counsels, etc.
587. an-rivpa: augmented and contracted.
927. COMMENT:
582. loxeoupa: (cf . comment on line 556) .

Artemis
582-584. Having Anticlia answer her son's question in detail is not
Just a device to fill up space. The repitition enforces the ideas previous
ly introduced, makes certain that the hearer will be perfectly clear. on the
peculiar reason for her death, and without question is a good way of keeping
the interest and attention of an audience, especially if composed of simple
and unsophisticated people.
586-587. Notice the pathetic repetition and emphatic position of
"your.'1 The beauty and strength of family relations in Homeric times, as
portrayed in these and the preceding lines, is amazing in view of the de
graded concept of the family held generally throughout most of later Greek
history. In the earlier and better days of the Romans, too, strong unified
family life was the cornerstone of the state; later, through degeneracy,
birth-control, and divorce, it,
like the Greek family, lost its dignity and
moral force. History's lesson on this point would repay study today.
928. WORD STUDY:
CLINIC (a ward where patients 'lie' awaiting medical care) — CHLOROPHYL (the
chemical substance in plants which makes their 'leaves green').
J.Z.
A COMIC MASK
Copy of a composition mask representing the type of the
'grouchy eider'on the Greek stage.
LESSON 153
Review
929. Go over again Lessons 143 -152; make sure now that you have really mastered
1. Vocabulary: Check your mastery of the 70 new memory words.

2. Text; Reread the 94 lines of text, making sure you recognize all the forms.
5. Story;
a. Upon the fulfillment of what condition will the Greeks be able to re

turn home ?
b. What was the nature arid purpose of the pilgrimage Odysseus will have
to make ?
c. life ?
How was Odysseus to end his
d. Describe the family of Odysseus and their feelings for one another.
4. Criticism;
a. Homer's picture of family devotion with what you know of typ

Compare
ical
American families.
b. Do you think that Homer weakens story-interest by prophesying the fu
ture? Do contemporary writers of stories depend much upon surprise
endings ? What are the advantages of each method ?
5. Grammar; Explain:
a. Fut.ptc. of purpose.
b. Gnomic Aor.

a. Necessity led him to Hadesjto know (ptc.)the divine decrees.

b. Whoever tries to escape all sufferings always finds even more sorrow.
(Do not use present.)
c. The mother of Odysseus thought that gentle death was sent by Artemis,
the shooter of arrows.
930. GREEK SPORTS:
One thing, at least, that we have no difficulty in understanding about

the Greeks is their love of athletics. Their literature, their philosophy,)
their language itself may take long study before we can properly master
and appreciate them. But a love of sports needs no explanation to modern
minds. The enjoyment of games is one more bond of union between us and
the ancient Greeks.
63
This could not be said of other ancient people. There is no evidence (indeed
there are signs to the contrary) that the Egyptians or Assyrians, for instance,
ever had any interest in sports as such. Nowhere else in the world of antiquity
do we find the spirit of athletic competition for the sake of pleasure and a-
chievement. It is written all over Greek civilization. Yet it practically died
out with the decline of Greece. Only in modern times has any equivalent interest
in sports prevailed.
This is remarkable testimony to the vigor and perennial youthfulnes of the
Greek view of life. In their zest for living, the Greeks invented play. While
the whole ancient world around them went its somber, fear-ridden, drudging way,
the Greeks took time out from their energetic pursuits in politics and business
to enjoy various games of single or group athletics. When Greek civilization
first bursts into history, this love of play is already evident. The Iliad, our
earliest literary picture of Greek life, has an elaborate description(in Book 23)
of the games staged for the army by Achilles in honor of Patroclus at his funeral:
chariot-racing, boxing, wrestling, foot-racing, a sham battle in armor, discus-
throwing, archery, hurling the spear.
As Greek cities grew in size and complexity, athletics became organized on a

broader scale, in great civic competitions and national meets four times a year.
These events were so important an item of Greek life
that a sacred truce was al
ways established when they were imminent, to insure safe conduct in the midst of
any wars going on for those traveling to the national games. Each city-state
vied to have its
own outstanding athletes, to uphold its
honor at the games and
win itfame by capturing the choicest prizes. A winner of the great Olympic
games, or of the scarcely less prominent Isthmian, Pythian, or Nemean meets, was
looked upon as a national hero and won the greatest respect and reputation. Even
victorious generals of the army would yield in deference to a star athlete
crowned" in the All-Greek competitions.
Interestingly enough, some of the most splendid of Greek poetry is concerned

with athletic triumphs and takes its origin in exultant congratulation of the
winner in some popular sports event. Pindar is the most famous of these poets
of the games, and many of his Pythian or Olympian Odes in honor of, national cham
pions are among the very loftiest productions of any literature. This is pos
sible because to the Greeks beauty and grace of body were almost as precious as
nobility of soul, and indeed were looked upon as exterior indications of it.
Athletic prowess, then, was a symbol and proof of singular strength, harmony, and
vigor of character. As such, it won the utmost admiration of the Greeks and sup
plied their poets and sculptors with much of their noblest material.
The supreme athletic event was always the 'Pentathlon' or five-fold competi
tion at the national games. This consisted in a 200 yard dash, followed by the
broad jump, then throwing the discus, hurling the Javelin, and finally a wrestling
match. Whoever came out the best all-around performer won the glory of being
champion of all Greece apd was rewarded with substantial monetary prizes and the
highest civic honors.
LESSON 153 65
Other sports common in Greece were swimming, boxing, relay races, boat re
gattas, and various forms of ball games. Young children played very much as today,
with spinning tops, swings, see-saws, rolling-hoops, marbles, balls, and kites;
among their games were hide-and-seek, duck-on-a-rock, blind man's buff, tug-of-
war. Everywhere, sport was popular; it added to the fun of life, trained in
character and self-control, and promoted that physical fitness and graceful har
mony of body which was a Greek passion.
Not only our revival of the Olympic Games, but modern sport in general has
much incommon with the Greek spirit of play, one of their finest contributions
to Western culture. The very name "athletics" is Greek in origin (from &9Xov:
contest, prize) . Where we fall behind the Greeks in this field is our less ele
vated concept of the significance of athletics in the larger view of education
and character. Where is the modern Pindar?
GENERAL VIEW OF OLYMPIA

Here, in valley at the junction of two rivers 115 miles west of Athens, was the
a
athletic focal-point of Greece. Beyond the Gate of Processions (1) lies the great
Temple of Zeus (2) where the winners were crowned. Contests are in process in the
gymnasium (3) and racing stadium (4), while a few spectators sit in the great amphi
theater (5) watching rehersal of a play. Statues of famous athletes dot the grounds.
LESSON 154
931. MEMORIZE:
admirable, noble
TJ, ov oveipoc, ox) dream
both TI, ov oTpxivu), OTpxweco, ozpxlva I xirge on;
&XOC, 'eoc grief, pain I send
yooc, ox) groan, lamentation netoâi, TCTT)oop.ai, nta^Tiv I fly
e<p-opâu), iip-opnôu), e<p-6pnT]oa I Tepruo, xepxpco, xepâ or (Te)Tapn6u'nv
urge on; [mid. and pass.:] I rush I comfort, I cheer; [mid.:] I take
^forward, I am eager to my fill of
jieâa [pf. w. pres. meaning] I am (pcoveu, cpcoviioa), cpaivnoa I lift up my
eager voice, I utter
oSupoâi, o6x)peop.aL, of
bewail, I lament
932. TEXT:
Frustrated Love
eS? €<f>a.Ty, avrap e'yoi y ZOfXov <f>pecrl
590 rpls /xcf t<JMi>pfJLTJ0r)v, cXc'cti/ re /ie ^V/AO? dt-a/yet,
rpt? 8e /not e'/c êtpaij/ cr/ci^ eiKeXoi/ 17

/cat oveipu
c/xot 8* aô? oû yeveo-KCTO KTjpoBi /iaX\o»>,

•
<f><jt)i>TJ<Ta<; eVta irrepoevra Trpo<rr)v$a)v
TI i/v ou cXecty
/x'
e/xr;, /u,t/Ai>£i5
595
o^>/3a KCU
etv 'At'Sao
dfjL<f>oTep<a Kpvepolo TCTapTrw/MCcrâ ydoto;

rt ctStoXoi/ rdS' dyav^

^
/^tot
ert
a)Tpvv', o(^>p'
et6uXov, ou shape, phantom liccXXov [comp. of jxaXa] more, rather

ElxeXoC, T), ov like to OTcirj, f)C shadow
xpuepoC, ov chilling, numbing groan, lament

1
TI, OTevaxi'Cu
I
933. NOTES:
590. e<pa)pn-n9r|v: aorist passive of eq>-opnau).
591. etxeXov: adverbial.
592. Knpo6i: -9i is special case-ending added in the same way as -9ev and
a
-91. It
expresses place where, (cp. axno9i)
595. 9iXac: with xe^pe. Take nepi as an adverb: "about (each other)."
934. COMMENT:
589. Touched to the heart by his mother's love and sad plight,
Odysseus impulsively tries to embrace her, only to find, alas, that his
yearning arms clasped on nothingness.
66
LESSON 154 67
594 ff . Sick at heart and with only the vaguest notions of the spirit
world, he cannot understand why his mother slips so from his grasp, unless,
indeed, she be a mere phantom sent by the infernal powers to torment him yet
more.
595. 'Ai6ao: To us, Hades denotes a place, but not so to the Greeks.
Hades was always thought of by them as a person, the god of the other world.
No doubt the later idea is due to the abbreviated expression "to Hades'
(house) ."
935. Q-Sroc, afiTri, TOXJTO » "THIS";

(1) Declension;
0.1)TT1 TOUTO
TOUTOU, OLD TOUTO1), OLD
TOUT(p
TOUTOV TOUTT1V TO-UTO
OUTOL aXJTCXt. TOAJTO.

TOUTCOV TCLUTaCOV TOUTOJV
TOX)TOLO(L) TOU>TT]0( I) TOUT<HO(l)
TOUTOUC tea) TO.
N.B. You will have no difficulty with this pronoun if you remember
three things:
1. The endings are regular (like xeivoc, TI, o)
2. The rough breathing takes the place of T in the same forms as in
O, T), TO.
3. The stem diphthong has o whenever the ending has an o-sound; it
has a whenever the ending has an a-sound (a, TJ).
(2) Use:
88e and O?>TO£ both mean "this."Sometimes they are used without much
distinction. In general, however, there are two differences:

1. 86e refers more to the first person; O^TOC, more to the second
person. f|6e xî-p = this hand (of mine) . O^TOG avrip r this man
(you are interested in) .
2. 86e refers more to the future; oiSioc, more to the past.
xo6e \eJjo) = I shall say this (something to follow) . tauTO. elne =
he said this (which has Just been reported) .
936. WORD STUDY:
ONEIROMANCY (the supposed art of foretelling the future by analysis of dreams)

— SQUIRREL (by mispronunciation of otCoupos: ' shadow-tail' ).
LESSON 155
937. MEMORIZE:
ai9oVevo£, TI, ov burning, blazing neTonioee(v) [adv.] behind, later,

te as afterward
, tvoc [f.] sinew; strength oStoc, aflrn, TOVTO this
938. TEXT:
The Mystery of Death
8*
<Ss OLVTIK a/Aei/Sero 7roTi>ia
-f)
e<f>dfjL-r)i>,
eoo a! TCKVOV cp.6v, trepl ndvToiv /cd/i/xope

t,
<f>a)T<*>i',
ov rt (re ITepcr€^)di'£ta Atos Bvydrrjp dira<£icr/c£t,

dXX' avTTj Si/cry eaTi fipoTwv, ore ri5 K£
ov yap ert cra/3/cas TC /cat ocrrea Tê? €\ovariv,

dXXa ra
re irvpbs Kpartpov /neVo? a
/u.eV
eos Sa/xi/a, eVet KC 7T/3wra XITTT^ Xev*' ocrrea
8'
iffuxr) T}UT' oêtpo? diroTrra.^

dXXa <f>doo~o€ Td^tcrra XtXateo
•
ravra 8e Trdvra
LO~&\ Iva. /cat //,£T07rio'#e re^ €Lirr)o-0a yvvat/ct.'
trick, beguile ov fate-ridden, wretched

I I I
I
oc7to-7i£TO|iai, etc. fly away TtoTaoficu pf. »'. pres. force:

;'<ilive fii overcome; consurne fly, flit about
I
I
939. NOTES:
600. an exclamation like the English "Ah mel" or "Oh myl"
&
1101:
603. i.e.,hold together.
605. 0i)ê. . . .TjiuXTl Homer does not distinguish exactly between these terms,
:
but in general 9u^6g refers to physical manifestations of life (e.g.,

courage, anger, madness, desire, devising, etc.), while yvyj\ has ref
erence to the principle of life. In this passage, Gujiog probably means
the vitality or life of the body which ceases at death; and yvyj\ the
immortal spirit which leaves behind the dead body.
607. XiXateo: "long for," i.e.., "make your way with all speed."
608. toe': "keep in mind."
940. COMMENT:
.602 ff. The world beyond the grave is fascinating thought, and
a
Justly so, for, although practically everything else has been denied at some
time or other, the fact that all of us will eventually visit that world for
an extended stay has never been seriously doubted. Great literary men like
Homer, Virgil, and Dante have described imaginary Journeys to the other-
world in considerable detail. The revelations of Christianity have made
clear many of the facts connected with life after death. Yet, united with
LESSON 155
and immersed in materiality as we are, it is still hard for us to realize i

or imagine a world of spirits. We should hardly be surprised, then, that
the ancient Greeks struggled with the idea with varying success. Homer's
description of the. soul flying out of the body consumed on the funeral pyre
is not too bad, though his concept of the after-life is scarcely adequate.
In general, he seemed to conceive of the soul as existing forever with its
own individuality, but with a life not as full or free as when it was in the
body. It still
retained the shape of the body to which it had been united,
and, at least sometimes, some of the body's materiality, being affected, for
example by hunger and thirst.
608. His experiences and sights in the world of the dead will natu
rally be a prime subject of conversation with Penelope, once they are re
united.
•* * * *
With these final words, Anticlea fades back into the gloom. Other
shades then rush forward to drink of the blood. Watching them in wonder,
Odysseus recognizes many of them, as Homer goes on to relate in the following
lessons .
941.- TOLOTJTOg, TOLOUJTT1, TOLO\JTOV : "SUCH":

This pronoun is a combination of TOI and O^TOS. TOI is kept un
changed while O^TOG is declined as usual, but with the omission of the in
itial T and the addition of v in the nominative and accusative neuter singu
lar. E.g., fern. dat. pi. =
Toicu)Tno( i) ; neut. ace. pi. - TOICOJTCU
942. WORD STUDY:
ETHER (the upper air in ancient thought, conceived of as 'burning' with the
sun's heat; in philosophy and science, a hypothetical all-pervading medium
throughout the universe, carrying the wave-vibrations of lightj heat, elec
tricity, radio, etc.; a volatile liquid which burns furiously),
ETHEREAL
(like the upper air: light, airy, heavenly).
GOLD DRINKING CUP FROM THE AGE OF HEROES

LESSON 156
943. MEMORIZE:
avaooo), avaJju), frvaSja I am lord of, e£-evapi£u>, -evapiJjtu, -evapiâ

I reign strip (off); I kill
&<p<xp [adv.] straightway, at once 9Ti(3r|, TIC [also plfj Thebes
944. TEXT:
The Tragedy of Oedipus
fj,r)T€pa T' OtSiTToSao

610
77 epyov epe£ei> atopeirjcri vooio
T T • c 5>» * / » »
a> vu 0 o o»» Tfa.Tf.p e
d(f>ap 8' dz>ci77i»crTa $€oi ufcrav a
aXX* 6 ju.ei' €J^ &ij/3r) TroXvypoiTa) dXyea Trdcrâji/

KaSueiwi/ âa'cre Bf.it)v oXoas 8ta
III
sis 17
8* 6)817 ets 'At'Sao TTvXdpTao Kpa.Tf.poto,
d\ba.u.fVTrj /3p6\ov aiTrvv 1^17X010
/\\>>/
d<j>
f V .. / •
A C* *\
aAytct
w
t
av€t
^\
o"Yoaei/T)
/\ TW o / /caAAiTT OTTK
TroXXa jiidX', ocr<ra re fjLfjTpbs fpivves
aTSpeiT), TJC ignorance

avw-nuatoC, ov known, revealed |ieXa6pov, ou roof-beam
C, ou noose, halter Oi8ino8r|C, oio Oedipus
r), Epicaste noXuTJpcrrcC, ov lovely, charming,

T)C
EpTvuC, uoC Erinys, Fury 7iuXcxpTT)C, oio gate-keeper
Ka8(X£lot, uv Cadmeans, Thebans.

945. NOTES:
610. "great" in sense of "monstrous."

the plural of abstract nouns is often used (where the English
has the singular) to refer to the occasions or manifestations of the
abstract idea, or to make it concrete, (cp. line 7:
61£. avanuoTCx: i.e., the circumstances of the marriage.
616. OLLTCUV: predicate, with its original meaning "on high."
617. with passive rather than middle force.
946. COMMENT:
609. This incident is important because of the use made of the story
it tells by the great tragedians in some of their best known plays, especial
ly the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles. The story as developed by subsequent
writers told how Laius, King of Thebes, was warned by an oracle that his son
would ruin him. Despite the warning, he begot a son, but cast him out to
perish. This child, Oedipus, saved by shepherds and grown to manhood with-
70
LESSON 156 71
out any suspicion of his origin, unwittingly killed his father in a fight
resulting from an accident on the road. Proceeding thence to Thebes, he
cleverly rid the city of a destructive monster, the Sphinx, and as his re
ward was given the widowed queen Epicaste or Jocasta as his wife. The queen,
of course, was actually his mother, and when at last the dreadful incest was
revealed through the shepherds, she could not endure the disgrace and remorse,
and hanged herself. Oedipus, terribly shocked by the revelation and still
more by the tragedy of his mother-wife, stabs out his eyes and is driven in
to exile. Notice, however, that the account of Homer makes no mention of
his blindness or exile. Again, Homer implies that the incestuous marriage
was discovered almost at once, but later writers speak of four children,
whose lives as well are dogged by the avenging curse that has settled on
their family.
618. Since Oedipus the cause, even though unwillingly so, of
was
his mother's death, it thought that the avenging spirits which safe
was
guarded maternal reverence would harass his mind and conscience for the rest
of his days, even to the length of madness.
J.Z.
OEDIPUS AND THE SPHINX
Copy of a drawing on a Greek va&e, showing Oedipus puzzling over the
riddle posed by the Sphinx, which he first succeeded in answering,
thereby winning great fame and later the kingship of Thebes.
LESSON 157
947. MEMORIZE:
nun), ncoeoc flock

I harm Xepooc, ou [f.] dry land, land
xa.Ta-XTeivu>, etc. I slay, I kill
948. TEXT:
Agamemnon Tells His Fate
' '
'Arpetorj /cuStcrre, dva£ dvopwv
620 Ti? vv ere Krjp e'Sa/xacrcre ravr) Xeye'os 6a.va.TOio;
Iv vijecrcrL IlocreiSda)!' fodfji
ije
ere'
y
operas dpyaXe'coi/ dv^fav dpeyaprov

yc or' avdpa-LOi cVi
/Sou? TT€.pira.^.v6îf.vov 7)8' oiaiz/ 7r<wea

ê
625 TTToXios fjiaôvp.evov yvvaiKiiiv
;
7re/3t i^Se
8e
/u,'
e5s €(f)dfir)v, O.VTLK

6
Sioyefes Aae/ortaS^, TroXv^rfâv 'O8uo-<r€u,

'
our' IlocretSdaj^
y'
eV
e/xe v^€trtn e'8d/xacr(re^
operas dpyaXeajv a,v€fjuw d^4yapTov dvrp,TJv,
ovre dvdpcrioi cu/Spes iSrjXtj aavr' ITT! \cpcrov,
/a'
630
dXXa /u,ot Atywrô? revfa? Bo.va.rov re fiopov re

eicra cruv ouXo/u,eV$ dXo^w, oi/cd^Se fc
rts re Ka/reKrave ovv eVt

ou Aegisthus Greek prince) rj, ov trost glorious

(a
,
miserable; dire, dreadful |iopoc, ou fate, lot

C,
ov
avcxpatoC, ov unfriendly, hostile ouXo|ievoC, r), ov destructive, cursed

s
ao Atreus' son surround (to drive away)
I
t'8r)C,
— 6£i7tviaaa entertain at £C bringing long woe
I
,
dinner qsaTVT), T)S crib, manger
949. NOTES:
620. cf. line 555.
624. OLOJV: the breathing mark is moved by poetic license.
625. M.axeo\jp.evov: is lengthened for the sake of the meter
o
632. txta: irregular athematic aorist third singular of

633. xocTexTctve: a gnomic aorist.
950. COMMENT:
619. The next figure to appear out of the gloom and to drink or the
72
LESSON 157 73
blood is
the noble Agamemnon, "king of men," commander-in-chief at Troy.
Odysseus is astounded to see him, for he had assumed that Agamemnon and his
party had reached home safely.
notable example of alliteration, for special effect.
622. A
623. There were no supply trains in those days to pour a steady

stream of food and munitions to an expeditionary army. Instead, the army
itself sent out regular foraging columns throughout the whole surrounding
countryside and they simply took what they wanted even at the cost of human
slaughter. Then, too, hardened and brutalized as soldiers inevitably become,
they would at times storm and sack a city merely for personal plunder and the
savage pleasure to be gained at the expense of its unfortunate women. It is
indeed a sad commentary on the new paganism that has insinuated itself into
our own civilization that the modern soldier, in his respect for the personal
property and the women of a captured country, is often little better than the
ancient heathen.
631. During the long absence of Agamemnon, Clytemnestra, his wife,
lonely andbrooding over the wrong done to her by her husband in sacrificing
her daughter, Iphigeneia, to obtain fair winds for sailing to Troy, allowed
her affections to be won by a certain Aegisthus. When word is brought that
Agamemnon is coming home, they plot to receive him with great pomp and show
of love, to welcome him as a returning hero at a great banquet, and then,
when he is least suspecting, to cut down both him and his retinue. The whole
story is dramatized with skill and remarkable force in the Agamemnon of
Aeschylus.
633. "Like an ox at the manger" emphasizes the disgrace and treachery
of the blow.
University Prints
DEATH MASK OF 'AGAMEMNON1
A portraitmask in hammered gold. of a bearded warrior-king of Mycenae,
where it was found by Schliemann in a royal tomb. Popularly supposed
to represent Agamemnon, once king of that ancient Homeric city.
LESSON 158
951. MEMORIZE:
a<pvei6g, (TJ), 6v wealthy [sometimes tpaneâ, TIC table

,w- dat- or gen.]' TJOÎVT), TIC battle, conflict
yaÔGj ov
^
marriage; marriage-feast cpovos, ou death, slaughter
oixtpoc, T], 6v [alternative supl.:
olxTioToc] pitiful miserable
952. TEXT:
BloodI
(3? 9dvOV OlKTiCTTa) Oavdrto •

TTtpl 8' GlXXot C
635 i/o)Xeiea>5 KTCWOVTO crves a»9
ol pa. r iv d<f)V€Lov d^Spos pcya Bwapevoio

17 ydfjifa 77 cpdva) 17
77017 /ie^ TToXeiwv <f>6va>

d
/cat eVt Kparepy
640 dXXa *€ Keti/a /taXtcrra iSaii/ 6Xo(f>vpao
KpTjTTJpa. rpaTreâ? re ir\-rj0ovcra<;
eVl pe-yapo), SaTreSoi/ 8* a7rai^ ai/xart û«/.
, —, avTt-poXT)(ra I take part in,

epccvoC, ou feast
I am present at
apYio'6ouC, OVTOC white-tusked HOUV£jg 8ingly> alone
6aite5ov, ou pavement, floor, ground without
vuXE^tecoC pause, without flinching
banquet I filled, I
], T)C nXneu am am full

953. NOTES:
635. &c: translate before cnjeg.
636. ot: the verb is carried down from the preceding line.
iv: understand .6omp.
640. jiaA-LOia: witn o\o<pupao.
oXotpupao: contrary-to-fact in past time. The supposition is implied
in iSuiv.
641. we: "how we lay..."; explains xelvcu
954. COMMENT:
634-642. The vividness and terse vigor of this whole passage are
noteworthy.
635-636: By use of an effective simile, Homer intensifies our feel
ing of the magnitude and ruthlessness of the slaughter. Notice that he
speaks of a very rich man, — therefore one who would have large herds of
swine and would think nothing of killing hundreds, need be. He speaks, if
too, of a great feast, perhaps the wedding feast of his daughter, for which
74
LESSON 158 75
the lord would spare no expense or effort. One who has witnessed the cold
efficiency of a slaughter-house can best appreciate the comparison.
640. The point seems well taken. Killing in the heat and excitement
of open battle would not arouse the same horror as cold-blooded, premeditated
murder.
955. GENITIVE OF COMPARISON:
In Latin, adjectives and adverbs of the comparative degree may take

either ablative of comparison or quam plus the nominative or accusative.
the
E.g., Vergil might say:
Nihil est mutabilius f emina or quam femina (est) .
Nothing is more changeable than a woman.
In Greek, the genitive is used in the same way. Thus Homer could say:
Ou6ev eoTi aivoTepov YUVO.IXOG or TI YOVT\ (eoTiv).
Mothing is more dreadful than a woman.
956. WORD STUDY:
TRAPEZOID, TRAPEZIUM (geometrical plane quadrilaterals looking something like

a 'small table1); TRAPEZE (a swinging bar for exercise, forming, along with
its ropes and support, a table-shaped area) .
University Prints
THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE

Badly battered remains of the small Ionic shrine to Athens' patronness
on the Acropolis, once one of the glories of ancient architecture.
LESSON 159
957. MEMORIZE:
êc^
unseemly, shameful xox>pi6ios, TI, ov wedded
ouvoc, TI, ov dreadful, terrible fciji, ono£ [f.] voice
axoxiu),axouoonoa, frxouoa hear I nooig, ioe husband
[sometimes w. gen.] Tipoti or TXOTI = npos
tôxcx [adv.] chiefly, above the Ilpianoe, ou Priam [king of Troy]
rest oTop.a, O.TOC mouth
epeL6co, epeioui, tpeioa I rest; TOIOVTOC, TotauxTi, TOLOUTOV such
I lean; I press
958. TEXT:
The Disgrace of Womanhood
8* rfKova'a OTTO.
IT/ata/ioto Bvyarpos
rr)v /crett'e KXvrcufJiv'tja'Tpr) 80X0/117x15
645 a,fJ.(f> e/tot, avrap eyai iroxt yatiy êt/oa? aeipuiv
vocr<f)i(raT\ ovSe /xot erXr; tdvrt Trep et<? 'AtSao

Yepo"t /cax' 6(f)da\[Jiov<? eXe'eii/ crvt' re O~TO/X' e/)eto~at.
ais ot»/c aivoTtpov /cat KvvTtpov aXXo
rotaOra /xera (frptcriv epya
8r)
eso
17 xt?
otoy /cat /ceiVrj ffjujcraro tpyov aei/ce<?
817
•
Kovpi&i Teuâtra <f)6vov vroo-r rot 1/ ye
77
6(^17
a.or7rao"toi? TratSccro'tt' t8e 8/xwecrcrtt' e/x,ota"ti/

8'
•
e'Xevo-eo-ât fôâ Xvypa tc

>'
17
ess ol re /car'
ywcuffi, /cat
/c'
eV
6r)XvT€pr)cri eue/ayo?
17
ato-xoC, shame, dishonor

eoC KXuTO l|«mCTpll, 1« Clytemnestra [wife of
etc. die
I
Agamemnon]
,
7), ov welcome, delightful xuvTtpoC, TI, ov more shameless (more dog-

,
8oX6ur)TlC, toC wily like)

euepyoC, ov well-doer, upright xuvuniC, t6oC shameless (dog-eyed)
6r)Xuf£pT), r)C [adj.] female voaqptônat, — voo~qpiaciifi.T)v turn stray
I
,
KocaaavSpT), T)C Cassandra (from)
959. NOTES:
643. otxTpoTctTTiv: with predicate idea. "The most pitiful thing heard was
I
the voice. .
"
.
645-6. "...but raising my hands (in supplication) dropped them as lay

I
dying on the ground with the sword through me."

76
LESSON 159 77
648. XCXT' : w. e\eeiv = "to. close."

OTJV :adv., "to presa together."
649. OVM : understand eorCv.
650. pa\T|TaL: i.e., "considers." (cp. Latin "jacto").
651. olov 6r) xai: "such as the shameless deed (for example) which..."
653. aonaoLOs: if
the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the
main verb, it and its modifiers are kept in the nominative case in Greek.
654. iSuia: shortened from eiSuicu
655. xat': with £x£ue, which it merely strengthens.
future participle of eipit.
an older form of The understood antecedent of is
fj.
656.
t|
960. 'COMMENT:
particularly obtuse and conceited in the

•
644. Men are supposed to be

way take for granted the loving devotion, loyalty, and self-sacrifice of
they
their wives. However that may be, we cannot help but marvel at the self-
assurance witn which Agamemnon openly brings home with him his concubine,
Cassandra. woman of the strong type of Clytemnestra was not likely to
A
fall upon her neck in welcome with anything less than a knife.
"The female of the species is more deadly than the male,"
649.
Kipling put it,
and even the gentle Virgil has a god declare, "A woman is
always a fickle and an inconstant creature" (Varium et mutabile semper
emina; 4.569). To what lengths woman will go in jealousy and betrayed
f
love is nowhere perhaps better expressed than in the Medea of Euripides,

to which, in fact, the Dido episode in Virgil is thought to be much in debt.
656. Even a good woman, Agamemnon says, will always feel shame to be
of the same sex as his "doglike" wife.
961. WORD STUDY:
CALLIOPE 'fair-voiced' musical instrument operated by steam. and key

(a
a
board) — ASPASIA woman's name).
(a
TOY HORSE ON WHEELS
Greek children were not unlike our own in their forms

of amusement. (Courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art)
LESSON 160
962. MEMORIZE:
[a stronger form of truly,
TJ,
yXuxepog, ov sweet n^v M.EV]
lieveaivw, — êveiyva desire indeed
I
,
eagerly; rage vecpos, eoc cloud
I
o>u6et.£, eooa, ev shadowy
963. TEXT:
Tantalizing
fjirjv TdWaXoi> eicreiSoi' KpaTCp' ctXye'

l
•
eoTadr' \ijjivr) 8e TrpocreVXaê yez/eiaj
•
«>
r)
8'
crreGro Se 8«//da>i', Tneeiy ou/c eZ;(«' eXecrât-
eeo 6<T(ra/ct yap KV^CI 6 yepaiv mc&v [jLtveaivuv,

rotrcra^' v8a>/3 aTroXecr/cer' di/aySpoêV, a.fji(f>l 8e Trocrcrti/
yata /icXaiva <£dVe<TKe, /cara^'i/aa/ce 8e
8eV8pea 8' v^tTrer^Xa Kara
665 (TV/ccai re yXv/ce/Dai /cat e'Xatai

T£)V OTTOT' WvcreC yepcw eVt êpcrl /xdcracrât,
6
8'
TCI? dVe/nos piTrraovee TTOTI ve<f>ea cr/cioei/ra.
ov of splendid fruit, luxuriant HlXErj, T)C apple tree

,
oxoi, aor. pass. ava-ppoxi)V swallow OYXV1» i\t pear-tree

I
down 6o-aoxi [adv.] as often as

yEvetov, ou chin 7[pocr-7tXaZ; beat on

I
lycicd thirst potrj, 1C pomegranate

8
I
eXatT), olive-tree aTE\5|iat press forward

I
T)C
T6uu, — T6uaa am eager, strive o~ux£T), r)C fig-tree
I
I
,
xoT-aCatvu, — xoT-aCriva make dry TdvTaXoC, ou Tantalus

I
,
flourish
I
xprj9EV from above TT]XE6cx<o
stoop, bend over Tocjo-axi [adv.] so 'often

Xuya
I
i
—^
>
TjC lake, water uywiETTiXoC, ov with lofty foliage

HCUO|i<H, — (laffdniv (w. eni) lay hold of
I
,
964. NOTES:
658. ioraoT': perfect active participle of totaôu; two syllables, by syn-

ezesis.
659. eTxev: txu with the infinitive sometimes means "I have the ability,
can."
I
665. o-imecu: eai is scanned as one syllable by synezesis.
78
LESSON 160 79
965. COMMENT:
657. Looking through the gloomy portals of Hades, Odysseus makes out
several notorious sinners who have been condemned to a special punishment for
their crimes. The first is Tantalus. He is said to have revealed the sec
rets of the gods and to have stolen nectar and ambrosia from their table.
Cicero- says that he was punished for his intemperance and assumptions of
grandeur ("ob scelera animique impotent-lam et superbiloquentiam," Tusc .
4.16.35) .
658. The agony of frustration engendered by the water actually lap
ping against his chin and almost touching his parched and thirst-blackened
lips, and by the juicy, tree-ripe fruit blown by the wind almost into his
mouth is a vivid picture of the origin of our word "tantalize."
666. Though knowing from previous attempts repeated over and over
again that he will not be able to grasp the elusive fruit, he cannot restrair.
himself from trying again, and then once more, with more quickness or with
more craft, only to see the branches tossed lightly up out of his reach as
effectively as if
they were the clouds themselves.
966. WORD STUDY:

MELOH (a fruit like
large 'apple') — SYCAMORE (a tree of the fig-mulberry
a
variety), SYCOPHANT ('one who reveals the figs,1 an informant; a flatterer —
the origin of both meanings is now lost) — TANTALIZE (to torment by arousing
hopes, then dashing them).
INLAID DAGGERS FROM MYCENAE

The vigorous action and realism of the gold inlay on these Homeric daggers
makes them doubly valuable finds — by reason of their intrinsic beauty and
the interesting light they shed on the civilization Homer portrays in his poems.
LESSON 161
967. MEMORIZE:
xapTi(a)Toc orxptt(a)Toe head Xaag, Xaos [ace. Xdav; m.] stone

TJG dust Xocpog, o\) crest, summit
I roll GJ6eu), (bow, ioa I push
968. TEXT:
Eternal Frustration
KOL p,r}v 2icrv<f)oi> eicretSoy /cpare/o' aXye'

Xacu' ySacrraôi/ra irtKaipiov a
670
77
rot /aef o"/o7/3i7rTOju.«>os êpcriv re TTCHTIV re
•
ai/a> TTOTI X6<j>ov dXX' ore /^teXXot
•
', TOT' a7roo~T/3ei|/ao"/ce Kparau?
IVretTa 7re'Soi/Se /cuXti/SeTO Xaa? di/atS^^.
avrap o y dî tSo'ao'/ce TtTaii'd/xei/o?, Kara S' t
675 eppeev IK fitXecov, Kovirj 8' e/c Kparos o
avai6^C, £« shameless, pitiless TteSov, ou eerth, (lower) ground
avco [adv. 1 up, upwards ZTcnxpoC, ou Sisyphus

—, I turn back axT)pinTOM.dt brace myself
I
OTio-o-Tpeâ
I lift, I bear TITCU'VO) stretch, [mid.:] strive
I
I
I6puc, 5roC sweat etc. throw over
I
only] mighty force
t'c
xpcxtcu fnotn.
969. NOTES:
669. an9OTepfloiv: understand
675. xpatog: genitive of xapT].
970. .COMMENT:
668. Sisyphus, the next victim of divine justice seen by Odysseus,

was conceived as the type of the cunning man. He is said (by Theognis, an
early lyric poet) to have devised an escape from Hades, but was brought back
and given the punishment described here.
673. bold adjective, attributing to the stone a personal,

avatfiris:
A
malicious in rolling back down. Still, such personification is

satisfaction
a common phenomenon. Golfers have been known to break a club into small bits
in punishment for missing an important shot, and gamblers not infrequently
plead with the ivory cubes to "come seven!".
Note this line as an instance of how the meter can reflect and
enhance the sense. you read If it
aloud several times, you can almost hear
the rock tumbling and bouncing down the slope and coming to a Jolting stop.
Successful poets and song-writers must develop a strong sense for the sound
and rhythm of words. The tone-quality of poem is to be felt, and is dif
a
80
LESSON 161 81
ficult to analyze without seeming to exaggerate. To appreciate it, try to

listen to the music of the lines, as well as to their sense, when reading
poetry. Compare, for example, these two lines from Virgil:
monstrum horrendum informe ingens cui lumen ademptum
and quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum.
If you have read them aloud, you will not be surprised to learn that the
first describes the blinded Cyclops lumbering down the mountain, and that the
second pictures a colt prancing across a plain. Or again, the special "sound-
effects" in this line from Poe's Raven are not merely accidental:
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain.
674. The eagerness and persistence with which Sisyphus continued to

work are probably to be explained on the ground of some belief or even cer
tainty on his part that, if
he ever pushed the rock over the brink of the
hill, he would be allowed to effect a second, permanent escape.
971. WORD STUDY:

CYLINDER (a hollow 'roller-like' vessel) —APOSTROPHE (a comma-like symbol in
dicating omission of a letter, possessive case, etc.; a figure of speech in
which one 'turns aside' to address an absent person as though present).
AA^V
-\XX
v\
x V* v
F.X.G.Arce.S. J.
SISYPHUS
LESSON 162
972. MEMORIZE:
, oxi bond
9edt, 0.6 goddess relate,^ I say
, uivo£ meadow nie£iu, nieo(o)u), nieoo. I press;
I speak among I oppress
ZeipTJv, fivos [f.] Siren
the myriad shades of the dead began to crowd around Odysseus and
As
his they became anxious and afraid that some evil might befall them.
men,
Accordingly they hurried on to their ship and, with a fair wind, soon came
back to the island of Circe. After only a day's rest, they set off again
with abundant provisions supplied by the goddess and with detailed instruc
tions regarding their Journey. Shortly after the start, Odysseus calls
together his crew.
973. TEXT:
"Forewarned Is Forearmed"
eywi/ erdpottn Krjp-

817
676 TOT*
f '\ W *S £/>
>
>
>£
\
91X01, ov 'yap ^pr) eva ouo ov otovs

.
I
l
co
iQfJL^va.1
0eo~<f)a0', a JMOI Kip/cr^ /Ltv^craro, Sta

dXX* epeoj peis iywv, Iva etSdre? KC
17
680 Odvarov /cat Krjpa

irpwTov avwryei ffecmecridcw
<f>66yyov d\euacr0cu KOI
'
•
olov rjvc'ryeL on' dKov€fj,€v dXXct fie
avroBi
'
ev d/ayaXeiw, o^>/o' e/aireSoi/

iv
8'
685 op6ov tcrroTreSr;, e/c avrov Treipar'

et 8e /ce Xiorcriujutat u/xeias Xvcrat re /ceXevcu,
t? 8e TrXedêtrcrt TOT' eV Secr/AOicrt
KV-(xnTti), etc. fasten i<rrcme6r), r)C mast -step

I
tVTOC flowery nelpap, atoC rope

,
974. NOTES:
677. XPTI: "it is not befitting."
680. qruYotptev: a shift to the optative to show the less probability of escap
ing.^
687. nXeoveooi: for nXeioveom.
'
975 . COMMENT
:
679. There would be a certain satisfaction in knowing the danger

82
LESSON 162 83
they must face, and, if they must die, in knowing at least the cause of
their death.
were two beautiful, honey-voiced sea-maidens who
681. The Sirens
lived island
on an past which the ship's journey lay. They were supposed,
with their far-reaching, intriguing song, to lure unfortunate mariners to
their death on the island.
Circe permitted Odysseus himself to hear the Sirens, possibly
683.
to convince him of the truth of her warning to shun them, to safeguard him
against unforeseen trouble from another quarter, and to satisfy his natural
curiosity.
686. Realistically, Odysseus distrusts his strength of will to re
sist the powerful appeal of the Sirens. Some temptations are best conquered
by removing all opportunity or occasion of falling.
687. Perhaps to hold our attention and curiosity, Homer does not
here say how Odysseus alone is to hear the Sirens' song, while his companions
do not. t
976. WORD STUDY:
SIREN (a shrill moaning whistle) .

J.Z.
INTERIOR OF A GREEK HOME
From a reconstruction of a late type of Greek house. The central
court was open to air and sunlight and usually contained a sunken
garden or pool. Statues, vaees, placques add a decorative touch.
LESSON 163
977. MEMORIZE:
&V-LOTTIHI, etc. I stand up xoinT)oa put to

ov safe; propitious sleep; I calm
I drive on; [mid.:] I xunoij O.TOC wave
hasten nitpouoxco I make known
Toqppo. so long, meanwhile
978. TEXT:
A Dangerous Calm
TOL eya> TO, CKCLOTCL \4ytav erapottrt TTL(f>av(TKOV

a 8e Kapna.\ifjLO}<; eî'/cero 1/171)
690 SeipTpoji' cs vfjcrov •erretye ya/> owpo?

avrlK eTretr' aê/oto? /^,ei> eVaucraro, 37
8e
CTrXero î/e/AtTy, KOifJLrjore 8e Ku/xara

ai/crra^re? 8* erapoi reo? tcrria (j.r)pvcravTO
Kal TOL fjifv iv vr\i y\a(f>vpf) Oecrav, ol 8* eV
ess eô/xei'oi Xevfcati'oi' v&iop ^€or^9 e\drr)cnv.
, nc e celir, Xeuxcfvu I trske white

, T)C pine .(tree); pine oer urjpDofiai, — , UT)puowT)v I furl, fold
el-ixveoiiai, etc. I errive (at), I come vnvem'r, T)C windless
't0' EetJTOC, Ji, 6v heKD, polished
979. NOTES:
694. TOL: the sail.

980. COMMENT:
691. It
would seem that the sudden stopping of the wind was somehow
caused by the enchanted island of the Sirens. On a calm sea with absolutely
no wind, their voices would be heard clearly; and since the sailors must row
past, the sea-maidens would have longer time to work their spell on them.
981. WORD STUDY:
COMA (a deep sleep) .
84
LESSON 164
Review
98J2. Go over again Lessons 154-163; make sure now that you have really mastered

2. Text; Reread the 108 lines of text, making sure that you recognize all
the forms .
8. Story;
a. Tell briefly the story of Oedipus.
b. What was the fate of Agamemnon ?
c. What were the punishments of Tantalus and Sisyphus ?
d. Who were the Sirens ? Who warned Odysseus against them ?
4. Criticism
a. How does Homer describe death and the after-life ? Where is he
right ? Where wrong ? Why would Odysseus seem surprised at what
he finds out about the nature of the world beyond ?
b. Do you think it
is characteristic of the Greeks that the punish
ments here described have a 'definite psychological emphasis ?
Give your reasons.
c. Is Agamemnon fair in his condemnation of womanhood ?
5. Grammar: Review
a. oiStos.
b. TOIOVTOC.
c. Gen. of comparison.
6. Composition; Translate accurately :
a. Who said that there is nothing more shameful and dreadful than
such a(toio\)TOg ) woman ?
b. When he had said this, he stood up and made known everything to
his eager men.
c. Meanwhile, the ship, urged on by the winds, hastened to the great
island of these Sirens.
85
983. GREEK PAINTING:
As might be expected, few actual Greek paintings have survived the

destructive forces of time, weather, and war down to our own days, except
the decorations on ancient vases--which have been preserved in large num
bers. Ordinary paintings on wood, canvas, walls of buildings have largely
perished with the impermanent surfaces into which they were worked. Some
highly interesting wall-frescoes from early Crete and Tiryns are still ex
tant, however, and show a striking liveliness of conception and fine taste
in beautiful color-contrasts. There are also a few portraits of individ
uals by Greek artists which have been found in almost perfect condition in
Egypt; and many of the extant mosaics of Pompeii or Herculaneum are in them
selves but marble copies of famous Greek paintings. Most of our information
in the matter, however, is had from the descriptions of ancient writers on
Greek art, particularly Pliny, Lucian, and Pausanias.
It Is that the first great painter of Greece was Polygnotus,

known
who in the early fifth
century B.C. won fame for- his simple, dignified,
life-like rendering of scenes from history or mythology. Toward the end
of the same century, Apollodorus introduced effective shading, while the
great masters Zeuxis and Parrhasius worked out the technique of high
lighting, beautiful tones, and a remarkable realism — in fact, it is said
that the birds pecked at some grapes which Zeuxis had drawn., so natural did
they seem. The supreme painter of antiquity, though, was Apelles, who lived
in the fourth century B.C. and was famous for the exceptional charm of his
work, due to the fusion of high technical skill, beautiful arrangement of
material, fine color shading, and the bright play of his artistic imagina-
AN EGYPTIAN YOUTH
An admirable portrait study by a Greek artist, painted on wood in seven colors to
perpetuate the memory of an Egyptian boy who died in his youth. Note the fine tech
nique of light and shadow and the living personality caught in the soulful eyes.
(Courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art)
LESSON 164 87
tion. of his most celebrated works was a splendid portrait of Alexander

One
the Great. Later painters were less gifted, but they advanced the principle
of perspective and natural background to a high level of perfection; they
preferred still-life scenes and landscapes to the more vigorous interests of
the older masters in human or mythological themes.
A similar progressive development can be traced in the Greek art of

vase painting. The earliest known examples of decorated pottery in Greece,
from the ninth and eighth centuries before Christ, usually have geometrical
patterns of triangles, circles, angular lines, or rather clumsy representa
tions of men and animals. In the seventh century, there is noticeable a
strong orientalizing influence, due to contact with Phoenician merchant
traders, leading to depiction of mythological animals such as griffins or
winged bulls, and to a crowding of little
rosettes, dots, or other ornaments
into every vacant space of the surface. These figures were commonly painted
in black on a red background, but later yellow, white, green, and other
colors were also added, to give beautiful polychrome effects.
sixth century, however, the true Greek spirit asserted itself

By the
in a shift to taken from mythology or actual daily life, and a
human themes,
steady development of ever more beautiful and elevated decoration technique.
There is naturally a marked similarity with contemporary styles of sculpture,
the "archaic" and "transitional" periods. The figures are stiff, angular,
with long beards and sharp noses, more symbolic caricatures than serious
attempts at realistic portraiture. They are arranged in groups of unified
action, so that there is always a discernible story or plot or clear refer
ence to some particular episode of poetry or myth. There Is usually also
some geometrical ornamentation as border or background or filler of empty
spaces. As the drawing at this period is uniformly black on the natural red
surface of the baked clay, these are known as "black- figure" vases. Not a
few, especially toward the end of this phase, are strikingly beautiful and
show admirable draughtsmanship. Execias is the most famous of vase painters
of this period. (See the example of his work in our other volume, p. 262.)
The peak of ancient vase painting

was reached in the next stage,
lasting throughout the fifth century and half of the fourth. The greatest
masters of the art were Duris, Euphronius, Pistoxenus, and Brygos, many of
whose original works are still
extant as precious exhibits in the world's
museums. This was the period of "red- figure" vases, since about 500 B.C.
there was a sudden and universal change-over of technique, whereby the back
ground was painted on in black or pure white, leaving the design in the soft
reddish glow of the unpainted clay, as being closer to the natural color of
the body. The workmanship parallels that of sculpture in its "classical"
period, and shares with it the emphasis on noble conception, serene, ideal
ized human warmth, great simplicity and restraint, delicate drapery of the
garments, and fine precision of outline with splendid mastery of details and
a refined anatomical naturalness. There is little if
any filling in of open
spaces, no crowding on of unnecessary ornamentation. Lettered speech is
often printed near the heads of the principal figure, and many of the vases
are signed with their maker's name, in Justifiable pride of accomplishment.
Besides their great beauty, these vases also teach us much about the feat
ures and conditions of Greek life, and are an admirable supplement to a
study of ancient literature.
Vase painting in the Hellenistic period, after 350 B.C., continued

to posess fine detail and execution, but became more lavish and modernistic.
At this stage, the figures were often moulded in raised relief before being
painted, to seem more real. Classical Greece has bequeathed the world a
rich, indeed unparalleled, heritage of beauty. Of those treasures of Greek
culture still open for our enjoyment and profit, these magnificent vases are
deservedly anong the most admired.
SHAPES OF GREEK VASES

Nine of the more than twenty five distinct types of Greek vase are here il
lustrated. Their proper classification names are (reading from left to right)
in the top row: kylix, bell krater, stemless kylix; in middle row: lekythos,
column krater, amphora; in bottom row: Corinthian lekythos, stamnos, oinochoe.
(Courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art)
LESSON 165
984. MEMORIZE:
aXetqxo, aAeLi|iu>, SAeiiJia I anoint, xripog, ou wax

I daub O\LOV together, «at the same time
aoi6Ti,_TiG Song o3ae, aroc [dat. pi. also UKH] ear
OUYTJ, TJC light j ray fiin<pa
Jadv.] ^swiftly
iouvto, — , ITIVO. warm, I I melt; otipapoe, r\y ov stout, strong
I cheer
985. TEXT:
Extreme Measures
696 avrap f.yo) Ktjpoio fieyav rpoôv oêt
ouâ 8* iaCvero Krjpos, eVel KeXero /xeyctXi^ ts

'
'HcXiou T avyrj Tirepiov&ao ava/cros •
700 €^€1175 8' €.TO.pOlCTlV €77* OVO.TOL TTO.CFLV CtXe«/fa.
e P. ) j / » *O c ^ f\ / /&
OL o €v vrji u, eoTrjcrav op,ov vetpa? re Trooa? re
opdov eV icTTOTre'S^, e/c 8' avrou Tret/aar' a
aurot 8' e£o/aei'oi TroXtî/ aXa TVTTT
a,XX' ore rocr&ov ctTnJ/aej/, ocroi' re yeyatve /
705 ptfji(f>a SiaJ/coires, ra? 8' ov Xdffev atKvaXos
>
opvvfJievTr), \iyvprjv 8' evrvvov a
, etc. I fasten netpap, aioC rope

—, 6iex-T|HT)!-a I cut up, I sep- TpoyoC, ou wheel; round mass

arete Tur9o'c, (n) , ov small
'
I prepare; I strike up Y7Uprovi67iC, 5io = 'Tnepluv
, T)C mast-step ixuaXoC, ov swift on the sea, swift sailing
XiyupoC, ii, ov clear-toned
986.. NOTES:
697. T-UTGa: (adv.) "into small pieces."

704. TOOOOV: so great a distance.
705. SiowovTec: here with causative sense (understand vfjo.) = driving along
the ship.
987. COMMENT:
697. The pressure exerted by his hands, along with the hot rays of
the sun, would easily cause the wax to grow soft.
700. Not until now does the poet explicitly say Odysseus prepared the
wax. It is not, of course, necessary for him to belabor the point that thus
89
the crewmen will not be able to listen to the voices of the Sirens.
705. Any hopes Odysseus may have entertained that his ship would be
able to slip by without attracting the attention of the deadly Sirens are
soon dashed. The Sirens are on the alert and begin their enchanting tunes.
He can only hope now that his strategy will work out as planned.
938. WORD STUDY:
KEROSENE (an inflammable oil chemically related to wax) .

G. P. Brown Co.
DEMOSTHENES
A fine marble statue of the greatest of ancient

orators, whose fiery eloquence is still studied
as a model of the speaker's art.
LESSON 166
989. MEMORIZE:
8e\5po [adv.] hither I toil, I suffer
eog honor, glory
990. TEXT: Song of the Sirens

'
Sevp' ay la>v, iroKvaiv 'OSucrei', jueya Ki)8o<j 'A
VT)Q. /caracrr^croi', iva. vu>(.T£p 6V'
ov yap TTO) Ti? TT^Se Tiap^Xacre vrjl
710 Trpiv y rjfjLtojv it€\[yr)pvv 0.776 crro/aaraj^ 6V' d/coucrat,
dXX' 6 ye Tepi^d/Mtvo1? i^cirai /cai TrXeiofa eiS&j? •
iS/zc^ ya/3 roi Tra.v6\ 6V eVi T/OOIT^ evpeir)

ApyeloL T/aaie? re êaJi^ 10x1771 /noyrycraf ,
o', 6'crcra yeV^rai eVi

715
<f)dcrav icio-at 6Va /caXXt/AO^
•
aura/3
'
OLKOvfyk&HU, Xucrat T' e/ceXeuoi/ eraipou?
6(f>pvcri vevcrTciâiv
•
ol 8e TrpOTrecrd^Te? epeaaov.
'ipY<Tot, UV Argives, Greeks

vul'tepoC, T), ov our [of two only]
epeaau I row
Tiocp-EXocuvu, etc. I drive past, I sail past
tOTT)C, r)TOC will, decree
TtoXvjouvoC, praised, glorious
ov much
xtx0- 1CTTTjHt , etc. I stop, I stetion TtOuXupoTeipa, [adj.] feeding many,
T)C
ov fair fruitful
, uoc [adj.] sweet-voiced 7tpo-;i I'KTU, etc. bend forward
veuorcxtto I nod, I motion

991. NOTES:
715. Letoat: from LELS> Leioa, tev present active participle of trim.
992. COMMENT:
The Sirens' song is craftily composed to appeal to the noble

707 ff.
and intellectual
Greek leader. The chief attraction they offer him is know
ledge — new and exciting reports about the famous war in which he himself took
part and about the heroes he had once known so well; secret, preternatural
information to answer the constant questionings about the world of men and
nature, always so full of wonders and mysteries. St. Paul, twelve centuries
later, could still
characterize the Greeks as "always desirous of hearing
something new."
716. It seems a little
strange to see Odysseus yearning to make a
fool of himself while his companions, whom he usually has to cajole and re
strain from ruining themselves, are now the checking and saving force.
Nevertheless, the situation is really to the credit of Odysseus, since the
91
92 A READING COURSE IN HOMKRIC GREEK
restraining influence of his men was possible only through his healthy mis
trust of his own powers of will.
714. The song of the Sirens has been much admired. Cicero, for in
stance, greatly esteemed it and has thus translated it into Latin (De Fin.
5.18) :
0 decus Argolicum, quin puppim flectis, Ulixe,
Auribus ut nostros possis adgnoscere cantus?
Nam nemo haec unquam est transvectus caerula cursu,
Quin prius adstiterit vocum dulcedine captus;
Post variis avido satiatus pectore musis
Doctior ad patrias lapsus pervenerit oras.
Nos grave certamen belli clademque tenemus,
Graecia quam Troiae divino numine vexitj
Omniaque e latis rerum vestigia terris.
x
The picture of one of the greatest of the Romans sitting down some two thous
and years and wrinkling his forehead as he works out a translation
ago of
this same passage that we are now translating should impress us with a sense
of the continuity of our culture.
993. WORD STUDY:
KUDOS (glory, fame, renown) .

ODYSSEUS PASSING THE SIRENS

From a Greek vase.
LESSON 167
994. TEXT:
Safety I — And New Peril
8* aVorrdiTe? II 6^1^770779 EvpvXoô9 TC
re
p.'
rrXeioo-t eV Seoyxourt Seo^ /maXXoV 7rte£oi/.
ra? ye ovS' er eVetra

__
avrap eVel 877
720 7rap77/Xacrai',
_ . _ . O^X O ^
r9
)
)
muoyyns 2,f.ipTiv<itv TiKO'vop.f.v ouoe 0010779,
au//' aTTo Kirjpov eXoi^ro e/AOt e'ptTjpe? eratpoi,

r/ *\ »>3/>>O
^ '^
>
*
e/c oe(Tfj,(Dv avel
»
5
«
oi/ e;r coo-it' aXew/;
r
o-<£u' e/xe ,
aXX* ore avrt/c eVetra
877
TT)^ vfjcrov eXeiVo/xei',

725 airvov KOL /xeya /cv/xa tSov /cat SoCTrov aKovo~a.
8'
wi/ dpa Seto-at-rcuv e'»c êtpaiv eVrrar e/aer/xa,
8'
dpa Travra fcara avrov
8'
•
ôdov ecrêro
eVet ou/cer' eper/xa rrpoT^/cea ^pcriv eVretyo^.
avrap eya> 8ta 1/7709 wrpwov eratpov9

tcii'
•
730 eVee(ro"i TrapaoraSoi/ d^8pa CKCLCTTOV
loose napa<TT<x56v [adv. standing beside, stepping

ava-Xuu, etc.
]
I
— hum; splash up beside

Pon&eu, gon3T)0a
I
I
,
roaring nap-eXauvu, etc. drive past, row past

ou thudding,
I
I
8ou7ioC,
vapor, mist flEpt|jT)6T)C, 5o Perimedes
xanvoC, ovi smoke,
rather 7tpor|XT)C, £C sharpened, tapering
(laXXov [adv. more,

]
995. NOTES:
723. o)oiv: apparently contraction from O\>O.TOIV.

a
727. Hcnra ^>6ov: "down into the water."
996. COMMENT:
Faithful to his previous instructions, two of his companions

719.
get up and tie him still more securely despite his struggles to free himself
and his efforts to order them to release him.
721. f|HO\)ojiev: He means, of course, when we were no longer able to
hear them. The crew waited until they were so far past the island that
there would be no possibility of the Sirens' voices carrying so far.
723. Once the actual temptation is removed, Odysseus recovers his
normal self-discipline, and can be released without fear of his wishing to
return to the island.
725. They are approaching now the north end of the perilous strait
between Sicily and Italy. Already they can see the vapor and spray rising
93
above the rocks and the rough water of the narrow channel, and can hear the
booming of the pounding surf. With their' small vessel confronted by the
tremendous power of the sea, a feeling of helplessness comes over them.
729. Like a good captain, Odysseus must re-awaken in them their

courage.
997. WORD STUDY:
ANALYSIS (a breaking-up or 'loosening1 of some complex object or problem into

its component parts), ANALYTICAL.
University Prints
WOMAN CARRYING A POWDER BOX
A strikingly 'modernistic' fresco done in bright colors to

decorate a palace room about the time of the Trojan War.
LESSON 168
998. MEMORIZE:
(e)epYt»),£p£">, ip£a I keep off; eni-TeXA.0), , enC-TetXa I enjoin;

Ishut up I
give orders to
EiX(e)u), — , (t)eA.oa I confine; I xeioe [adv7J thither
check; [pass. :] I throng; I crouch nip.vr)oxu), nvrjoo), ^vf|oa I remind;
extog [adv.^ outside, awa'y from pnid.:] I
remember [with gen.]
OHoneA.os» ou crag
999. TEXT:
Odysseus, the Leader

'
731 (a <£tXot, ov yap TTO) TL /ca/co>i> d
ov ro8e /Aeiôf eirt ore
ST)
fifv KOLKOV,
rj
•
etAei eVl (nrrji. y\a.(f>vpa> Kpa.T€pr)<f>i ftfyfav
aXXa /cat cvBev Ipr) apery, fiovXf) re vow re,
735
€K(f)VyOfJi€V, KO.L TTOV ToUl'Se fJLVTJCTeO'ffa.i Old).
8'
vvv ay€0', cJ? dv eyai etTrco, Tre.iB(i)^6a

priy^tva. /3a0ela.v
vfjLfZs fJL€v KotTrrjcriv 01X09
Tvirrere /cX^tSecrerii' d<f>ijp,cvoi, at KC TTOÎ
TovSe V7re/c^>uyeeti/ /cat dXuât
y'
80*77 oXcOpov
•
740 crot 8e, KvftepvrjO', <S8* eTrtreXXo/ât dXX* ei/l
eVet 1/7765 y\a<f>vpr)<; otifta
,
TOVTOV fJL£V KCLTTVOV Kdl KV/ittTOS 6KTO5

cru 8e cr/coTreXov Im/tateo, /Ltif (re Xa.0r)(riv

,
e'?
/cetcr' lôp/MTJa-aa-a /cat KO.KOV d/z/xe

ovoC inexperienced, ignorant of oi^tov, OU rudder [pi. sometimes used for

.
£x-qceuY, etc. escape sfe-

I I
etc. rush forth no6t ever, somehow
sit at priYJJuC, IvoC surf; surging sea

I
xomvoC, ou smoke, vapor, mist UTi-ex-qpeuYU flee out from under, escape
J
KWjiT), T)C hilt (of sword), handle of an

oar. oar
1000. NOTES:
732. tut: a shortened form of tn-eoTi meaning "there is" or simply "is."
(Notice the position of the pitch-mark.)
753. elXei: understand Tiêac.
735. ^vrioeoQai: understand "we" as subject.
738. 6drp: understand TIJIIV: "grant us." The conditional clause has the idea,
"with the hope that, etc."
743. enincueo: "keep the ship close to the crag lest it (the ship) etc."
t
95
1001. COMMENT:
734. Odysseus is not boasting. He reminds them of his former ex

ploit only in order to arouse to action,
them if not in reliance on their
own strength, then on the sagacity and invention of their leader.
755. A memorable line. They can remember, he tells them, the narrow
escapes they have had before; these troubles, too, they will live to look back
on and talk about. Virgil brings out this thought even more clearly in his
imitation of the passage (Aen. 1.198-203):
0 socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum) ,
0passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa
expert!: revocate animos, maestumque timorem
mittite; forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit.
739. Notice, in this and many other places in the poem, how frequent
ly the thought of God was in the minds of the Greeks, and how much they took
for granted their dependence on His divine will and providence.
742. The situation is this. The narrow strait causes tricky currents
which in fact form a gigantic whirlpool near the Sicilian shore. On the
opposite side, great, dangerous, knife-sharp crags jut threateningly into
the water. Odysseus lays a grave command on his pilot to keep the ship as
close as he safely can to the rocks, and to be constantly on the alert lest
the ship veering suddenly too far out into the channel be gripped by the
outer swirling waters of the monstrous vortex and be whirled to destruction.
1002. WORD STUDY:
ECTODERM (in biology, the 'outside skin' or wall of tissue of a cell or or-
ganism)
.
AN ANCIENT CHARIOT RACE

LESSON 169
1003. MEMORIZE:
9a)pf|oau), — , I arm nanTcuvu), — , nantriva I look about

txpto., ojv deck sharply (for)
oooe [n. dual] eyes EHXJA.A.TI, Scylla
TIC
&HO. quickly, swiftly
1004. TEXT:
Between Scylla —
745
ol 8* a>Ka iriBovro.
8* ov/cer'
j pot, Seicraires aTToXXifêtai'
7TW5 Iralpoi
» / > \ o\ /*
etpecrtiys, CVTOS oe TTUKQ.L
KOI Tore
8?)
Ktp/CTjs /xey
\avdav6 fvr)v, cirel ov
/x'
750 TL ai/aJyet
avrdp eyai /caraSu? /cXirra revêa /cat 8vo Sovpe
eV xeparlv eXtuj/ ct? t/cpta
JTJOS Zftaivov
ZvQfv yap fiw e8ey/XT7i> Trpatra <f>avelo'0ai
ireTpafyv, /xoi erapotcrti/.
17
<^>e)oe "n^/^'
755 ouSe TTTJ dffp'fjo'ai, $vvdp.r)v, eifca/xoi' 8e /xot ocrcre
TTOLTTTaivovri TTpos iJe/joctSea
ci6pE!o, — SGprioa see, behold Ti£pO£t8»iC, EC hazy, misty

I
I
,
*
avlrj, grief, trouble, vexation xaTa-80(i), etc. sink; put on
I
r)C
of the rock
cease from TtETpaToC, T), ov

ano-XXTiYO), owio-XXTiEa
I
TIT) in any way,' anywhere

a7ipr)XToC, ov unconquerable, unavoidable
EtpecuT], 7)C rowing flC Prow

within, inside hide, cover
I
EVTOC [adv.
]
T)C command
1005. NOTES:
746. ovxet': "I didn't go on to mention Scylla," i.e., he added no details

to the vague reference to oxoneXou.
748. evtog: within the hold of the ship.
750. ou: Greek and Latin sometimes put the negative with the main verb' al
though it really negatives the subordinate verb.
753. eSeyHTiv: an athematic aorist of Sexoâi with the sense "I expect."
755. a9pr|oai.: the understood object is HLV.
1006. COMMENT:
745. good example of the necessity of responsible leadership and

A
the good that it can accomplish.
97
746. Scylla was a fearsome monster dwelling in a cave amid the de

structive rocks of the strait, and in fact was probably a personification
of those rocks which had caused the death of so many sailors attempting to
sail through. Circe had told him that the misshapen creature was hidden up
to her middle in the cave, but that her multiple, exceedingly long necks,
each surmounted by an awful head, were constantly stretched out to snatch up
fishes, dolphins, or any larger creature that was unfortunate enough to come
within her reach. No wonder Odysseus thought it better not to mention her in
any more detail to his already jittery comrades 1
749-750. Circe had warned him that it was hopeless to attempt any de
fence against the dread evil except flight, that it would be wiser to recon
cile himself to losing a few men than, while trying to fight back, to double
the number of victims by giving her a chance for a second onslaught. How
ever, the warrior's heart of Odysseus would not permit him to stand passively
by while his men were being attacked.
754. By getting a little ahead of his narrative Homer "foreshadows"
the sickening end of his story.
Courtesy A.W. Weddell
THE BURIAL MOUND AT MARATHON

Beneath this heap of earth lie the greatest heroes of Greece, the courageous
men who turned back the vast hordes of Persia in one of the most important
and decisive victories of history. All the world respects this spot.
LESSON 170
1007. MEMORIZE:
on the other side xuxati), xuxTJoa), xijxrioa I stir (up),

XOL\OC, n, ov hollow I confuse
xuaveog, TI, ov dark (blue)
1008. TEXT:
— And Charybdis
•
i 8e Sta
Seiôi/ ai>epp 01)88770-6 âXcurcnjs d\p.vpbv v
760 77 rot or' eê/ieicreit, Xe^Tj? a>s ei/ Trvpt TroXX
a/xopyLtupecrK€ /cuKco/AeVr;, vi/>ocre 8' a

o~KO7re'Xot,crti/ eV a/xôrepotcrii/ ennrrev
aXX 6V' dva/Bpo^tLt 6a\dcro"r)<; d
TTao*' fvrocrde <f)dvecrK€ KVKaifievr), d/ji(f>l 8e
765 ocii'oj' epeppuvet , vn^vf-puf. 8e ycua /
• rov? 8e xXcopoi' 8eos
TTpO? TTÎ/ LOO[J,€V SetO~CWT€9
To<f>pa 8e /xot S/cvXXTy /cotXiys e/c

1^09 erai)
', ot \epcriv TC j3fy(f>i re ^>eprarot
, T), ov briny, salty Bpuyc'oiici, pf. w. pres. sense: 0e3puya I

ava-Spoyu, —, c.va-8poEa I swallow up, I ioer

gulp — I vomit forth
down et-EMEW, , EE-£(jieoa

I foam up XeSriC, nroC basin, kettle
I sell up CTTEivomoC.ou strait (of the sea)
— , oiva-ppoipSrioa I swallow below, beneath
(down) , T), ov best, brevest
c'.yvr), riC foerr,, froth Xapu35u, LOC Charybdis
, OU ff. i sand
1009. NOTES:
758. tvGev: understand ?jv.

760. OJQ: take before
1010. COMMENT:
758. Charybdis was the name given to the whirlpool on the other side
of the strait. To be caught between Scylla and Charybdis has become pro
verbial for a choice between alternatives, each of which will lead to ruin.
99
760. The whirlpool apparently had also some geyser-like effects, for
from time to time the water which was swallowed down was boiled up again by
built-up pressures in the interior. The simile of a furiously-boiling pot
with clouds of steam rising above it pictures well the surging, foam-covered
vortex with spray being shot so high that it falls on the rocks on both
sides of the channel.
763. When the process is reversed, the, whirling waters roar so loudly
that the surrounding rocks catch and echo the sound, and the centrifugal
force becomes so great that the waters part to show the very bottom of the
strait .
768. With all eyes fixed in terror on frightful Charybdis, they are
caught completely unawares by the sudden, stealthy thrust of Scylla — and so
is Homer's audience.
1011. WORD STUDY:
CYANIDE (a poisonous chemical which turns dark blue in water) — EMETIC (a med
icine to provoke vomiting) .
University Prints
DIONYSUS. GOD OF DRAMA. AND THE VINE
LESSON 171
1012 MEMORIZE j
aonaipu) I gasp KX<x£u), xXaylu, KX.CLY|<X I shriek

OTHOTTIC, TITOS strife finepeev (from) above
Lx9v€) vjos fish
1013. TEXT:
Unspeakable Horror
770 crK&lfdfJi€vo<; 8' eg vfja fforjv a/xa /cat fj.€0'

17877
Ttov eVdr/aa TrdSas /cat
e/xe 8e
i/, Tore y VO-TO.TOV, Krp.
>s 8' or* eVt
775
l^dvcri rot? oXtyotcrt SoXoi/ Kara etSara
€? TTOi^roi' TT/DotT^crt /8oo? /cepa? ay/3auXoto,
aa"iraipovra. 8' en-etra XayStui/ cppiifje Ovpa
a)? ot y* dcnrat/aoi^res deipovro irporl
avrov 8' eti'l Ovprjcn, /carTycr^te
780 ~)(cipa<; ffiol ope-yovras Iv alvrj

tSoy
81^
/ceti/o e/not5
oo"<r' e^6yj]<J'a Tropovs aXos
,
field-dwelling extend
I
ov
,
&Xi£\k, rjoC fisherman EC lofty, long

,
£^-ep££l'v(0 question, explore nopOC, ou way, passage

I
I
by name 7tpo|3oXo£, ou projecting point

EEovamxxXTJSTiv fedv.
]
etc. devour (ixipSoe, ou wand, rod

xaT-eCT0Lti),
I
xepaC, aoC horn; [here:] hcok made of o-x£7iTO|jiai, — axEyanTiv look

I
e
horn utter sound, shout

I
1014. NOTES:
770. nee': "for my comrades."
773. (adv.) "for the last time."
•fjoTovrov:
774. obe: "just as," introduces the simile, whereas <Lg in line 778 applies it.
775. 6oA.ov: predicate — "as bait."
Kara: with
776. Tipo-Cnoi: present active third singular of npo-Criû.
777. aonaCpovTa: predicate after ixeuv> the understood object of tppnjie.
tppiijie: gnomic aorist.
9upa£e: from the literal meaning "to the door," this word came to mean
"out" from anything.
779. MeHXTiYOVTas: peculiar perfect active participle of xAa£o) with present
a
ending and meaning .
781. otxTtoTov: with predicate force.

101
1015. COMMENT:
770. Odysseus had taken his position on the prow platform expecting
the attack from that quarter. But now, as he glances back into the ship to
assure himself that his comrades are still safe, he is Just in time to see
the legs and arms of some of his men dangling from the jaws of the monster.
773.
ficrccxTov : A fine touch of pathos, suggesting well the bitter
ness and heart-sickness of Odysseus.
774-778. Homeric similes are noteworthy for the way in which they
build up a complete picture, including many details which are not in them
selves necessary for the particular point of comparison. Here, the precise
analogy is between the agonized gasping of the fish as they are hauled up by
the fisherman and the agonized gasping of the Greek sailors being drawn up
inexorably to Scylla's cave.
781. Such a sight must, indeed, have haunted him for the rest of his
days.
1016. WORD STUDY:
RHINOCEROS ( 'nose-horn' ) —PORE (a 'passage' in the skin) —SCEPTIC (one who

'looks' critically at everything, a doubter).
J.Zollner, S.J.
SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS
LESSON 172
1017. TEXT:
The Cattle of the Sun
avrap eVet Trer/m? <£vyo//,ei> Seti/Tji/ re Xdpuy88«>
r',
e's
J^KvXXrjv avrt/c* eVetTa 0eou a.p.v[Jioi>a vrjcrov
8'
•
785
tKo/xe0' eVâ ecrai/ /caXat /8oeg
\\ Sv *J cr« JTT
N
*»\
'
'
oe Kpta I^TI\ LTrepiovos rleAtoto.
\
TTOAAa
5\/»>>» /
\
\
t
t
TOT eywi/ ert
OT) TTO^TW etu^ ei/ irt]i
rjKovcra ftouv
T
re phrjXTJv • KO.I
790 pavTios dXaou, ®r)(3a£ov Tet/3eo"tao,
KipKTjs T AtaiV}?,
ol
/Mot ftaXa TroXX' eVereXXoi'

vrjarov dXevao-ât TejOi//tju,y8/3orov 'HeXtoto.
/O A
>
>
>
8\ TOT
/
/
\
eycoi> era.poi<Ti /
7)
Alain, n« of Aea [island of Circe] eupu|i£TU7toC, ov with broad forehead

oXaoC, n, ov. blind, sightless ou lowing (of cattle)
am shut up in the farmyard delighter of mortals
I
ov
bleating toe Charybdis
etc. fall into, come into
I
I
1018. NOTES:
789. OLUV: the breathing-mark is moved by poetic license.

791. noAA*: (adv.) "seriously," "with much emphasis."
1019. COMMENT:
784' Odysseus had no intentions of visiting this island, and in fact
if its exact location he would have done everything in his pow
he had known
er to avoid it.
But even had he known, the absence of all navigating in
struments, the vicissitudes of winds and tide, and the malevolence of his
arch-enemy, Poseidon, might well have frustrated all his efforts.
785. After hearing the cattle of the sun referred to several times
previously with foreboding, Homer.' audience might well experience a tingle
s
of anticipation now that they actually have been reached.

793. With his heart sinking at the sight of the island so potent in
evil for him and his men, Odysseus calls together the crew for a meeting,
to warn them.
103
LESSON 173
1020 MEMORIZE:
af>TO)c [adv.] in the same way; xA/uu>, — , (xe)xMjov [athematic in

just aor. impt.] I hear (sound of),
yulov, oi> limb I attend to
xa.|a.a.Toe, ou toil, weariness TI» ov of iron
1021. TEXT:
A Mutinous Mood
'
K€K\vre /iev (Jt,v0<ai>
KOLKO, irtp ercupoi,
795 o</>p' vp.lv etTrw fJiOLvnrjia Teipecriao
Kip/oys r' Aian??, 01 //.oi /xa\a TrdXX' eVe
vrjcrov dXevacrât TepifiipfipoTov 'HeXioto
eV#a yap CLIVOTOLTOV KO.KOV
dXXa Trape^ TT^V vijcrov eXawere

800 cS? f)dfjir)v, Totcriv 8e /c
<f>i\ov
8' EupuXoô? crriryepaj
/^'
/
ei<>, 'OSutrev •
Trept rot ovSe rt yvta
?
•
pd vv crot ye crtSiypea Trazra TCTVKTCU,
ff
p'
o? erapov? /ca/aarw aS^Kora? ^8e /cat vnv(o

80S OVK ecta? yatV/? eVt/8êvat, eVâ /cei> avre
VTJCTO) €V dfJifapVTri XapOV T€TVKOLfJiC0OL BopTTOV,

dXX' avro)? Sia, VVKTO, fforjv
dXdXi^crât avayas
vrjaov aTTOTrXay^êWa? eV êpoeiSa.
afie'u, pf: am sated with xaTOC-xXau; feor. pass. -xXao07iv break
I
a6r]xa
I
ir), of Aea [island of Circe] down, crush

I
r)C
r), ov flowed-about, sea-girt XcpoC, TI, sv/eet, delicious
ov
aor. pass. otno-nXtxyxQlv IJI.C.VTIIIOV, ou oracle, prophecy

I
:
drive off from, cause to wander EE outside (of), pest

I
T)EpO£l67iC, £C hazy, misty ov delighter of rcortals
1022. MOTES:
798. tcpaoxov: iterative of <pt\\it.
802. nepi: a shortened form of nep-eoTi, "is excelling." (Notice the posi
tion of the pitch-mark.)
803. oot navTa: "everything about you," "your whole person."
804. tirtvcp: i.e., sleepiness, lack of sleep.
805. eaqlc = eaeic.
less frequent form of eniprivai,
eni pfiîevai modelled on the pres.inf.
a
:
tv9a: here with force of a relative.

806. TETxmoCneea: second aorist of
a
104
LESSON 173 105
1023. COMMENT:
794 ff. Odysseus comes rapidly to the point and gives them a direct
command to "sail on past the island, hoping thus to avoid argument that can
lead to only one decision.
800 ff .
As he feared, the prospect of sailing on through the night
without food or sleep brings out loud groans from the men. Still, they
warm
might have obeyed anyway had not Eurylochus, with whom he had had trouble
before, dared to face him as their spokesman.
802-8. A fine roundabout tribute to Odysseus' manly strength and
moral stamina.
1024. WORD STUDY:
ICONOCLAST (one who 'breaks the icons,' i.e., the sacred images of the
saints, as certain heretics have done in defiance of Catholic doctrine on
veneration of the saints; loosely, anyone who assails traditional beliefs in
religion, politics, or culture) .
Courtesy A. If. Weddell

PEDESTAL OF THE STAGE IN THE THEATER AT ATHENS
A view across the 'orchestra' or dancing area of the chorus in the theater of Dionysus
at Athens. The raised platform and carved, figures date from the time of Nero. For the
appearance of the whole structure, see p. 7. .
LESSON 174
1025, MEMORIZE:
OLEHTITL [adv.] against the will of Notoe, ov Notus [South Wind]

aiveco, <xivr)ou), atvnoa I praise;
I consent
1026. TEXT:
Success of the Mutiny
e/c 8' oVe/Aoi âXeTrot, S^Xif/iara vr)£)v,

WKTWV
Trfj KCV rt? U7re/c<£vyoi alirvv oXeOpov,

•
sio yiyvovrcLi
TfV 7TOJ9 €â.TTLVf}^ tÔr) oW/AOlO 0V€\\CL,
TJ Norov 17 Z€(j>vpoio Sucraeo?, ot re ju,a\urra
fja
Stappaiovcri de'/a^n
dXX' roi vw û/crl
y
0*
sis BopTrov oTrXicrofjiecrffa (Joy trapa w]i.

8'
riutOtv dva^Sai/re? IvrycroiJLev cv/oet

8'
ws e<âr' EvûXoô?, CTTI
f)V€ov aXXot eratpot.
/cat Tore /ca/ca jui^Sero Sat/Lttoi/,
877
8-^
yiyvtofTKOv
o
/cat <J><ovTJ(ra<;
ejrea irrepoevTa Trpocrr)v^(av •
&T\kT\\LV,, CTOC destruction [adv.] suddenly^

5ta-ppcuei> tear in pieces fadv. in the morning
I
T)59ev
]
£C harsh- blowing,, stormy nfj in whet way whither?

?
etc- Put in launch, put UJi-EK-qseuyu, eto- flee out from under,
I
I
;
,
to sea escape
I
1027. NOTES:
809. ex VUHTCOV "after nightfall."

:
815. ottAaooneOo. Homer uses few first aorist subjunctive forms without
a
:
lengthening the thematic vowel.

816. evr|00}iev as in comparable English expressions, vfia is understood.
:
= the adverbial accusative of 8c, used as a conjunction

fi,
818. STL.
'=
S
(cp. Latin quod) .
1028. COMMENT:
810. Eurylochus argues that in the utter darkness of the night they
will be unable to handle the ship in the sudden squalls, which (he claims)
come especially during the night.
817. With the psychology of mob which is rarely critical enough
a
to see beyond the immediate present, the other sailors shout vigorously
106
LESSON 174 107
their approval.
818. Odysseus knows at once that he Is beaten, and sees in the stub
bornness of nis crew the baneful influence of some god, probably Poseidon.
University Prints
THE APOTHEOSIS OF HOMER

A famous ancient relief carving showing three stages in the 'deifi
cation' of Homer as supreme poet. Now in the British Museum.
LESSON 175
Review
them. Here are a few suggestions for your review.

the forms.
3. Story;
a. How did Odysseus plan to resist the Sirens' spell?
b. What was the chief temptation offered by the Sirens?
c. Describe Scylla and Charybdis.
d. How does Homer describe the seizure of his men by Scylla?
e. Enumerate the arguments of Eurylochus for stopping at the island.
4. Criticism;
a. Try your hand at translating into English -verse the song of the
Sirens. You need not use the hexameter; you might the words fit to
the tune of a popular song.
b. Compare the speech of Odysseus to his men (Lesson 168) with the
similar speech of Aeneas (Aeneid 1.198-207).
c. How would you have refuted the argument of Eurylochus?
a. IfOdysseus had not daubed wax in their ears, they would have heard
the song of the Sirens and swiftly suffered evil.
b. He told them to remember how they were confined in the Cyclops'
cave.
c. Because of their great weariness, the men wished to land upon the
island of the Sun-god, even against the will of Odysseus.
1030. ARISTOTLE AND IMMORTALITY:

We often do not realize what a tremendous advance Christianity has

made in our thinking certain vital points, beyond what merely natural
on
wisdom could teach us. We take too many things for granted, without appre
ciating how little light other people, even of the greatest intelligence,
possess regarding them. A clear instance is the doctrine of the immortality
of the human soul, certainly one of the most basic and insistent problems
of life, and one which every man must face.
There have been few, if any, thinkers in human history of greater

brilliance and profundity than Aristotle, "the teacher of those who know,"
as Dante calls him. Living in the fourth century before Christ, for twenty
years a student in Plato's school of philosophical research (the Academy),
for nine years private tutor of Alexander the Great, then founder of a
scientific and philosophical school of his own, the Lyceum at Athens, Aris
totle employed his staggering mental energies and great originality of
thought in working out a deep and detailed analysis of practically all
fields of human speculation.
108
LESSON 175 109
of his works have been lost In the tumult of wars and history,
Many
and most of those which survive are but digests of his class lectures. But
they fillthousands of pages even so, and range over almost the whole field
of knowledge. Aristotle's books on logic, .metaphysics, the philosophy of
science, ethics, theory of government, literary criticism, art of writing
and speaking, psychology, astronomy, biology, and other branches of philoso
phy and science are works of amazing profundity and acumen. They are still
the starting point — and in some cases practically the final solution also
— of modern studies in those areas. Even where thought in a particular
field has progressed far beyond Aristotle's analysis, experts in those sub
jects ackowledge with a kind of awe Aristotle's remarkable brilliance and
insight in his pioneer work in so many branches of knowledge and the great
advance these made under the impact of his genius. His influence on subse
quent scientific and philosophical thinking has been, and still remains,
profound and highly stimulating. His writings are prominent on practically
all the various lists of the world's greatest books.
Yet when faced with the problem of man's ultimate destiny, this
great thinker admits his ignorance, confusion, and uncertainty. Despite his
awareness of Plato's ardent conviction of the personal immortality of the
soul -- a doctrine which Plato was sure of but could not quite prove or
clarify to his own or others' satisfaction — Aristotle could not see how
immortality was possible,' however much he would have liked to hold it.
His difficulties were three: (1) since, according to his philosophy,

the soul is the 'form' or 'actualizing principle' of the body, making it a
body, how can it exist apart from that body, to give which existence and
actuality is the soul's primary and natural purpose? (2) since all thought
seems to depend on an accompanying phantasm or mental image, the production
of which is possible only by the joint activity of both soul and body, the
soul apart from the body would be cut off from all phantasms and so unable
to think — which is essential to its life as soul; (3) there seems, he
thought, to be an immortal and imperishable part of the soul, the mind as

such, but this does not enter into emotions or memory, which belong to lower
parts of the soul operating in conjunction with bodily organs; hence, even
If this higher part of the soul lives on after the dissolution of the body,
It could not exercise any love, desire, joy, recollection of its past, or
even be conscious of its identity or individual personality — and such an
existence could hardly be called survival of the same human person who lived
in this world, that is, personal immortality in the only sense that matters
to us.
In fact, he goes so far as to say, in logical pursuance of these

principles, that "death is the most terrifying thing of all, for it is the
end, and, as it seems, there is no longer any such thing as either good or
evil for one who has once died" (Ethics 1115a 26-7) . A dreadful and somber
prospect, indeed, and one which takes the very bottom out of life, leaving
man without hope for the future and inevitably embittered at being frustra
ted of his soul's natural, unquenchable longings for a constant continuation
of life and happiness.
It was only great Christian thinkers like St. Augustine and St. Tho
mas Aquinas who, in the light of Christ's divine teaching on immortality and
the future life, finally found the solution to Aristotle's philosophical

difficulties on the nature of the soul, thereby explaining both its func
tion when in the body and its capacity for unending existence beyond tne
grave. They did this on Aristotle's own principles, thus making the fact
of personal immortality not merely a matter of religious faith but also a
conclusion susceptible of logical proof and rational demonstration.
reason has its triumphs.

Human But of itself alone is inadequate it
to answer many of the deepest and most important of life's problems. This,
Aristotle, himself one of human reason's noblest glories, would be among the
first to admit.
Baumeister,p.l998
A CONFERENCE
Vase painting representing Ainetus talking with Codrus, the last

king of Athens. The king's shield design is a mythical griffon.
LESSON 176
1031 MEMORIZE:
r-r-r-y, T)C OP PpUJOlC, IO£ food Spxoc, ov oath
e6TiTuc, vos [f.] eating; food n60ie,îo£ drink
tpoc, ov love, desire TeXevTcuo, TeXeutriou), TeA.ex>TT|aa I
evog harbor bring to pass, I finish
, 0^00(0)0. I swear
1032. TEXT:
The Die Is Cast
'
8ry
820 EvpuXo^'j 77 fjid\a /ote /Stdêre fiovvov eoWa.
•
dXX' dye w^ />tot 7rdt're5 6/Aoo~craTe Kaprepbv opicov
rjc ftoiov d'ye)
>
fJLTJ
TTOV TO?
J3ovv ye rt fArjXov diroKTdfjiev • dXXa e/c^Xot

r)
825 e&Otere Ppufjirjv, Trjv dOavdrr) Trope Ktp/oj.'

8'
c55 €(f)dfi7)vt ot aurt/c' dTrdtfJusvov, <U5 e/ce')
avrdp ojjiocrdv re TeXez/njcrdV re

p*
eTret TO^ opicov,
vSaro? yXv/cepoio, /cat eâTreySijcrai' eraipot

'
830 10705, liretra 8e Sopirov e7HO~Ta/LieVtos rervKovro.

e'^
avrdp CTTCI 7700*105 /cat €§17^05 e/oof eVro,
e/c 1^175
Se VTTI/O?.
herd
t|C
[adv.] skilfully, H. expert
ano-KTetvw, etc. slay
I
knowledge
an-onvuu swear (not to do)
I
xtxpTepoC = xparepoC
<XTao6aXi'ou, auv folly, recklessness ov sweet, refreshing
C,
eE-ano-$cuv<i), etc. come out of, dis

I
I
embark
%
1033. NOTES:
820. plural, because he speaks to them all through their spokesman

:
Eurylochus .
Hoijvov:he was forced to yield because he was alone in his opinion.
824. &noxT<xnev: an athematic aorist active of &no-HTeivcu. infinitive
830. TETUKOVTO: from xefimov, a special aorist of rexixw, used only when re
ferring to food.
831. e| IVTO: second aorist middle of i|-iT](it put off, rid myself of.
I
I
Ill
1034. COMMENT:
821. Hoping still to save them from themselves, he makes them swear
solemnly to leave the cattle alone.
832. Now, in the quiet of the evening, they have leisure to realize
the tragic loss of their comrades, whose absence at the meal is only too
painfully realized.
1035. WORD STUDY:
EPISTEMOLOGY (the philosophical 'science of knowledge,1 i.e., of the mind's
ability to attain the truth) .
Baumeister, p. 1919
WOMEN FOLDING CLOTHES

A good illustration of feminine attire in the fifth century.
LESSON 177
1036 MEMORIZE:
, TJS assembly ao cloud-gatherer

XatA.a\|), anoc [f.] tempest epithet of Zeus
o{j dance, dancing-place
1037 .TEXT:
A New Warning
835 8e O, 8' crrpa

eTTt dvepov vefahyyepeTa. Zev?
XatXam êcrTrecrtTj, crw Se ve^Kcrcn /caXin|;e
opwpet 8' ovpavoBev v
•
ycuav opov /cat TTOVTOV
8' rjpiyeveia. /5oSoSaKTvXos 'Hcii?,
<f>dvr)
840 /u,ei/ wp/ucra/iej/ /cotXot' cnreos etcrepvcrarre?
8e
/cat TOT e-ya)!/ yopyv , jj,v0ov

'
opa /cat TTCII/T' eVa»couet.'
auTpov, ou star, constellation EC fiercely-blowing

eto~—Epuu, etc. I draw in , ou seat, abode
en-ccxouu, etc. I hear r

—, opp. loa 1 moor, I make fast
e<p- opcxu I look upon [adv.] in the third (part)
1038. NOTES:
835. neta: (adv.) had passed "over" the meridian, i.e., near morning.
836. £o.T)v: irregular for £aea.
837. cruv: adverb.
842. Genevog: second aorist participle of TL6Tmi.
•
1039. COMMENT:
835. The third part of the night would be just before dawn. The
Romans divided the night into four watches, but the Greeks, at least of this
period, had only three divisions.
838. To the Greeks, Night rose to the zenith and fell to the horizon
in the same way as the sun or stars. Night rushing from the heavens would
mean that it is leaving the sky and that day is about to break. For the
113
picture, cp. Virgil's statement (Aen. 2.251): "vertitur interea caelum et

ruit Night speeding from the horizon up toward the
Oceano nox," which shows
zenith — at just the opposite stage of the process to that here described by
Homer .
840. Expecting to set sail early the next morning, they had merely
moored the ship to the shore upon their landing.
841. A large cave with ready access to the sea easily suggests to
the Greeks that it must be a sacred spot of the nymphs.
843. Odysseus is taking no chances on his comrades' forgetting their
oath.
1040. WORD STUDY:
CHORUS, CHORAL— ASTRONOMY.

J. Zollner.S. J.
WARRIOR IN BATTLE ARRAY
LESSON 178
1041 MEMORIZE:
opvtc, opviGoc bird

pray (to) oxenciG, aoc shelter
'OA.un.nog, ou Olympus
1042. TEXT:
The Crisis
8' eerreteTO v[Jis ytvcop.
8e TTO.VT aXXry/cro? 0117 NOTOS, ouSe' rts aXXos
yiyvef eVetT* <iv€fia)v et /MT) Evpos re NOTOS TC.
850 Ot 8* ÔS p,€V (TLTOV €\OV KOI OIVOV
To<j>pa fto(ov aireôvro XtXaio/xevot

\ \ 5
•> ^ &\ \ ' »/• 'J /J * '
aXX ore OT) 10705 efe<^c/tro ryta
Travra,
dXTjrevoKre?
8t)
/cat ayp-rjv eêTrearKov
opviOds re, ^>tXa? on êtpa? t/cotro,
ess dyKia-Tpoicnv, ereipe 8e yaoTCpa

87)
TOT' eywi/ ciâ, vrjcrov a.TrecrTtôt', 6(f>pa
evâifJLrji', et Tt? /xot oSoi' <f>-rjveie vtecrOat.

>\\><7 ^N^V "\
>
>
A"
'
'
'
aA.A. OT€ OT) ota vrjcrov iwv r)\v<;a eTaipou?,

Xelpas ^n//a/Aei/o5, o^' eVt crKeVas
860 rip<£\)sr)v TrdvTecrcn êot?, ot

8'
ot apa /xot yXvKvv VTTVOV eVt j3\e<t>dpoicrii>

ayxiarpov, ou book pf. pass. use up

);
££-e<p6i|uun
I
:
aypT), T)C chase, hunt eni-7tci6o(iai yield, obey

I
aXrjTeuu wander £pu6poC, 6v ruddy, *ed

I
T),
aXXrixToC, ov unceasing EupoC, OU Eurus [East wind]
ano-<JTe X«, etc. go away f\'iv., previsions
I
(OV
f
TI, 6v bent, supple XT|XOC, OU hunfer

vt CM, vt'û, VI»(;K wash
I
L043. NOTES:
848. &TI: imperfect third singular of &TIHI, blow.

I
851. PLOTOLO: "longing for, or desirous of, living." They were afraid of
being punished by death.
853. ecpeneoxov: iterative of e(p-enu>. Translate: "they pursued the chase,
(hunting) fish with barbed hooks, and birds...."
854. 6Tt: from 8c Tie.
859. enC: (adv.) "at hand," "near by."
115
116 Α ΚΕΔΡΙΝΟ. ΟΟΙΙΗ5Ε ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΗΙΟ ΟΚΕΕΚ
1044.00ΜΜΕΝΤ:
851. Οάγ558υ5' ΒρρβΕΐ ίο ιηοίΐνβ οί" ΓΘΕΓ ηαά αρρ&ΓβηΐΙγ

Μ5 ΟΟΠ1Γ&άΘ5.
853. ΡΓβνθηΐβά ΓΓΟΠΙ 5&111ηβ ΓΟΓ & Γαΐΐ ιηοηΐΐι ύγ Βΐοππγ 3.ηά ειάνθΓεε
νΐηάΒ, ΐΐ^βγ Βοοη θχΗ&υεΊ; ΐΙιβίΓ εαρρίίβε &ηά &Γβ ΓΟΓΟΘΟ ίο Γίεΐι &ηά Η\ιηΐ ΓΟΓ
Γοοά, ϋαΐ ίίΐΐΐα ϋΐΐΐθ 5ηοοβ55. Τΐιβ ρ&ηδ5 οί" Ιιαπ^βΓ Ιιββίη ίο ΠΙ&^Θ Ϊΐιβπΐ5θ1νθ5
Γβΐΐ. ΤΙαβ εϊΐ,αειίΐοη 1ε 6Γο»ίη§ άθερβΓΕΐβ. Αηά &11 ΐΗβ ΐΐπΐθ,
Γ&ηιίεΐΐθά βγβε, &ΓΘ ΐΐιβ Γ&ΐ, §οοά!γ ο&ΐΐΐβ οί" ΐίιβ δαη.
856. Κβ&11ζϊη§ ΐΗβ ά&η§βΓ5 ίηΙΐθΓΘηΐ 1η ΐΐιβ εΐΐαΕΐϊοη,
ΐαΓΠ5 ΪΟ ρΓ&γβΓ. ΑΓΪΘΓΗ&Γ05 , δίββρ ΟΥΘΓΟΟίηθΒ Ιΐΐπΐ.
1045.ΥΪΟΚΟ 5ΤΠϋΥ:
ΟΕΥΜΡΙΑΝ (ρθΓΐ&ΙηΙηβ ίο ΐΗβ ΠΙΕ^ΟΓ άβΐΐΐθδ, νύο ΪΪΘΓΘ ΐΐιουβίιΐ ίο άκβίΐ οπ ΜΙ.
Οίγιηραε 1η ηοΓΐηβΓη ΟΓΘΘΟΘ; Ιοοβθΐγ, οΓ ίηβ δΓβ&ΐθδΊ; §θη!ιΐ5θ5, β.β., '..·
αιηοηβ ί;1ΐ8 Οίτπιρίαηδ οΓ ΙΙΐβΓ&ΐυΓβ') — ΟΚΝΙΤΗΟΙΟΟΥ (ΐΐιβ εοίβηοβ οΓ ΐηβ οη&Γ3θ-
Ϊ6ΓΪ5Ϊ105 ΒΠά θΐ355ΪΓ1θ3Ϊΐθη5 ΟΓ 1)ΐΓάδ) .
ϋηίνβΓβϊΐχ ΡΓίηΐβ
ΤΗΕ ΑΟΗΟΡΟΙΙ5 ΟΡ ΑΤΗΕΝ3
ΟβηβΓβΙ νΐβ»» οί"ΐΐιβ ΙιυΐΙάϊηΒΒ ίΐιβγ βρρββΓβά «τΐιβη οοπρίβΐβ.

ββ
Τΐιίβ βοονίΓβΐβ ΓββίοΓβΐΐοη ν»β8 (ΐΓβιπι &>τ ΗίοΙιβΓά Βοηη βηά
ΑοΓοροϋβ 88 ϊί βρρββΓβά ίο ίΌνίΓίΙα οεηΐϋΓΐτ Β.Ο.
LESSON 179
1046 MEMORIZE:
XOA.OU, (xe)xoA.u)otu, \o\uoa. I anger, [mid.] I am angry [dat. of person;

gen. of cause]
1O47.TEXT:
Temptationl
8' erapoto-t *ca/r»7<; €^dp\€ro

'
jce/cXvre KO.KO. Trep 7rao"voyre5 eratoot.
[Mtv ^vua^v
Travres ttei/ crriryepot Odvaroi SetXotcrt
865
Xt/AW 8' OLKTLCTfov Qo.Vtf.IV Kal TTOT^lOV €7
aXX ayer , HeXtoto /Soaii/ eXao"af re? 0.1
p€ôfJL€v dOavdrotcTL, rot ovpavov evpvv
/cef HeXtaj TirtpLovi iriova. vrjb

ati/»a
svo Tevô/jiev, eV 8e' /ce Oeifiev ayaXyaara TroXXa /cat e'cr^Xa.
et oe ôXwo'ap.ei'ds rt ySoajf 6p0OKpa.ipda)i>
vrf eueXrj oXeo~at, eVt 8 ecrTrajt'rat êot aXXot,
povXofj. avrag Trpos Ki>p.a ÔLVQIV OLTTO 0vp,ov oXeVcrai,

17 orjOd CTTpevytcrdai to)v eV vTjcr<p fpTJf^r).'
ayc(X|ia, aToC delight, splendid gift XT(aoC, ou hunger

anaE [adv. ) once, once for all 6pe6xpatpoC, n, ov straight-horned

[adv. ] long, for long time I
6Tj6a a waste away
I make beginning of , —, yavov I yawn, I open the mouth
T), ov deserted, desolate
1048. NOTES:
864. OTuyepot: in predicative position; understand etot.
865. otnTLOTov: predicate with eoii understood.
867. peôjiev: an aorist subjunctive with the thematic vowel not lengthened—
"let us sacrifice."
872. ent: (adv.) if they follow "along,"" i.e., agree.
1049. COMMENT:
862. Again, it is the unpleasant Eurylochus who acts as spokesman.
863. A clever speech, and psychologically appealing. He can hardly
expect the sacrifice of the cattle, stolen from one of their number, to
please the Immortals, but they can at least try it and promise even more
pleasing sacrifices upon their safe return. Such promises probably will
117
138 A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREKK
have doubtful value on lips stained with sacrilegious meat; but if the gods
do punish them, at least they will die with less lingering pains.
1050.CRASIS:
Generally speaking, the Greeks seemed to have disliked two vowel
sounds coming together in adjoining syllables. You have already seen seve
ral methods they devised to prevent it. If
the two vowels came together
within a word, they frequently contracted them to one vowel sound, or some
times simply pronounced them as one vowel (synizesis) . the succession If
occurred between two words, they placed a special consonant (v-movable) at
the end of the first word, or they dropped the final vowel of the first word
(elision) . If, however, the first word could not be elided, or take the
V-movable, another method, called crasis might be tried.
Crasis (xpaoig "mingling") is the contraction of a vowel or diph
thong at the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong beginning the following
word. In order to indicate the contraction, a special mark called coronis
(xopcovLS "hook"), identical with a smooth breathing, is written over the re
sulting syllable. Thus: TO. &.A.A.O. "those other things," may be written
npo fcepaivov, "they showed forth," may be written npottpcuvov.
University Prints
A SPIRITED HORSE
One of the slabs from the west frieze of the Parthenon, re

markable for its realism and splendid play of muscles. Un
fortunately, most of these Parthenon figures have been badly
battered in the course of centuries — a great loss to art.
LESSON 180
1051 MEMORIZE:
euooe\|ios, ov w. fine rowing-benches neipw, — , ueipo. pierce, I i stick,

et>xeTao(iai I
declare myself, I I pass through
exult; I pray (to) onevSu), oneiou), cmeioa. pour j a
TIC fat; savor libation
ov spit Tf|A.e far (away)
1O52.TEXT:
A Fateful Meal
875 (os ecâr' Eu/juXoô?, eVt 8' -rjveov aXXot eratpot.

avrt/ca 8' 'HeXtoto /3oa>v
€\do~avT€<; apiara?
iyyvOev, ov yap rrjXe vebs
(3o<rKea~Kov0' eXt/ces /caXat
Ta? Se irepiaTrjcrdv re feat ev^rdovro
sao <^>vXXa Speilfd/jLevoL Tcpcvtt Spvo? V
ov yap €XOV KP^ ^tvKov eucro-eX/xov eVi
avrdp evrei /cat /cat
ô'
euâvro
e
€O~(f>aâv
Kara re
T*
jjLrjpovs e^fTa/Jiov KVLO-T)

8'
StTTTuâ TTonjcrai>Tcs, ITT* avrutv

sss ou8' elôi' ju,ci9v Xeti|/at CTT'
dXX' vSart cr7reV8ovre5 eVfUTrreo^ ey/cara irdvra.

avrap eVet Kara prjpa Karj /cat crTrXay^va iracrai'TO,
apa rdXXa /cat d/i^)' oySeXotcri*/
r'
'
e
u/oC double He6u [indecl. n. wine

]
6pe7tu, — 6peya break off, pluck HT)p(i')a, uv thigh-bones

I
I
,
6puc, bpuoc oak (tree) litcrTuXXi) out into small pieces

I
cov entrails, vitals fc«pt- tempi, etc. stand around

I
— ?x-Tanov cut (out) CTTtXayyva, uv vitals

I
,
IKOC [adj.] sleek Teprjv, evoC [adj-l soft, tender

roast ufixofiOC, ov with lofty foliage
I
ov with broad forehead ifXO-6eTe(i), — ino-QeTTjv place pieces of

I
,
xpl [indecl. n. barley raw flesh (upon)

]
Xei'0u, — pour
XeTya libation)
(a
I
,
10 53. NOTES:
883. xaxa: (adv.) "throughout," "all over."
884. 6LTtTXixa: understand HVLOTIV.
885. tepoLOiv: (substantive) "the offerings."
887. KO.TI: aorist passive of HCXLCD
MttTa: adverbial.
naoavTo: with the accusative instead of the usual genitive.
119
1054. COMMENT:
875. Again the Greek sailors uncritically accept whatever Eurylochus

offers.
880 ff. They proceed through all the ritualistic movements, substi
tuting perforce crushed leaves for the sacred barley and water for the pre
scribed red wine, hoping that the gods will be satisfied, since this is the
best they can do under the circumstances.
From Smith-Miller, Iliad, p. 2€7, courtesy Macmillan Co. Flaxman
POSEIDON RISING FROW THE SEA

LESSON 181
1055 MEMORIZE:
&.YYeA.oc, ou messenger TIS infatuation; ruin

oa , TIC easily-directed 6iC) Qivos beach
[epithet of ships'] HLOO, , HLOV I gO
1056. TEXT:
A Bitter Discovery
/cat Tore /xot /3Xe<£d/3ajz> lêcrcrvro
890 8' teVai eVt iâ #0771; /cat #u>a
a\\' ore j'eos
877
crêSc^ â /ciou/
/cat rore /u,e KVICT^ afjL<f>7]Xv6ev
;a<st 8e êotcrt /u.ey' dâârotcrt yeyatvevv

Trdrep ^S' cxXXot />td/cape9 $eot atei/ ed
895 /LtdX' et? arî/ /cotjotTycrare i^Xei
ot o' erapoi /xeya epyov i^r\ri<ja.vro
o>/cea 8' 'HeXtw 'Tirepiovi dy-yeXo?
Aa/jurert/rj rat'UTreTrXos, ot /8oas e/cra/zei'
o
8*
avrt/ca aBavdroicn
alev = aUi HT)TiO|Jiat, — unTldanriv devise,

I
I
,
an^p-epyojia etc. come around contrive

I
i
,
8epn<k, (rj), 6v hot vii6u|-toe, ov sweet, refreshing

-T)C Lampetia nymph] TccvimETtXoC, ov with trailing robes

[a
1O57. NOTES:
889. e|eoouTo: from ex-oeuu).
890. levou: infinitive of elpiL,
go. (Explanatory infinitive)
I
Pv: translate "I set-out to go." (cp. the English: "I am going to go.")
893. adverb with yeyiveuv.
:
896. p-eycx: "great" in sense of "monstrous."

897. fi.YYeôe: predicate — "as a messenger, saying..."
898. = 8tt (cf. line 818)
8
ixtcxêv: an athematic aorist of
1O58. COMMENT:
892. What must have been the feelings" of Odysseus when he smelled the
pleasant savour of roasting beef and realized that, despite all his pleas and
their promises, his men had committed the sin that would bring certain and
speedy death to them all! No wonder he is constrained to reproach the gods
for the sleep that kept him away at the critical time.
121
897 ff. Notice the swiftness of the action. No sooner was the deed
performed than the message was taken to the Sun. As soon as he heard the
report, he at once addressed the assembly of the gods.
University Prints
PENSIVE ATHENE
A fine relief plaeque from the 'transitional p&riod' of Greek

art, now in the Acropolis Museum at Athens.
LESSON 182
1059, MEMORIZE:
xea.£u), xeaoti), xeao(o)a I shatter olvoi|i, onoc wine-dark

xepavvoc, ou thunderbolt I give light
1060. TEXT:
The Doom Is Sealed
'
900 Zev Trdrep 178' aXXot /xctKape? 0eot aiev edire?,
rural erapov? AaeprtaSea; 'OSvcrôs,
8?)
ot [lev ySov? €KTtwav inrepfiiov, r)(Tiv eya> ye
va.ipt.crK.ov [lev tail/ eis ovpavov acrrepoei/ra,
178* OTTOT* ai/»

eVt yatav air' ovpavoBev
905 ct 8e /xot ou TtVoucrt /8owi/ eVtei/ce" ap.
Sucro/xai €ts 'At'Sao /cat ei/ i>€Kve(rcri

Zev?
8'
roi' aTra/Aet^So/iei/o? Trpocre^ êêX^yepera

'HeXt', rot /xev cri) /u,er'
aOavoiToicn
'
77
<$>a.tive.
Kat OvyTolcri fiporolcriv eVt £,€i8o)pov apovpav

dpy^rt
K'
910 WI/ 8e e'yw raâ i/â #O7)i>
Tvr0a (Ba\a>v Keacrat/u /aecrw eVt otiôTrt
KIEV = -CllEl
C£t'6wpoC, ov fruitful
anoipri, f)C exchange, requital TCpo-TpETiu, — Ttpo-Tpanov turn
I
,
O7i-ajjtei00|iai, etc. answer 7ipoo'-e<pr) spoke to, addressed

I
I
I
apyriC, ?)ToC [adj.] white, gleaming TUT9oC, (*)), 6v small, little

ETii-eiXTiC, EC fitting, suitable [adv.] wantonly
C»7t£p0iov
1061. NOTES:
902. fjotv: "in which."

906. cpaeCvu): the first person of the subjunctive sometimes expresses resolu
tion or insistence (what the imperative expresses for the second person) .
911. -n)T9a: (adv.) "into bits."

Heaoouni: the potential optative, which ranges in meaning from mere
possibility to future fact. Perhaps the meaning here is, "and expect
I
that shall shatter, etc."

I
1062. COMMENT:
900 ff.
Homer is not above poking little sly
humor at the gods even
a
on such an occasion as this. The speech is serious

enough, but the sulking
threat to go down and shine among the dead must have been written with a
smile on the poet's lips..
902. Note that Helios exempts Odysseus himself from guilt and penalty.
123
124 A READING COURSE IN HOMERT^ fl
908 ff. The father of the gods soothes the petulant sun-god, and
promises personal attention to the matter.
University Prints Le Lorrain

THE HORSES OF THE SUN

LESSON 183
1063 MEMORIZE:
veixeu), veuxeou), veixeo(o)a I quarrel -with; I rebuke
1064. TEXT:
An Ominous Calm
avrap eTret p* CTTI vr\a. Ka.Tij\v0ov rjoe 0a\acro'avt

i dX\o0€v dXXoi> eVurraSoi', ot»8e TI /TJÔS
8vvdfj.€a-0a, /Sdes 8' diroTeBvao-av 77817.
915 TOlfTLV 8' OLVTIK €TT€LTa 06OI Tfpaa TT pOV<f>OH.VOV
'
eipirov p.€v pivoi, Kpea 8' a/A<£' 6^8e\oicri

OTrraXea re *cai o]/j.a, ftocov 8' a>s yiyvf.ro
e^/Ltap /xei/ eTretra e/aot epfypcs iraipoi
oa.ivwr' 'HeXtoto (3oa)v eXacrai^re? dpttrra? •
dXX' ore
8r)
920
e/38ojLtoy ^/-ia/3 eVt Zei»5 ^^/ce Kpovuov,
/cat TOT' errar' aê/x,o9 ftei/ eVavcraro XatXa.Trt 0va)i>,
8'
T7/u,ei5 aw/»' dvapdvTes dv^Kaf

dvd 0' tcrrta
*
toroi> <rri](ra.\L£voi Xev/c*
ano-6vT)0xu, shortened plpf. pi. coto- eoC remedy, relief

3
T£0vaaav die i; plpf. as impf . low
I
I
t36o(ioC,r), ov seventh [of cattle]

EV-iTRii, etc. put in; launch oirnxXfioC, r\, ov roasted

I
I
EErpocp for six days Tipo-qpctivu, etc. show forth

I
£7Ciora66v [adv.] coming up to ^TvoC, ou hide, skin

ipTKO creep TepocC, aoC sign, portent
I I
6uu run, rush 'l-uoc, T), ov raw, uncooked

I
1065. NOTES:
917. fi>c: take before POUJV.
920. 6t| 6p8o^.ov: ep form one syllable by synezesis.
£>r\ and
enl efixe: "put ... beside," "added" to the other six.
922. evrixaiiev: understand
1066. COMMENT:
913. In his anger and disappointment, Odysseus vigorously dresses

down his men, but realizes the uselessness of
he soon it all. The harm has
been done and is irreparable.
915. Upheavals in the moral order are often thought of as causing
a
kind of sympathetic vibration in the physical order. In Shakespeare's

125
Julius Caesar, for example, marvelous portents of nature were observed on the
night before the fatal stabbing. So here, the laws of nature are upset; the
hides begin £o creep about and the slices of meat on the spits give forth a
sound as of mooing.
918. Their sin is not committed in a moment of weakness and repented
of immediately afterwards; the unholy feasting continues through six days.
1067. WORD STUDY:
HEBDOMADAL (relating to seven, especially to seven days: weekly) .

J.Z.
BOXER RESTING
Copyof a bronze statue from the Hellenistic
period, showing the leather gloves and wrist
supports used in ancient prize-fighting.
LESSON 184
.068, MEMORIZE:
at the same time, together xa.T<x-xeu, -xeuoco, -xeua or

ano-atvuâi I take away I pour down; [mid.] I fall down
eA.ioou>, --, (iX)e\Lâ 1 whirl, I xe«paA,T|,
T\CX
head _
turn nXriooo), nXîu, nXriJja I smite
0eo) I run pTlYVunt., p^w, pfjjja I smash, I break
.069. TEXT:
Paid in Full
'\ \' * 5NV * >\ ' »£'
aAA. ore or) TTJV vrjaov eXewro/xei', ouoe
925 <f>a.LV€TO ycLidw, a\\' ovpavos ijSe OdXacrcra,
Tore Kvav€r)v v€(f>€\r)v eTT^cre Kpoviwv
17
8' e!9et ou /na\a TroXXw eVl xpovov ati/ja yap
/c€/c\T7yt«J9 Zeiûpo? /xe-yaA.^ crvy XaiXaTTt
930 tcrroG 8e Trporot'ov? eppr^f df e'/Aoi
d/>i(ôTepou5
•
c(TTO5 8' oTucrct) irecrev, o?rXa re Trai/ra
et? a^rXoi/ KarexyvO*. 6 8' apa TTpvp-vfj evl vr)l
TrXiJê Kvf3cpvTJTe<a *ce^>aXrî^, (rui/ 8' ocrre" apaê

irdvr' a/iu8t? /ceâXTy?
•
68' ap' dpvevrfjpi eot/ca>5
935 /CCtTTTTecr' (XTT* LKplofav, XtTTC 8' OCTTCa OvfJiOS dyTJVfOp.
Zeu? 8' a/MuSi? Ppovrrjcre Kal e/x^SaXe 1/771 Ktpavvov ••
rj8' e'XeXix^Tj iracra Ato? TrX^yeicra /cepau^w,

eV 8e ^cciou TrX^ro, Trecroj/ 8' e/c 1^1705 eratpot.

01 Se KoptovrfO'iv tKeXot Trept i/r}a [Ji€\a.ivav

940 Kv/nacrtf e'jLiôpeovTO, ^€05 8' aTroau/uro I'O
avTXoC, ou bilge, hold [tbe bottom of a SEEIOV, ou sulphur

ship inside] 6uu I run, I rush
—, SpaEa I hammer, I crush txeXoC, n, ov like, resembling
apciaau,
apveuTTJp, rjpoC diver xem-7U7iTU, etc. I fall down
ayXDu, —, avXuca I grow dark xopuvat, auv see gulls

Bpovrau, — , PpOVTTjaa I thunder TtpOTOvoC, ou fore-stay [of a ship]
I throw in, I cast upon 6v hindmost, end-most
ij,
, etc. npunvoC,
bear among
I
070. NOTES:
928. ent: "for."

e
929. HBHX.TIYWC: perfect participle of xXaû) with present force.
127
938. o: the mast.

935. cruv: adverbial.
935. Lxpiocpiv: formed according to rule from what would be the singular of
Ixpta.
937. e\eA.tx6Ti: aorist passive of eXtooo).
nXriYeioa: aorist passive of nA.rioou).
938. ev. .nAt)To: irregular aorist passive of en-iunA.Tin.i , I fill full of.
1071. COMMENT:
988. The avenging anger of Zeus was not long deferred. Hardly had
they passed out of sight of land, when it burst upon them with all the fury
of enraged nature.
930. In a Greek ship, the strai.i on the mast was divided among three
ropes. The two forestays led forward and were fastened to either side of
the bow; one backstay stretched to the stern. Consequently, the two if
forestays snapped simultaneously, the mast would fall back almost directly
on the stern. As it fell it would naturally cause all the rigging and
tackle to tumble down also into the hold.
933. We can almost hear the sickening crunch with which the heavy
wood fell on the pilot's skull and knocked him overboard head-first 'like a
diver.
938. When strong charges of electricity pass through the air, they
form a pungently-smelling gas which we now know as ozone. This is what
Homer is referring to as a sulphurous smell.
939. The men are thrown from their shattered ship and for a time
their heads can be seen bobbing up and down on the dark waves, much in the
way that sea-gulls ride the waves as they rest on the water. Then one by
one they disappear into the black depths, and finally Odysseus can make out
only the empty sea. His men have paid the full penalty. The dire prophecy
in their regard at the very start of the poem (lines 6-9) has been fulfilled.
1078 .WORD STUDY:
AUTOCEPHALOUS (independent, self-governing, 'its own head' )— HEMORRHAGE

(a 'breaking forth of blood') — BRONTOSAURUS ('thundering lizard,' a huge
prehistoric reptily like a dinosaur).
F.X.G.Arce.S. J.
DISASTER!
LESSON 185
1073, MEMORIZE:
KoXui|»(Jo, OQC Calypso [a nymph] LTI, TIC Ogygia [a mythical

eoc breast, chest island]
1074. TEXT:
Calypso Falls in Love
•
94i iTj TI<? vrjcros aTTOTrpoOev elv aXt, Keirat
evda fj.€v "ArXarros 6vya.Tr)p SoXdecrcra Ka\u
va.if.1 euTrXd/ca/Lios, Seii'ir) #eds
•
ouSe ns avrij)
•
îcryerat oure 0eaii> cure OVTJTWV avd pdmutv
945 dXX' e/ie roi' Sucrr^fot' eêicrrto^ r)ya.ye
otoi', eVei /otot ^770, ô^t» dpyfJTL Kepavvai
Zeus eXcras e/ceacrcre /xecra>
et't OIVOTTL TTO
ev0' aXXot /xei/ Trairres aTT€<f>0L0ev

ecr^Xot eratpot,
avrap eyw rpoiriv dyKas eXcii/

•
950 tvvrjiJLap fapojJLrjv &€Ka.Tr) 8e
vrjcrov es 'Clyuyirjv TreXacrat' êot, cvâ KaXin/ia>
vatet eu7rXo/ca/AO9, Seii/^ ^£09, 17 jê Xa^SoGcra

ei/Su/ceiw? 6<^tXci re /cat eTpcfav ^8e liâcr/ce
Oijcrew aOdvarov /cal a.'yripa.ov ^/u-ara

955 dXX' Cjaoi/ ov TTore dvîov tvl crTtjOecrcnv
aC, avToC Atlas [a Titan, condemned ayriptxoC, ov free from old age
for revolt to hold up the earth on his ayxaC [adv. ] in the arms
shoulders 1 K7to-<p6ivu; [irreg. aor. ? pi. a7t6-qp8l8ev]

8oXoeiC, E<7(7a, ev crafty, sly I perish
eqpeaTtoC, ov at home, to (one's) home riC, T1TOC [adj-1 white, bright
IOC keel
1075. NOTES:
945. 9eoc: frequently used for the feminine.
947. feXoac: from eiA.(e)u>.
951. tvGa: .here, with force of relative.
953. e<ptXei: "befriended," "entertained."
£«paaxe: iterative of <fr\\ii.
954. 0-noeiv: "cause me to be," "make me."
1076. COMMENT :--
941. We can picture Odysseus taking a long breath, as it were, after

the intensity of the last scene, and starting his story off again from a
129
slightly different point of view.

946. «oTov: The striking position of the word emphasizes the fact
that now Odysseus must go on — alone.
950. Clinging desperately to bits of wreckage, Odysseus is swept by

wind and wave back to the narrow strait, and narrowly escapes being swallowed
up by Charybdis (as Homer describes elsewhere) . Still
at the mercy of the
elements, he is tossed about for nine days until at length he drifts to the
island of Calypso.
953. More dead than alive through exhaustion and lack of nourishment,
he is treated kindly by the nymph and nursed back to health — and finds him
self confronted with a problem more subtly difficult than any he had hither
to encountered. Calypso had fallen in love with himl speaks eloquently It
of the manly physique and noble personality of the Greek hero that this god
dess, always previously scorning the company of mortals arid immortals alike,
should lose her heart so completely to him that she promises him deathless-
ness: and eternal youth if
only he will reciprocate her love. How appealing
a prospect to one just returned from the dim, dreary realm of the dead I
955. A simple line without rhetoric or dramatics, and yet, in the

circumstances, packed with meaning. Odysseus lives for an ideal — to return
to his homeland and family — and refuses to be turned aside.
1C77.WORD STUDY:
ATLAS (a book of maps, holding the world); ATLANTIC (the ocean near Atlas,
whose position was near Gibraltar) .
GIRL DANCING
Vase painting of an ancient dance. The girl is accom
panying herself with the rhythm of clappers as a boy
friend looks on. (Courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art)
LESSON 186
Review

the forms .
3. Story;
a. How did Odysseus try to safeguard his men from the danger on the
island?
b. Why did the Greeks draw up their boat on the morning following their
arrival instead of at once?
c. the situation after a month on the island?
What was
d. How did the Sun-god regard the eating of his cattle?
e. Describe the final doom of the crew.
4. Criticism;
a. Odysseus in any way blameworthy for the fate that overtook his
Was
comrades? Prove your answer by references to the text.
b. How would you have answered the argument of Eurylochus (in Lesson
179)?
c. Granting the mythological suppositions of the story, what would you
Judge to be the kind and degree of the sailors' moral guilt?
5. Grammar; Explain the principles of crasis.
a. The cloud-gatherer Zeus told the Sun-god that the ship of Odysseus
would be shattered by his whirling thunderbolt.
b. He was angry at his men because of the oath which they swore but
forgot.
c. For them, the desire of food and drink became greater than their
desire of life.
1079. ATHENIAN EDUCATION:
"Given the right education," Plato wrote, "man is the most peaceful
and god-like of living beings; but if he lacks adequate good training, he
is the most savage beast on earth." ( Laws 766a) .
The wisdom of this remark, founded on man's vast capacities for
good and for evil because of his free will and creative intellect, agrees
with the general attitude of the Greeks toward education. For them, it
means not merely the accumulation of facts and practical skills, but essen
tially a process of balanced self-realization, an unfolding of all those
specifically human powers which make man man.
Education's goal, especially at Athens, was to prepare for the

right enjoyment of leisure on the highest human plane and the right use of
one ' 3 talents for one's own and the common good. It was primarily educa-
131
tlon for the good life, the life of reason and virtue; its fruit was that
well-being of character and personality which may be trusted to flow over
into well-doing in the conduct of private life and public services. The
proof of good education was, according to Plato and Aristotle, "the devel
oped habit of consistently and almost instinctively taking pleasure or
offense in the right things." This implies a trained sensitivity to beauty,
good taste, refinement of standards, and sound moral principles dominating
one's every reaction and activity. From this would flow happiness, a higher
enjoyment of life, and that nobility of character which makes a citizen both
a credit and an asset to the state.
The emphasis in Athenian education was on reason and moral training

rather than on mere intellect, though this too was amply cultivated. Tech
nical or vocational skills were learned at home, on the apprentice system.
The school concerned itself essentially with imparting that liberal educa
tion which opens the mind to an appreciation of universal truths and human
problems in the large. How fruitful this system was can be Judged from the
unrivalled fertility of little Greece in producing world-shaping giants of
thought and culture.
Schools at Athens were private institutions, not state-controlled.

The child began his schooling at about six, being escorted to class by a
trusted old slave called the "pedagogue" (cp. # 179), whose duty it was to
carry little Aristocles' books and see that he got into no mischief. For
six or eight years, the child would study reading, writing, and arithmetic,
and learn to play the lyre or the flute. Not having any written textbooks,
he would be taught to memorize large sections of Homer, Hesiod, and Aesop,
which would then be explained and commented on by the teacher and serve as
a springboard for filling 'out the whole picture of life, history, learning
and national ideals. So well was the memory trained that these passages
of literature would often remain in the mind for life, a constant source of
In fact, it
renewed enjoyment and instruction. was not rare for a Greek to

be able to recite the whole of Homer from memory (over 28,000 linesl).
it
Naturally enough, was on Homer that the entire Greek educational system
was based. His outlook permeated all Greek thinking.
For the poor, this elementary education, lasting to about the age
of twelve or fourteen, was generally all that could be afforded; but it was
a good basis for intelligent living, and satisfied the majority. Sons of
wealthier parents would, however, proceed to secondary education for several
more years, up to the two-year period of military service at 18. Music and
gymnastics, geometry, geography, drawing, advanced studies of literature and
rhetoric, and discussions of political and ethical principles were the main
subjects of study in this (so to speak) high school and college period of a
young Athenian's education.
Advanced studies in mathematics, philosophy, science, statecraft

would then be available for the talented upper levels of young intellectuals.
For the others, general adult education was obtainable from the lectures of
traveling professors,, such as the sophists Gorgias, Protagoras, Hippias,
Prodicus, and others, who specialized in teaching (for a set fee) a gentle
man's knowledge of practically everything, but especially the pragmatic
LESSON 186 133
techniques making for success, such as How to win friends and influence
people, or How to talk your way out of any lawsuit, or How to make everyone
else seem ignorant by comparison. Like most popular education even today,
these lecture courses were often superficial and showy rather than searching
studies of truth in itself; aimed more at producing practical material re
sults than at a sincere pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, whether
pleasant or 'useful' or not. As such, they were vigorously denounced by the
brilliant philosophers Plato and Aristotle, who were the real intellectual
leaders of Greece and the greatest of ancient teachers.
Merely to live in classical Athens was a liberal education. In the

midst of all that eager ferment of thought and originality characteristic
of Greek culture at its best, mingling with so many men of genius and their
works of art or literature, surrounded on all sides by glorious works of
beauty, the citizen of Athens must have been constantly uplifted by noble
ideas and. stimulated to vigorous mental activity. "Athens," Pericles could
justly boast, "is the school of Greece." Even more truly was it the school
of every Athenian, fulfilling, as no other city ever has, Plato's ideal of
an environment which is itself an education to nobility: "Let our youth
dwell in a land of health, surrounded by fair sights and sounds and drinking
in good from everything about them. , Let beauty, the radiance of noble
works, flow into their eyes and ears like a health-giving breeze from a
purer region, and insensibly draw their souls from earliest years toward a
likeness and sympathy with the beauty of reason" (Republic, Book 3).
There is that we today can learn from the Greeks about the
much
nature, aims, process of education.
and Not least by bringing our minds
Into vital contact with their literature and art, until something of their
contagious love of beauty, nobility, and humanism works its way into our
own souls. If
that is not education, what is?
Baumeister.p. 1589
ATHENIAN SCHOOL SCENE

A famous painting by Duris, showing boys reciting lessons, practising
music, and writing on wax tablets. Books and musical instruments adorn
the walls. A pedagogue awaits the end of class to escort his charge home.
LESSON 187
1080, MEMORIZE:
TIG message; news (XTpvyeTOG, ov barren

» ov fragrant; immortal °Xe&iTi, TIG raft
1081. TEXT:
Loyalty and Release
956 dXX' eytti d/u, Trerprjcrt /cat ijtoi/ecrcrt Ka0i£oi>,
TTOVTOV eV' a.Tpvyerov Sep/cd/u.ei'o?, dXyecrt fydCviav f

VO<TTOV 6Svpdu,ej>os
I ' T II*
iLtetpduci'ds re t8e'<r#at
av/» dXoôi/, r»79 T atei/ eeXSo/zat rjâra. Trdvra.
960 eV#a ftey eTrrdere? ptvov e/xTreSoi/, ei/Aara 8' atet
8d/cpvcri Seuecr/coi', rd /xot ap/SpoTo, 8ai/ce KaXw|;aj
•
dXX ore
8>y 81^
6ySoaToi> /xot lTrnr\.6^€.vov ero?

/cat rdre CKeXevcrev CTTOT pvvovcra
/A'
ZTJVOS vif dyyeXtT^?, /cat i>oo<? eVpaTrer*

17
8'
eVt trêStr;? 7roXv8eV/xou,
e£
TroXXd
8'
965
7re/x7re
crirov /cat /Me'û 1781;, /cat d//,y8pora
et/nara ecrcrei/ •
ovpov 8e irpoerjKev aTnjfjiovoi re \iapov re.
5epxo(Zat look, behold TIIUV, dvo< [in pi-:] seashore, strand

I
6euu moisten Ilietpo) desire, long

I
I
I
eeX6on<xi am desirous of XtapoC, T), dv warm

I
eru-neXonou, etc. come on or round; ue6u [n. indecl. wine

I
[ptc. revolving oySoaToC, ov eighth

:1
T),
[adv.] for seven years rcoXuSeojioC, ov having many bonds, sturdy

eoc year
1082. NOTES:
962. br\oySoaTov: STI and oy are scanned as one syllable by synezesis.
964. etpaneT*: a second aorlst of xpeno) with passive meaning.
966. Eooev: understand ne.
1083. COMMENT:
is reached. Odysseus will not give in to Calypso,
956. An impasse
and she in turn will
not allow him to leave the island. So, day after day,
he sits idly by the sea, eating his heart out with loneliness and longing for
home and the company of his beloved wife.
959. picture, surely, of amazing conjugal love and devotion that

A
would compare favorably with the conduct of many professed Christians.
134
LESSON 187 135
960. Seven years! Time, which is the acid test of every good reso
lution, had tried Odysseus and found him true gold.
963. Suddenly, is a change. In the eighth year, Calypso un

there
expectedly tells is free to go, with her blessing and her assistance.
him he
Homer tells us elsewhere that Zeus, finally having mercy on the undeserved
plight of the hero, sent Hermes to order the nymph to release him. However,
it would seem from her generous acquiescence, that her own selfish love had
finally been conquered by her admiration of the sheer nobility of the man.
1084. WORD STUDY:

ETESIAN (yearly, in annual cycles, e.g., the etesian winds of the Mediter
ranean regions) .
A ROYAL GAMING BOARD

Found in the palace of the kings of Crete at Knossos,
this elaborately carved surface seems intended for
some such game as our backgammon.
LESSON 188
1085. MEMORIZE:
ov thick- throng ing; evooixQwv, ovoc earth-shaker

vehement [epithet of Poseidon]
'AA.XIVOOC, o\) Alcinous [king of VTIXU, vnJjo^cu, vr\%a.\iT\v swim I
Phaeacians] optvw, — , opiva agitate i
I rejoice (at) *air|Hec> wv Phaeacians
1086. TEXT:
Poseidon Strikes Again
« *£> v ? ' ^ \ ' *
€7rra oe /cat oe/ca p,€i> irkeov Tjfiara
6/cT&>/catSe/carT7 8' c(j>dvr) opea CTKLO^VTOL
970 yatT^s'AX/cti'dou, yrjuvjcrf. oe'^tot <f>i\ov

-yap €jJi€\\ov CTL £vve<reo-0at. 61
lot tTrwpcre IToo"etoaftj;

os /iot eôpju.'ô'as dt'e/Aous Karf^rjcre
(opivev oe paXaoxraz' d0€cr(f>aTov, ovSe' rt KVU.O.
975 eta £7Tt o"ê8t7js aSti/a crTevdôvra. (ê'oeorât.

eiretra pueXXa oteo"/ceoao"' •
avrap eyw ye
,eya Xatrîa oteVyaayot', 6<f>pa ue yairt
<f>aj,TJKct)v €Tre\acr(re <f>epcov ave/xds re /cat $
a6ecnpocTOC, ov portentous, terrible, endless €TC-6pvum, I rouse (upon)

etc.
I I
6ta-o-xi'8vT)Ht, — , 6ia-OTce5aaa scatter, xaToc-6eco, I bind, I hinder from

etc.
shatter Euv-et|ii; fut. inf.: Euv-eaEaGai I am
cut through 6xT<o-xcu-6e'xaToC, T), ov eighteenth

SuoiiopoC, ov doomed to an evil fate, ill- novTonopeuu I sail the sea
starred
1087. NOTES:
975. ela: from EOUD. Take x\5â as subject, and understand eue.
1088. COMMENT:
968. For seventeen uneventful, wearying days he sails slowly but suc
cessfully eastward, and on the eighteenth is rejoiced to sight an unknown
island. Land again!
971. £uveoeo6ai : This word is frequently used in the sense of being
with traveling qompanion,
one as a and in that sense fits in well with the
gloomy presentiment of Odysseus.
136
LESSON 188 137
976. Mercilessly, Poseidon scatters the raft and hurls him into the
waves. Not yet, though, will Odysseus give up; he starts swimming stoutly
across the gulf, trying to take advantage of the direction of the wind and
waves .
J. Zollner, S. J.
ODYSSEUS AND HIS RAFT
LESSON 189
1089 MEMORIZE:
TI, ov fragrant (e)eC6oâi, — , (e)eioa|iTiv I appear,

aneCpcov, ov boundless I seem '(like to)
1090 .TEXT:
A Long Swim and a Long Sleep
Ke /cu/i' eVt
p.*
fKftaivovra ySiT/craTO
gso irerpris 77/365 fteyaXi-jcri ftaXov /cat aTepTret
d\X' ai/aâcrcra/xevos vfjôv TraXti', 1705 €Trf)\0ov
p.oi eeicraro ^wpos aptcrro?,
877
es Trorafjiov, rf)
i^v
Xetos TTtTpdtov, /cat eVt cr/ceVra? avepoio.
8'
8'
€K eTrecrov OvfL'rj'yepeuv, eVt dfji/3poa-ir) vvi;
8'
985 ^Xi»^'. eya> aLira.vf.v0c. StiTreTeo? Trora/ioto

Ka.Te8pa.0ov, <i/x</>t
8e
VTTVOV 8e êo? /car' aTreipova.

fv ev ^>vXXoi(Tt </SiXoi/ ren^/LteVo?
/cat
SetXcrd êXto? /cat fte -yXv/cu?
a
T*
990 VTTÔ?
ava-y<xto|icu — avcc-yao-aixfiriv drew beck 6c':nvoC, ou bush, shrub

I
life,
,
C'.V-ITJLU, etc. loose; leave GuiiriYopewv, ov rr.ekin^ fit>ht for
e
I
EC joyless, peinful rellyin,:

— fall asleep
0irico|j<u, force xc;Ta-£c:p6av(i), xata-6pa0ov

'.,
I
StrV&iiriv
I
6EiAou<xi draw towards evening XfToC, r\, ov smooth, free from

I
5u7UTric, eoc [adj.] rain-fed r.c.vvuxtoC, TI, ov ell riisht lent

ex-Bc.ivco, etc. out, t;o forth T£TtT)|jit;;t grieve
I
£0
I
1091. NOTES:
979. HE: makes the indicative contrary-to-fact.
983. ent: (adv.) "at hand."
984. Transl.: "Coming out of the water fell down, gasping for breath..."
I
1092. COMMENT:
980. Caught by the breakers, he is very nearly dashed against a sec

tion of jagged rocks, and only with difficulty does he manage to swim back
and seek better spot.
a
984. Fortunately, he was Just able to make the bank before the sud
den darkness of the Mediterranean fell upon him. few minutes later it
A
might have been impossible for him to get to shore without serious injury.
985. SuneTeoc: Fed by rain from the sky, which was often identified
138
LESSON 189 139
with Zeus.
989. After his seventeen days and nights on the raft and his
struggle in the water,it is not surprising that he slept so soundly,
1093. WORD STUDY:

AMBROSIAL (fragrant, heavenly—of foods or scents).
University Prints
THE VOTING BETWEEN AJAX AND ODYSSEUS
From a painting by Duris on a red-figured kylix vase. The scene is the

famous occasion at the end of the Trojan War when the Greek army was
a'sked to vote whether Ajax or Odysseus deserved the honor of winning
the divinely-made armor of the dead Achilles, as being the greatest
leader in the host after Achilles himself. Odysseus was voted best,
for his brilliance of strategy and fearless courage; this drove Ajax
to madness from jealousy and hurt pride -- as Sophocles portrays in
his play the Ajax.
LESSON 190
1094 MEMORIZE:
cuif|vr| , T)C wagon rmLOVog, ou [f.] mule

apapioHu), apoop.ai. , apoa or apapov êAco, neA.T|Oco, pieArioa I am a care to
I fit together; I am fitted with Tpelc, Tpia three
We now for a time leave Odysseus sleeping quietly in the thicket, while
the scene is shifted to the palace of Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians, to
whose land Odysseus has just come. Up to this point in our story, Homer
has allowed Odysseus to give his own account of his adventures; but now
the poet takes over and speaks in his own person.
As the curtain rises, we see a young and strikingly beautiful girl,
Nausicaa, princess of the Phaeacians, speaking to her father:
109 5. TEXT:
Enter the Princess
"
$ij
991 Trdmra <£tX', OVK dv ju,ot e<£o7rXtcrcretas a
LVO, /cXvTO,
V\lfJ)\r)l> €VKVK\OV, elÔLT Ciyto/Aat
es Trora/xop TrXweoucra, ra /Ltot pepinrtu/ieVa Ketrat
;
/cat 8e crot avra) eot/ce /xera irpwoicriv eoi^ra
995
/8ouXa5 f3ov\€V€w KdBapa XP0^ e*/iar> ex.ovTa.
TreWe Se rot <^>i\ot ute? eVt jueyapots yeyaacrii/,
S'
ot Sv' oTrvtoi^re?, Tpels ^têot

'
8'
01 ate! e'0e\ou<rt veoTrXiâ et/xar'

e? X<>pov epêcrât
•
ret 8' e'/irj <f>pevl Trdvra
•
1000 cS? atSero yap OaXepov ydfiov
e
ecâr'
Se Travra voei /cat djLtet)8eTO
Trarpl ^>tX&>.
6
"
oure rot 7)fju,6va)v <j>0ov€(t), TOCO?, oure rev dXXov.
e/oêv, drd/3 rot 8/u.we? eôTrXtVcroucrt^
€VKVK\OV, VTrtprepir) dpapvlav
c:i8eonat] feel embarrassment, ov newly-washe'd

[=
ai6o|i(Xi veonXuToC,
I
blush OTtiHO) wed, am married

I
EE,-ovonatvu, — eE-ov6|Jir)va (utter tht) ncntrta "father," "daddy"

I
,
name, mention aloud TIEVTE five

I
euxuxXoC, ov well-wheeled TiXDvu, nXuveu, nXOva wash

I
eqp-onX t'Zlu, -OTiXidCTCi), -onXtoaa prepare funau; pf. trid. fepuTtuâi em dirty,
I
I
:
T)i6eoC, ov an unmarried youth become soiled

9aX£0(o flourish, am in the prime of life UTtepieptT), T)C receptacle (fixed on a wagon)
I
I
xaGapoC, r, ov clean, spotless qpSovfu fir bef.rudtine of

I
140
LESSON 190 141
1096. NOTES:
994. eovTa: instead of agreeing with ooi, it apparently agrees with oe

understood as subject accusative of po\)A.exiei.v.
999. nep.TiA.ev: perfect of peXo) with present force.
1000. GoAepov: marriage in the bloom of youth, "her maidenly marriage."
1004. apo.p'utav: perfect participle of apapicrHui.
1097. COMMENT:
991. This delightful little speech, written, we must not allow our
selves to forget, almost three thousand years ago, ought to impress us with
the truth of the worn-out saying that times change but people do not. Would
you say that the general approach of the Phaeacian princess is a great deal
different from that of the American girl asking her father for the loan of
his convertible for an errand, the nature of which she is somewhat reluctant
for her father to inquire into?
999. It was not thought extraordinary for a Homeric king or princess
to work with the servants in performing the tasks of household or farm. To
Nausicaa, the only daughter in a large family, it would naturally fall to
help her mother with such chores as the laundry.
1000. The real reason she wishes to do the washing herself is to get
ready her clothes and finery for her wedding which she considers herself tnow
old enough to expect to take place soon.
1001. Her father, like most fathers of all ages, understands his
child better than the child imagines.
Baumeister, p. 1651
WOVLAN FLAYING THE FLUTE

Vase decoration, from fifth century.
LESSON 191
1098 MEMORIZE:
e6u)6ri, T\Q food , £eu?;U), £eu£a I yoke

eXcuov, ou olive oil , cov reins
eo9re clothing , ou bed-room, store-room
e{j|eoToe, (TI) > well-polished TIC girl, daughter
1099. TEXT:
A Picnic-Lunc h
1005 e/ce/cXero, rot 8e TrL6ovro.
ot dp' e/cros dp.a£av evrpoôv r)jj.i,oveLr)v

V t / /)» v V ~t ' A* e » »
, i)/xioi'ov5 i7 virayov i,€vgav u VTT a
Kovprj 8* IK Oa\dp,o(.o (ftepev ecrO'fJTa <f>a.€iwjv.
/cat Trjv fjicv KareBrjKev euêcrra) err' a
8'
e'<
1010 fJ'TJTTjp eV KL(TTr) 6Tt^6t fJiCVOtlKc"
9* * >5»T
>
'^3
/
Tra,vTOur)v, ev o oya rtt/et, o oivov

i
e^
»»> >/ ^
>
/> '>
»
'
/
acr/ca> e^ atyetw
•
Kovpr) o eTrep^crar a
8ai/c6i' 8e ^pvcrer) iv \Tr)Kv0a> vypov IXatoi',
^05 ^vrXwcratTO oa'i' djM^>t7roXotcrt ywaiîv.
8*
1015 eXaySei/ /idcrrtya /cat i^Vta

17
TTCTOVTO 8'
e'i
rffjiiovot, 8e <f>epov
ye /cat d/x<îVoXot dXXat.

T^
ov/c otr/i', dfia /ctoz>

T), ov of goat; of goatskin TyoC, If- whip

e
ov having good wheels heart-satisfying, pleasing

euTpoyoC, £C
ov drawn by mules get ready, prepare

I
I
,
etc- set down v|/ov ou [in pi. cooked meats, relish

J
T)C box, chest etc. lead under (the yoke)

I
,
oil-flask u, yuTXuou, anoint

[f
X71XU60C, ou . yuTXoxroc
I
1
1100. NOTES:
1007. in': they harnessed them under the yoke to the wagon.
1012. eneprioaT a first aorist of Patvo), unusual in the intransitive sense
:
here.
1013. xpuoej): synezesis.
1014. ?[oc: with a purpose idea. (Cp. the Irish: "Come here till whack youl)
I
1017. 6-XA.at: i.e., "also," "besides."

1101. COMMENT:
1010. Ber mother bringing out the picnic lunch, not forgetting the
relish, adds the last homey touch to the scene.
142
LESSON 191 143
1013. Olive oil was used extensively in Greece as a sort of soap,

and as a tonic and protection for the skin.
1015. It would seem that the wagon used was so small that it could
not conveniently accommodate more than the clothes and the princess. Her
attendants probably walked along beside or behind it.
1102. WORD STUDY:
ZEUGMA figure of speech in which one verb or adjective is joined or

(a
'yoked'to two nouns, to one of which it has a related but not quite normal
applicability, e.g., 'They ate the rich food and sparkling wine') — CHEST
(a box; the lung -box of the body) .
THE GOLD VAFHEIO CUPS

A close-up, showing the fine glow and texture of the gold.
For a clearer view of the embossed design, see p. 215.
LESSON 192
1103, MEMORIZE:
tpigj i6og strife; ^rivalry nepiHaXXrig, eg very beautiful

HaOaupui, naSapeu), HaQripa cleanse I oeiju),— , (o)oeua or (O)OTJ(ITIV set I
Xoeu), Xoeoou), Xoeo(o)a [frequently in motion, I drive; [mid.] I rush
contracts to Xouu), etc.] wash I XptU), XP^ oop.ai , XPôa I anoint
1104. TEXT:
All Work-
at 8' ore
8r)
770x0,^010 /aooi' Trepi/caXXe" I/COZ/TO,
eV#' rot TrXwol rjcrav f7rr)€Tavoi, TroXu 8'

77
vSa>/3
1020 KaXoi> VTTtKTrpopcev /aaXa 7re/3 pwdovra Ka0r)pa.i,
ev&' at
y
/cai TO,? /xei/ aevaj/ 7rora/AOi> trdpa

rat
S*
•
rparyuv aypaicmv /AeXi/rjSea aTT* a.7njvr)<s
et/otara ^f.p<rlv IXoz^ro /cai €(r<f>6peov /aeXai' v8w/3,

8'
1025 oreiySov eV fioBpouri ejptSa irpo^)4povcra.i.

0O(t><;
avrap eVei TrXvi/aj/ re Kd07)pdv re /5v7ra
6^61179 TT€Ta<rav Trapd 9lv aXo?, -^x1 pa-

Xaty-ya? TTOTI ^€pa~ov a7TO7rXui/eo"Ke OdXacrcra.
at 8e Xoeo'o-a/nei'at /cat ^p(,<rd^va.i Xur' eXato>
1030 SCITTÔI/ erreif?' eiXo^ro Tra/)' o^drja'iv Trora/xoto,
8'
ei/zara êXtoto pevov TtpcrtjfJievcu a-v

TtXuvoC, place for washing, washing-

ioc clover, grass OU
rough
from myself, wash
wash away
I
Ttpo-qcEpu, etc. display

I
eddying, swirling ^na' UV defile^nt, dirt

EO-acc, EV
,
•
never-failing, ever-flowing fu™tl) m dir^ am soiled
I
I l
ov
,
tramPle- tr*ad on
X
CTT£10U
bring in
I
iyt where
TepOttlVB [pres. inf. TEpaêvocL dry
I
]
"bble, crop
^^
I
pebble
I
XaiyE, XaiYvoC [f-

]
[adv.] richly, plenteously un-Ex-Tipo-X^, etc. loose fiun under

I
XiTia
shore
end °ul' rele8se
J
5x6n, TIC bank,

f
wesh vTC-Ex-Trpo-pe'u flow up Eni cut froa. be-

I
TtXDvco, nXuvEO), nXuva

I
reath
1105. NOTES:
1020. punaovta: understand

1024. pteXav: "dark," even though clear (HoAov) because of its depth.
,
place to which 18 d,2) .

(#
66u>p:
144
LESSON 192 145
1026. puna: i.e., e£

. 1031. p.evov: at is still the subject.
1106. COMMENT:
regular basins had been hollowed out alongside the
1019. Apparently
river lined with stone. At either end, openings would be made so that
and
the water of the river could be channeled to flow through them in a steady
stream.
1025. They trample the clothes with their feet to loosen the dirt,
gaily vying with one another to see who can tread most vigorously and most
quickly, making a sort of game out of the work.
1030. The picture of the girls having their picnic lunch on the
grassy bank of the river is another proof of the marvelous way that Homer
seems to make his characters thoroughly human. In few pieces of world lit
erature will you find people so charmingly natural and true to life as in
Homer .
1107. WORD STUDY:

ERISTIC (disputatious, prone to controversy) — CHRISM (a consecrated oil used
for ritual anointing in the Sacrament of Confirmation) .
Pogany
HOMERIC CHARIOT
(From Colum, Tale of froy, p. vii, courtesy Macmillan)

LESSON 193
1108, MEMORIZE:
, i6oG flashing-eyed xpriSe^vov, oxi veil

[epithet of Athene] Aex)xu)\evoG, white-armed-
ov
, TIG handmaid Naxiotxad, as Nausicaa
, ox) [f.] deer nTuooco, ntuû, nrxjâ 1 fold
, TiY^°°â-u, riYTloo-nriv I lead, pel~a [adv.] easily, at ease

I guide
1109. TEXT:
— and Some Play
avrap eVel crirov 8/btwat re /cat aim),

'
(T(f>aiprj ral 8 dp' cTraaôv airo Kpij&efjwa, ySaXoGcrat
TTycrt 8e Navcrt/caa XevKwXei/o? rjpêro
1035 0117 8'vApTe/>its elcrt /car' ovpea loêiatpa,
1 /cara TrepifjiTKeroi> 17
KO.I
8e ^' i, Kovpai Ato? atytdôto,

rf)
aypovop,oi 8e re
1040 Tracrda)v 8' vTrep ye Kapr)
17
ejêt
OLpiyvam) TreXerat, /caXal 8e re Tracrat

y' r'
yaeia
015 TrapBevos a
17
a/Li<^t7rdXoto-t /aereV/oeTre
dXX' ore
8^
a/a' e)aeXXe TraXti' ot/cdi/8e vd

£eu£acr' ^î6vov<; Trrvâcrd re ei/iara /caXa,

aur' aXX'
1045 eV^' eVd^cre êa, yXav/ctoTTi? *A0TJinr),
eypotro t8ot
J?
r'
'OSucreu? e'ua>7rt8a
ot
T
haunting the fields |J£Ta-7ip£TOi) err pre-etLinent among

C,
ov
[cdj-l unwedded ou forehead

,
T1TOC
,
OV known, recor ni zeble play; singing

i,
plYvoxcoC, T), TIC

c
crake beginninfe, cf, OUpoC, EO£ mountain

apyto, cptto, cpEo
I
I
play, sport
off
[f I
I
lead
Erimenthus mountain in svoC, ou . maiden, virgin
'Fp\j|iav6oC,
1
[a
ou
r\, ov of fereat height, lofty
,
Achaea]
euSmiC, [edj.] fair, beautiful aqp&IpK, T)€ bell
i6oC
7eyr;etus mountain aboye
[&
Tnu'V£foC, ov.
ATJTU, 6oC Leto [mother of Apollo and
Tpertel
Artemis]
146
LESSON 193 147
1110. NOTES:
1032. TapcpGev: aorist passive third plural- indicative (with irregular ending)
of Tepnco.
1033. ano: adverbial, with poAcnjoai.
1034. transl.: "just as."
1037. : "taking delight in."
1038. with &M.CX.
1039. : _ perfect, with present force, of YTl9£(JJ-
1040. adverbial.
unep:
1041. naoai: understand eioiv. Notice that an independent clause is used
instead of a concessive clause ("although") .
1045. evor|oe: "thought other things," "planned otherwise."
1046. u>C: "namely, how. ..."
1047. 01: "who might be guide for him."
1111. COMMENT:
1033. The game is thought to have been played by tossing a ball un

expectedly to one of the players after "faking" it towards someone else, .
possibly to the accompaniment of some sort of chant or song. Whichever
player or team missed the ball least often probably would be considered the
winner.
1035.ff. To give us an idea of how striking Nausicaa looked among
her maidens as they sported about in the game, Homer compares her to Artemis,
goddess of the hills and forests, who runs lightly with the nymphs playing
round her and outshines them all in her stateliness and beauty.
University Prints
ARTEMIS THE HUNTRESS
1044. When the princess was beginning to think of folding the clothes
and harnessing up to go home, Athene interferes to bring help to Odysseus,
her faithful worshiper.
1112. WORD STUDY:

HEGEMONY (leadership, priority of power, as 'An aim of the Communist Party
is to establish Russian hegemony throughout the world'); EXEGESIS (a 'lead
ing out' of the meaning of some scriptural or other text by explaining its
background and significance) — ARCH-CONSPIRATOR (the chief or 'leading1 con
spirator, ARCH-ENEMY, ARCH-BISHOP; ARCHITECT (lexTtov, builder, hence 'chief-
builder, master-builder who plans and directs the whole), ARCHITECTURE;
ANARCHY ('lack of leadership,' confusion due to absence of or revolt against
central authority) .
G. P. Brown Co. Raphael
THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS

A great renaissance artist's symbolic representation of
Greek thought and culture by way of a gathering of the
leaders in the various arts and sciences. The central
figures, significantly enough, are Plato (on the left)
and Aristotle, .twin lights of ancient philosophy.
LESSON 194
1113. MEMORIZE:
fjg shout 6pp.a.Cvu>, — , SpjiTiva I ponder

QTJOJ, onjou), frlioa. I shout
1114. TEXT:
An Eventful Encounter
•
cr<f)alpav eVetr' eppu//e /xer' a/x<£i7roXoi/ y8ao"tXeta
' •
dfj.(f>LTr6\ov fifv a/xapre, fiaBeir) 8 e)x/8aXe 811/17
lose at 8* eVt /Aa/cpoi/ dvcrav -68' eypero 8105 'O8vo*o~ev?,
eô/iet'os 8' wp/xati/e /caret <£p«/a /cat /caret

"
&)
/tot eyaj, reiwi/ aure /SporoJv es yatai/
ot u/8pt<rrat re /cat ayptot ouSe 8t/catoi,
y'
/>'
i/ot /cat voos eo~rt Beovoijs
;
o~(f)Li>
1055 re Kovpdiav dp.(f>TJ\v0€ BrjXvs dirnj,

at eôuo*' opfo)v at7reti/a /cc'
/cat TTTjyas Trora/xajj/ /cat TTtcrea 7roiryei/ra.

I/U 7TOV dvBp(t>TTO)V €t/Xt O"Xe8oi/
17
O.VO'T)€V1
aXX' ay' eycii/ auro9 Tretpryao/Ltat i^Se t8ct»//.at.
1060
8'
e'/c TTUKiti/rj? i;'Xi7<? TTTopOov /cXcure

pvcraLTo Trept
5
ainetvoC, 6v high, lofty £OC water-meadow

ri,
atiqf)-Epxo|iai, etc. around, surround eoaa, grassy

C,
come EV
I
ou6rieiC, eaaa, ev using (mortal) speech 7iTop9oC, ou branch
3aotXeia, princess f>Co|iou, — îjaaiiTiv protect, hide

r)C queen,
I
I
,
8TvT), T)C whirlpool, eddy CTqpoupa, r)C ball

etc. throw in olo wanton, violent
C,
en-3dXXti),
I
0ajivoC, ou bush
i, — i)7io-6uCT6nr)v come forth
I
,
god-fearing from
6eou6iiC, ec
xXaci), — xXaaa break (flXo-EsivoC, ov well-disposed to strangers,

I
,
UTJ6<K, £OC [always pi. nakedness

hospitable
]
?C spring
1115. NOTES:
1048. nei:': "towards" or "at."
1049. &napte: the subject of this and is still
149
1050. eiu Hcxxpov: "over a great (distance) ," .i .e. , "loudly."

1051. k%o\L£VOQ: here, of course, "sitting up."
1052. & not eyi: an exclamation, representing some such idea ac "alas for me!
Woe is me!"
teoov: synezesis.
would expect a perfect; but the present result
£H<XV<JO: We is emphasized
at the expense of the action required to produce it.
1053. ot: understand eioC.
1055. &s: "as of girls."
OfiXug: i.e., "shrill."
1059. t6(jj|iai: not a mere future fact as Tteipfi 00^10.1 , but an exhortation to do
something.
1062. nepl XPOL^ "so that it (being tied) around his person...."
1116. COMMENT:
1050. After the careful build-up, the action itself takes place in a
flash — they scream; .he awakes; his rescue is under way.

1052. As a point of Homer's art, notice that he allows his characters
not only to develop the action themselves but also to dramatise their very
thoughts by thinking aloud.
1052-9. Remember that Odysseus had heard no human voice nor seen«
any mortal for over eight years.
1056. The Greeks were remarkable for their view of nature. They were
never satisfied merely with things , however wonderful or beautiful. They had
always to find in things a life akin to their own, a life with personality.
Hence, the mountains and springs and meadows, all' had, to the imaginative
Greeks, their own personal spirits .Idolatry ; which dominated the whole ancient
world and had to be stamped out so vigorously even among the Jews, seems
never to have occurred to the Greeks.
1062. With a natural and unaffected modesty, Odysseus feels it un

becoming to investigate the voices without some sort of covering.
1117. WORD STUDY:

SPHERE (a ball or globe), ATMOSPHERE (OLTHOC, vapor; hence, the 'ball of air'
surrounding the earth) .
MARINE LIFE
Interesting forms of underwater creatures ornament
ing an old Greek vase. (Courtesy Metropolitan Museum)
LESSON 195
1118 MEMORIZE:
O.A.XTI, f)g [dat. sg. O.A.KL] defence; SeCnvD^t., 6ei£oj, 6ei£a I show
prowess Xeouv, OVTOG lion
, TIC brine, briny crust ouepSoAeog, r|, ov frightful,
[w. gen.] before, opposite terrible
6a.LCi) I light up; [pass.] I blaze
1119. TEXT:
Odysseus Comes Forth
?7
8' ip-tv o>5 re XeW opeo-irpofycx; ciX/d
05 T' elcr' VOJJLCVOS /cat drffMevos, ev 8e oi oacre
•
loss Saterat avrap 6 ySoucri ju,ere/3êrat 17
oiecrcrti/
e e
Kal C? TTVKLVOV
cS? 'OSvcrevs Kovpycriv eWXc/ca/xotcrtj/ c/
1070 cr/u-epSaXeb? 8' avrya-L <f>dv7) /ce/ca/c&>/xeVo5 aXttTj,

o aXXuSt5 aXX?7 eV 77101^5 Trpovôvcra^.
8' 'AX/ctvoou Bvydrrfp p.€ve
•
777 yap 'KBrjvr)
evi <j>pecr(. &r)K£. /cat e/c 8eo5 etXero yvitov.
O Q.VTO, '
O"}£Op,fl>Y) O O6 (JLCpLLTIpLgev 'O8l><7'O~€l5?,
yovvaiv Xtcro"otro Xa/8oV eutuTTtSa Kovprjv,

1075 77
77avra)5 eVeeo-o-ti/ aTrocrraSa /a€tXt^toto*ti/

XMTCTOIT', ct 8et£eie TrdXtv /cat ct/xara

80177.
aypoTepoC, rj, ov wild xaxou; pf. mid. : xexoxunai I outrage, 1
aXXu8K (fiXXri): some one way, others befoul

another way ji£T-epyofxat, etc. I mingle with
KTtooraSoc standing aloof, at a distance 6peo"tTpo<jpoC, ov mountain-bred
uncovered etc. reject, jut out
ri,
yunvoC, ov naked, Ttpo-eyo),

c
I
EU&7UC, t6oC fair, beautiful Tptti), — TpeaCTK flee (in fright)

I
,
T)iuv, OVOC [in pi.] seashore, strand Oa rain; [pass.:] em rained upon
I
I
GapaoC, eoC courage, daring
1120. NOTES:
1063. nenoiedie: perfect participle of neCeto (with present sense) meaning
here "1 trust in."
1064. ar||ievos: passive participle of Comi. (cp.
ev; adverbial — "within," i.e., with the inner fire of savage hunger
151
and exc i t ement .

1067. Hat: "even."
mm LVOV Sonov: the carefully-closed fold.
1069. txave: understand iuv.
1074. oifi O.VTO.: "she stood facing him."
oxonevT): i.e., from flight.
1075. youvon/: partitive genitive after Xap.po.vu) when it means 'I take hold
of.'
1121. COMMENT:
1063 ff. The Homeric simile is imaginative rather than intellectual;

it presents a complete picture rather than merely the scientifically ana
lysed point of similarity. The main point of comparison here is the neces
sity that drove both the lion and the Greek to do something rather desperate.
A secondary point is the consternation that would seize the unsuspecting
sheep, on the one hand, and, on the other, the unsuspecting girls.
*
1070. This line is thought to have been made especially harsh in
sound, to match the idea expressed in it.
1072. It is not surprising that the girls should have been frightened
by the sight he presented; yet the young princess refuses to flee and holds
her ground, facing him. The poet explains this as the inspiration of Athene,
but such an explanation is really nothing more than the mythological exter-
nalization of psychology. Nausicaa was a high character and spirit.
girl of
Besides, any girl who had grown up with five brothers would inevitably have
a more masculine and fearless attitude toward men.
1075. This custom, for one begging a favor to clasp the knees of
his expected benefactor as a sign of humble supplication, was the universal
practice of the G-reeks and would not in itself surprise Nausicaa. What
Odysseus feared was that the maiden would be frightened and run away if he
approached too near with his present savage appearance, or might misinter
pret his action and become angered.
1077. Odysseus could hardly fail to notice the clothes laid out con
spicuously to dry.
1122. WORD STUDY:

GYMNASIUM, GYMNASTICS (because the ancients took their exercise lightly clacj.
LESSON 196
1123, MEMORIZE:
e£6os, eoc appearance, face vaietcxu) I dwell, I inhabit; I am

situated, I exist
1124. TEXT:
Odysseus, the Orator
o»9 cipa ot <f>povfovTL SoGuro-aro KepStoi/

Xtcro-eo-flat eWeo-aii/ aTrooraSa
loso 17
ot yowa Xa/Sd^rt ôX&xratTo (frpeva Kovprj..
•
CLVTLKCL /cat /cepSa.Xe'oi' <^>aro fjivffov
o~e, avacrcra- 0eos vv Tt9, ^ /8/3oro9 eo~o~t;
et jtieV Tt9 $eo9 eo~o~t, rot ovpavov evpvv

'Apre/iiSt o~e e'yc«j ye, Ato9 Kovpr) /ixeyaXoto,
loss eI8o9 TC /Lteyeô9 Te (f>wjv r' ay^tora eto~/ca>
<\ > \
, Ot CTTt
/aa/cape9 /êv crot ye Trarrjp KCU TTOTVLO. fjLt]T7jp,
•
ts jaa/ca/ae? 8e /cacriyi^rot /LtaXa TTOU
cr^tcri
aiev Iv^pocrvvrjcnit iaivtrai eiVe/ca creto,
1090 Xevcrcrdz/Tw^ rotdt'Se âXo? ôpov
Ktlvos o av Trepi Krjpi, //.a/capraro?
09 /cex tr' e'eSi>oicri 83tcra9 ot/cdi/S' d

supl. of I come in, I enter

» ^ » /
a lev = aiEi = eEoya
avaaacc, protectress
T)C queen, Euijppocruvri, rjC gladness, merriment
a7ioOTa8cx standing aloof, at a distance GcxXoC, £OC young shoot; youthful person
*
— , 3plaa I weigh down, I prevail
xep6cX£oC, Jl, 0V cunning, clever
[defective verb] it seemed, it HEye6oC, EO? stature
eppeared fortr.
tie
I liken to
1125. NOTES:
1083. tot: its antecedent is a Geiiiv implied 'in 9eoc.
1087. ^.axapeg: ELOI is understood.
1089. another example of the plural of abstract nouns used
e\)<ppooijvyioi.v:
to refer to repeated occasions or actions.
1090. XeuooovTOUv: agreeing in sense with the preceding dative of possession.
>: agrees with the natural gender of 6a\OG (in this case a
153
girl)
1091. nepi: (adv.) "exceedingly."
naxapTtt-cos: compared as adjectives in -TIC and -i>e.
1092. o' : object of
1126. COMMENT:
1078. Even here Odysseus' agile mind works furiously to decide the
better way of winning his- point. If anything is characteristic of Odysseus
it is the remarkable way he thinks about each problem and plans each step.
1082. This speech might well be studied as a model of psychological
approach. Notice that he addresses her at once as "queen," and wonders if
she is goddess or mortal — a question that was not likely to be displeasing
to a young girl, and especially to one who knew that she was beautiful.
1085. e£5oe would refer to the face, to her stature, and
to her body.
1087. Compare the similar sentiments of Aeneas to Dido on their
first meeting (Aen. 1.605-6):
Quae te tarn laeta tulerunt
saecula? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes?
1091. A poet in the Anthology is still more enthusiastic:
6 pXeniov oe- TpiooA.pioc Boric axouei-
6'6 (piA.u>v aQavatos 8' 6
(The first line is read as a regular hexameter; the second

line is scanned thus: — ~~|-^w|-||-v^|— ^w|— 1| ).
1092. Large presents were expected to be given to the father of the

sought-for bride. The keen competition suggested here would, of course, be
a great compliment to the beauty and accomplishments of the girl.
J.Z.
FACADE OF THE DORIC TEMFLE AT AEGINA
LESSON 197
Review
1127. Go over again Lessons 187-196.; make sure now that you have really mastered
1. Vocabulary: Check your mastery of the 54 new memory words.

the forms.
3. Story;
a. How did Odysseus react to the proposal of Calypso?
b. How did he finally get on Phaeacian soil?
c. Describe the royal family of the Phaeacians.
d. Describe the technique used by Nausicaa and her handmaids in wash
ing the clothes.
e. Describe the meeting of Nausicaa and Odysseus.
4. Criticism;
a. new revelations of the character of Odysseus can you find in
'What
these ten lessons?
b. Do you think Homer succeeds in making Nausicaa a very appealing
person? Explain your answer.
c. Would you say that the meeting of Odysseus and Nausicaa is brought
about naturally, in a plausible manner? Explain.
a. It is said that Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians, was immortal in
appearance.
b. In order to persuade her father, the girl said that washing clothes
for him and his sons was her care.
c. Who would not yoke the mules to (= under) the wagon for the very
beautiful daughter of the kingt

1128. THE SPIRIT OP GREEK ARCHITECTURE:
Architecture's purpose is to build a dwelling which is both suited

to its specific function and pleasing to look at; that is, to provide a
shelter for man which befits his humanity, supplying his body protection
and his soul beauty.
The Greek contribution to the progress of architecture is what

might be expected: it combines beauty with practicality, simplicity with
splendor. So noble a formula for architectural design did the Greeks work
out that it has been the admiration of all the world, receiving on all
sides the highest proof. of esteem: imitation. It will be both interesting
and important to learn some details about this branch of Greek art, with
which every educated person is supposed to be at least basically familiar.
The earliest Greek buildings which still survive well enough pre
served to reveal their design and features are the huge "Cyclopean" stone
walls and chambers of Mycenae and Tiryns, built with massive stone blocks
155
carefully fitted together into rectangular, triangular, and circular pat

terns (see pictures, p. 205 an(i vol. 1, p. 218). Buildings in the subse
quent period were of wood and have perished. Toward the sixth century B.C.,
however, Greece was prosperous enough again to build in stone, and rapidly
evolved complete architectural styles of its own.
The Doric 'order1 of building design developed first, the earliest

example being the great temple of Hera at Olympia, c. 640 B.C., and the
most famous the Parthenon, two centuries later. The simple, rugged Doric
style was economical to construct, but had a strong manly dignity which made
for striking beauty. It
is characterized by sturdy pillars rising directly
from the floor without ornamental base, to a height about 5g- times their
bottom diameter. The columns taper gently toward the top and are cut with
wide shallow flutings. Above the column rests a simple capital made up of
a beveled moulding and a square block. Atop the capital is a great stone
beam (the 'architrave') running the whole length or width of the building,
surmounted by an ornamental frieze of sculptured figures alternating with
raised plates or 'triglyphs' carrying three deep vertical grooves and con
necting with the cornice above. The triangular space ('tympanum') under the
slant of the roof was filled with sculpted figures in a unified group. For
examples, see illustrations on p. 31 and vol. 1, pp. 250, 166.
Ionic style, which came into vogue in the sixth century B.C.,
The
was more delicate and highly wrought. Its pillars were thinner and taller,
averaging nine times their diameter in height, and rested on an ornamental
base of rounded mouldings. Fluting of the columns was narrow and deep. At
the top was a scroll-like volute supporting an architrave made in three
horizontal overhanging steps. Sculpture on the frieze was continuous, not
broken up by interjected triglyphs. See the diagram, and the picture of the
Temple of Winged Victory, p. 75-
tw VJI ».f in
UNIVERSITY
PRINTS
CORINTHIAN
LESSON 197 157
More elaborate yet, the Corinthian is distinguished by its

order
inverted-bell-shaped capital adorned with double row of gracefully curling
a
acanthus leaves. Its pillar, base, and frieze are similar to those of the
Ionian style, but more elegant. This was the most popular style of architec
ture with the Romans, and is the most widely copied in modern buildings.
See the splendid example on p.
Greek architectural features have a simple directness and harmonious

refinement which give them great charm. Their delicacy, strength, and res
traint are quite characteristic of the whole Greek spirit in art. The
ancient world was filled with their grandeur. To them, much modern architec
ture goes back for inspiration and example. How much this has contributed
to the beauty of our own cities today is too obvious for comment.
Photos courtesy Frof. S.Ralph Harlow
OBJECT LESSON IN GREEK INFLUENCE

Identical-angle views of the colonnades of the Parthenon
and of the Lincoln Memorial. Architect Henry Bacon knew
a good art effect when he saw one, and Phidias' inspira
tion has been put to a noble use for modern viewers.
LESSON 198
11 29 | MEMORIZE:
6T|V [adv.] long veog, T], ov young, fresh, new

HTJ&OS, eoc care, woe Tiapoi.ee(v) before
1130. TEXT:
"How to Make Friends —
OV yap TTQ> TOtOI/Se LOOV jSpOTOV O
OVT* ovre eo~opovTa.

'ATroXXwvos irapa
817
1095 TTOTC TOLOV

•
veov epvos dvepôêvov ev6rjo~a
yap /cat Kewre, TTO\US 8e /xot eirTrero Xao9,

8*
/cat
1100 ou iro) rotoi> avi]\vOf.v IK Sopu yatr;?,
t
8'
to? ere, yvât, aya/zat re T€0rjTrd re, 8et8ta
•
ai/;acrât âXeTrov 8e /xe TrevBos t/cai/ei.
cet/coarw <f>vyov ^/xart olvoTra. TTOVTOV •
8e aiel Kv/aa re
/u,'
To<f>pa <f)6pei Kpa.nrva.i

8'
iios vT](Tov air 'Oyvyt^?. w)i' eV0aSe
o^>p' ert TTOU /cat T^Se irdBa) KOLKOV • ov yo-p

iravo~€cr0' aXX' ert TroXXa ^cot reXeouert
',
[indecl. n. awe, wonder -

admire
I
av-epyO|icu, etc. come up r£87i7ia [pf. with pres. sense] am amazed,

I
I
altar; pedestal an. stunned

I
3(i)HOC, ou
AriXoC, Delos [an island east of Greece]

ou cpoTvtE, TxoC [f- palm-tree
|
eetxooToC, ri, 6v twentieth qiopeci) bear, carry [implies repeated

I
EpvoC, eoC young tree, sapling or habitual action]

KdB-ISdXXu, etc. cast (down or ashore) TI, 6v of yesterday, yesterday
I
xpounvoc, ?i, 6v swift
1131. NOTES:
1098. o6ov: Cognate accusative with
toeoQai: future infinitive of
the comparison is in reversed order: "just so did
6'
1099. &e a.f)t(i>e. . .<!)£

it.... as
:
admire admire you."

I
1100. 8opu: here refers to the trunk of the young tree.

1103. x9i-£og: another example of an adjective of time being used instead of
158
LRSSQN 198 159
the adverb.
1104. <popei: often the verb agrees with the nearer subject only, though it
goes in sense with both.
1107. nauoeoG': understand HO.XOV as subject accusative.
noXA.«x: HOCKO. is implied.
ndpoiSev: i.e., before the evils stop.
1132. COMMENT:
1095. Delos was especially noted for worship of Apollo; it was con
sidered the birthplace of the twin-gods, Apollo and Artemis -
1096. Moderns are not so likely to speak of trees in order to bring
out human qualities as were peoples living much closer than we to nature.
Hebrew poetry, -for example, frequently compares persons to the "cedars of
Libanus ."
1097. A casual remark, but designed to impress on the
seemingly girl
that she was not dealing with an ordinary tramp or lost sailor; indeed, it
hints that this is a man of importance who once had many followers.
1106. Nothing could be more expected to arouse her sympathy and in-
•spire her spontaneous aid.
1133. WORD STUDY:
SEBASTIAN ('wonderful, awe-inspiring, august'); SEVASTOPOL ('august city,'

a large Russian city in the Crimea) .
A VASE BY HIEHO
The painter shows Triptolemus being sent forth on a

winged chariot by the grain-goddesses Demeter and
Persephone to introduce the cultivation of wheat to
distant peoples, while Eleusis, divinity of the lo
cal mystery cults, looks on. (From Overbeck, Kunst-
mythologie 15.22 A., and Gardner Principles of Greek
Art,p- 252, courtesy Macmillan Co.)
LESSON 199
1134. MEMORIZE
O.VTLOS, T], ov opposite; towards; e\ea.ipco I pity

in reply [adv.] nevertheless
, eg hostile
1135. TEXT:
— and Influence People"
•
ciXXd, ai/curcr', e'Xe'cu/?e <re yap KO.KOL TroXXa
es Trpaynrjv iKO/rrji', TWV 8' aXXwi' ov TLVO. oZ8a
1110 dvffpUTTtDV, Ot TTJI/Se TToKlV KCLL ydldV €
acrrv 8e jJiOi Setôi', So? 8e d
ei rt TTOU el\vp.a (nreLpcov tovcra.
crol 8e 0eot rocra Sotei', ocra <f>p€(rl crrycri
av$pa re /cat ot/coi/, *cai ofio^pocrvi^rjv oi

1115 ov yo.p TOV yf. Kptlo'O'ov Ko.1 apeiov,
OLKOV
e yvvrj- TroXX' dXyea

8' €vfj,ei>€Tr)(ri,, /xdXtcrra 8e T' e/cXvot- avrot."
8' au Naucrt/cda Xeu/cwXet'os avriov rjvBa •
1120 ', CTree oure Ka/cw our' a<f>povi <ÔJTI eot/ca-;

—
Zeu? 8' auros o\foov 'OXv^Trto? a.v6p<imoLcriv,

(.0€\r)<Tiv, e/cdcrroj
•
/ca/cotcrii/, O7ra>9
t TTOV crot rctS' e8a»/ce, ere 8e

etc. I throw around VOT)(JUX, O.TOC thought, plan

Svaaaa, T)C queen, protectress t'J(;o;<(jovHV) I am of like mind, I sympathize
aiiSdu I speak, I address onoqcpoouvr), T)C oneness of mind, concord
fiqjpoov, ovoC foolish; simpleton 'OXujmioC, ov Olympian, dwelling on Olympus
ElXOflO, ttTOC wrapper onuC as, however
EUfiev£TT)C, ao well-wisher paxoc, EOC rag
xpetffauv, ov stronger, mightier cmeTpov, ou fpl- 1 clothes
fiEvoivau I wish, I purpose X, OiTOC joy, cause of joy
1136. NOTES:
1108. oe: is moved from its normal position as object of EG to show strong
emphasis.
1110. TTyv5e: he has not yet seen the city but he knows from the presence of
the girls that it must be quite near.
160
LESSON 199 161
1110. noXiv particular difference in meaning here. Ordinarily,

CLOTU: no
&OTV indicates of dwelling-places, while noXts emphasizes the
a group
corporate or political unity of the group.
1111. a^cpt paXeoSai: the middle removes the need of expressing e|ie.
1112. et TI: "what ever "(Cp. Lat. "si quid").
elMjua oneCpcov: the coarser cloth in which the clothes were wrapped
when carrying them.
1115. ov: i.e., ou6ev eott.
1116. 80': an explanation "than that,
of the genitive of comparison, tou ~
JT\
when..."
mean than
I
1117. fcA.-yea: in loose apposition to the whole thought of the preceding.

1118. txXuov: a gnomic aorist. They hear it (i.e., realize it) most of all
in their own hearts and need neither the envy of enemies nor the con
gratulations of friends to tell them of their happiness.
1120. enei: the main clause is sufficiently expressed by her attitude.
"Since it is not your fault, will help you."
I
1123. TetXcxnev: perfect infinitive of tXaw.
1137. COMMENT:
1108. Having won her good will by his respect, courtesy, and nicely-
phrased compliments, having intrigued her woman's curiosity by his vague
mention of his own royalty, and finally having aroused her feminine instinct
of sympathy with the recital of his woes past and to come, he now makes 'a
direct appeal to her for action, the essential fruit of real oratory.
1111. He now makes his general appeal for help completely specific;
bat yet kee^s his requests quite modest and reasonable.
1113. The final touch is added to perfect speech by showing her
a
the reward she can expect to receive in return for her action. He shrewdly
selects the very desire that is at the moment uppermost in her mind and which
would naturally appeal most to girl of her age.
1115. He expresses in words, as he has already expressed by his own

deeds, his beautiful and idealistic picture of the natural dignity and joys
of high-minded married life.
speech of Odysseus convinces Nausicaa that he is neither
1121. This
evil nor foolish. His miserable condition, therefore, must not be bis fault
but the arbitrary dispensation of Zeus. Therefore, she implies, he is most
worthy of her help.
LESSON 200
1138. TEXT:
The Princess Takes Over
vvv 8', eTret Têre'pTp re TTO\IV /cat yalav i/ca

1125 our' ow ecr^TjTOS Seinycreat oure rev aXXou,
(Si/ eVe'oix' i/ceTTjz/ raXa7reipioi> avrida-avra..
da-TV Se' rot Set£a>, rot owo/za Xawi/.
e'pe'a> Se'
cfraiTj/ces /u,eV rryz'Se TroXiz; /ecu yalav eôvorty,
ei/xt 8' eyai Ovydrrjp //.eyaXr^TOpo? 'AX/ai'ooio,

H30 rou 8' e/c<&an]i«ov e^cTat /capro? re y8aj re."
/5a /cat a.fi<f>nr6\oicnv eWXo/ca/io
•»7
'
Ol, d/U,<^t7ToXot TTOtTe <f>€Vy€T€
l
<f><aTCL
TTOV rti'a $v<T[ji€v€(i)v <f>dcr0'

T^
eJLtftevat
OVK ecr6'
euro? di^/3 8te/3os ^SpoTo?, ov8e
os Key &aiiJK(av dv^pwv
e's
1135 yatai/ i/c^rat

•
Si^toT'^ra <f>ep(i)i> ôtaXa yap ^>tXot
oi/ce'o/iei' 8' OLTrdvevOf. TroXu/cXucrTOJ e^t Trd^rw,
ov8e' rt? a/x^t eVi/itcryerai aXXo?.

t,
f3pora>v
— avTiaca meet [x£T7)C, ou supplieut

I
,
Seuco, SeumofiKt have need of, lack xaproC = xpo.ToC

I
6v living, nimble
6iepoC,
ri,
rLoXux>uaToC, ov Buoh
£7t-eoix£ it is fitting nocre wtither
?
etc. mingle with, corce to TaXaneipio^. ov sorely-tried, much-

I
1»
I
,
ov extreme, most tufferin^

C,
remote
1139. NOTES:
1126. &v: plural in agreement with the sense of TED &AAoi). It is genitive
because P.TI 6e'ueo9aL must be understood, on the strength of ox> Seurjoeai
in the preceding line.
avTuaoavta:understand ttva as object.
1130. Toi5 ixeTai-: (lit.: "from whom holds itself") - "on whom depends."
ex
1132.\ioi: "I beg you," "please" — Sometimes called the 'ethical dative,'
showing the speaker's special interest in what is said.
1133. ^r\ cpaoe' Quv]: "you don't think, do you, that he ...?"
r\
1134. Transl.: "That man does not exist as living mortal, nor will such a
a
one be born. . ."

YevriTai: is practically equivalent to the future, and therefore has ov
instead of \LT\.
162
LESSON 200 163
1136. <piXoi: understand ei|iev.

1138.
1140. COMMENT:
1124. A second reason for aiding him, Nausicaa believes, is that he

has to her land as a suppliant, and, of course, to the Greek mind sup
come
pliants had a special sacredness, as dear to "Zeus Guardian of guests"
(cp. lines 130-131) .
-The western and northern parts of the Mediterranean were still
113_8.
very unexplored by the Greeks of this time. In their small and fragile
much
sailing boats they tended to stick very close to their own coasts. No one
in living memory had ever come to the Phaeacians' island home.
University Prints
EURIPIDES
Two portrait busts of the famous tragedian.

LESSON 201
1141 MEMORIZE:
[adv.] long XLTWV, tunic

mantle
1142. TEXT:
A Welcome Bath
dXX' o8e
•
1140 i"6i> ) /co/u,e'eii' 77/305 yap AIDS etcm*
T€ TTTOJÔt T€, 8d(TlS 8* oXtyiJ T€ C^lX?} T€.
aXXct Sor', d/x(/>i7roXot,

\ / / j «•» v/j* /j\
êtva) j3po>criv re Trocrti/ re,
u »»>/
r
>
Aoucrare ei/ 7roTa/Li&), oc/ CTTI cr/ceTra? ecrr aveôio.
a>S €<f>a6\ at 8* ecrra^ re /cat aXX^Xrycrt KeXeucrav,

\o £» w > J/-^^ "> T > \ • / e i /\
1145 Kao o ap (Jovcrcrrj etcrat' £7rt cr/ceTras, a>s e/ceXeucrc
Ovydrrjp /AC-yaXifro/ao? 'AX/ctvdoto

•
8' apa ot <f>apo<s re ^traii/a re etâr* eOrjKav,

8e ^pvcrer) Iv \-rjKvO<a vypov eXatov,
v 8' dpa Xovtrât Trora/AOto pofjcnv.
/u.tt'
•
lisa pa TOT' a/x,^>t7rdXotcrt /ler^vSa Stos 'OSucrcrev?
, a-T7J0y ovTO) dTTOtrpoOtv, oc^p* eya> auros
a,7roXoucro/xat, a/xr/n 8* eXatw
yap Brjpov O.TTO ^poo? ecrrtf d\oL<j)ij.

avTr]v 8'
•
ou/c at» ey<u ye Xoe'crcro/Aat atSe'o/aat yap
1155
), V)C brine; dried spray I tend, I csre for

f)C cintirent C, ou Tf- 1 oil-flesk
KVTT)V ic one's
fadv. | openly, presence U£T-£pyoncx. i, etc. I mingle with
CTto-Xouu, etc. I wash off TiTtoyoC, oi3 beti,ar
YWVOU, I ffiske naked, I strip foil, ?C streem
SootC, IOC gift, loan
1143. NOTES:
1139. TIG, etc. : "some unfortunate wanderer."
1140. TOV: relative.
x
1141. oooig, etc. : a proverbial expression — "Even a little gift is welcome."
1143. enC: (adv.) "at hand."
1144. ioTav: shortened from
eloav: aorist of ££0^0.1 with irregular augment.
164
LESSON 201 165
1147. nap = napa.

etnat' : predicative, "for clothes."
1151. ofliu) = Probably accompanied by a pointing gesture.
o{ko>e.
1154. &v: gives the future a less positive force — "I would not."
1144. COMMENT:
1140. Nausicaa re-assures her frightened handmaids by reminding them

of the sacred] laws of hospitality and by suggesting that they have nothing
to fear from a suppliant sent by Zeus. She then sets them to work with
generosity -befitting a princess.
1147. Odysseus had asked only for the rough cloth in which the
clothes had been wrapped, but he is given a complete set of fine clothes.
1151. The Greek hero apparently had a sense of decency and. modesty
considerably more developed than that of his contemporaries. There is evi
dence that 'the men of the time were frequently assisted by female servants
in their bathing. Although we have every reason to believe that this was a
dignified and perfectly proper performance, yet Odysseus was thoughtful
enough to perceive its unwisdom. With our modern unnatural and absurd pre
occupation with sex, we are hardly in a position to condemn the Greeks too
strongly. It is a shameful but well-verified fact that "unenlightened"
peoples like the natives of the Pacific and the Japanese, who have bathing
customs similar to those indicated in the text, were shocked and scandalized
by the moral laxness of many American soldiers during and after the war.
J.Z.
A LECYTHUS
Greek oil flasks had a dis

tinctive shape as well as a
special name. See p. 88-
LESSON £02
1145 MEMORIZE:
, eoe beauty Xotpieie, eooa, ev graceful,

rg hair pleasing
1146. TEXT:
A Marvel to Behold
f» »l /)» « O» » / ft V T S* * '
us e<patJ , at o aTravevt/w Lcrav, f.nrov o apa Kovpy.
avrap o e/c 7rora/u,oi) XP°a vêTO 8109 'O8vcrcrev9
dX/xî/, TI ol v<j>To. /cat eupe'a9 d/u,7reêi' d>/u,ov9,

e'/c
/ce^>aX^9 8' ecr/xi^êi' 01X09 *xyoov drpvyeVoto.
HBO avrap CTret 8^ Train a Xoecrcraro /cat XITT' dXew//ei/,
d/x,</>t 8e et/xara ero-a^', a ot Trope Trapfffvos d<
ei/ 'AOrjvavr) 0rjicev Ato9 e/cyeyauta

r' etcriSeeii' /cat 7racrcroi/a, a8 8e
/ca.
ouXa? iVa> avBti 6/xoia?

1165 8' ore ri9 \pv<rov Treptêuerat dpyvpo> di^»)p
H<âto~TO9 8e8ae^ Kat IIaXXa9 ^
'.vroiriv, âpteiâ 8e cpya reXetet,

apa ra> re /cat
eVetr' CTTI fflva
1170 /cdXXet /cat ^dptcrt <TTL\j3<av- 8e Kovprj.
a8jir)C, TJTOC [adj.] unwedded I wash •
T)C brine; dried sea-spray ouXoC, T), ov wooly, curly

yi) I surround, I cover QoXXaC, c6o? Falles (Spear-wielder)
TiapGevoC, ou ff. ] meiden, virgin
, eoc flower comp. of nayuc
8au, —, 5e'8aa I get to know; I teach ), etc. I pour about, I overlay

£x-Yi'yvoncu, etc. I am born from I wipe off
"HqpcucToC, ou Hephaestus [god of fire and an'Xfko I err. britht, I air resplendent
metal-work]
97ieo(JiatI look (w. wonder) r)? skill, art
l8ptC, toC skilled, skilful UKXtvStvoC, ri, ov of the hyacinth
xara-YEU etc. I pour down OU salty crust

XtTia [adv. 1richly, plenteously
166
LESSON 202 167
1147. NOTES:
1157. ex noTdôiJ: an abbreviated construction — "witn water from the river."

vi£eto: with double accusative.
1158. vu>Tcx: the plural is sometimes used for the singular when a thing may
be considered as having parts.
1161. £000.9': from evvvni.
1162. Sipiev: "caused to be" - "made."
1165. TIG: with avfip.
nepixeveTai = rtepi-xeuTiTai . The thematic vowel is occasionally left
unlengt'nened in the aorist subjunctive.
1166. 6e5aev: verbs of teaching in Greek and Latin ordinarily take two ac
cusatives.
1148. COMMENT:
1156. The report of Odysseus' action brought back by the servants

must have impressed Nausicaa even more witn the man's character.
1163. Again Homer attributes to the action of the gods what is really
no more than a subjective change in the attitude of the princess. The at
traction she has began to feel towards Odysseus is tremendously intensified
when she beholds him now in a more ordinary condition. Her youthful imagi
nation begins to exaggerate the breadth of his shoulders, the beauty and
curliness of his hair. As he sits down near the sea, his whole person seems
to her to be glowing with vigor and manliness. Such an experience might be
admitted by others who have fallen in love.
1165. To illustrate how attractive the person of Odysseus seemed to
her, Homer pictures one of the most beautiful objects familiar to his audi
ence. A silver bowl richly edged witn gold by a master craftsman, such as
Homer here describes, was actually excavated by Schlieinann in Greece. Virgil
imitates the passage (Aen. 1.589-593) :
namque ipsa decoram

caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae

purpureum et laetos oculis afflarat honores:
quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo
argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.
1149. T0i6o6e, TQiTJSe, ToiovSe; "SUCH (AS THIS, AS THAT)":

TOI- and -6e are not declined; -oo-, -n-, -ov- are declined accord
ing to the regular endings of the first and second declensions. E.g.,
fern. dat. sg.
~
toi.fi6e; neut. ace. pi. ~
Toia6e.
1150 .WORD STUDY:

COMET (a heavenly body which trails long streamers of tiny particles illumi
nated by reflected sunlight, seeming like flowing locks of 'hair') — TECHNI
CAL (pertaining to skills or crafts), TECHNICIAN (a skilled mechanic),
TECHNIQUE (skill or art in doing something) —HYACINTH.
LESSON 203
1151, MEMORIZE:
av6avu>, 0.67100), &6ov I am pleasing toioo6e, -TJ6e, -6v6e such (as this,
(to) . as that)
noA.UTA.ae [only nom.] much-enduring
1152. TEXT:
Sr? Love at Second Sight
1171 pa TOT' d/i<£t7roXotcrii> eu7rXo/cd/x,otcri
"
/cXvre /ACV, d/x<£tVoXot Xcu/cwXeôi, o(f>pa TI
OU irdvTOiV a€K7JTL 6t(i)V, Ol OXv/ATTOl'
<J>atr7/cecror' 08' ai/^p eVt/Auryerat av
ydp Sear' eu'cu,
817
1175 TrpotrOtv /xeV /u.ot dei/ceXto?
i/v^ 8e Oeolcriv eot^ce, rot ovpavov tvpvv eôucrtv.
at yap e'/xot rotocrSe TTOCTI? /ce/cX-^/LteVo? €117
ei>$aSe i/aieratui/, /cai 01 aSoi avToffi fAipveiv.

dXXa 8dr', a/M<£t7roXoi, £civa) fipaicriv re TTOCTII' re."
€(f>a0\ at
8'
iiso o5s dpa

Trap o dp* 'Oova'cr'fJL cdtcrav foptaa'iv Tt irocnv re.
rot TTive Kat TroXvrXa? 8tos 'OSvcrcrew?
6
17
^(7^c
•
ci/37raXea)5
aetxeXtoC, T), ov unseetrly, wretched, shabby SE'KTO [itnpf. of defective verb] he seemed,
not pertskinp of
KTiaaToC, ov he appeared
ip7tc<X£(i)? heartily, voraciously ent-uta\OMa etc. mingle with

I
t
,
1153. NOTES:
1173. ov: with aexirri.
1177. at yap: introduces wish (# 106, a).
a
xexAjmevos etii: a periphrasis (circumlocution), i.e., the use of more

words than are necessary to express an idea. Transl.: "might be
called," or simply, "might be."
1180. n<xA.a: "very willingly."
1181. nap = napa.
1154. COMMENT:
1172. With the typical psychology of lover, she cannot believe that
a
it can be merely chance that has brought this object of her affections to her
shores. From all time, the gods must have been planning to bring about their
meeting.
1177. This wish has been thought over-bold for maiden, but under
a
«
168
LESSON 203 169
the circumstances it is not. She speaks with the charming frankness and
directness that seem characteristic of her; 'and, of course, the remark could
not have been heard by Odysseus, but was meant only for her confidential
friends of the same sex and age, with whom she probably shared many such
confidences.
1179. With refined politeness, despite the ravenous hunger caused
by three strenuous days without eating, Odysseus does not ask for food but
remains sitting quietly by the sea until, by Nausicaa's kind thoughtfulness,
the servants bring him a share of their picnic lunch.
University Prints
THE ACROPOLIS OF PEEGAMUM
Restored view of the great altar of Z'eus, porticoes, and temples at

Pergamum in N. W. Asia Minor, of the major cities of the later
one
Greek world and a famous center of learning.
LESSON 204
1155 MEMORIZE:
aA-eetvu) I avoid, I shun ovon<x£u), ovoâoco, ovoâoa i

6ou.<ppu)v, ov sagacious I call (by name)
fiyenovexxo, -ou, -oa I lead (the
way)
1156. TEXT:
The Plan of March
avrap Naucrt/cda Xeu/c<uXei>os dXX'

UBS ei/nar*apa irrv£acra rt'êt /caXr/g eV airtjvT)*;,
£eu£«/ 8' rjfjiiovovs /c/mre/OftWxag, di> 8' €^17 avrr/,
urrpwev 8' 'OSvcrrya, eTro? r' e^>ar' ex T' oi^d/Aaêi/-
"
'
i/vi', êtt'e, TroXii'S
ST)
6pa~€o ijaey, o<f>pa ere. 7re/n//ee)
o? e/aov TT/DO? 8w/ia Sat^poi'o?, eVâ <re
1190 TTOLVTOIV >anK<i)v er(T€ji,ev ocrcrot

dXXa u,dX' <58' eSeti', SoKeet? 8e /xot
i/ /Lte
K y/3ov5 to/u,ev /cat e/ay avpanratv
ro<j)pa <rvv d/M<^t7rpXot<ri yxe^' 17/xiovovs /cat
686f
8'
•
KaptraXipais ep^crBai lyat
^
1195
avrd/3 eirî/ TroXto? eVt/8i70jLte^, ^t TroXtrai —
dXeetVcu <f>f)fju.v d8eu/cea, ///»; rts OTTtcrcrG)
'
•
ctcrt /card
j/
vfl /xdXa
8
v7T6/D^>taXot
eS harsh, unkind UWUEUCO blame, reproach

I
I
,
lack understanding, am foolish noXTTT)C, «o man of the city, citizen

I
Tjyi where 9T)(itC, IOC speech, talk

xp<xT£pS>vuE, uxoC solid-hoofed
1157. NOTES:
1186. &v = ava.
1188. 6poeo: imperative of rare "mixed" aorist with first aorist stem and
a
second aorist endings.

1190. eL6rioejjiev: used as future infinitive of ol6a.
60001 understand ELOI.
:
1192. toîev subjunctive of eljiL with unlengthened thematic vowel. Under

:
stand "along" or "through."

fcpy': "the worked (fields)" - "the farms".
1195. entprioêv = ent
1197. iKDueuTi: understand
170
LESSON 204 171
1158. COMMENT:
1191. Since he is a man of understanding, he will not be offended

by her apparent inhospitality. She will lead the way in the small wagon
until they reach the edge of the city, but she does not dare to parade
through the city with him.
1195. When she mentions the townsfolk, she impulsively breaks off her
thought to tell him what she thinks of them.
1159 -WORD STUDY:
COSMOPOLITE ('citizen of the world,1 one at home everywhere from his broad
experience and knowledge; a person free from local prejudice and narrow
interests) .
J.Zollner, S. J.
ODYSSEUS FOLLOWING NAUSICAA'S WAGON OUTSIDE THE CITY
LESSON 205
1160, MEMORIZE:
, — , — , vep.eo(o)T|aa
I beat; [pass.:] I I am indignant (with)
wander
1161. TEXT:
Human Nature
vv TIS o>8' ctTrr/crt /caKoJrepos

'TIS 8* o8e Naucrt/caa enrerai /caXds re /aeyas re
1200 £ew/os; -JTOU 8e evpe; TroVts ot eicrtreTai
rtya TTOU Kop.uTcra.TO y<s airo
•
TT/XeSaTToij/, e-n-el ou rti/€9 eyyv Oev ticriv
7) Tt? ot €vâ.fJL€vr) TroXvapT/To? #6os
ovpavoOev /caraySas, eêt 8e Trvra.

1205 /3e\repov, et Kavnj irep e Trocrii/
-^ yap Tovo~8e y' Kara.

, roi /xti/ p.vS)vra.i T re €cr 0\oi.'
oveiSearavra yeVotro.
/c'
<t)<; €p€ov<rt.v, e/xol 8e

n? roiavrd ye />e'£oi,
8'
Kat dXXi^ i/e/u-ecraj,

17
1210 deKfjTt. Trarpo? /cat I6vr<i)v,

r
<^>tXo>j/, /xT^rpos
^
ydp,ov €\6eiv.
y'
/xwry^rat, TrptV afjL<f>doiov

a(i<fa8toC, T], ov open, public 6vei6oC, eoC shame, reproach

eu, — ovTi-0oXT)aa meet TioXucipiyroC, ov much prayed for

I
,
slight, disdain TT)Xe8a7t6c, r), ov lying fer off, from

I
e
geXrepoC, ov better far country
1162. NOTES:
1198. a.VTLpoA.TJoac: understand rm.ec
1200. oi auTji: "for her very own."
1201. fa = lt|g.
1204. ££ei: Geos is still
subject. In such contexts, has the technical
meaning of "have as wife."
1205. peXtepov: understand nou eotiv.
.
1210. eovTurv; "being alive."
1163. COMMENT:
1199. The less pleasant side of human nature apparently showed, it-
172
LESSON 205 173
self in ancient as well as in modern times by such catty remarks and bitter
gossiping.
1203. In his opening words Odysseus had said that Nausicaa looked
like a goddess. Now the princess artfully returns the compliment by saying
that the townspeople might mistake him for a god.
1205. Nausicaa would be accused of "husband-hunting" and of arranging
the marriage herself, instead of, as was proper, allowing 'her parents to do
so.
1207. 'A coy intimation, perhaps, to Odysseus that she is not unfa
miliar with men's attentions?
1210. She means that a girl whose parents are dead and who has re
ceived little home-training might be pardoned for her ignorance of propri
eties. But for one like herself, there would be no excuse. In Homeric
times, it would seem that a girl had considerable freedom in choosing her
spouse; nevertheless, even as today, the family could bring no in little
fluence to bear on her decision, and secrecy was severely frowned upon.
1164. WORD STUDY:

NEMESIS (the 'indignation'
of the gods at a mortal's undeserved or extreme
good fortune, leading to divine retribution by way of fall from success;
hence, retributive justice, a misfortune balancing off great former pros
perity) .
J.Z.
A BOXING MATCH
An amphora-type vase for some ancient sports lover.

LESSON 206
1165, MEMORIZE:
, TUXOV I happen (upon); I obtain [gen.]
1166 .TEXT:
Plan of Action
, crv 8' iei erro?, o<f>pa ra

Kal fdcrroto Trapa 7rar/3O9 e'/xoco
>yet? dyXaoj' aXcro? 'A.6ijvr)<5 ayx1
\>«/ KptjvT) i/da,

/i\"/>*\/
•
1215 aiyeipfov eV 8e d/x<£t Se
»/i^\
ei'i/a oe Trarpos e/iov repevo^ TCt/aXi)ta T aX<ury,
rocrcroi/ aTro TrroXto?, oo-crov re yeyaive /Soleras-
^povov, et? o
/cat
1220 avrap €Tnjf TTOTI Sw/iar' d
TOTC <J>a</9Kwi> t/A«/ e? TroXti/ 778' e/>ee
Trarpo? e/ioi) /ae-yaX^ro/oo? 'AX/cii/doto.
ou ff . 1 poplar T)C spring, fountain

aXaoC, eoC (sacred) grove vau I flow
6r|u [pres. w. fut. sense] I find, I come Euv-tr||ii, etc. I send together; I under
upon stand
xa6-eConcu, etc. I sit down
1167. NOTES:
1212. according to rule.
formed from (e)neu
present imperative second singular.
1215. ai-yeipuv: with fiAooc.
1218. eU 5: "until."
1220. acpixQcu: from a<p-tYH.cu , perfect of acp-tHveojiat.
1221. epeEo9cu: "inquire for"
1168. COMMENT:
1212-3. Knowing that return home is his chief desire, she is eager to
help bring it about, despite the parting (perhaps only temporary!) which it
implies. She is noble enough to think more of his interests than her own.
1220. Not knowing the location of the palace, Odysseus could only
estimate the time required to reach it. As long, however, as he did not
follow too closely or appear to have anything to do with the party of the
princess, there would be no danger of arousing idle talk.
174
LESSON 207
1169 MEMORIZE:
TI, ov well-built; epovoc, ou seat, chair

well-tilled oni(o)9ev behind, afterward,
?)pu>Cj fipcooG [contracted gen. hereafter
warrior [often honorary title]
1170. TEXT:
The Royal Household
oeta 8' apyvayr ert, /cat ai> TTCUS
ov ydp rt e'ot/coYa rottrt reVv/crat

1225 , ofos 8o/xo? 'AX/cti>ooto
rjpa)os. aXX* OTTOT' ay ere 8d/iot K6Kv0<acn /cat
tu»ca /btaXa /aeya/aoio 8ieX$€yu,o', o^/s* a*' IKTJOLL
fjirjTep' ep.T)v r) 8' ^crrai eV ea-^dpf) iv Trvpos
•^Xa/cara crTpaxâxr' aXt7rop^>v/3a, Oavfia I
1230 KCK\ifjifvr) • S/xcoat 8e 01 âr* oTricr0e
8e 7rar/)O9 e/AOto Qpovos TroTi/ce/cXtrat
TO> o ye oij/oTroraêi e^^y^cô? dâi/aro? w
TO^ Trapa[JL&.\ltd(jL€vo<s nyrpos rre/o!
jSaXXeti/ r)fjL€Tepr)s, Iva voa-Tipo
1235 \o.ip(av KapTraXtyLtw?, /aaXa -njXo^cy ecrtrt. et /cat
et /ceV rot /cetj/i7 ye ^tXa <f>pov€fla'' evl 0u/xa>,

tSeety /cat t/ceicrât

eXTrcjpiy rot eTTCtTa ^>tXov? T'
ot/coy IvKTipevov /cat <r^y e? iraT/stSa yatai>.
ov dyed in sea-purple xluv, ovoC [f • 1 pillar, column

apiyvcoTOC, T), ov recognizable I drink my wine
6i-epxoncu, etc. I go through etc. I pass by
rjC hope ; pf. mid. : -xexXifiai I lean
nC hearth next to
I sit at or on OTpu<FC(Ci> I twist, I spin
, uv yarn (spun on a distaff) rr)X66ev from far away
9cij(jia, KTOC wonder, marvel
L171. NOTES:
1223-4. apiyvon:' and toiot: refer to Strata natpos ep.o\5 (line 1222).
1225. OLOC: understand EOTL.
f|pujos*.the omega is shortened in scansion because of the following
175
vowel (# 564, 1, c) .
1226. Hex\)9u)OL, = xu9ajCH., •
f
1230. HeHA.ip.evTi: from HenA-iâi, perfect of HA.LVID.
1232. TqJ>: with eq>-r|[ievoc.
&s: when <5)£ meaning "as," "how," etc., follows the word it governs, it
receives a pitch-mark.
1172. COMMENT:
1226. "When the entrance hall of the palace has covered you" means
no more than "when you enter the palace." The entering is considered from
the point of view of someone watching him from outside.
He sits so majestically on the royal chair that he seems a
1232.
veritable — a description revealing Nausicaa's charming simplicity and
god
reverent admiration of her good father.
1236. A sure indication of the elevated position and dignity of
womanhood in Homeric times. With the exception of the Jews, it is doubtful
if any other contemporary people had any such reverence for their women.
1237-8. The goal and consummation of all Odysseus' longings through

out twenty years!
1173 .WORD STUDY:
HERO, HEROINE (a man or woman of outstanding courage or character; hence, a

worthy central figure of a poem or story) , HEROIC — THRONE (royal seat) .
J. Zollner, S.J.
THE BANQUET HALL OF ALCINOUS
LESSON 208
Review

the forms.
3. Story;
a. Summarize briefly the speech of Odysseus to Nausicaa.
b. What motives does Nausicaa mention for helping him?
c. What .indications are given of Nausicaa1 s reaction to her acquain
tance with Odysseus?
d. What plan is proposed for entering the city and why is it proposed?
e. How, according to Nausicaa, can Odysseus best secure aid?
4. Criticism;
a. Translate lines 1201-1207 into modern, idiomatic English, trying to
catch the spirit of the original.
b. Analyze the simile in Lesson 202, showing its composition and
purpose.
5. Grammar; Review roiooSe.
6. Composition; Translate accurately;
a. Such a graceful girl (as this) he thought he had never seen before.
b. Nausicaa led the way and Odysseus followed the wagon until they
came to the well-tilled fields.
c. Should the much- enduring warrior obtain a safe sending-off, he
would indeed rejoice in his heart.
1175. ONE YEAR OP GREEK HISTORY;

To live in stirring times, amid the excitement of great achieve

ments on both local and national planes, is in itself
stimulus to a
a
fuller appreciation of life. In fifth-century Greece,
history and cult
ural progress moved so swiftly that the whole nation seemed caught up
by a spirit of buoyant enthusiasm calling men out to their limit and
Inspiring the boldest of enterprises. Let us look at the events of a
single year; say 435, at the height of the Periclean Age, 25 years after
Pericles assumed leadership of Athens.
Within the limits of this year, as in almost any other year before
or after it for generations, events enough occurred to make an ordinary
Lifetime memorable.
It year, for instance, when the greatest buildings of

was the
antiquity were going up at Athens: the Parthenon almost finished, its
gleaming white-marble structure already complete, its splendid sculpture
being worked into final form under the master Phidias and hi^ brilliant
assistants; the Propylaea well under way as impressive entrance to the
177
Acropolis; beyond it,over-looking Athens, the perfect little temple of

Athena Nike or "Winged Victory," the finest piece of Ionic architecture
knownj th'e Erechtheum Just started, its porch of Maidens still
a secret
of the architect but soon to win fame for its originality and charm.
It cannot but have made the average Athenian elated to watch these wonder
ful buildings rise, and to note from week to week the new features and
refinements going into their making. It
gave the whole city an air of
growth, progress, firm grip on the future.
The Athenian -Empire, too, was Under Pericles' skilful

growing.
policy, peace was continuing as it for the past eleven years, and
had
the city at last seemed permanently secure, now that the third of the
great 'Long Walls' connecting it with the sea four miles away had just
been completed. There remained, however, the thrill of political warfare
against distant potential foes, and the steady consolidation of Athens'
naval supremacy and her control over many important allies* The citizens
of Athens could glow with a sense of national power, feel like men sitting
.on the .top of the world. They could listen with excitement, but no per
turbation for their own safety, to all the latest news about the battles
going on between nearby Corinth and Corcyra over Epidamnus and to the
report of the Corinthian naval defeat off Actium. The air was tense,
but with eagerness and confident ambitions, not fear or strife. Athens
was in her prime, and enjoying it.
Culturally, too, the city was at its peak. Though Aeschylus was
dead (but not forgotten), the drama was still in full glory, for Sophocles
was writing play after play and Euripides too was in his best period. The
tragic competitions this year would be lively and brilliant, with these
two masters vying for the honors, and a host of other excellent playwrights
also. In comedy, the great pioneer Cratlnus, still witty and original,
was likely to walk off again with the prizes this spring, though he would
have his rivals. And sitting in the audience, gathering ideas and tech
nique for surpassing the old poet, would be the youthful Eupolis — and young
Aristophanes, greatest of them all,
Herodotus, delightful story— teller and shrewd historian, was

living at Thurii, completing his inimitable book on the Persian Wars and
their background. The memory of his fascinating lectures ten years ago
still lived at Athens, and the people looked forward to the publication
of the whole. The chronicler Hellanlcus was writing too, telling the
story of Athens' rise to splendor. Thucydides, greatest of ancient
historians, was also to be met on the street these days, and Xenophon
too. The city was full of brilliant writers whose works the world would
admire down the centuries.
In oratory, three famous names stood out: Antiphon, Lysias, and

the sophist Gorgias, all greatly admired, each with his own distinctive
style, Greece loved eloquence, and the display this year left little to
be desired. The marvelous advances in medicine being made by Hippocrates
over in Cos have aroused the enthusiasm of all Greece, while the scien
tific theories of Anaxagoras, Empedocles, and Democritus are hotly debated
LESSON 208 179
In many learned and even popular gatherings, especially Democritus'

Idea that all the universe is made up of tiny particles which he calls
•atoms' and by whose various combinations he claims are explained the
nature and qualities of all things.
Most stirring discussion— topic of the year, though, was the

activity of Socrates, that amazing, curious fellow always going about
asking insistent questions on the ultimate nature of some virtue or moral
principle, embarrassing the most brilliant men in Athens by showing up
their ignorance of such things in public, but always apologizing humbly
for the discomfiture and saying he had only hoped to find the answer to
these vital problems which constantly weighed on his mind. He makes
people think, all right, but there is no end to his questioning once
you let him start on you. The Sophists are furious at him for the way
he Is forever backing them into intellectual corners and exposing their
shallowness or Ignorance — they, the teachers of Greecet Why, just
this year, wasn't it,
he tied up the great Protagoras in a subtle discus
sion of virtue, as to whether or not It
is teachable and what are its
parts and divisions, making the learned sophist contradict himself before
the debate was over; and this in the presence of other sophists, Prodicus
and Hippias, and many of their pupils besides. The entire city is talking
about It, and violently divided over the merits of Socrates' method and
this new thing 'Philosophy' which he is always proposing as the one true
guide to life and happiness. The whole situation sets one's head spin
ning.
In the arts, at least, there Is no such turmoil, but certainly

great activity and daily progress. One hears all year long of new tri
umphs in sculpture, by Phidias or Myron or Kresllas or PolyclTtus, and
Athens is studded with their latest masterpieces. Vase painting is at
a new high right now, with marvelous refinement in design and draughts
manship giving this year's vases a beauty never known before in this
field, so that people are everywhere buying them for ornaments of their
homes more than for actual utility.
Some artists have begun recently

to invert the whole process of vase painting, drawing in the background
Instead of the figures, leaving the latter In the natural red of the
baked clay for greater realism, and the technique promises to revolu
tionize the whole industry and supplant earlier methods. In the art of
painting on wood and canvas, Apollodorus has recently Introduced a new
spirit which aims less to tell a story than to create a vision of beauty,
and his rivals Zeuxis and Parrhasius are now surpassing him with their
even finer skill in coloring, lines, and the capturing of human emotions,
wMle Timanthes of Sic; on is a constant threat to their present pre-emi
nence. It brings all Greece an added zest for life just, to realize how
many great men and movements are now active in the nation. The times
are vigorous, dynamic, inspiring. One Is proud to be a Greek.
Such in rapid Is the picture of a single year during

summary,
the golden age of Greece. It brings out some of the reasons why Greek
civilization has been universally recognized as one of the glories and
"miracles" of human history. So rich a concentration a't one time of
great geniuses in all branches of endeavor the world has never since
seen. Periclean Greece remains a phenomenon; unique; still unsurpassed.
LESSON 209
1176 MEMORIZE:
9<runa£<jo, 9aunaooouai. , 9aup.aoa I noA.u^TiTLe, tog [m. or f.] of many

(at) counsels
Following in detail the advice of Nausicaa, Odysseus easily wins

the sympathy of her mother, the queen, and shortly afterwards that of all
the Phaeacian nobles. They entertain him royally and force him to relate
all the many adventures that befell him on his way from Troy. He tells
them, too, of his wife and child, and of his longing to be reunited to them
at last. Touched by his sufferings and in admiration at his resourcefulness,
the Phaeacians quickly vote to take him home, loaded with presents of friend
ship. At dawn the following morning, picked sailors go down to the sea and
prepare their speediest ship. Meanwhile Odysseus has delayed at the palace
to bid adieu to his kind hosts.
1177. TEXT:
Such Sweet Sorrow
avrap eVet KamjXv0ov i)8e

/>'
CTTI vr\o.
1240 vrja p,€v ot yc. fieXawav aXo? /8eV#ocr8e epvcr&av,

€Ti0€vro /cat torta
8' T'
8'
ev ICTTOV 1071 /AeXati^,

rjprvvavro fper/Lta rpoTrots ev 8ep/xaT«/oi<rii/,
TTOLvra. Kara fiolpav, avd [oria \euKa
0'
01 ra8c Navcrixaa 8e 6e5)v O.TTO /caXXo?

•
1245 crrr} pa, irapa o-Ta.0fj.ov reyeos TTVKOL Trot-^roto,

8'
0avp,a£>ei' 'OSvcrâ eV o^âX/Aotcrti^ opaicra,

•
KO.L fjnv <£a>i>i?cra(r' eTrca irrepoevra rrpo(rr)v$a
"
%eiv, Iva /cat TTQT evv Iv Trar/aiSt
x.(u,pe,
pvijcrr) e/xeu,
— ort /tot ITparry âxiypC o^
8'
1250
rr)V aTra/neiySo/xez'os Trpoo-e<f>rj TroXv^
"
Naucrt/caa dvyartp fjieya.\TJTOpo<; 'AX/cti/doto,
OVTOI v\)v Zevs êtr;, c/oty8ou7ros TTOCTI?
ot/ca8e
T'
€\0fp,€va.t /cat I/OCTTI/>IOI>

rot /cat /cet^t êa)
c5
T^P /ceV
1255 aiet 7jfjia.Ta irdma •
tru yap e/taxrao,
/x
aptuvu, — fipruva put together, fasten "Hpr], T)C Hera [wife of Zeus]
I
I
,
plv6oC, eoC depth xeT8i there

PIOCO, — fhajaapiv give life, save oipe'XXu owe
I
I
I
,
6EpfitXTtvoC, T), ov of hide, leather TioirrroC, J\, 6v made
ov heavy-thundering rcuxa [adv. ]f irmly, solidly

Ci)v life-forfeits [the reward for TeyoC, EOC roof; roofed hall
,
saving life] TponoC, rju thong, strap

a
180
LESSON 209 181
1178. NOTES:
1241 exCeevTo: imperfect of

1244 01: verb of "doing" is understood.
some
1246 ev: "with her eyes" — a way of expressing her rapt attention.
1248 Xtxipe: "may joy be with you," "fare thee well."
tva: a purpose clause is used instead of the expected imperative. She
joins her wishes for his good fortune with her own hope of being af
fectionately remembered.
1252. ofixu) = ofiTUJC.
1253. e\9en£vai: understand k\ie.. This line explains above.
1179. COMMENT:
is about to enter the hall where the king and his

1245. As Odysseus
nobles are gathered, encounters Nausicaa waiting for him.
he
1248. Her goodbye is simple — and a little pathetic. She had realized
very soon from his impersonal courtesy and his plainly expressed devotion
to his distant wife that her incipient love could never be reciprocated. Yet,
she would never forget him, and it would be some consolation to know that she
has helped him and that he remembered her. How different is her sensible,
realistic attitude from the passionate emotionalism of Dido under similar
circumstances !
1251. He addresses her with great courtesy, using her full title,
and he promises her far more than the mere remembrance she had asked. Even
as a god, would her memory be kept alive and sacred in his heart his all
days. Yet, he makes clear, his motive is gratitude — nothing more. He will
not take advantage of or amuse himself with the love that he must have seen
in her shining eyes. Whatever attraction he may have towards her he is felt
not free to indulge in or to express.
1180. WORD STUDY:
DERMATOLOGIST (a physician who specializes in treating diseases of the skin) ;

HYPODERMIC (an injection 'under the skin')-
W.Pogany
FAREWELL OF ODYSSEUS AND NAUSICAA
(From Colum, Adventures of Odysseus, p. 153, courtesy Uacmillan Co.)
LESSON 210
1181, MEMORIZE:
&.XOITLS, LOS wife vooxeco, vooTT|O(D, vooTTioa I return

0.501 there, here (home)
OVTOC ruler, prince
1182. TEXT:
Farewell to Phaeacians
1256
au/fa 8e 3>au.TjKe<
'AX/ai/dct> 8e /Aa
"
'AX/cu/oe Kpelov, Travrtav d/atSet/cere Xawi>,
TrejaTrere JMC OTreuravres aTnjôva, âCpere 8' avroi.
izeo 17817 yap TCTeXecrrat, a /lot <j>CXo$ yffeXe
irofJLTrr) Kal <^>iXa Saipa, ra /xot #eo! Ovpavu
oX/8ta Tronfcret 8* oucoi O.KOITW

voorijcras evpoifju crvv dprc/xeecrcrt
v/iet? 8' a30i }Ji€i>ovT€<s ev<f>pa.ivoiT€
1265
fcov/oiStas Kal TCKVO, •
Oeol 8' aperrfv oirdc
LrjVy Kal [J.TJ TL KCLKOV fJL€Ta$iJiJ.iov €117."
api6ei'xeToC, ov distinguished, illustrious oi'xoL [adv.] at home
apTeuTiC, ec safe and sound Oupccv tuveC, uv (inhabitants) Of heaven

euqjpaivu I cheer <fiXripeTHOC, OV oar-loving, sea-loving
ueTa-6r)uio£, ov among the people

1183. NOTES:
1259. ne^neTE: plural because Alcinous is addressed merely as leader of the
whole assembly.
1260 T£TeA.eoTcu:froin teieA-Eonou , perfect of teXeo).
1261. TOL: relative, object of rtofnoeiav.
1184. COMMENT:
1258 ff. Briefly but thoroughly, he shows his appreciation for the
good things they have given him or are making possible for him, and thanks
them by wishing them complete domestic and civic bliss. The speech is a
model of courtesy, gratitude, and a pervasive religious outlook which brings
strength and Joyous confidence to future hopes because basing them on reli
ance on divine power and justice.
1260-3. A short but highly significant summary of Odysseus' whole
character and life-ideals.
182
LESSON 211
1185 MEMORIZE:
tnnoc , o\> horse , npr)J;u>, uptâ I pass (over) j

TieSiov, ou plain I accomplish, I do
nopqnjpeog, TI, ov gleaming, bright I CUt
1186. TEXT:
The Day of Return — and Happy Ending
rf 8', o>s T cv ireSio> Ttrpdopoi dp&eves LTTTTOL
dp opivr)OcvTf.s VTTO
1270 <5? dpa T^5 irpvfjivr) fjifv af.ipf.ro 8' omo'0ev

Trop<f>vpeov peya
r>ol
1275 dvopa <f)Cpov(Ta êois ivoXiyKia.

o<s irp\v (Jicv ftctXa TroXXa Trd0* aXyea ov Kara. 0vp,6v,
TC TJToXe/xous dXcyeii/ii re Kvpara
TOTC evo€ XcXatr/xevos oo-<r' «7
surely, straight on MTJ8oC, eoC thought, plan
[adv.] motionless, quietly 6|iapT£u, —, 6(iapTr)oa I go equally swift,

eXctqppoC, »i, 6v swift, quick I keep up with

evaXiyxioC, like things, birds
(TI), ov to 7ceTET)va, 5v winged

4
eOu I run, I surge TtXriYTl, f)C stroke
blow,
l|yiaa6Xrj, r)C whip 7ioXuqpXoiCT0oC, ov loud- roaring, booming
TpriE, TJXOC (e bird) of the feleon kind npvVvT], riC aft, stern
Xl'pxoC, ou hawk TeipciopoC, ov joined four together
1187. NOTES:
1267. T|: the ship.

1268. op^TiOevTec: from op\ir\QT]V, aorist passive of
1271. êya: adverbial, "vehemently."
1278. AeXaonevoc: from A.eA.aopiai , perfect of A.<xv9avu>.
enenovOei: from nenovSa, perfect of na
1188. COMMENT:
1267. After his farewell to Alcinous and his court, Odysseus embarks
at once and the waiting ship leaps forward.
183
1270. The prow is forced down and the stern raised rhythmically by
the mighty pull of the expert Phaeacian rowers and the great sail. The
speed and the up-and-down motion thus produced reminds Homer of the gallop
ing of a horse.
1271. The mouth-filling, ear -tickling epithet, "polyphloisboister-
ous," shows Homer at his onomatopoetic best. It has been humorously used to
describe Homer himself in the anonymous verses:
Polyphloisboisterous Homer of old
Threw all his augments into the sea,
Although he had often been courteously told
That perfect imperfects begin with an e.
But the poet replied with a dignified air,
"What the Digamma does any one care?"
1273. The Phaeacians were famous for their seamanship; and besides,
their ships had been given certain preternatural powers by the gods. Hence
their extraordinary speed.
J.Zollner, S.J.
THE FHAEACIAN CLIPPER
LESSON 211 185
1276. With these lines, similar to those which long ago introduced
the story to us, we come to the end of our selections from the Odyssey.
We have tried to share with Odysseus in the strange and varied ad
ventures that he was forced to pass through to win his weary way home. We
have tried to appreciate as we watched him his manly, vigorous, noble char
acter. Of all the hundreds of soldiers that set out with him from Ithaca
and adjacent islands for the Trojan war, he alone is left, though no one
else fought as bravely as he, volunteered for as many hazardous enterprises,
or passed through dangers calling for more resourcefulness and self-disci
pline. At last, in the twentieth year after his setting forth, he has been
given his heart's desire. We see him now resting peacefully among his
friends as he is being rushed back to his dearly-beloved family and the home
land of which he was ever a part.
He knows from the prophecy of Tiresias that he must yet face and
punish the insolent suitors who have been tormenting his wife, and that he
must go on a pilgrimage to be reconciled with Poseidon. But he knows, too,
that the rest of a long life will be spent with his wife and son in the
priceless bliss of a love sorely tested but not found wanting; that his days
will be passed amid the plaudits and service of his happy and prosperous
subjects.
As he looks forward to the happiness soon to be his, all the toils
and sufferings of twenty years seem a small enough price to pay. Already
even their memory is beginning to fade away, as he stretches out his limbs
and allows peaceful sleep to assert its dominion over him —with his last
thought, perhaps, a silent acknowledgment that after all life is good.
1189. WORD STUDY:
PHILIP ('lover of horses'); HIPPOPOTAMUS ( 'river -horse' ); HIPPODROME (a place

where 'horses run,' a race-course) — PURPLE (the 'gleaming' color).
Flaxman
REUNION OF ODYSSEUS AND PENELOPE

INTRODUCTION TO ILIAD SELECTIONS
To round out and climax our course in Homeric Greek, the remaining
selections in this book will be from Homer's earlier poem, the Iliad.
Like the Odyssey, the Iliad is an immortal picture of life — life
written in large figures against a vivid background of action, excitement,
and human character. It is a more dynamic picture than even the Odyssey.
because its theme is not peaceful travel and adventure but the fury of 'a
great war and the vehement inner struggles that rack the soul of its cen
tral hero, Achilles.
Homer's Achilles is a most extraordinary man. Son of a noble Greek
prince, Peleus, and the goddess Thetis, he is gifted by nature with a flam
ing ardor of spirit that makes him no man for half-measures or commonplace
ideals. Whatever he feels or does, he throws his whole soul into it. He
is the personification of youthful vigor, earnestness, idealism. He is
human nature at its energetic peak, life at its fulness of vibrant enthusi
asm. In him, Homer has concentrated all the elements of greatness: some
already refined and obvious, others potential or in the rough. How he rises
to full stature, to the noble flowering of his highest manhood and charac
ter, is the splendid theme of the Iliad.
Having been offered by the gods the choice of a long life of quiet
happiness at homeor a short career of immortal glory and adventure,
Achilles had seized upon the latter, and gone off to the great war at Troy
to win undying fame by deeds of valor. Fiery spirit that he was, he soon
became the greatest warrior of all, whose mere name brought admiration to
the Greeks and terror to every Trojan. The fury of his onslaught no one had
ever long resisted, and the list of his martial triumphs mounted daily.
Yet
Troy held out in its practically impregnable stronghold, and the war dragged
on for ten bloody, wearying years.
Achilles too grew weary — not of battle and the tang of danger, but
of the small-minded arrogance of Agamemnon, commander of the army, and his
selfish monopoly of all major booty, credit, and pre-eminence. Achilles is
shocked and disgusted; his lofty ideals of manly character and honest worth
survive the scandal unlowered, but he feels himself out of place, unjustly
thrust into the background, disillusioned in his assumption of a high ideal
ism and nobility like his own on the part of all the Greeks in the -pursu
ance of the war. Finally, he will endure such scorn and insults no longer.
He withdraws from the campaign and leaves his unappreciative chief to lord
it over those who will put up with his tyranny and to suffer disaster from
the unchecked might of the Trojans.
186
INTRODUCTION TO ILIAD SELECTIONS 187
Brooding bitterly on the injuries to his honor, and wrapping himself

in furious self-pity, Achilles soon wrenches his noble but immature and
overly self -centered character into a white-hot hate, even to the point of
exulting in the misery and ruin of his former friends. Soured, disillusioned,
morbidly absorbed with self, his character deteriorates as Joy and generous
idealism fade from his life.
Suddenly, he is plunged into a new sorrow when Hector, greatest of
Trojan warriors, slays in combat Achilles' dearest friend and life-long con
stant companion, Patroclus, precious to him as life itself. With all the
intensity of his great soul, Achilles writhes in an agony of grief. Then
his whole immense energy of spirit is focused on one maddening desire, to
show his love for his friend and avenge his death by crushing every Trojan
in Hector's army and above all Hector himself. Every fiber of his being is
steeped in flaming hatred for Hector, who becomes in his eyes the incarnation
of everything that is evil, vicious, and foul. He lives only to trample
Hector in the dust and to throw his cursed body to the dogs for food....
Meanwhile Homer shows in another light — not in the baneful,
us Hector
distorting glare of Achilles' blind hate, but in the soft gentle glow of his
own noble and manly character. The real Hector is a man of the most estim
able qualities. Courageous, upright, honest, a great leader and splendid
patriot, he is also remarkably gentle and refined, a man of the deepest hu
man sympathy and love, sensitive to every emotion, full of dignity and high-
mindedness, loyal to duty and his friends. Homer has created no more ad
mirable character, and it is doubtful if anyone else has either. Yet he is
human, with his human faults — a certain narrowness of outlook limited to his
own immediate friends and interests, and a tendency to vanity which he strives
nobly to suppress. We cannot but love and admire the man, and see in him
Homer's ideal of the type of man who is mellowed and refined by human vir
tues in balanced blend, even though no genius nor a brilliant meteor like
Achilles. Hector, the perfect gentleman and loving family man — how real and
warmly appealing Homer makes him!

look in now on the lives and inmost characters of these two great
We
men, and the mighty struggles in their souls as they are drawn irresist
on
ibly together for the final clash — that fateful crisis which will work
Hector's pathetic death and begin the remaking of Achilles, the sublimation
of his fiery character to levels at last worthy of his grandeur and his
spirit .
scene opens quietly enough, with Hector Just leaving his splen
•The
did in Troy, where he has been looking for his dearly loved wife
home
Andromache, before returning, for what he senses will be the last time, to
the field of battle and his destiny....
LESSON 212
1190 MEMORIZE:
... , epos [dat. pi. OLOTPOLOL] star 'HetCcov, -covoc Eetion [father of
EKTUJO, opos Hector [most Andromache]
distinguished warrior of Trojans] xoXnoc , ou fold; bosom; bay
1191. TEXT: The Family
*
pa. yvvr) Tapir}, 6 8* ciTretrervro Stu/xaro?
1280 rr)v avrrjv o$ov avns eu/cTi/zefas /car' ayuta?.

cure TrvXas weave Siepô/xeiôs jueya aorv,
a?,
TJ)
ap' e/xeXXc Steft/ici'ot 7re8ibj>8e,
7roXv8a)/3os evamir) rj\0e 0eov(ra
'
dxr), Bvy&Trip /xcyaXr^TO/)O9
IlXa/cw vXê
6s
1285 'Hertwv, evai€i> UTTO
KiXi/ceorcr' avd<rcr<i)v
•
®ify8^ vTTOTrXaKi^, av$pe<r<rn>
0vydrr)p ex*^ *E*

817
TOV 7re/3
8'
ot CTTCIT' i^rrjcr', a/u,a Ktie

•^
d/x^>iVoXos
TraiS' cm KoX7ro> ej(ou(r' draXa<£poi>a, VTJTTLOV
1290 'EtKTOplSrjv dyaTT^roi/, dXtyKtoi/ acrrepi /caXa),
"
ol
dXXot
/>' '
"EKToip /faXeea-xe ^Ka^dv^piov, avrdp

v
"iXioi'
*
otos yap epvero

•
•f),
ov beloved EUTE when
ov like to KtXixEC, uv Cilicians

;,
[wife of Hector] dwell

•);
r|C Andromache vouu

I
-, SvTTjaa meet with tlXaxoC, ou • Mt. Placus

[f
I
'Ao-TuavaE, axxoC Astyanax [lit. "Lord of noXu6copoC, ov richly dowered; beautiful

the City"! XxcuoC, r\> ov left; Western
OTaXccqppuv, ov young-hearted, gleeful Zxa|jtav8pioC, ou Scamandrius
8t-£^-eim pass (through and emerge) ™HtT|, 1C housekeeper

I
8t-£pxO(iai, etc. come through CXriEiC, £aaa, EV woody, covered w. Moods

I
'ExTopi'6T)C, So Hector's eon UTtOTiXax TJ, ov under lit. Placus

C
o
t
EvccvTi'oC, 7), ov opposite; in order to meet X&XxoxopuaTT)C, 5o armed with bronze
1192. NOTES:
"thus spoke."
?j:
1279.
1280. 68ov: an accusative is sometimes used to express the way along which
one goes.
1287. txee': i.e., as wife.
188
LESSON 212 189
1288. &p.a: with

1289. vTJntoe: here in its original meaning, "a child, infant." Transl. : "mere
infant that he was."
1193. COMMENT:
1279. Not wishing to stay away from the battle any longer than neces
sary, Hector had given up the idea of looking about the city for Andromache
on being told by the housekeeper that -she is out searching for him. How
ever, she had apparently seen him coming and ran to meet him.
1286. There were two Thebes frequently mentioned in Greek literature:
one was in northern Greece; the other, in Asia Minor not a great distance
from Troy. It is to the latter, of course, that reference is made here.
1290. Poets are hard put to it to describe the wondrous beauty of a

small child. "Mighty like a rose" has become famous, and this line, too,
has been admired for the charm of its sound, tenderness, and suggestive
imagery.
1291. The Scamander was the river of Troy. Probably for this reason
Hector had named his son Scamandrius ; but it was not long before the people
foumd a nick-name for him. This son of tne fearless warrior, to whose
leadership and protection all Troy looked, should be called, they insisted,
' Astyanax. '
1194. WORD STUDY:
ASTER (a 'star' flower) 5 ASTERISK; ASTEROID (one of the small 'star-like'

fragmentary planets between Mars and Jupiter) .
Flaxman
HECTOR AND ANDROMACHE
(From Smith-Miller, Homer's Iliad, p. 139, courtesy* Maomillan Co.

LESSON 213
1195 MEMORIZE:
fJ°C Achilles [greatest tvtea, u>v [3 decl.] arms, armor;

warior of Greeks; hero of Iliad] utensils
6ai6oAeos, TI , ov cunningly wrought oiumri, TJC silence
Sounovtoe, TI strange (one) [whose cp^co, tptjoco, cpiJoa and cpxjv I produce;
actions are unaccountable, [3 abr., pf., and in pass.:] I grow;
[w. ev] I cling to
wonderful, or superhuman]
1196 .TEXT:
War, Hateful to Women
TOI o [lev /xetS^crev i8<ui> e? TratSa
'ArSpo/ndxTj Se ot dy^t 7rapt0raTo 8d/cpv

1295 ev T apa ol <f>v X*LP'l> *n°s T' C^HXT' e*c r
"§at/xdi'te, <j>0i(rei ere TO <rbv /u.eVo5,
a TC vqiriaôv KOI e/x' a^/jiopoi', rj raâ

ecro/xaf raâ yap o-f /caraKTeêovcrti/
*
exoi
e/xoi 8e
e /ce
/ce/>ioi> 617
•
1300 creu dâ/Lta/arovcn^ Ôova Sv/xei/at ov yap er'
eorat âXTrwpif, eirei ap en; ye irarp.ov eTricrTT^?,
•
dXX* aê' ouSe' /tot ecm Trarrjp /cat Tror^ta fjt,ijrr)p.
'
$ rot yap Trare/)' d/xoi^ aTreWave 8105
e/c 8e TroXw Trepcrev KtXt/cwi/ eu

'
•
Kara fKTavetf
1305 ®TJftTjv VÎTTV\OV 8*
ov8e' /Atv eêi/dptê, (re/8dcrcraTO yap TO ye

dXX* apa KareKtje avv tvTf.cn 8at8aXeoto~w/

>o>>\
ô eirt
«>*
^Ltti'
o"T^/>t cêei/
• ^5^ >J'
Trept oe TrreXeas etpv
\'
vvfji<f>ai opecTTtdSe?, /covpat Ato? atytdôto.
ov ill-fated, unfortunate vr|7U<xx°C. ov infani, helpless

ov our opeoTtaC, [adj.] of the mountains
tx8oC
'
Av6pO|J.txxT), T)C Andromache [wife of Hector] nap- 1'crop i, etc. I stand beside
<X7io-XT£i'vei>, etc. I kill TiepGto, — , nepaa I sack, I ravage
«qj-anapTC(V(i), etc. I miss; I am deprived of rereXer), T)C elm

I take pity on aeBaConcu, — ; ae0aao-<xnT)v I consider it
, f)C comfort shameful to do
), etc. I burn (down) b^'LTiuXoC, ov with hi^h êtes, high-gated
KtXtxec, uv Cilicians <fl)T£uoo, —, (fuTEuacc I plant
fi£t6au, — , |jei'6r)CC( I srrile X'lPI, 1? widowed; a widow
190
LESSON 213 191
1197. NOTES:
1299. ecpop|jJi6evTec: aorist passive of

1300. 6x>(ievat: "to put on the earth" (as garment), a vivid way of expressing
death and burial.
1301. toTai: shortened from ioetat.
enionyis: from etp-enu).
1302. &XE': depends on ioTcu.
1304. ex: adverbial, merely intensifying nepoev.
1308. enu (adv.) "thereon."
nepi: adverbial.
1198. COMMENT:
1293 ff. Lines of great poetic art in their touching tenderness and
emotional reality.
1296. Souôvie: This is a difficult word to translate correctly. In
general it means that the one so described is under superhuman influence,
that his or her actions are strange, unaccountable, or wonderful. It may be
used in stern remonstrance, or very gently and tenderly, perhaps coming down
in some cases to expressing merely affection. What makes translation of the
word in this line practically impossible is that all the meanings mentioned
seem in some way contained in it. There simply is no English equivalent
which carries all these emotional undertones.
1299. nvtes An artful touch, flowing from Homer's in
eepopnTjeevTee:
sight into In her loving admiration for her husband's prow
human nature.
ess, Andromache that only the joined forces of the whole Greek army
assumes
could subdue her Hector. But she is afraid the enemy realizes this, and
will try it.
1303. The awful suffering he had caused to people like Andromache
had up to this time never really occurred to the self -centered Achilles.
But he will learn, taught by his own sorrow.

1305. Thebes was just one of the twenty-three cities allied to Troy
that "swift -footed" Achilles and his Commando-type raiding forces had cap
tured during the long siege.
strip a fallen foe of his armor was accepted
1306. To and expected
Homeric practice.
Achilles' reverence for King Eetion gives us an indica
tion of the high-minded nobility of his character.
1307. The custom of burying armor with the body represents perhaps
an time when the carefully preserved body was buried intact in the
earlier
earth and given its weapons to equip it
for life beyond the grave. Later,
when cremation became the universal Greek practice, the custom, somewhat
illogically, was still continued.
1199. WORD STUDY:
APOSIOPESIS (a sudden 'falling off into silence,' a figure of speech in

which the thought is abruptly suspended, leaving the reader to gather from
context what was to follow, e.g., "He has a pleasing enough personality,
but as for his character — ") .
LESSON 214
1200. MEMORIZE:
&\HL|IOC, ov mighty, valiant eg swift-footed

finoiva, aw ransom, recompense nupyog, ou
1201. TEXT:
Bave Pityl
1310 ot 8e /not eTTTa KacriyvyTot, e<rav iv /bteyd/ooKru/,

•
ot fiev irdWes ta> KIOV Tjân "AtSos euro)
'
TraVras yap /caTeVeê TroSdp/oj? Stos
fiovcrlv ITT' etXtTroSeo-o-' /cat dpyew$9 otecrcriv.
8*, /SacrtXcvev VTTO ITXa/cw vXTyecrcr^,
1315 ^
cVei ap 8ev/j' -^yay a/i* dXXoicri /credrecro'W',
o ye rrp aTreXucre Xa/Swi/ aTrepetcrt' airoiva,
cj/ /xeydpotcri )8dX' "Apre/xts
8'
toêatpa.
"E/crop, drap crv /not ecr(rt iraTrjp KCU TTOTVIOL fj.ijrr]p
•^8e Ka(riyi^T05, cru 8e /xoi 0a\epb<s
1320 dXX* dye i>w eXeaipe /cat avrou /u,i)u,i>' CTTI
/HT) TraiS* bpfyaviKov 6^^ X1?/)17V T€ ywatx

Xaoi> 8e a-T-ffcrov Trap* epweov, fv0a
d/x/Saros eort TrdXt? /cat C7rt8/)o/xo^ eTrXero
r^
eTreipijcravP ot dptcrrot
y'
T/3ts yd/3 eX#di>res
Atavre 8va) /cat dya/cXvTot'

'i
1325
d/x^>*
'
'ArpetSas /cat TvSe'os aX/ct/aof

rts cv etSws,
•^f
TTOU crc^w/ ffeoirpoTTidiv

vv /cat avT<£i> lirorpvvei /cat dVwyei.

17
ov famous, glorious EXEaipu take pity on

I
AtciC, OCVTOC Ajax Greek heroes bore ETuSponoC, ov able to be climbed over,
[two
this name]
assailable
ajigaToC, scalable, pregnable
ov EpTveoC, ou (wild) fig tree
cmepei'aioC, ov countless, untold 6£07tp6iuov, ou prophecy, oracle
OCTtO-XCd), etc. 'TSouEveuC, Idomeneus Greek leader]

[a
loose, set free rjoC

I
apyevvoC, TI, ov white, shining axoC [pi. only] goods; spoils

ATp£i'6r)C, ao Atreus' son [Agamemnon or r), ov orphaned, fatherless
TtapaxotTriC, So husband
Uenelaus]
i-jf.n i>. MJ:,, ru-le, am ruler DXaxoC, ou Mt. Placus
I
eiXiTtouC, o6oC rolling-gaited; trailing- TC6EUC, eoC Tydeus [Greek hero who fought
footed against Thebes, father of Diomedes]
etau [prep.] within CXTiEiC, eaao, EV woody, covered w. woods
T)C widowed; widow

a
192
LESSON 214 193
1202. NOTES:
1310. ot: relative; the antecedent is otin the next line.
1311. lip: a rare variant for evt, from stem i-.
1514. [iriTepa: object of PO.X' below.
1321. Grifle: second aorist subjunctive of f\.Qr\\L\.- "I cause (to be) - I make."
1327. eeonponiurv: verbs of hearing, learning, knowing, etc., sometimes take
a kind of partitive genitive.
1203. COMMENT:
1317. explanation in note on line 556.
See
1318-9. Considering not only the strong love that this young mother
would naturally have for her heroic husband but also the terrible sorrow and
loneliness caused by the tragic deaths of her whole family, we do not find it
hard to sympathize with the desperate way she clings to him and fears for his
safety. We can appreciate, too, the ardor of her splendid outburst of af
fection in stating what he means to her.
1322. The wild fig-tree she mentions must have been a well-known
landmark. It apparently stood near a place where the towering walls were
weakest. Such experienced enemy leaders as the two Ajaxes and Dioraedes had
already picked it out as the point of several attacks. This was, no doubt,
the part built by the mortal Aeacus who, according to the legend, had as
sisted Apollo and Poseidon in raising the walls of Troy. There was a pro
phecy that the city would be taken at this point, and Andromache suggests
that some seer knew of the legend and had divined the spot.
WARRIORS ARMING FOR BATTLE

Vase painting showing post-Homeric form of military dress.
LESSON 215
1204 MEMORIZE:
&pVt)|UXL, apeonai, I win; I Hopu9o.ioA.oc, ov w. glancing helm

strive to win voo(pt(v) [adv.] apart (from), away
Saxpuoeie, eooa, ev tearful (from)
xXeog, xXe(e)og fame, renown X<xA.xoxiTU)v, cuvog bronze-clad
120 5. TEXT:
Code of the Warrior
8* a5re
"
1330
f) /cat ffJLol raSe Trdvra /teXet, yvvai •
aXXd /uaX' ati/tus
aiSe'o/xai Tpaia<j /cat T/><ua8a9 c
at K€ /ca/co9 a>9 vocr(f>iv aXi>cnca£co
ovSc /u,e 0u/n6s at'coyef, CTTCI pa-Bov

atct /cai TrpcjTOia-L /XCTOL T/>a>ecro-(,
1335 dpvu/xei/o? Trarpd? re /A«ya /cXeos ^8' e/xot' aurov.

ev ya/3 eyw rdSe oI8a Kara fypeva /cat /cara 0vfJi6v
co-o-erat ^/tta/>, or* aV TTOT' oXaJXr; "iXtos tp^
Kal II/3ta/>to9
/cat Xao9 eu/otju,eXt VTT' av^pdcri

O<T(TOV crev, ore /ceV rt9 'Aâtai^

Sa/cpvdctra'ai' ayryrat, IktvOepov yp.ap airovpas.
I shrink from £XE\J8£poC, free, of freedom

T), ov
anoupaC [aor. ptc. of defective verb] eXxeatnenXoC, ov with trailing robes

having taken away £U(4ieXiT)C, iu with fine ashen spear »
'Exaf3r), T)C Hecabe [wife of Priam and IpoC - tepoc
mother of Hector] Tp¥(XC, 0(6oC Trojan woman
1206. NOTES:
1330. ai6eo^cu: "I feel shame before."
1333. frvurvev: understand aA/uoxaêiv.
1335. O&TOU: agrees with eôu implied in eîov.
1339. TOOOOV ... 8ooov: adverbial with |ie\et.
1342. neoouev ... fi-YTITO-i-: the difference of mood shows how much more vividly
194
_LESSQ1L_215- 195
he feels the approaching doom of his wife.

1343. oei5: understand
1207. COMMENT:
1331-5. To a professional soldier, honor means more than life itself.

Hector speaks as a true warrior and man of spirit.
1339.ff. Hector is nobly appealing in his poignant sympathy for his

people, his family, and most especially for his ill-fated wife. His heart
breaking presentiment of the disgrace and degradation that awaits his royal,
dearly-beloved spouse, who means everything to him and who would soon have
become queen of mighty Troy, is surely one of the most touching passages in
literature.
University Prints
ARES, GOD OF WAR
The 'Ludovisi1 statue, now in Rome. The Greeks made
even the war-god dignified and handsome!

LESSON 216
1208, MEMORIZE:
D, anuveou, &.prt3va I ward off; tnnoSaiioc, ov horse-taming

I defend, I aid xopvc, v9os helmet
, TJC shout, cry veuu, VEUOUJ, veijoa I nod
1209 . TEXT :
From Queen to Slave
1345 /cat KCV fv vApyei eovcra 777365 dXX^s t<TToi>
KCU
TrdXX* de/ca£o/xeV>?, Kparepr) 8' CTri/cetcrcT' avd

/cat TTore Tt? ftirQO'w iSaw Kara Sdicpv
yuviy, 09 d/atcrrevetrKc
1350 Toa>G)i> iTTTToaLtwi/, ore
a»s TTOTC rt? e/aeei, <ro! 8* av veoi/ lo-crcrat aXyos
^TyTCt TotouS' 0,1/8/305, OifJLVVf.iv SovXioi>
dXXa /u,6 T€0vr)ft>Ta X1^ Kara yata
Trpii/ ye rt cr^? TC /8o^s <rou ^
1355 a»5 eiiroDV ov TratSos opeâro ^>ai8tftos *EiKT<op

•
8' 6 TTCUS 7T/OO5 /coXiroi' eu^1
re
'
d,7r' aKporaTr)^ Kopvflos vevovra
iseo e/c 8' eycXacro-e iranjp re </>tXos /cat TTQTVLO.

, T], ov against one's will MeacrniC, i'6oC Messeis spring in Laconia]

[a
t, etc. I fight around opeyu, opeû, opeEa I reach out (for) [w.
apiaTEUU I am best, I am preeminent 6en- 1
"JSpyoC, £OC Argos [an important Greek city; OV^C, toC sight, appearance
sometimes used for all Greece] Tappeu, — , T(ip3T)oa I fear

ocTuConai,— , OCTUX0T)V I am frightened at Ti67iV7], T)C nurse
yeXou, — , yeXaa(a)a I laugh 'TnepeiT), n« Hypereia [a spring in rhess-

6ouXtoC, T), ov slavish, of slavery 8lyl
c, olo dragging away qsope'i) I bear
t, £7ct-X£iffo(iai I am laid on X?)TOC, eoC want, lack
well-girdled, fair-girdled XUTTI, rjC f adj • ] heaped up
C, £C of horse-hair
196
LESSON 216 197
1210. NOTES:
1345. npog: "at the bidding of."
LOTOV: here means that which was placed on the loom, viz., the "web.1
1347. enixeioeT : understand ool.
1348. Homer sometimes uses the subjunctive eên in independent
clauses to express vivid future supposition.
HO.TCL: adverbial.
1349. f|6e: understand eoti.
(j.axeo9ai : "in fighting."
explanatory,
1353. xaToi.: adverbial, "wholly."
1354. POTJC ... eA.HT)9noLo: hendiadys (the use of two words connected by a
conjunction to express a single complex idea) — "the cry of your being
carried away."
1355. o\> = Sou,
1357. knkivQr\: aorist passive of xXtvu), with active sense.
1359. Seivov: adverbial with
vorjoac: the object is \6cpov.
1211 . COMMENT :
1346. Messeis would be the scene of her labor if she should be

awarded as a slave to Menelaus; Hyperela, if Achilles should carry her off.
1355 ff . Amid the grim realities of war, Homer finds place for this
marvelously human scene of family experience. Even Achilles, if he were
looking on, could not help but admit that these are real, lovable human be
ings.
1212 .WORD STUDY:
ZONE (a 'belt' or area characterized by some distinctive feature, as the

'torrid zone' around the equator, a street, etc.) —
'safety zone1' in a
OPTICAL (pertaining to 'sight' or vision); OPTICS (the science of light,
vision, and the laws of visible appearance) .

University Prints Lord Leighton
CAPTIVE ANDROMACHE
LESSON 217
1213, MEMORIZE:
xuvrjoonai , Kua(o)a I kiss naXXco, — , niiA.a I shake; I dandle
1214. TEXT:
A Father's Prayer
1361 O.TTO
/C/JttTOS KOpvff €t\€TO
aura/3 o y ov <f>CXov
vibv ewel KUCTC TnjXe TC ytpcrlv,
ei7rei> e7rev£a/u,«'os Att T* aXXotcTti' re Beolcriv •
1365 "Zev aXXot TC #eo£ Sore 8^ /cal ro^Se yo/ccrâi

TraiS* e/xoi/, &>? Kat eyw Trep, apiTrpenea rTp<o€<T<Tiv,
aiSe ^Stip T' ayadov /cal 'IXiov !<£i avdcr<rciv •
'
/cat TTOTC TI? etTroi TraT/ods y* o8e iroXXov
e/c TroXejaov aviovra. •
fyepoi 8' evapa /3por6evTa
1370 Kretva? STÎOV avftpa, âpfvr) 8e <f>pcva p,ijTr)p."
a»s ctTrwv dXdôto ^1X^5 eV êpcrlv eQrjKev
TratS' eoi/ • 17 8' apa /iw /ojwSei' Sefaro /coXinw
8aK/ovdci/ ycXacracra- TTOO-I? 8' eXe»yo-e i/OT/cra?,

)t re ftiv /care/oe^ci/, ITTOS T' câr* e/c T' oi/d/o
aueivuv, ov better, braver en-Euxofiat, etc. I pray to; I exult

I I fyl [adv.] with might, by force
fiv-ei(il go up, come back

, e« very conspicuous, illustrious Kara-peCu, —, xccTa-pEâ I stroke (carese-
ev gory, bloody
ingly)
eaaa,
-,
,
au, I laugh »«WMl8l|llf etc. I put down

Y£Xao-(a)a
destructive, «H»fcie, EC Vagrant
8ritoC, T), ov hostile
spoils Jtafi<pavauv, ouaa, ov gleaming, shimmering
Evapa/ uv
1215. NOTES:
1362. enei: postponed from its natural position after a-utap.
1365. SOTE: "grant," followed by accusative and infinitive.
1366. nciiS': accusative subject of Yeveo9<xi.
Tpuieootv: "among the Trojans."
1367. PLTVV: accusative of specification.
1369. av-iovTa: agreeing with JILV understood as object of el not z "may say
Oi" him coming back."
1373. Saxpuoev: (adv.) "tearfully," "through her tears."
198
LESSON 217 199
1216. COMMENT:
136S. It would be monotonous and distracting to try to call one's

attention to all the literary devices of Homer. Still, we should make it
our business to notice from time to time the means he uses to secure his ef
fects. One of the important characteristics of his style is illustrated
here — his constant striving to make us see, not Just hear about, what is
taking place. He wants us to see the helmet of Hector as he takes it off,
that helmet with its shimmering horse-hair plume. And he wants it to lie
there on the ground shining so brilliantly that we can't help but see it, too.
1365. ff. Hector's prayer is beautiful in its simplicity and paternal
pride; yet it is only too indicative of his -narrow vision of life, limited
to his own people and city and to the worldly power and. glory of ruling and
defending them.
1370. Andromache will rejoice, not in the bloody spoils as such, but
in her son's daring and prowess to which they will
stark witness. bear
1373. "Laughing through her tears" — a deft touch which perfectly com
pletes the whole wonderful scene, so simple and real, so deeply true to life.
This artful phrase has become a world possession through centuries of admir
ing repetition.
1374. tnoe T* t<pat' tx T' ov6p.a£ev: Notice how this interesting ex
pression always carries a connotation of tenderness and intimacy (see lines
1187, 1295) .
COINS OF MACEDON AND SICILY

LESSON 218
1217. MEMORIZE:
ou OOL, TIC (allotted) measure, fate av&pocpovoc, ov man-slaying
1218. TEXT:
Farewell Forever
ii
1375
ov yap TIS ft virc/) acrav avr/p "AiS

fjiolpav 8' ov TWO. (jyrjfjii. TreffrvyfLevov cpfj.eva.1 avSpiav,
ov KO.KOV, ouSe fjiev lo~6\6vt CTnp ra Trpwra •ye
dXX* et? OLKOV lovo~a ra

io~Tov r •f)\a.K<irr)v re,
TrdXc/xo? 8' ai
•
epyov €iroi)(eo~0 >T\ ' »
, e/xot oc /xaAtcrra, fot IA.ta> f.
Imrovpiv aXoô? 8e îXry oi/cwSe /Se

isss cW/)07raXtôftaoy OaXepbv Kara BaKpv
T i 5» * /!» 't/ccu'€ 5' >N
aii//a o CTTCtt/ oo/xov? ev
"EKTO/DO? avftpoôvoio, KL^TJCTCLTO

8* ci'Soî iroXXa?
a/A(î7rdXou5, T^CTW 8e ydoi/ ir
at //,cj/ crt ^cuoi' ydov "EiKropa w ei'i ot/co>
1390 ou yap jiiti' er* f-<f>avro virorpoirov e/c

I grieve T)XaxaTT), T)C spindle

oî. eto- J "" born in innoupiC [aoo. -iv] with horse-hair plume
ev6o6t within npo-Kxyu I hurl forth, I
npo-tdcTCTO, send off
ev-6pvu>n, I stir up among
etc. Tipo-êuyu, etc. I escape, I elude
ev-Tpon<xXi'toncu I keep turning to look back
und-TpcmoC, ov returning
£7i-oixofiat I come to, I attend to
1219. NOTES:
1375. JIOL: the so-called "ethical dative," showing the speaker's personal
concern.
1376. unep aloav: "over my fate" — "before my time.
: periphrastic — "to have escaped." necpuyUGVov is
perfect of
200
LESSON 218 201
1378. TO. nptota YEVTITCU: "once he is born."

1379. auifis: agreeing with oeu implied in oa.
1385. XCXTO.: with \E,o\)aa.
1387. xLX"noaTo: a variant aorist of xix<xvo).
1389. yoov: a variant second aorist of
1220. COMMENT:
the ages, the constant danger of death has created

1376. Throughout
in soldiers kind of fatalism as a defense mechanism against hysteria.
a The
soldier cannot be killed until his thread of life is used up, or until the
bullet comes that has his number on it, or until his luck runs out. Others,
with profounder insight and faith, abandon themselves entirely into the
hands of a merciful Providence. But, however expressed, the psychological
necessity seems the same.
1379. With pathetic but masculine brusqueness, Hector brings their
tragic final farewell to a close.
1385. A realistic detail which completes the human interest
shrewd
of the picture lingers in the memory.
and
1390. Hector's feeling that his death was only a matter of time was
shared by his wife and servants who, in fact, considered the day to be al
ready at hand.
From Smith-Miller, Homtr's U iad. p. 387, courtesy Macmillan Co. Flaxman
AJAX DEFENDING THE GREEK SHIPS FROM HECTOR'S HEN

202
;
A READING
COURSE
IN
HOMERIC
GREEK
H
sO
S
o
B
4!
o
H
en
LESSON 219
Review

the forms.
3. Story;
a. Describe the journey of Odysseus to Ithaca from the land of the
Phaeacians.
b. What is the general situation at the beginning of Lesson 212?
c. Why, according to Andromache, is she so vitally concerned with the
life of Hector?
d. How does Hector answer her? (Cp. also Lesson 218)
e. What is the name of their son and how Is he mentioned in the story?
4. Criticism;
a. Do you like the mood in which the adventures of Odysseus come to an
end? Why?
b. List some of the qualities of Hector revealed in these lessons.
c. Do you think Homer succeeds in making Hector and Andromache seem
like real human beings? Explain.
a. Now the man of many counsels is returning home, there to see his
dear wife and child whom he left behind Just an infant.
b. When Hector had kissed his child and dandled him, he prayed to
Zeus, ruler of all the gods.
c. She clung to his hand, trying to restrain his manly cpurage.
1222. HOMER, SCHLIEMANN, AND ARCHAEOLOGY:

Up to 1870, it had been almost universally assumed for many

decades that there was no historical foundation for Homer's story of the
Trojan War, unless, perhaps, it could be admitted that an actual city,
Ilium, once existed. The Iliad was considered sheer imagination and myth,
the rich fruit of a poet's fancy. How one man's indomitable conviction to
the contrary overturned long-standing views of the world's leading scholars
and spurred archaeology into becoming a real science of vast historical
importance forms the absorbing story of Heinrich Schllemann.
Born in Germany in 1822, he often heard his father tell the story
of the great war at Troy, and at the age of eight set his mind dn some day
going to Troy itself and exploring its remains. Later-, when 14, while
working as a grocer's apprentice, he listened with utmost excitement to
a traveling stranger recite aloud, with fine spirit and interpretation, a
hundred lines of Homer in Greek. Though not understanding a word of the
language, he was fascinated by the sound and rhythm. "Three times," he
wrote in his memoirs at 60, "I made him repeat the divine lines, recom
pensing him with three drinks, which I gladly paid for with the few pennies
203
I possessed. From that moment onwards, I. never stopped praying that by

God's favor It might one day be my good fortune to be permitted to learn
Greek." (I)
Deciding that to carry out his plans for exploring Homer's Troy
he would need much money and a special education, he worked energetically
for 27 years, and succeeded in making a huge fortune in the indigo business
In Russia. Meanwhile, he mastered many languages: Baglish, French, Dutch,
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Latin, Arabic, modern Greek,
classical Greek — putting off the last to the end, as he explained, for
fear that he might fall under the spell of Homer, neglect his business,
and so ruin his whole life workl
Meanwhile, he had become citizen while visiting Cali

an American
fornia, and had traveled widely in Europe. In 1863 he gave up his business,
took a Journey around the world, then studied archaeology for two years in
Paris. He went to Greece in 1868 to visit the actual sites of the events
narrated in the Odyasey and Iliad, forming In the process the suspicion
that the location of Homeric Troy was near the Turkish village Hissarlik
rather than at ?unarbashi many miles away, where scholars put it — when
they agreed to give it any historical reality at all. Returning to Ger
many, he wrote up his theories In a book (composed in English), and his
life story (written in classical Greek). After receiving a Doctorate
at the University of Rostock for his great classical knowledge, he re
turned to Greece and began his series of revolutionary excavations.
From 1870-1873» he dug up the ruins near Hissarlik, laying bare

great stone walls, fortifications, and other remains of an ancient city
obviously destroyed by burning, and discovered a treasure of gold jewelry
thousands of years old. Elated with this confirmation of his theory, he
eagerly proclaimed to an excited world that he had found the very city of
Priam, Just as described in the Iliad. He then went to old Mycene and after
much trouble with the authorities succeeded in excavating moat of that an
cient city of Agamemnon, discovering the famous shaft graves of the kings
and finding in them an immense hoard of gold, silver, bronze, and finely
wrought works of stone and ivory — the richest treasure ever found on any
archaeological expedition (see samples, pp. 17, 69, 73, 79).
Twice more he dug at Troy, uncovering further remnants of ancient

cities for
— it
seems from the ruins that nine different cities were
built on the same site, each atop the ruins of its predecessor, dating
from far before the Trojan War up to the second century A.D. or later. The
remains of each period are distinctive and can be dated with relative ac
curacy. The sixth level from the bottom shows all the characteristica of
the period around 1080 B.C. when the Trojan War probably took place. Inves
tigation of this sixth city Indicates that many little features of plan,
terrain, and surroundings described in the Iliad actually existed, so that
the Troy immortalized by Homer ia far from being purely a creature of the
poet's imagination. Thus, Schliemann's boyhood dream came true, and gave
new interpretation to much in Homer.' s poems.
LESSON 219 205
Schliemann's further excavations, at Orchomenus, Ithaca, and Tiryns,

were leas spectacular, though the last was Important for laying bare the
complete ground-plan of a Greek city in the heroic age about which Homer
wrote. Spurred on by Schliemann's work, other archaeologists excavated
many other ancient sites and improved the techniques of searching, digging
and identification to their present highly scientific level.
Modern archaeology has been of the greatest historical value. Much

of its eminence is due to the burning life-long love of Homer that a century
ago took hold of a small German boy and made him eager to look with his own
eyes on the famous scenes the poet had described.
Swing Galloway
ENTRANCE TO THE TREASURY OF ATREUS
One of Schliemann's most finds, this very ancient remnant of pre-

important
Homeric Mycenae insight
gives, us a good into the massive scale on which things
were conducted in the Heroic Age. This is an example of 'Cyclopean masonry. '
LESSON 220
1223. MEMORIZE:
a.i\\ir\ , /r\£ spear-point 6pnT]oa. j arouse;

avrcxpu [adv.] straight on or [mid. or pass.:] I start, I rush
against (w. gen.) t (forward)
neck ocixos, eos shield
eos spear otepvov, o\) chest, breast
elxcu, el£u>, (i)ei£a I yield,
I give way
Outside the city, the battle continues with unabated fierceness.

Gradually the other Trojans drop back behind the city walls, but Hector,
carried away with enthusiasm, remains fighting outside. Then Achilles,
who has been seeking Hector in the confusion of fighting men, catches
sight of the object of his quest. In a blaze of hatred and fury, he
hurls himself to the assault. For a time Hector avoids him, but finally
he stops, and the two champions confront each other. There is an ex
change of verbal recriminations; then Hector advances to the attack.
1224. TEXT:
Hector Fights Achilles
apa
(j>
TO ot VTTO jaeya T€ crTL/3a.pov re.

Xairdprjv
>»\
rf.Ta.TO
* Ci\>\\ V
ateTO9 ft e
oe aXet9 0)9
T
otju,T7<rei/
elcnv 7reStoi/8e Sta,

T'
09
e/:
1395 v€(f>ca>v
apv* dfJLaXrjV TTTWKa

17
r)
<f)a.cryavov ogu.
8' 'AîXeus,
8'
If
<t)pp.TJ0ir) /Aei/eo?
dypiou, irpocrOev Se cra/<os crTepvoio

KaXov SatSaXeov, KopvOi 8'
1400 eVeVeue <f>ativfi

/caXat Se irepicra'tiovTO
!
a tet \6fyov a
i,
"Hâto'Tos
9
S'
dcrTrjp elcrt /u.er' dcrTpd(ri VVKTOS a/

09 /ca\\to~TO9 e^ ovpavai to~raTat darijp,
,
1405
(ftpoveaw KOLKOV "E/cro/at Stw,

Tj
\pooL, KaXdt', OTTTJ ctêie /tiaXto~Ta.

eVl ot xeLtawr' eXao~
8'
dvriKpv ctTraXoto
i/
8
,,,, >5»»>»>j
1410 ovO ap aTT a&tpapayov ra/xe
o<f>pa Tt /xti' TrpOTtetTTOt 'o?
- ^«
8'
8*
eV KovLrjs- aro oto?

6
T7/3t7re
206
LESSON 220 207
CUETOC, ou eagle 9an£lou, auv [adj., pi. only] crowded,
OtKUKii, riC point thick

(XjiaXoC, r\, OV tender XocyuoC, ou hare, rabbit
aHoXyoC, ou darkness Xocnapr), T)C flank, side
dnccXoC, r\, 6v soft, tender (lEXiT), T]C ash, ashen-spear
Gt7io-X<xnroi> I shine forth from oiu.uw, —, oi|ir)oc' I rush on, I swoop
aaipapayoC, ou windpipe OJifl where
6EEiTEp6c, r\, 6v right (hand) 7i£pt-(CT)a£io|juu I shake or wave around
I6eipai, auv hor,se-hair plume JtpOTl-EiTtOV I address
ETt-euyofiai, etc. I pray to; I exult nxui-, TTTUXOC [adj.] cowering, trembling
ETU-VEUU I nod (forward) TETpaqpaXoC, ov four-homed
epeSevvoC, T), 6v gloomy, dark Tivaoow., TivaEu, Tivaâ I brandish
EpEirad, — , Epinov I dash down; I fall ufiTtETTieiC, Eooa, ev high-soaring
EOTiEpoC, ov (of) evening yoXxoSapTiC, Eia, EC [f. as if from -ga
EUTjxrjC, EC well-pointed, sharp heavy with bronze
"HqpouaToC, ou Hephaestus [god of fire and
metal-work]
1225. NOTES:
1393. TETttTo: "had been stretched out" — "hung."

1394. otjiTjoev: i.e., Hector.
aXeig: aorist passive participle from eLX(
&C: has a borrowed pitch-mark. two words without pitch-marks If come
together, the first is given an acute.
1398. (LpjiTJe-n: aorist passive of 6pnoo).
e^nXôaTo: "filled full oft"
1399. OLYPLOU: scan as three long syllables.
"put as a covering."
xa\u\|>ev :
1402. ap.(pt : adverb, with tet.
1405. aiiE\ap.n' : impersonal; transl.: "alight shone forth from."
1406. "planning."
(ppovecov:
1408. ol: notice the pitch-mark, indicating that it is reflexive. As Hector
rushed at him, Achilles drove at him with his spear.
1410. an': adverbial, with Taîe — "cut away."
1411. ocppa : gives the purpose not of the spear, of course, but of Fate which
is directing the spear.
1226. COMMENT:
1395. The eagle soars to tremendous heights, then when its telescopic
eyes have spotted a fish or small animal, seems to gather itself together, it
and, as Tennyson puts "like a it,
thunderbolt he falls."
1399. aypuou: The emphatic position of the word shows its signifi
cance... that at last
Now he faces his hated foe, he is filled with an anger
that is wild, savage, and brutal.
1402. Hephaestus, the god of metal-work, had made Achilles' armor,
as a favor to the young warrior's goddess-mother, Thetis.
1409. It is significant that Homer does not make this a long, drawn-
out, exciting battle. He almost seems to hurry over it In order to deal with
Its more important spiritual implications.
1412. A wild exultation seizes Achilles as he sees the slayer of
Patroclus crumble to the ground.
•
1227 .WORD STUDY:
HORMONE (a chemical secretion of various glands, 'arousing' the heart or

other organs to intensified activity) .
J.Z.
ACHILLES
From a Panathenaic amphora vase.

LESSON 221
1228 MEMORIZE:
[adv.] in abundance; in great olcovog,

f
ou
f
bird
f
numbers TixTO), Te£co, texov beget, I I bear
dog TOHETJC, toxfioc parent
, (A.e)\axov I get \Jrto6pa. [adv.] w. a scowl
by lot; I am assigned by lot; I
give one [ace.] his due of
1229. TEXT:
Inhuman Rage
TOV 8* 6\iyo$pav€a)i> Trpocrc^r] KopvOatoXos

"
Xtoxro/i' VTrep </w^^5 /cat yovvaiv crwv re TOKTJOIV,
1415 pi] /ote
ea irapa, vrjvcrl KVVOLS KaraSaât
dXXa au /xei' âX/cd^ TC aXts ^pvcrov re
Saipa, ra rot Soxroixrt iraTrjp /cat TroT^ta p,Tjrrjp,
a-fofjLo. 8e ot/caS' e/ioi/ 8d/xeât TraXti/, o^>pa irupos
Tpaie? /cat TpaJtav dXoôt XeXd^wcrt â^d^ra."
O^ 8' t8wy Trpocrf^r) TroSas OJKVS '
1420 d/>' vTToSpa,
/xe, /ar^Se TOKTJQJV
at yap TTO>S CLVTOV /u,e /itei/os /cat uvpo<; avtur)
old
p,'
ai/x' a7rora/zi'd//,ei/oi> /cpe'a eS/xeyat, eopyas,

ws ov/c ecr^', o$ 0*^9 ye /cwas /ceâXiJs aTraXdX/cot,
1425 ov8' et /cey Se/cctKt? re /cat et/coo~t ^Typtr' a-rroiva
fvBdo dyoi/Te?, inrocrâiVTai

'
crnjcraicr' 8e Kat dXXa •
ot»8* et /cey cr* avroi/

^pucra> epvo~acrât di/cijyot
IIptajLtos, ou8' ws ere ye TroTvta fjuqTyp

Xeêecro't yoifcreTat, 6V re'/cey avrif,
1430 dXXa, /cvi/e? re /cat ottuvol /caTa irdvra Sdcroyrat."
KV-tTgil aor. opt. send up; ev-fi'9rpi aor- place
[?
av-eir)v] Ptc- ev-6EfievoCl

f2
I
1
I
drive on
e^w, — om-aXaXxov ward off (from) xaTa-8aicT(i), — xaTix-8ai)(a tear in pieces
I
I
,
U cut (off) vriptTOC, OV countless, immense

I I
Youva£o|iai beseech 6XtYo8pave'<) am able to do little, am

I
Aap8avi8T)C, ao Dardanus* descendant feeble

6ccTeo|iCU, <")&:oopat divide among ourselves Upoo-eepT) he addressed, he said
I
BexaxiC [adv.] ten times, tenfold UTC- ioyo(ia — 07r-i(rx6nr|V promise, vow
*
I
i
,
etxocri twenty; twenty-fold 6v raw

ri,
[here]
209
210 A. READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREEK
1230. NOTES:
1414. •inep: "over," "in the name of."
1416. 6e6e£o: from 6e6eYHO.i, perfect of 6exoucxi.
1417. 6u>pa: (pred.) !tas gifts."
1418. 6oêvai: as imperative.
1421. Youv<*?eo: meant originally to beseech by taking hold of the knees.
Hence, the genitive may follow the verb to express that in whose name
the plea is made.
1422. cu yap: introduces a wish, "if onlyl" (# 106, a) .
1423. ola n' £opY<xc: "such things you have done to mel" — an exclamation
equivalent to a subordinate clause, "because you" etc. topyas is the
perfect of tp6u).
1424. u>c tern: "as (surely as) there is no man."
otiH
1426. oTTiotoo': totTiju sometimes has the technical sense, "I put in the bal
ance" — "I weigh (out)."
1427. epuoaoSai: used likewise in the technical sense of dragging down the
scale — 'if he should offer your weight in gold.'
1430. Kara: adverbial, intensifying navta: "every last bit."
1231. COMMENT:
1414-9. It is altogether in keeping with the sensitive character of

Hector that his dying thought should be for the sorrow that is about to come
upon those who love him. He is willing to humble himself before his enemy
in an effort to alleviate their sorrow through the comfort they will feel in
being able to pay his dead body their last services and reverence and there
by through burial of the ashes ease his lot in the world beyond. He promis
es that great treasure will be given in exchange for his body, a ransom
which Achilles would be under a certain religious obligation not to refuse.
1421-30. With shocking brutality, caused by the flaming grief burnt
deep in his heart, Achilles scorns his fallen foe. His hatred is so intense,
he says, that he would wish to be able to tear Hector's flesh to shreds with
.his own teeth to obtain some satisfaction for what Hector has done in slay
ing Patroclus. Since that is impossible, he will assure him of this: there
will be no one who will be able to prevent the dogs from doing so, no matter
what ransom is offered by his friends. Never, he taunts, will his parents
have the consolation of at least giving him a decent burial, such as the low
liest of men deserve. Hatred can go no further.
1232 .WORD STUDY:
CYNIC, CYNICAL (with sneering upturned lip like a snarling dog) — ICOSIHEDRON
(a 'twenty-sided' plane figure).
LESSON 221 .211.
Ewing Galloway
THE GREEK SPIRIT IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE
The magnificence of the building in Washington is
Supreme Court
eloquent witness to the vitalizing influence of Greek ideals of
beauty on modern architectural principles and design.
LESSON 222
1233. MEMORIZE:
aexuw, ouoa. unwilling £Axu) drag I

6i<ppos, ou chariot (platform); napoc [adv.] before, formerly
seat teXos, eos end, fulfillment
1234. TEXT:
The Desecration of Hector's Body
•
TOV 8e KaTa0vq<TKO)v Trpocrtyr) /copvflatoXos "EKTtup
cf 4v yiyvd>o~K<DV TrpoTtdtrcro/xat, ov8' dp' e/j
yap trot ye crtSr^peog eV ^>pecrt
rj
^pdêo wi;, /iiy rot Tt êwf ^Vtâ yeVco/xai

(re Ildpis »cat ^>olôs '/
1435 ^/tart TW, ore *ceV
e'cW 6\ecr(i)(riv Ivl
<5s apa tw elirovra. reXo? 0ai>dYoio *caXtA/»ej/,
8' « /o
Kat
v TTor/mov yoaovo-a,Xi7rov(r' di/Spor^ra 17
' •
1440 TOV Kill reOvyuTa Trpoo-TjuSa 8105 Ax^XXcvs
"
reOva.01 - K-fjpa 8' eyw Tore Seôfiat, OTTTrdre /cei/
Zev? eWXy reXeVat a0dva,TOi 0eol aXXoi."
^8'
rj pa /cat "E/cropa Stoi> dei/cea /x^'Sero epya.
a.fj.<t>oTepa)v /meroTncrê TroSaii' TtTpTjvt T€i>ovre
IK Trrepvys,
8'
e's
1445 a-<j)vpov /Soeov? e^Trrev t/ia^ra

8'
•
eX/cecrât eacrev
8'
CK Si^poto eS^cre, /capr;

di/a/8a? dt»d re /cXirrd Ttv^t deipas

8'
es Sw^poi/
8'
p'tTTTTOU?, ra> ov/c de/coire irerovro.

/AaorifeV
eX/co/ueVoio Koi/tcraXo?, d/i<^t
^
8'
TOV 8e
8'
1450 KvaVeat TTITVO.VTO, /cdpr; aVai> ei/

•
»cetTO Trdpos xapiei/ TOTC 8e Zeug
Sw/cei/ deiKtcrcracrât 619

et» TrarptSi
unseemly, shameful xoviCTCxXoC, ou cloud of dust

—
(X£ixL<TO"(X}i.T)v treat unseemly, |ia<jTiCi), —— whip
I
JICXCTTL^CX
I
,
outrage fiJIvTjitt, aroC cause of wrath

I
otv6poTTiC, rjtoC manly strength DapiC, IOC Paris [son of Priam, abductor
ov (of) oxhide of Helen]
;,
T),
etc. attach niTvotfiat am spread out; wave
I
T)C youthful
vigor he addressed, he said
1,
7ipoa-e<pr)
t(j.uC, IXVTOC strap, thong 7ipoTi-ooCTO|iai gaze upon

I
etc. die
I
212
LESSON 222 213
TtTepvr), nC heel TETpcuvu, —, T£Tpr)va 1 bore through, I

peSea, uv limbs, body pierce
ZxaioC, r\, ov left; Western Solgoe, ou Phoebus, the Bright One [epithet
aqpupov, ou ankle of Ppollo]
T£vovTe [dual] tendons I discern, I consider
), T)C hair
1235. NOTES:
1438. 'Ai6oo6e: recall that 601110. is understood with *Ai6o£ in this expression.
The special ending -6e should be added to the accusative, but since in
this case the accusative 6o>(j.a is not expressed, -6e is added to
instead.
1439. avSpoTTiTa:the first syllable is treated as short in scansion, the mute-
and-liquid (8p) functioning as a single consonant metrically (# 564,1,
c) . This particular combination of consonants is in fact easy and fast
to pronounce.
1441. Te9vcx9i: perfect imperative of GVÔH "lie dead I"
1443. HT|6eTo: takes double accusative here-.
1448. TU>: (dual) the two horses.
1236 . COMMENT :
1432. Sadly and resignedly, Hector acknowledges that he had not ex

pected the iron heart of Achilles to soften. Then, as his soul begins to
slip from his body, he prophesies the future. Be sees the death that will
soon come upon Achilles through the poisoned arrow of Paris, and he dies with
the knowledge that the gods will soon demand a full account from Achilles
for this outrage.
1451. napog xapi-ev: These two words have been rightly considered a
masterly touch of sheer pathos.
HECTOR TIED TO ACHILLES' CHARIOT

1452. When Hector appears to Aeneas in the fourth book of the

(270-279) , he Is described as he looked after being thus treated:
raptatus bigls, ut quondam, aterque cruento
pulvere perque pedes traiectus lora tumentes.
Ei mihi, qualis eratl quantum mutatus ab illo
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli
vel Danaum Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignesl
squalentem barbam et concretes sanguine crines
vulneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros
accepit patrios.
W. Pogany
ACHILLES DRAGS HECTOR'S BODY
(From Colum, Story of Troy, p. 106, courtesy Macmillan Co.)

. "- - «.
Courtesy Ginn and Co.
THE VAPHEIO CUPS
These magnificent pieces of early Greek art, dating back to 1500 B.C. in the
Mycenean Age, are made of' pure gold embossed with scenes of tamed bulls on a
farm and a wild bull hunt. Their vigor and clarity are remarkable, testifying
to a high level of culture in pre-historic Greece. The cups were discovered
at Vapheio, just south of Sparta, after 2400 years in a royal tomb.
LESSON 223
1237, MEMORIZE:
OLYYeÂu), a.YYeA.ea>, &YYei.A.a. I Hpa6ir|, T\Q heart

announce 5ÎA.oc, ov throng; tumult
1238. TEXT:
Andromache's Sorrow
(5s TOU ptV KCKOVITO KcipT) OLTTdV

'
17
8e W
TtXXe Kop.r)v, OLTTO 8e \nrapr)v €{
1455 TTjXdo-e, K(oicvo-€v 8e /xdXa p.eya TratS' eVtSovora

8' e'Xeeti/d irarrjp <£tXos, d/n<£t
8e Xaol
> V V » ** \ V
T eiYoiro *cai otjn<yy]7 Kara acrrv.
ol w-e^
(TTevdyovT1' dXoôs 8' ou TTOJ rt
•
ov yap ol Tt? eTTjrufios ayyeXos e
1460 ijyyetX', OTTI pa ol TTOQ-IS exroî /xt/x.i'C
y' to-roi' ^x^ 8d/J,ou v

dXX'
KW/CVTOV O
17
ô>*
v(f>awt
\>
KCtt Ol(A(l)yTJS
~»\ CtTTO
r
TTVpyOV
'
T)KOVCT€
Tiys 8* cXeXt^(î7 yvta, va/xat 8e ot eifC7reo"€

8r)
auTt»ca /neydpoto 8te<TO"UTO /aat^dSt 10*17
d/xa 8' d/M^wroXot Ktoi/ avrr

•
1465 TraXXo/teVq Kpa&fyv
avrap eTret Trvpyov re Kal avopuv igev 0/xtXoi',
TraTrrqva(T eVt retêt, TOI/ 8e v6r]o~ev
'
Trp6(r0€v TrdXtos razees 8e /iti/ tTTTrot
€\KOV /cotXas
eTTt i/r;
d/CT^SeiiTTws
H70 T'î' 8e /car' o^BaXfj.an' ept/Sevvr) vv£ e/cd
CN»
J£ CN
1
/
\
\
I
8'
a7ro K/aaros )8dXe Seicr/otara
KtKpv(f>a\6v re tSe TrXeKTî

"/live/ eo^ '»AJ
^
'
/
3^
/5a ot ow/ce A-<ppooinr)
o
xPvcr€r)
,
1475 ^/Mart TW, ore /^ti> KopuâtoXos -^ydy

c'/c 8d/u,ou 'Hcruupo?, CTrcl Trope pvpia
a>c7i6£OT(i)C [adv.] H. no care, mercilessly Beafjtara, uv head-dress
S^nuE, uxoC diadem [an ornament worn in 6ia-ceuofiai, etc. rush through [gen.]
I
the hair, as symbol of royal blood] 8X-KIJTW, etc. fall (from)

I
av<x-6eann, T)C
fillet, headband eVro6i [adv.] outside (of)
Aphrodite of love eXeeivoC, r\, ov pitiable, piteous
'
A<ppo6T TT)," T)C [goddess

and beauty] eXeXttu, aor. pass. eXeXix07jv shake,
I
I
:
make tremble
216
LESSON 223 217
[adv.] backward xovlo), pf. mid. : xexovijiai I cover with dust

epeBevvoC, r\, 6v gloomy, dark, black XUXUTOC, ou wailing
K /
epeiTta, — , iptJtov I dash down; I fall xuxuu, —, XQXUCTCX I shriek, I wail
ETTITUJIOC, ov true, trustworthy txc, oc6oc tnad woman
Txu, —, Tôv I come C, ou innermost part, corner

xccXuTiTpT), T)C veil J, JiC lamentation
xotTnk), —, XCHIUOCTOV I breathe (forth) TiXexToC, T|, 6v plaited, twisted
xexpuifxxXoC, ou (woman's) hair-net Tr)XoCT£ [adv. ] to a distance, far off
xepxi'c, l'8oC shuttle [a long rod used in I tear out, I pluck
weaving] a [adv. ] to the ground, on the ground
1239. NOTES:
1457. they were "held" or "possessed" with grief.

1458. neituoTo: from nenuojiat, perfect of neuOojiat.
1460. fitti: a less frequent form of Stt, "that, because."
1461. LOTOV: i.e., what was on the loom", the "web."
1467. TOV: i.e., Hector.
1470. xata: with the sense here: "came down upon and covered."
1240. COMMENT:
1453. Sector's father and mother have come to the walls from which
they can clearly see — with what poignant grief 1 — their son being dragged be
hind the speeding chariot of Achilles.
1460. Recall that the other Trojan warriors had withdrawn to the pro
tection of the walls when the raging Achilles approached. Andromache na
turally supposed that her husband had come in with them.
Flazman
ANDROMACHE'S FAINT
(From Smith-Miller, Eom.tr 's Iliad, p. 477, courtesy Macmillan Co.)
1462. Her first intimation that some tragedy has occurred Is the
sound of the walling rising up all over the city. With her heart already
heavy with apprehension and dread, her intuition tells her at once that
Hector must somehow be involved. Hardly daring to think what may be, she it
drops her work and rushes madly to the tower.
1467. She reaches the wall and the weepingthrong gathered there.
Wildly she looks towards the plain, and her heartbreaks as she beholds her
dearly beloved husband dead and being dragged mercilessly In the dust toward
the Greek camp.
1471. i|rux'nv:The shock was so great that she lost consciousness, It
does not mean that she died; she has only fainted.
1475. By describing way her veil and head-dress are thrown off
the
in her fall, Homer is able to
mention by way of pathetic contrast the happy
day on which Hector and Andromache were married.
1241. WORD STUDY:

CHAMELEON ('ground-lion,' a lizard with power to change its color to blend
with various backgrounds) .
J.Z.
PATHETIC MEMORIAL
Copy of a grave-relief commemorating a young girl and her pet doves.
LESSON 223 219
o s
o
1) CO
XI CO
ft +> t"
a bO
a
co 1-1
COrH
B ca
•H
a •p *»
a> 3
at (H O
Hi XI
+j ca
o
rH -O
a
<H 00
o
o •H (-(
IM •P O
a •rf a.
e p
a) S
iH O
a <
o
XI -P
•f»
•o
u a
^ s
§ o o
tn t-
a OJ t«J
XI J«!
O
. <a
>>xi
h
o a>
rH -G
a> a
.23
o <«
J3 O
«•
«: a>
r-l
rH O.
(0 S
O 9)
•«-<*>
CO
0) +>
a) to
r-H O
O >
<H CO
o xl
+»
a> co
•a
rH O
CO 3
ti O
0) tn
c to
a co
00 tH
o
<UCM
a
"-<+i
CMCw
CO
<£ rH
LESSON 224
1242 MEMORIZE:
[adv.] apart; around t9uc [adv.] straight (towards)

9eoei5-nc, ec godlike [w. gen.]
££<D I make to sit; I sit (down)
Achilles has had his revenge to the full, yet his spirit is still
restless with hatred and fury. Again and again, for twelve mad days, he
drags around Patroclus' tomb the body of Hector— preserved from .corruption
by the dismayed and pitying gods. Still Achilles' sorrow burns on without
abating.
the extraordinary happens.

Then Old King Priam himself, guided by
Hermes, steals through the Greek camp at night and right into Achilles'
quarters, in a daring attempt to win his mercy and ransom back Hector's
bodyt
1243. TEXT:
Priam' s Daring
dpa. ffxtiwrjoras dTre(3r) 77/309 /Lta/cp6i>

tas- Ilpia/jto? 8' e£ LTTTTOJV dXro
'iSatoi' Se /car' avOi Xivref • 6 Se \i.i\w*v epvK(ov
1480 tTTTTOUS rjfJLLOVOVS T€. ytptoV 8' 10V<S KL€V OtKOV,
777 p* 'A^tXev? têcr/ce Sit^tXo?. eV 8e piv avrov
evp', erapoi 8' airdveude. KaOeCaro- rat Se 8u' ot<u,

*
T7/3WS AvTO/AeSwi/ T€ Kttl A\KifJiO<S O^
TTOITTWOV Trapeovre- veov 8' aTreXryyei/ e'
1485 fcr0(ov /cat •

en KOL Trape/cetro rpavreâ.
8' eXa#' €i(T€\6a)v H/ata/xo? /xeyas, ayî 8' apa crra?
TOWS
"Xepcriv 'A^tXXôs XaySe yovz/ara /cat /cvcre

8eti/as dv8po(f)6i>ov<;, at ot TroXea? KTO.VOV
USD 0dfjL(3r)(rav Se /cat aXXot, e? dXX^'Xov? oe

TOI/ /cat Xtcrcro/Ltei/os Uptakes vrpos pvOov eetTre*
"
p,vr)(rat irarpo? croto, $eots eTTtet/ceX' '^
TryXt/cov, a»5 Trep eywv, 6Xoa> CTTI -y^pao5
/cat êi' TTOV Kelvov Trepw'aterat dfj.'j>is eoj/re5
1495 retpova', ouSe' rt5 ecrrti' dpiyi' /cat Xotyot' d/xvi/at.

dXX' ^ rot /cetw5 ye (refftv ÔMITO? aKovow
âtpet T' eV û/xw eVt T* eXTrerat rffjiara irdvra
<f>i\ov vlbv dub TpoirjBev LOVTCL'
220
LESSON 224 221
"AXxi(ioC, OU Alcimus [a Myrmidon, a com 6tf<piXoC, ov dear to Zeus

panion of Achilles] 'EpneiccC, So Hermes [son of Zeus and Maia]
aXXofiou, —, fiX|ir)v [athematic] I leap, I 6ccn|3£, — , 6anpr)aa I am amazed
jump 'iSouoC, ou Idaeus [herald of Trojans]

arco-fia i vu, etc. I go away xa6-7i(iou I sit down
ano-XTjyu, —, ano-XT)Ya I cease from XotyoC, ou destruction, ruin

ap?}, T)C calamity, evil , ou branch; scion
"AprjC, T)OC Ares [god of war] ifiai I lie near
AuTOfieSuv, OVTOC Automedon [charioteer of rt£pi-vaieTT)C, ao neighbor
t
Achilles] TtoiTtvuu I pant; I am busy
E7u-Eix£XoC, ov like to TrjXixoC, r\t ov of such age, so old

[adv. ] to the ground
1244. NOTES:
1482. TOO: dual.

1497. eni: he "keeps on" hoping.
1245. COMMENT:
1477. Hermes has just revealed his identity to Priam and given him
advice on how to win Achilles' sympathy.
1478. Priam was not on horse-back; he jumped from the horse-drawn

chariot.
1487. There is real drama in this scene of Priam kissing the terrible
hands of Achilles, grim objects of his loathing and his fears. We can sense
the1 tension and the dreadful moment of Achilles' decision — will he slay the
old king or spare him?
1492 ff . Priam, the once proud and powerful ruler, comes to Achilles
grief-stricken old man. On that fact he bases his plea, reminding Achilles
a
that his own father is in the same condition. His appeal is solely to their
common humanity and their common suffering.
J.Zollner, S. J.
PRIAM BESEECHING ACHILLES
LESSON 225
1246 MEMORIZE:
at another time , TIC fatherland

, ov yearning, desire nponapoiee(v) before, In front of
1247. TEXT:
The Humanizing of Achilles
avrap eyw TrapaTror/u-os, €7ra re/coi/ was apicrrovs

1500 Tpotry e^ evpea;, TWI/ 8' ov
[AOL r)crav, or' •^Xuôi' vies
iroXXaii/ Oovpos *Apr)$ VTTO yowar' e
05 8e /^tot 0105 €17^ , €LpvTO Se acrrf Kat avrov?,

rot' (TV Trpr)v Kretâ? Vvoêvov TTf.pi
1505 TOV vvv IKO-VOI vfjas
Xucrd/xei/o? irapa. creio, (êpco 8' aTrepeurt'
dXX' atSeto êou?, 'A^tXev, avrov r e
crov Trarpos- eyeij 8' eXeeti/orepo?
8', ol* ou TT' Ipepov cSpcre ydoto
8' dpa ^ctpos a7rcu<TaTo 77*0, yepovra.
TO) 8e
/cXat' a8«W,
1515 avrap 'A^tXXeu? /cXatev eoi/ Trarep', dXXore 8* avre

TldTpo/cXoi'- rail' Se crroiâ^ /cara Swâr' opwpct.
C, T), ov countless 7uai6oq)6voC, Oto killer of (my) sons

etc.
<X7i-6£, I push away Ttavdt7ioT|xoC, ov all hapless, wholly ill-
"AprjC, T)OCAres [god of war] fated
e'lXuu, aor. pass. : eXuaGriv I bend over FldbpoxXoC, OU Patroclus [dearest friend of
e-XeetvoC, 71, 6v pitiable, piteous Achilles]
eni-xOovioC, ov on the earth fifty
T)XCt radv- 1 gently [adv. ] lately
6oupoC, ou [adj.] rushing, impetuous T)C groan, moan
'
I stretch out
222
LESSON 225 223
1248. NOTES:
1500. XeAei99cu : from XeXeiiiuai , perfect of Xeinco.

1502. \)no: adverbial — "loosening the knees" was a sort of euphemism for
killing.
1505. etputo: pluperfect of epuo|icu, with imperfect force.
i.e.
, the people themselves
:
1507. O.UTOV: understand
1511. £9' : adverbial — "in the depths of his soul"
ncrrpoc: genitive after YOOLO — "lamentation for his father." •
1513. TU>: dual nominative, in apposition to 6 and 'Axt-AAeijc, each of which

has its own verb.
1249. COMMENT:
1499. He is the most wretched of all, and Just because he suffers

most, he deserves the most compassion, even from his enemy.
1500. Priam is not absolutely accurate in saying that all his sons
have been killed. -Paris, Polites, and possibly a few others were liv still
ing. However, the loss of Hector who meant more to him than all the others
together has been such a shock that he considers himself completely bereaved.
1508. Again he reminds him that as a man he is no different from
Peleus — except that his sorrow is even more pitiable yet.
1510. Touching one's chin was another conventional act of a suppliant.
1511 ff. Suddenly there comes to Achilles a new experience. He under
stands completely the sufferings of another, and through that understanding
he feels a deep sense of sympathy and union. Both men are broken with sor
row, which puts them together on the same human plane. Inevitably, Achilles'
hatred melts away in the crucible of their common suffering.
1250. WORD STUDY:

religious festival occurring 'fiftieth after Easter).
PENTECOST (a on the day'
University Prints
HERMES RESTING
A Gre*k bronze from Herculaneum.
LESSON 226
1251 .TEXT:
Achilles Comforts the King
avrap eVet pa yooto TerdpTrero Stos

/cat ot OLTTO irpcnr&uv 77X0* i/Aepos 778* oVo yvuuv,
avriK atro Bpovov wpro, yepovra 8e
1520 T€ /Ctt/OTJ 7ToXtOI> T€
/cat {fxavTjcras eVea irrf.p6f.vTa Tr
"a 8etX\ TroXXa /ca/c' ai/crêo croi' /cara

77
81)
0105,
69 o<j>0a\p.ov<;, rot TroXeia? re /cat

05
e
1525 vtea? lêvdpiâ; trtS^petoi' ^v rot ^rop.
* ^^ »*> vy /) *\ c>»
»
s
V
\
/car ap
/
'
aXX aye
\
et,eu £77t upovov, aXyea
o
017
•
ei/ 0vfJi(p /cara/c€to"ât eacro/xei' a^yv^fvol irep
ov yap Tts Trp^t? TreXerat /cpuepoto yooto.
<3s yap CTre/cXwcrai^ro êot SetXotcrt /Sporotcn
,
•
avrot 8e
T'
1530
dî/v/LteVot? d/CT^Seie?
8otot yap re TTtôt /cara/cetarat ei' Ato? ovSei
ola StScucrt, /ca/cwt*, erepo? 8e iaaw-
Zeus
/c'
d/Lt/xtâs 8^77
8'
dXXore re /ca/ca> ye /cuperat, dXXore ec

o
/xeV
1535 w 8e /ce rail/ \vypS)v 8^77, \a)(3r)Tov e^/ce

,
Kat ova 8ta^ eXauVet,

CTTI
/ca/cr) /8ou/8pa>crTt9 ^6
e
8'
<f>oLTa oure êotcrt rert/AeVos cure ySporotcrti/.
[exclamation] ah! fall in with, light upon

I
iiC, ec free from care Xti)6T)ToC, r), 6v outraged, object of abuse

etc- mingle, mix OtxTEipu pity
I
I
av-icrn)Hi [iitpf. sg. -taTT)]. raise up ou5aC, eoC ground, floor

3
BoufBpGxmC, IOC famine; misery 7U00C, ou jar

yevetov, ou chin np<X7u6eC, uv diaphragm, heart
60101, at, two TiprjEiC, toC accomplishment, good (result),
a
leu, feauv good things, blessings use
eTti-xXu0u, — eni-KXwra spin to,

I
I
,
allot to TepntxepauvoC, ou hurler of thunderbolt

xaT<x-xet|juxi lie down, rest [epithet of Zeus]
I
xpuepoC, T), 6v icy, chill Tt(o; pf. M. -P. T£tlfiai honor

I
:
224
LESSON 226 225
1252. NOTES:
1519. "by the hand." Notice that the Greeks tended to use a parti
tive genitive for the point or part at which something is taken hold
of, even when, as here, the verb of grasping is merely implied.
1532. 6160)01: third singular present indicative of 6i6coî.
fetepos: to be understood before H<XXUJV also — "one ... another."
1533. the object is understood from HaxiLv and eacov.
1535. understand p.iv; "he causes him to be."
1253. COMMENT:
1519. With a feeling of pity and reverence and almost friendship,

Achilles raises the old man gently from the ground.
1522 ff . How different is this Achilles from the one we have seen be
fore! His angry, ruthless hate has given way to kindness and gentleness.
Both men have suffered beyond all power to tell, and in that suffering they
have come to realize the supreme fact of their common humanity, a clear basis
of mutual respect, sympathy, and understanding.
At last Achilles is learning resignation.
1529-37. Imperfectly and
vaguely, it is
true, but none the less with fundamental truth, he has come
to realize that man cannot have peace until he humbles his will to the gods
and learns to accept life's hardships and bitter moments with manly patience
and calm.
1531-2. A striking poetic image, characteristic of Achilles' vivid
way of conceiving things, as Homer everywhere represents him.
University Prints
THE SACK OF TROY
From a red-figured cylix vase of the fifth century B.C., by the

famous painter Brygos, who has signed his work at the right corner.
LESSON 227
1254. MEMORIZE:
ouvuiiai; [pf. w. pres. sense:] TIG battle, fight
xexaojiat I surpass i afar, far (from)
1255. TEXT:
The Glory of the World Passes
(U9 Oeol 8ocrai> dyXad Saipa,

e/c yeper»?s
•
irdvras yap eV* dvOpanrovs e/ce'/caoro
1540 oX/8oj TC TrXovrw TC, dvao~o~e 8e Mv/>/AtS6Veo"cri ,
/Cat Ot QvTfTUi fOVTL 0€O.V TTOirjO'aV d/COtTtl/.
dXX* CTTI /cat TO* 0rJK€ êos KaKov, OTTI> ol ov Tt

TraiSwt' ev fJLf.ydpoi.o~i yov?) ytvf.ro KpeLovrow,
dXX' eVa TratSa TCKGV rfo.va.woi.ov •
ovSe ia> TO^ ye
/ /<* 9 \ /V X * ,/» *
1545 yT7pao"/coi^ra CTTCI
eVt <re' re <ra
o\fiiov eivai
•
o*e, yepov, TO Trptt' jnei/ dKOvofiev
OO-Q-OV AeVySos di/w, Ma/capo? eSo?, ei^ro? e'epyet
/cat Qpvyiri Ka.dviTf.p6f. /cat 'EXX'ô'Troi^ros di

1550 Toil' o~e, yepov, irhovrat rf. /cat vtdo~t <^>ao-t
'
avrdp CTTCI Tot ir^/Lta To8 r^yayov Ovpavuaves,
atet Tot Trept dcrTu /xdât T' di'Spo/CTao'tat TC.
0*01*
ov yap Tt /caîftei/os vos

1555 v8e i/o*Tcrets •
/cat KCLKOV aXXo
T), ov grieving xri8(i) trouble, distress

I
I
aXtaaroC, ov unyielding, incessant AeVBoC, ou Lesbos [island in the Aegean]

av6poxTactr), r)C
slaying of men Mtxxocp, apoC Meoar [king of Lesbos]
avu fadv, ] up (wards); towards the sea Mup(ii8oveC, uv Myrmidons people of
[a
i, fjc birth Greece]

I grow old OupaviwveC, uv the heavenly gods
offspring to early death
fjc
itavauptoC, ov doomed
26oC, £OC seat DriXeuC, TJoC Pe'leus [king of Myrmidons,

'EXX?i(ntovTQC, ou Hellespont father of Achilles]
EVTOC [adv. within TiXoOTOC, OU wealth, riches
]
luC, [gen. irjoc] good, valiant tpuyiT), Phrygia district of Asia

[a
eu T)C
xa6vmep6e(v) [adv.] above; yonder Minor]
226
LESSON 227 227
1256. NOTES:
1539. etu: adverbial, merely strengthening the verb.

1544. aXA.': "except that."
1547. TO npiv: (idiom) "formerly."
1548. agrees according to sense with TOW, which
6ooov: is the object of
xexaoSai. Transl.: "they say that you surpassed all those people whom
Lesbos, etc."
1552. understand eioi.
1555. used with future meaning.
1£57. COMMENT:
1543. Peleus seemed to have everything necessary for happiness, bvt
to him, too, came grievous sorrow.
1546. Previously, Achilles
had exulted in wreaking ruJn on the Tro
jans. sees the matter more fully, and from their angle.
Now he After all,
he now realizes, they too are human and can feel suffering — a thing Achilles
at last understands in all its bitterness. There is the implication in his
words, Why should I be here at all putting these human beings to all this
needless misery? War has henceforth lost for Achilles its superficial glamor
and nobility. Suffering has opened his eyes to deeper human issues; has it
mellowed, transformed, inexpressibly refined his character. Such is the tre
mendous theme of the Iliad, the core of its timeless humanizing message for
all men who will but read it.
1547. Like Peleus, Priam for years has been blessed with all that the
world has to offer, but now he too has been humbled to the dust.
1553. With new-found insight, Achilles concludes that all men must
suffer and that the only road to peace is by way of endurance and resigna
tion.
1555. He means that before Priam can bring Hector back to life by
weeping, he himself must suffer another evil, namely death.

G. P. Brown Co. Regnault
AUTOMEDON WITH ACHILLES' HORSES

LESSON 228
1258. MEMORIZE:
n(t)oA.eni£u), n(T)oA.eni£u> I wage XOA.OC, ou wrath

war, I fight (with)
1259 . TEXT :
1
The Body Is Ransomed
1556 S/zwag 8* e/c/caXeVas Xovcrcu /ce'Xer' dfi(j>L T dXeu/iai,
v6(r<f>iv deipdcras, w? pr) Ilpta/nos 1801 uio»>,
/HT) 6 /u,eV dx^v/xeVy KpaSiry ^0X01* ov/c epvcrcuro

iraiSa tSwi', 'A^tX^t 8* 6pw0tCrj <j>CXov rjrop
ISM Kat e Kara/creii/ete, Aios 8' aXiTTjrcu eêrjita?.
et ouy 8/j.wat Xoucra^ Kal xjpi<ra.v eXaiw,
/iti/ <£apo9 faXoi/ âXov ^8e ^traii/a,

t 8e
avros rdi' y* 'A^tXcv? Xcêiyi/ fireO-rfKev deipa?,
8* erapoi. Tjeipav tv£4<rrr}v tif aTTtjvTjv.
1565
^fv r dp' eTretra, <j>i\ov 8' 6v6fj.r)vev eralpov
"JJLTJ /xoi, ndr/ao/cXe, <r/cv8/xat»'e/i6i', at /ce Tru0r)
"
civ At8o5 Trcp ecui', on 'E/cropa Stoi/ eXv(ra ."
8' ^/xeijSer' eTretra yepatv Hpia/Mo
TOJ/
87;
"ci /x.ei' e'êXei? rcXecrat rdfyov "Exropt

/i'
8i'<y,
1570
/iot pe^wi/, 'A^tXev, Keâ/atcr/xeVa êwys.
c58e /ce
8*
olcrâ yap ws /card dcrru ecX^teâ, n^Xoî
opeos, /idXa 8e Tpaie? SeStacrtt'.

K'
p,€v avroi/ cvt /neydpoi? yodot/iei',

T^
8e/cdri7 8e /ce 6a.irroin.ev SatiaitTo re Xao?,

ci>8eKar$ 8e /ce TVÔV CTT* avrw Trot^crat/z.ei',
1575
T^
8e SvtoSe/CGiTrj TroXe/Ltô/xei', et Trep dvay/oy."
— aXtTOv transgress ovouafvu, — 6vouT|va

call, by name
I
I
,
,
&uu5cxaToC, T), ov twelfth UttTpoxXoC, ou Patroclus [dearest friend

Ex-xaXeu, etc. call out of Achilles]
I
IvSExctToC, T], ov eleventh axu6neu'vu am angry (with)

I
eiti-Ti9r)Hi, etc. place on [gen.] TdcqpoC, ou burial

I
fjC behest, command TU|ipo(, ou mound
bury
I
228
LESSON 228 229
1260. NOTES:
1558. 6: i.e.,
Priam.
oatTo: "keep back."
1559. optveein: from opivervv, aorist passive of opivo).
1560. &XITTJTO.I: more vividly conceived as being more important to avoid.
1561. TOV: i.e., Hector.
1563. the funeral bier on which the body was carried.
1570. 3J6e: refers to what follows.
xexcxpuoiieva: perfect participle of xaPôpLai.
1571. ee\ne6a: perfect passive of etXio.
157£. &êp.ev: an explanatory infinitive dependent on T-nAoGi and referrin
the wood they were about to bring for the funeral rites of Hector.
1574. Sou von TO: present optative of 6aivup.o.L.
1261 '.COMMENT:
1556 ff. The change in Achilles is now complete. Through fellowship

in suffering the true nobility of his character has been developed and per
fected. He no longer thinks of himself; his anxiety now is for Priam. For
Priam's sake, even the dead Hector will be given all the consideration in
his power'.
1560. As a proof of the sincerity of the change, we see Achilles
carefully avoiding any situation in which his terrible anger might escape
the control of his new wisdom.
He would violate the behests of Zeus .by harming a suppliant;
further, he had received intimations through his goddess mother that Zeus
willed that he return the body for burial.
1563. Notice that is Achilles it himself who lifts the once-hateful
body and places it
on the wagon.
1566. recognizes that mercy towards Priam takes precedence

He now
over his loyalty to Patroclus. His eagerness to explain and Justify to
even
Patroclus his changed attitude toward Hector is pathetically moving in its
hints of interior struggle and of determination to stand by his new ideals

of manliness.
1569. Encouraged by the astounding sympathy and generosity of
Achilles, Priam makes bold to suggest that his people be given time to give
their prince a fitting burial.
1576. The sadness of all wars echoes through this line-
1262. WORD STUDY:
EPITAPH (a burial inscription) — TOMB (a vault or grave to cover the dead).

LESSON 229
1263. MEMORIZE:
al9o\|i, onog sparkling fiLOTpecp^c, ec Zeus-cherished

ionetoe, TJ, ov immeasurable, vast euxvTi(iTc» I6og well-greaved
1264. TEXT:
The Burial of Horse-taming Hector
'
TOV 8' avre TrpocreeiTre TroSdp/c^s Stos
" eVrai roi /cat ravra,
yepov Ilpta/x.', cJs 0-v /ceXeveis •
yap Tro\€p.ov rdcrcroi' ^povov, ocrcroi/ aVtoyas."

1580 p roi ye ayiveov aa-rrerov
a\X' ore
8-^
Se/car^ e^>ai^ (f>ae<Tip,^p

*cal TOT' dp' eêtjtepov Opacrvv "^KTOpa Sa/cpv
8'
e^ 8e Trvp^ imar-fl veicpbv &tcrav, eV efiaXov irvp.
8'
-fipiyiveia. <f>dvr) /5o8o8«xKrvXo5 ^w?,

<ip
1585 ap,<JH irvprjv /cXurou "EKro/309 rfypero Xaos.

TjyepBev o/Ai^yepee? re ytvovro,
p'
avrap eVct
fiev /caret TrupKairfv o-/3ecra.v aWom olva
•
oiroa'O'ov eTrecrê Trupo? /xevos avrap €7reira
erapot re
0'
ocrrea Xev/ca Xeyoi^ro Ka.<riyv^Toi

1590 0a,\epbv 8e /carei)8ero 8a/cpv Trapetaij/.
,
ra ye
e's
/ca Xapva/ca OrJKav eXo

ap' es KoC\r)v Katrerov 0ea"avt avrap vTrep0ev

8'
aa//a
•
iruKvoi(riv Xaecrcrt /caretrropecrai/ /neyaXown
a 8e cru,' irepl 8e <r/co7rol etaro
•
1595
irplv
€<j
8e ro o"rjfj,a iraXiv KIOV •

avrap eVetra
ept/cv8ea Satra
'
ev crvvayetpo/Mei/oi
iv
ot "E/cropo$
y
1600 rd<j>ov
t
eu drive; fetch, carry EC splendid, sumptuous

I
I
I
handle; conduct 6paouc, eTa, bold

I
I
(BaaiXeuC, rioC king iTtrcdSauoC, ov tamer of horses [epithet of

ex-qpepd) bear out heroes]
I
e*c- n°ld back ou • ditch, grave

^
[f
.E7I-6XU» xctTtETOC,
]
230
LESSON 229 231
xaTa-aropevvufu, —, xaTa-o-rdpEffa I spread, TtapEiat, auv cheeks

I cover up TtETtXoC, cloth; robe
ou
xaT-ei|3o|xai I fall from Ttupxatrj, f)C funeral-pyre

Xapvatj, axoC chest, urn ap£vvu|ii, — , o~fleaa I put out, I quench
Xeyci) I collect OTtOTtdc, ou watcher, look-out
nupoât I shed tears, I weep o~uv-aYEtpu I gather together
vexpoC, OU corpse TCiipoC, ou burial
OfXTiYEpiiC, EC gathered together TrpoC [adv.] then
ondoTJoC, T), ov as much as UTICCTOC, T), ov topmost
(pater t'uBporoC, ov giving light to mortals
1265. NOTES:
1578. ioTcu : shortened from loexat.

1585. fiYpeto: from kêipta — "they bestirred themselves."
1586. f|Yep9ev: irregular third plural aorist passive (with intransitive force)
of aye £ pea.
1587. XO.TO.: adverbial.
1595. £xeav" shortened from £xeyav-
e<popn.Ti9eiev: from eip-opn-nOTiv, aorist passive of e<p-op}iau).
1266. COMMENT
1578. Even this extraordinary request for a truce the new, magnani
mous Achilles will not refuse; in fact, he is willing to grant even more time
if it Is needed.
1580. According to the custom of the time, the Trojans will burn the
body of Hector. The long time spent in collecting wood bespeaks their de
termination to make everything about his funeral more magnificent than that
of other mortals, in token of their loving admiration for the great hero.
1582. During the nine days of preparation, Hector had been laid out
In state where all his family and friends might come to keep vigil and to
weep for him.
1587-94. After the body is consumed and the funeral pyre burnt down,
they quench the remaining hot embers with sparkling wine. Then the bones
are collected and placed reverently in a golden casket, which in turn is
buried in the ground, and a great mound of earth and stones built up over it.
1595. The Trojans can hardly believe the generosity of the Greeks in
granting them such a favor. If
they could have appreciated the new spiritu
al stature of Achilles, they would not have had the slightest fear, unless
that some other Greek might break Achilles' truce.
1598. The funeral feast, which perhaps strikes us rather oddly, was
part of the funeral ritual, and partaken of in that spirit.
this "long-leaping" line our selections, and the whole
1600. With
Iliad, to a close. It is in truth a summary and a symbol of the trans
come
formation of Achilles. This splendid funeral of Hector was possible only
because of the human understanding and sympathy that came to Achilles through
his bitter draft of sorrow.
The war, indeed, must go on to its cruel end. Achilles must still
fight and slay. But we cannot believe that he will ever again be the same. In
the few short months left to him of life, there will be no more place for the
passionate hatred that formerly dominated .him. The human personality in him
has triumphed over all the brutalizing, inhuman influences of war and wild
emotions. With resignation and peace he can now meet his death and pass to
the world beyond. He has found the meaning of life, insofar as merely natu
ral meaning goes. He is a nobler, far greater man than before. Sorrow has
been a blessing in disguise.
As for his fame, which he longed for so ardently, it is worldwide and
immortal. Homer has seen to that.
L.P.Gailegos.S. J.
•HECTOR'S FUNERAL PYRE
LESSON 230
Review

the forms .
3. Story;
a. Describe the death of Hector.
b. How did Achilles mistreat his body?
c. How did Andromache learn of her husband's death?
d. On what grounds does Priam base his appeal to Achilles?
e. What is the result of Priam's plea?
4. Criticism;
a. The scene in the quarters of Achilles is one of the most famous in all
literature. Can you suggest any reasons why it should be so consid
ered?
b. Why did Homer think that the change wrought in Achilles was of tre-
'mendous significance for human living?
c. Would you agree that the spirit of the Iliad is much more intense and
profound than that of the Odyssey? Explain.
5. Composition; Translate accurately;
a. He was unwilling to give Hector his due of honor.
b. It is said that Achilles surpassed all others in love and in wrath.
c. Two great men were Achilles and Hector, but only in death (=having
died) did they find peace and friendship.
12.68. YOURSELF AND TOMORROW

As you have noticed, every review lesson in this book is accompanied

by an essay. These essays explained and discussed various points of ancient
Greek living and culture- -their coins, their art, their architecture, their
language — and tried to show why they are interesting or important to us to
day. In this lesson we are going to talk about something far more inter
esting than any of the things already mentioned and far more important than
the past to which they belong. We are going to talk about you and the fut
ure, the future that you can make for yourself.
With this lesson

(numbered 2301), you come to the end of A Reading
Course in
Homeric Greek. You come, as it
were, to the top of one of the
foot-hills which mark the path that ascends gradually to the peaks of wis
dom and character. Pause here a moment and take a thoughtful look at what
lies before you.
For a great many of you, probably, the end of this course marks
also the end of your study of Greek, either because you will not continue
233
your or because of the pressure of other necessary courses and

schooling
credits. few years you may have forgotten almost all the Greek forms
In a
and vocables you now know. Yet, we believe, the time and work you have
given to Greek has been eminently worth while. The course you have now
completed has been so constructed that It
is not merely a preparation for
further Greek to follow, but Is a complete and self-sufficient course in
itself. It has been built to put within your reach all the advantages and
values that. are usually considered to be found tn a complete Greek course.
It is now up to you to preserve and strengthen the mental habits and atti
tudes that you acquired in the study of such a language and literature.
hope, for example, that you are able now to read more exactly,
We
with more understanding and enjoyment than you could before. A book was
.published several years ago called How to Read & Book. It became a "best
seller" almost at once. Several hundred thousand people seemed to realize
that they were handicapped both in their work and In their enjoyment of
life by an Inability to read well, and bought yie book under the illusion
that by merely reading it their mental habits would be suddenly transformed.
They were disappointed, for one can no more learn how to read than how to
swim by merely reading a book about It. Learning of that sort requires
disciplined practice, which is often enough painful and boring in the be
ginning, and repetition literally thousands of times. In your Greek course
you have been practiced thousands of times in the process of reading —In
careful attention to the meaning of words, their exact inter-relationships,
the harmony and force of their arrangement, the logic, truth, and beauty
of what they say. In all your future reading you should maintain that same
alert and critical attitude. Indeed, If
In everything you do, you go about
it in this same thorough, systematic, and determined way, you will find It
pays valuable dividends.
It
is our hope, too, that you have acquired at least the beginnings
of interest in and liking for better literature, for more Intellectual

some
and cultural pursuits. Such a liking ia not easily come by. Some one has
well said that there is for most of us a period of boredom and effort be
fore we finally come to enjoy the finer things of life. The length of this
period depends largely on the cultural level of one's home and on one's
native endowment. Nonetheless, everyone who has reached the point of en
joyment in these higher things will admit that the effort required was well
worth it. Drilling an oil-well Is long and costly work, but the oil which
is struck amply repays all the difficulty involved. Whether you take fur
ther schooling or not, whether you take any more Greek or not, you should
try to keep your mind and heart on a similarly noble plane of human thought
and feeling.
As a final point, we might mention our hope that in this course

your sense of human values has been deepened and sharpened, that you. have
grown in understanding and sympathy, that certain ideals of character have
suggested themselves to you. Many a man has been inspired to raise himself
from a low mediocrity to near greatness by the example of men and women met
in literature. If
your study of literature, whether Greek, Latin, or Eng
lish, has been of any such Inspiration to you, the time you have given to
LESSON 230 235
It has been Indeed well spent.
But let us suppose that this course is no1^ the end of your work in
Greek, that you will be able to continue it
for a year or two longer. How
well prepared are you?
In the first place, you are already in an excellent position to

read extensively in Homer, even to read the whole of one or both his poems.
Of the 1825 words that occur ten times or more in all Homer (that is, on
the average more than once every 2,800 lines), you have now mastered over
1,000. You have already learned about 90$ of Homeric grammar. Hence,
another semester or year of Homer should be rather easy and quite inter
esting.
Among the other authors, choice could be made according to taste

and the exigencies of your intended life-work. Many of the other great
works of Greek literature are written in the Attic dialect, but this fact
will cause little trouble. The Homeric Greek you have learned is already
about 85$ identical with the Attic, and the adjustment from one to the
other should not be difficult.*
Greek literature is considered the richest in the world, providing
a splendid array of fine reading. Greek lyric poetjry is particularly beau
tiful and, incidentally, close to Homeric dialect. Herodotus, too, the
"Father of History," wrote in a language very similar to Homer's, and would
provide a valuable course for those interested in history. Hia successor,
Thucydides, is also important, being hailed as the introducer of a truly
scientific historical method and a supreme artist in construction of the
story.
For -those interested in the stage, Greek drama presents a rich

field. arrange a course so as to read a play from each of the

You might
great dramatists, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, thus gaining ac
quaintance with the very first attempts at play-writing and the rapid per
fecting of the form.
Then,too, there is. Plato, whose dialogues have been literally a

delight andinspiration to the whole Western world. There is Aristophanes,
one of the most hilarious of comedians. And there are many others besides,
whose works in the original have now become accessible to you. A sym
pathetic and patient reading of them can bring you a great deal of personal
satisfaction and genuine culture.
It
can be said truly, ".Show me the books a man reads and IT11 tell
you the kind of man he is.n It is important, then, to plan your future
education carefully, for en it largely depends the kind of person you will
be.
*As an aid to this adjustment, a special booklet, Transition to Attic Greek,

forma part of this course. This shows graphically the differences between
the two dialects and what needs to be learned when beginning an Attic author.
CHANGES IN THE GENERAL VOCABULARY
The following corrections

and simplifications in the general vocabulary, pp. (l)- (50) , have
suggested themselves since the plates were made, and are here listed together for the student's
benefit. It would be well to note them at the beginning of work on this second volume.
FIRST YEAR WORDS: SECOND YEAR WORDS:
cu6eo|iou: add: I feel shame before correct "I am lord" to: I am
(Bianco: add: I constrain lord (of)

6eoneo"ioc: unearthly
add: avTa: add before meanings: [w. gen.]
xoXeu: correct aor. to: xoX£<7(a)a propitious; delete: harmless
add:
xeXofitu : correct fut. to: xXâo|icu correct meanings to: I fit to

d):
XT£Lva): add 2_ aor. : XTavov gether; I am fitted with

XtXouou-ou: add at end: (w. gen. ) auTU)£: correct meanings to: in the same
VTI\£^: correct to: vr]X(e)?ic way; just
oToa: add fut . : elbrpu eT|J.L I go, I shall go: insert
OTiX t'Oo: add fut. : orcXt'afa) co 6UX6Ttxo(j;at : correct last me_aning to:
7iei'6(«): add, after "I win over": I trust I pray (to)
(w. dat.) X0|iou: chanKe to; >cd^.r),Tic hair
TteTpccp: add: rope : correct gen. : xu(3epvrj-n}c,a0
7O)x(l)voe: add: vehement add : gleaming

plfyi): add: I sacrifice (J171V [a stronger form of jiev] truly, indeed
pT)i'8ioc, V,OV easy: insert insert
Ti'9T)[u: add : I make |it(j.VT)ax(i): correct meanings to: I remind;
XpovoCjOU time: insert [mid.:] I remember [w. gen. ]
[adv.] homewards: insert
add: I pass through
K(p)oTl = TtpOC insert
e: add.: [f ]
shoulder: insert
* The changes here indicated will bring

the
vocabulary into conformity with these words
as given in the Memorize sections of this
edition and on the flash-cards.
236
Appendix A
SUMMARY OP GRAMMAR
DECLENSION ENDINGS
First Decl. Second Decl. Third Decl.
Pu- 9e- 6cop- avaxT- ETiog, ETIE-
H. -a -oc -ov
a. -•nc -TIC -Oil, OlO -OU, OLO OS -OC
D. -n -T1 -<P -v t -I
A. -av -ov -ov a, (-v)
N. -at -01 -a -eg -a
a. -aujv -U)V -UJV -UJV -U)V
D. -OLO(l) -OIO(L) -(EO)OL -(eo)oi
A. -ac -ouc -a -fie -a
Gender: all f. Gender: all Gender: all Gender: stems ending in:
m., except n. (1) O.T-, ap-, a-, e- are n,
a few . f (2) 6-,i-,e-,iT-,Tr|t- are f.
(3) rest are m.
ADJECTIVE AND PARTICIPLE TYPES Some exceptions.
Note : (l) ace, sg. ends In -v
(1) First and second decl.: -oc, (-TI) , -ov
First and third decl.: for L- and u- sterna; In -uv
(2)
-u (m.-n. e-og) for m. adj. w. nom. -i>c.
-EUCL, gen. pi.
(2) dat. = nom. sg.
+ L when stem ends In x, y>
-ouoa, -ov
X, TI, P, or <p; final T, 6,
-ujv, (m.-n. gen. OVT-OC )
9, v of stem drop before
-ac, -aoa, -av (m.-n. gen. avt-og )
-ov, stems In -evi- have dat.
-<DC, -ui.a, -oc (m.-n. gen. OT-OC)
pi. -evreooi or-etOL, stems
Third decl. only:
In -OVT- have -ovteooi or
-TIC, -«C (gen. e-oc)
-ovoi. .
-<uv, -ov (gen. ov-oc)
Single termination; treated as nouns.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES VOCATIVE

Same as nom. except:

(1) Adj. In -oc, w. last syllable of stem long, (a) decl. m. sg. -e (cpu\E)
2
add -orepoc, -otttToc to stem (Sixat-orepoc, (b) 3 decl. -euc, -1C drop -c (Zeu,
6ixa.i-OTa.Toc ) .
no\t)
(2) Adj. ln-oc, w. last syllable of stem short, (c) 3 decl. long vowel of nom. shor
add -unrepoc, -uvraToc to stem tens if It also does In gen.
(TtaTep)
(d) Special: 6eoc,
Adj. In -uv add -eOTepoc, -eoTttTos to stem
, d(ppov-eoTaToc) •
SPECIAL CASE ENDINGS
(4) Adj. in -TIC and some in -uc add -Tepoc, (l) -6e added to ace. = place to whi(
-TaToc to neuter nom. sg. (aXr|6eo-Tepoc,
(olxov&£) j -6e blends w. c into
OJHU-TaTOC ) •
(2) -6ev added to gen. minus c or \j =

place fi-om which, source , separa-
IRREGULAR COMPARISON
dpElGOV aplOTOG tLon_( ou pav o 9 e v ) .
xa\6c xaAXiuJV xaAAiOToc -<pt(v) added to gen. minus g or t
= bv_, at., from, with, on, in
noXXoc nXeiuiv
<piA.oc <pi\Tepog _e
eaoocov TOLXLOTOC
237
238 Α ΚΕΑϋΙΝΟ ΟθυΚ5Ε ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΚΙΟ ΟΚΕΕΚ
ΥΕΚΒ ΕΝΟΙΝ03: ΑΟΤΙΥΕ ΑΗΠ ΑΟΗΙ3Τ ΡΑ33ΙΥΕ

ΡΚΕδΕΝΤ ρυτυκΕ. 1 ΑΟΗ. 2 ΑΟΗ. 2 ΑΟΗ. ΡΡ. ΑΟΤ. ΡΡ. ΜΙΟ. ΑΟΗ . ΡΑ33
Α. Α. Α. Α. Α. Α. Μ.Ρ- Ρ.
λυ- λυσ- λυσ- ίδ- 6- λελυκ- λελυ- λυθ-
-ω -ω -α
Ι (Νοΐβ:
-εις -εις Γ,ΟΠΗ,·7ΘΓΪ1Β -ας
Ν -ει -ει ΐιινβ ω ΟΓ ϋ -ε(ν)
-ομεν -ομεν 1η ρΐβοβ οϊ η, -αμεν
0 -ετε -ετε βηά. οι ΟΓ νιι
-ατέ „
-ουσι (ν) -ουσι (ν) 1η ρΐαοο οϊ -ασι (ν)
Ι αϊ . 5βθ
Ι,βΒβοηε 1^-3)
0
( ΙιηρΓ . ) (ΡΙρΓ.)
Α -ον -α -ον -ην -εα -ην
-ες -ας -ες -ηε -ηε -ηε
Τ -ε(ν) -ε(ν) -ε(ν) -η -ει -η
-ομεν -αμεν -ομεν -ημεν -εμεν -ημεν
Ι -ετε -ατέ -ετε -ητε -ετε -ητε
-ον -αν -ον -ήσαν -ε σαν -ήσαν
ν
Ε
3 -ω -ω -ω -ηώ -ω -ω
υ
Β -ΐΐε -ϊΐε -Ιϊδ -ηης -πε -Τΐε
^ -ΐΐ -Γ -τι -ηπ -ΤΙ -Ρ
υ -ωμεν
Ν -ωμεν -ωμεν -ωμεν -ηωμεν -ωμεν
0 -ητε -ητε -ητε -ηητε -ητε' -ητε
Τ -ωσι (ν) -ωσι (ν) -ωσι (ν) -ωσι (ν)
Ι
V
-ωσι(ν) -ηωσι (ν)
Ε
0 -οιμι -αιμι -οιμι -αιην -οιμι -ειην

Ρ
τ
-οις -ειας -οις -αιης -οις -ειης
Α -οι -ειε(ν) -οι -αιη -οι -ειη
-ε ι μεν
Τ
Ι -οιμεν -αιμεν -οιμεν -αιμεν -οιμεν
ν -οιτε -αϊτέ -οιτε -αϊτέ -οιτε -είτε
-οιεν -ειαν -οιεν -α ι εν -οιεν -ειεν
Μ
-ε -ον -ε -ηθι -ε -ηθι
-ετε -ατέ -ετε -ετε
Ι -ητε -ητε
Ι -ειν -ειν -(ε)ειν

Ν -(ε)μεν -(ε)μεν -αϊ -(ε)μεν -ηναι -(ε)μεν -ηναι
Ρ -(ε)μεναι -(ε)μεναι -(ε)μεναι -(ε)μεναι -ημεναι
ρ
-ων -ων -ας -ων -Ες -ους -ως -εις
Τ -ούσα -ούσα -ασα -ούσα -Οσα -ούσα -υια -εισα
σ -ον -ον -αν -ον -αν -ον -ος -εν
Νοΐο: ΐΐιβ δυΐ).]. 3 ββ. βηιϋηε 18 βοΓπβΐίιηββ -ρσι, ί&β 2 ββ· βοιηβΐίηιβΒ -ησθα.
δυΜΜΑΚΎ ΟΡ ΟΗΑΜΜΑΕ 239
νΈΗΒ ΕΝΟΙΝ05: ΜΙΟΌΙ,Ε ΑΝΟ ΡΑ55ΙΥΕ
ΡΗΕ3ΒΝΤ ρυτυκΕ 1 ΑΟΗ. 2 ΑΟΚ. ?> ΑΟΗ. ΡΡ.ΑΟΤ. ΡΡ. ΜΙΟ. ΑΟΗ. Ρ.
Μ. Ρ. Μ.Ρ. Μ. Μ. Α. Α. Μ.Ρ. Ρ.
λυ- λυσ- λυσ- ίδ- β- λελυχ- λελυ- λυθ-
Ι -ομαι -ομαι -μαι

-εαι -εαι -σαι
Ν -εται -εται -ται
-ομεθα -ομεθα -μεθά
Ε -εσθε -εσθε -σθε \
-ονται -ονται -νται
Ι
0
(Ιηρί·.) ( ΡΙρΓ · )
Α -ομην -αμην -ομην -μην

-εο -αο -εο -σο
Τ -ετο -ατό -ετο -το
-ομεθα -αμεθα -ομεθα -μεθά
Ι -εσθε -ασθε -εσθε -σθε
-οντο -αντο -οντο -ντο
ν
3 -ωμά ι -ωμά ι -ωμά ι

υ -ηαι -ηαι
Β -ηαι
3 -ηται -ηται -ηται .
υ
Ν -ωμεθα -ωμεθα -ωμεθα
0 -ησθε -ησθε -ησθε
-ωνται -ωνται -ωνται
Ι
-οιμην -αϊ μην -οιμην
ίΓΤΪ
ί -οίο -αιο -οίο
Α -οιτο -αϊτό -οιτο

ϊ -οιμεθα -αιμεθα -οιμεθα
ν -οισθε -αϊ σθε -οισθε

Ε -οιντο -αιντο -οιντο
'
-εο, -ευ -αϊ -εο, -ευ -σο

Μ
Ρ
-εσθε -ασθε -εσθε -σθε
Τ
Ν -εσθαι -εσθαι -ασθαι -εσθαι -σθαι

Ρ
- ο
Ρ μένος -ομενος -αμενος -ομενος -μένος
τ -η -η -η -η -η
0 -ον -ον -ον -ον -ον
Νοΐ6! (ΐ)ΐη ί&β 1 ρΐ., -μεσΟο ιπβν 1>βιιββά ΓΟΓ -μεθά. (2) Ώιβ 3ιΛ.). 2 ββ. -ηαι πβν οοηίΓβοί ίο -ρ.
(3)ΐη ίΐιβ Ιηά. βηά Ορί. 3 ρΐ. , -αται βη<1 -ατό πιβ^ 1>β υββά ίηβΐββά οί -νται βηά -ντο.
240 Α ΚΕΑϋΙΝΟ ΟΟυΚδΕ ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΚΙΟ ΟΚΕΕΚ
8ΡΕΟΙΑΙ, ΥΕΚΒ ΡΟΚΜ3
(Ροπηβ βηοΐοββά 1η [ &ΓΘ ηοΐ &33ΐβηθά ίο Γ ιηβπιοΓγ)
ειμί "ίημι δίδωμι τίθημι οΤδα

Ι βπι Ι ;;βη<1 Ι βίνβ Ι ραί Ι Ιαιον
(ΡΓ. βηάΐπββ)
ί ' > '
Ιηά. ειμί είμεν οΤδα ίδμεν
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;
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&11^ 1η ηοπι. β,Γχ! βοο.(
νΓΐίίθη &3 οηβ νότα, 1β3ί
ρ&Γί ιΐβοΐΐηβά.
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(ΗβΠβχΙνθ νηβη νΐίηρίίοη-

έγω(ν) ήμεις(άμμες) συ δμεις
μευ(έμειο) ήμεων σευ(σειο) υμεων εο σφεων
(έ)μοι ήμ"ϊν σοι(τοι) υμΓν οί σφι(ν) (σφισι)
,
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τοδε; κείνος, η, ο; αυτός,
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Α
&3 1η Ι*8.11η.
242 Α ΗΕΑϋΙΝΟ ΟΟϋΗδΕ ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΚΙΟ ΟΚΕΕΚ
ΡΕΚΡ06ΓΓΙΟΝ8
¥1ΐί Οοη. νΐΐί ΡΒΈ. νΐΐη Αοο.

&ΎΧΙ ηββτ. οίοβθ 1>γ: αγγ ι Τροίης
άμα βΐ 8βιηθ ΙΙΒΧΘ: &μα· νυχτί
ίοκβΐ,ΙΐθΓ νΐΐ,ΐι: άμα έταίροις
άμφι οη ϋοΐΐι βϋββ: άμφι οΤχψ οη ϋο·ϋι ΒίΟθβ: άμφι οίκον
βτοιιηά: άμφι νηψ βτοιιηιΐ: άμφι νηόν
οοηοθΓηΙηβ: άμφι δώρο ι ς οοηοβΓηΙηβ: άμφι δώρα
ανά οη(ΐο): ανά νέων οη [βΐ ΓΘΒΪ :] ανά νηί οη(ΐο): ανά νηα
ΟΤΒΓ: ανά γαϊαν
άπαν ευ θε βν&^ (ΓΓΟΠΙ): άπανευθε οίκου
βρβτΐ (ή-ςια): άπανευθε πόνοι •
βίΌτ (ίταιι): άπανευθε φίλων
άπο βνβιτ ίταπι: από πετρης
ίτοπι: άπο τΐιυϊτίε
δια ϋίΓοιιβΙι: δια πυρός ΐητοιιβίι: δια πυρ
απιοηβ [ ηιοΐΐοη :]δια εταίρους
οη βοοουηΐ οι: δια χρυσον
εγγύς ηββτ: εγγύς θαλασσής
εινεχα οη Βοοουηΐ οΓ: είνεχα πόλεμο υ
Γοτ Β&ΙΕΘ οί": είχεχα θεοϋ
βίς
.
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ίο: εις θάλασσαν
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πετρη^σι
βΜοη^: εν Φίλο Ι ς —
5 * 1
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βοοατάΐηβ ΐο: χαΐτα διχην
ΐΙκ-οιιΛοιιΐ: κατά γαϊαν
μετά βηοηβ: μετά δενδρεοισι ΐηΐο ΐηβ ιηΐΐβΐ: μετά ξείνσος
νΐϋι: μετά Χριστψ βίΐβΓ: μετά πτόλεμον

παρά ίϊ-ςϊΐη [εϋβ οί1]: παρά φίλων βΐ, 1)θβΐάβ: παρά ποταμψ ΐο: παρά θάλασσαν
αίαηα (βϋθ):παρά ποτααόν

περί βΐιοιιΐ:περί βουλής βΐιονιΐ: περί σώματι βοοαΐ: περί σώμα
θχοθ!ΐΐη«: πεοι πάντων ΓΟΓ: πεοι δώρων ΓΟΓ: περί δώρα
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βΐ: προς θαλασσή
συν νΐΐη: συν σοφοισι
υπέρ ΟΥΘΓ: υπέρ
θύρης ΟΤΘΓ: υπέρ ποντον
ύπο ίταπι ύπο πετρης
ηηάθΓ: υηΐθΓ [βί, Γθβΐ]: ύπο πετρη υη4θΓ [ΜΟΊ.ΙΟΠ ΐο]: υπό πέτρην
£?·: ύπο ψυχής
Ροείΐΐοη οι ρΓβροβΙΐΙοη:
'
(1) Οτ4ΐηβτΐΐ3τ: ϋθΓοΓΘ ΐΐβ οΐ^βοΐ ΟΓ οΐ^βοΐίβ ηοάΐίΊβτ (προς με, συν πολλοί ς έταίροις).
(2) ?ΟΓ ροβΐΐο ρατροβββ: βίΐθτ Ιΐβ 61>>οΐ, οτ ϋθΐνββη πκχΙΙίΊθΓ βηιΐ οΐ^θοΐ (χειρός από, πολλοίς
συν έταίροις).
(3) Ιη οαηροιιηά νατιΐβ: Οίτβοΐΐγ ^ο^ηβ^ι (προσ-φερω).
(4) Αβ &4τθΓΐ): άβΐβοΐίθα (άμφι ρα πάντες ίστησαν).
317ΜΜΑΗΥ ΟΡ ΟΚΑΜΜΑΚ 243
ΥΑΗΙΑ
ΝΙΙ ΜΟΥΑΒΙ,Ε ΟΟΝ30ΝΑΝΤ ΟΗΑΝΟΕ3

V βάάθά οβίΌΓβ β νονβΐ, βί βηά οί ββηίεηοβ,
πιβγ °β Ιη άβί . ρΐ . ;
οοοβ3ΐοηβ!1γ οβΓοΓβ & οοη3οηβηί, ίο ίηβ Πηβΐ -σι οΓ , Υ, Χ + σ = ξ

τ-ϊΐθ 5 Ρΐ· ΟΓ άβί. ρΐ. βηώ ίο ίηβ ΓΙη&Ι -ε οΓ ίηβ ~5 3β.; β, φ =
, + σ *
&130 1η & Γεν οίηβΓ νοΓά3 βηάΐη^ 1η -σι ΟΓ ~ε· τ , δ , θ , ϊιβίοΓβ σ
ν άΓορ
νΤηβη οοίη ντ άρορ, ίηβ ρΓβοβάΙηβ ε
ΕΜ3ΙΟΝ
ΡΟΓ 6β3ΐβΓ ρΓοηυηοΙδΐΙοη, β βηοτί Γΐηβΐ νονβΐ 1βη£ίηβη3 ίο ει, ο 1βη£ίηβη3 ίο ου
Ιη ρί\ πιΐά. οΓ 3ίβπΐ3;
(βχοβρί υ), βηά 3οπιβί1ιηβ3 & Πηβΐ -Λ ι ΟΓ -°ι πβγ άΓορ
οοηΒοηβηί
ουί οβΓοΓβ &η Ιηΐίΐβΐ νονβΐ ΟΓ άίρηΐηοη^ βηά 1η οοπ- ΡΓΐηοΙρβΙ ρβΓί βηάΐηβ 1η«
II
μ + σ * ψ
ροιιηάβ (άη'άρχης, πάρ-ην) . II = πτ
μ + τ
Εΐΐβίοη άοθ3 ηοί οοουΓ 1η ίηβ άβί. ρΐ . οΓ ΐ.ηβ ~$ Μ σθ = φθ
μ +
(Ιβοΐ., ΟΓ 1η περί, προ, ότι., τι, ΟΓ 1η νοΓάβ νηίοη II μ + ντ =
φατ
ν ηονβοΐθ .
ΤΛιβη βΐΐβίοη ΟΓΐηββ π, τ, ΟΓ * ϋβΓοΓβ & II
V + σ =
ξ
II
ίηβγ οη&ηκβ £ο φ, θ, χ (άφ-αιρεω). • Υ + τ = ^κτ
II οθ = χθ
Υ +
ΟΙ5ΤΙΝΟΤΙΟΝ ΟΡ ου ΑΝΟ μη II ντ =
ι * γ + χατ
ου ηβββΙ;1ν83 βΙβίθπιβηίβ οΓ οοηοτβΐβ Γβοί,, μη
ίηβΓβ — ροΒΒίϋΙΙΙίγ,
II = σ
οοηά!ί;1οη, ββηβΓβΙ, νίβη,· σ + σ
3υρρο3ΐ^1οη, βίο. II σ + τ - στ
II σ + σθ = σθ
ΑΟΥΕΗΒ5 σ + ντ = θατ
ΡοΓπι&ίΙοη: ΟΟΝΤΗΑΟΤΙΟΝ5
(1) Βγ βάάΐηβ-ως ίο ηβυ,ίβΓ 3ίβπι (καλ-ώς, ταχέ-ως)
(1) αε Ί>βοοπΐθ3 δ-, αεί οβοοιπβΒ
(2) 31πρΐΘ η. βοο.^ 3β· ΟΓ ρΐ . (πρώτον).
νυν, τότε, (2) αο, αω, αού ββοοπιβ ω.
δρβοΐβΐ: βίο.
(5) εε, εει οβοοπβ ει.
(~5)
(4) εο, εου οβοοπβ ευ.

ΟοιηρβΓΐ3θη:= η. βοο. 3β. οΓ ίηβ οοπρβΓ^ίΙνβ 8ά^ .
(θάσσον), (5) οε, οο ίιβοοπβ ου.
η. βοο. ρΐ. οί" βυρί. βάΐ. (τάχιστα).
ΗΕΟυΡΙ,ΐσΑΤΙΟΝ ΙΝ ΡΡ. 3ΤΕΜ
ΟΕΡΟΝΕΝΤ ΥΕΗΒ8
(1) 3ίβπΐ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. βΐη^ΐβ
Ηβνβ πΙά. οηΐγ, ουί ν. αοί.

οοηβοηβηί ρΓβΓΙχ Ιηΐίΐβΐ οοηβο-
ΟΓ ρβ33. βηάΐηββ
ΓοΓΟβ (μάχομαι). ηβηί ν. ε (λύω: λε-λυκα) .
οΓ άβροηβηί βηά οΓ ιηβηγ βοι,ΐνθ νβΓΐ33
Τηβ πΙά.
Ι (2) 3ίβπΐ3 οβ^ΐηηΐηβ ν. 2 οοηβο-
οίίβη 13 1ηίΓβη3ΐί1νβ τρέπομαι ηβηίβ 3ΐηο1γ ρΓβΓΙχ έ (στέλλω:
-ΜΙ ΥΕΗΒ5 έ-σταλκα)
οηΐγ 1η ΡΓΘΒ . βηά 2 βΟΓ. 3γ3ίβπ3, (~5) 3ίβπ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. βηοΓί
1βο1< ίηβ ίηβιηβίΐο νονβΐ, ηβνβ 3οπβ 3ρβο1&1 νονβΐ ΟΓ ν. άίρηίηοηκ Ιβη^ίηβη
3υι)^ . πΙά., ηονενβι·, Γβίβΐηβ
τ,ηβ \ΐ3\α&1 Ιοη^ ίηβ- Ιηΐίΐβΐ νονβΐ (άμαρτανω:
ιηβίΐο νονβΐ, νηίοη βοβοΓοβ β Πηβΐ α ΟΓ ε οΓ 3ίβιη βηά ημαρτηκα; αίρεω: ήρηκα) .
νΐίη β ίΊηβ! ο ίο ω. (4) 3ίβπΐ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. πυίβ ρΐυβ
Ιίςυΐά (π, β, φ, κ, γ, χ, τ, δ, θ
ΑυΟΜΕΝΤ ΙΝ ΡΑ3Τ ΙΝΟΙΟΑΤΙΥΕ ρΐυ.3 λ, μ, ν, ΟΓ ρ) ρΓβίΊχ ίηβ
(1) 3ίβπΐ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. οοηβοηβηίίβ) πυίβ ν. ε (γραφώ: γε-γραφα) .
έ (λυω:έ-λΰσα) . (β) Βιιί Ιηΐίΐβΐ νν Γο11ον3 τυΐβ 2
(2) 3ίβπΐ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. β βηοΓί νονβΐ ΟΓ β άίρηίηοηβ (ο) Ιηΐίΐβΐ φ, χ, θ οοοοιηβ π, κ, τ
«ηΐοη 13 ηοί ίηβ Γβάυρίΐοβίΐοη Ιβη^ΐ-ηβη ίηβ Ιηΐίΐβΐ 1η Γβάυρίΐοαίΐηβ (φιλεω:
νονβΐ (οίκεω: φκεον). πε-φιληκα) .
Ιηΐίΐβΐ έ 1βηβίηβη3 ίο ή; ουί ίο εί 1η ίηβ Γοΐΐον (5) 3οπβ ΓβάιιρΙΙοΛίΙοηβ
Ιηβ: έχω, έάω, Ιτιομαι , ίλκω, ?ρπω, έρπύζω, 2λον.
(5) 3ίθοΐ3 οββίηηΐηβ ν. β 1οη£ νονβΐ (ήσάμην) ΟΓ β νον
8ΐ-Γβάυρ11οβί1οη (^γνωσμαι) ί&ΐΐβ ηο
244 A READING COURSE IN" HOMERIC GREEK
SYNTAX OP THE NOUN (#18)
1. NOMINATIVE: case of subject of a finite verb.
a. Note (#53): a neuter plural subject ordinarily takes a singular verb.

6a)pa EOT i xa.A.a. The gifts are beautiful.
2. GENITIVE: basic meaning — of; from;
a. Types: possessive, partitive, contents, material; separation; w. certain verbs,

adjectives; w. prepositions.
3. DATIVE: basic meanlng3--to, for; by, with; in, on;
a. Types: personal (indirect object, reference, possession: #502); Instrumental

(means, manner); locative (where, when); w. certain verbs, adjectives; w.
prepositions.
4. ACCUSATIVE: case of object of action, motion, thought:
a. Types: direct object; place to which; subject of infinitive depending in indirect

discourse on verb of thinking, saying, perceiving; w. prepositions.
b. Special uses: cognate; #600 (governed by an intransitive verb of related meaning:
p.ctxpT)v 66ov fiA.9op.ev. We came a long Journey. ) ; specification; #643 (specifying
In what respect the idea contained in an accompanying word is true: voov eo8X.OG
noble-minded) .
5. VOCATIVE: case of direct address.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB BY MOODS
INDICATIVE (tenses indicate time, as well as kind, of action):

1.
a. Statements of fact (#91) — past, present, future: simple, continuous, completed.

Negative ou-
tpXETou. tpxcTO. ifyeev. ecopttTai. ou Ae£u).
He comes. He was coming. He came. He has been seen. shall not say. I
b. Past contrary-to-fact (#91)T Impf. or aor. ind. in both clauses, Stv or xe (v) in
conclusion. Neg. UTI in if-clause, ou in conclusion.
ei \ir\ To6e nCvev, oux fiv Gavev
If
he had not drunk this, he would not have died.
2. SUBJUNCTIVE (tenses indicate kind of actiqn, not time):
a. Hortatory (#98): requested or proposed actions referring to the speaker himself:

first person, sg. or pi. Neg. \ir\-
UTI Tfj6e jievuêv, ETaipoi, aAAa tpvyunev.
Let us not remain here, comrades, but let us_ flee.
b. Present purpose (#98): to express intended action, after primary main verb;
Neg. tva V.T\, etc., rarely
jif|
introduced by Iva, <!>£, SHCJS, 5(ppa. alone.

neu6on.cu Iva Y<-Yv<^cm'1)> ocppa \ir\ values ft.
inquire that may know, in order that may not be simple.
!_
l_
I_
N.B. The sub is occasionally used to Indicate pres. purpose after a secondary
j .
main verb.
SUMMARY OF GRAMMAR 245
c. Vivid future (#244): to express a probable future supposition; often takes &v or
HE(V). Neg. nn. f
ei (xev) eX6f|,
6e|oM.cu JILV npoeppuw.
If
he comes, !_ shall receive him eagerly.
d. Present general (#244): to indicate repeated occurrence in the present; may take
iv or xe(v). Neg. \if[.
8re (&v) PO\J\TITCX(. , enl 6a\a.aoav ipxeTai.
Whenever he wishes, he goes to the sea.
N.B. The main verb is regularly pres. ind., neg. ou.
3. OPTATIVE ( tenses indicate kind of action, not time) :
a. Wishes (#106): to express possible and impossible wishes (often equivalent to a

polite imperative); may be introduced by et, eteej el yap ("if only," "would
that"), especially if
an impossible wish. Neg. (ill.
\£r\
rcoXXa ye |»OV8avot|U" et0e xaAeiov etri.
Many things a_t least may learn — i£ only it were not difficult
£
i
b. Past purpose (#106) to express Intended acti9n after secondary .main verb;
j
introduced by tva, u)g, 8na)c, fctppa. Neg. tva HT] etc. rarely \LT\ alone.
,
Xpiotoc 5<ppo odiôi T)jieac, Iva \ir\ a.n-oXoine6a
6<xve
Christ died t£ save us, in order that we might not perish.
c. Vague future ^should-would) #1381: TO indicate less likely future supposition
a
(should, happen to...) and its assumed consequences; both clauses may take &v
or xe(v). Neg. of supposition ia \ir\ of conclusion ou.
M!TI
ei (xe) iXOoie, oux (&v) e9eXoi.n.i Ipxeo6at auToc.

I_f you should not go, would not wish tc> go myself.
I_
N.B. The conclusion may sometimes not be vague but definite — an ordinary impt. or
hortatory subj.
d. Potential (#281): to express an opinion as to what might, could, or would happen
if certain unstated circumstances should prevail; usually takes fi.v or xe(v).
Neg. ou. (This construction = the conclusion of a "should- would" sentence of
is not expressed)
which the condition \__. rt .
t • t r
'
(IT) priTe* xteiveie yap (xev) uueac navtac.

Do not go- -I'or he would kill all o_f you
!
Expectation (#522): simply a potential opt. w. special force, indicating what

e.
one expects or desires to happen under assumed circumstances, and equivalent
to English "can, will," rather than "could, would, might." Same rule as Poten
tialOpt.
eupcjjiev Tiva 8g fiv TIULV o6ov (paCvoi.
Let us find someone who can show us the way. •
f. Past general (#478): to Indicate repeated occurrence in the past. Neg. p/p.
5xe POU\OITO, ITU QaAaooav ipxeto.
Whenever he_ wished, he_ came ô the sea.
N.B. The main verb is ordinarily impf. ind., rarely aor.; neg. ou.
g. Indirect. questions (#463): the verb within a question depending on a secon
dary main verb of asking, knowing, etc. ordinarily shifts from the ind. (or
sub,).) of the direct' question into the corresponding tense of the opt., though
it
may stay unchanged. Neg. as in direct-question form.
tpe-ro TLC VE&C neêiev (neêv).
He_ asked who sent us.
4. IMPERATIVE (tenses indicate kind of action, not time):
a. Commands (#114): to express what one desires or orders another to do. Neg. \jj\.
JIT) euSete- |iav9aveiv ye. neipaeTe.
Do not sleep; try a_t least to> learn.
5. INFINITIVE (tenses indicate kind of action except in indirect discourse):

a. After certain verbs; #114 (wishing, planning,' bidding, etc.), to complete their
sense. Neg. V.T\.
xeXeuei. T)ue<*g 9eoc navtac <ptX.eêv, xai \ir\ TIVO. HIOEEIV.
God orders us_ _tp_ love all and not Jx> hate anyone.
•b. Explanatory
meaning.
(#586): to explain the sense of another word and fill out its
Ne£. \LT\.
XoAenov uev ipoeiv,atoxpov 6e \ir\ ip£ou.
rt l^s
difficult, indeed, _t£ do, but Lt i_s_ shameful not ~ do.
to_
c. Purpose (#586): to explain why an action is done. Neg. \ir\~.
neVê oipeac tiocop £TITEEIV.
He sent them tg seek water.
d. As noun (#414): subject or object of another verb. Neg. \ir\.
tpa.Y£|ievcxL xou ivayx-fl EOTI xai ^6ovfi.
Eating i_sboth a necessity and a pleasure.
e. Aa imperative (#148): to express command. Neg7|rn.
TOL yi-YVwaxeuc, Xeyeiv.
Say what you know.
f. With accusative in indirect discourse (#114) : to express an action depending on
a main verb of saying, thinking, perceiving, etc. Tense by Relation (pres. inf.
for action going on at same time as that of main verb, aor. inf. for an earlier
action, future for a later action than main verb) . Neg. QU.
£<PT) narepa eov xPnuaTa note oxeQetv noXXa, vxiv 6e oix txeiv ou6e al+a
He said that his father once had many possessions, but that he did not now
have nor would he quickly have many.
6. PARTICIPLE (tenses indicate time of action):
a. Circumstantial (#114): to Indicate cause, condition, manner, or circumstances

attending the action of the main verb. Neg. Oi) fact, otherwise \IT\. if
et>6u>v enl yalav neoe xal &n-6\eto.
While sleeping, he fell to the earth and was killed.

b. Adjectival (#114): modifying a noun or pronoun. Neg. ou.
TOV (iev (pExJyovTa opaco, &vaxta 6e oiwxovTa.

That man indeed I see fleeing, but the king I see pursuing.
SYNTAX OP THE VERB BY CONSTRUCTIONS
(Note: relative, temporal, and conditional clauses all follow the same rules in each
type of construction.)
1. CIRCUMSTANTIAL (#114): the ptc. indicates the circumstances under which the main
action takes place. Neg. ou if fact, otherwise pr\.
îdxeonevoc Savev.
While fighting, he died.
2. COMMANDS: (#114,^ 148, 106): expressed by impt., inf., occasionally opt. (:"please .
. ."). Neg. w-
TOL YiyvioxeLC A.eye (\EYEIV, Xeyotc).
Say (please) what you know.
SUMMARY OP GRAMMAR
3. CONTRARY- TO- PACT IN PAST (#91): impf. or aor. ind. in both clauses, &v or xe(v)
In conclusion. Neg. \LT\ in if-clause, ou in conclusion.
ei UTI to6e tuvev , oux av Gavev.
If he had not drunk this, he would not have died.
4. EXPECTATION (#522): of what can or will follow certain assumed circumstances if

should prevail (merely a special kind of potential construction): opt., usually w.
ftv or xe(v). Neg. ou.
eGpcunev Tuva oc iSiv r|Uiv o6ov <pcuvoi.
Let us find someone who can show us the way.
5. EXPLANATORY (#586): inf. filling out sense of main word. Neg. UT). Also, by enei
or OTL w. ind. ov.
Neg.
XaXenov vorjoai. 8rt oe (piXui, tjXuGov.
I_t is difficult to perceive. 1^ came because I
love you.
6. PACT (#91): ind., proper tense to indicate both time and kind of action. Neg. ov.
tpXETou. tpxexo. TjXGev. oi \e|oi.
He comes. He was coming. He came. J shall not say.
7. FUTURE SUPPOSITION:
a. Vivid future (#244): indicating a probable supposition; subj., often w. &v or

xe(v) main verb in fut. ind. or in impt. Neg. of subj. and impt. ^r\f of ind.ou.
ei (xev) EXGfl, 6e|o(iaC ^LV el 6e UTI xPôov ?XTI> nope OL OTJ, '6<ppa eA.9e!v
f{.
6UVOLTOC
If
he cornea. shall receive him; but if
he has no gold, you give him some.
I
so that lie may be able tc come.

Vague future (#281): indicating less likely supposition and
),
t>. "should- would"

a
its assumed consequences:

(
both clauses opt. (either may take &v or xe ). Neg.

of supposition \ir\, of conclusion ou.
(xe) (it| IXGoic, oux (&v) e9eA.oiai tpxeoGai. aitoc.
et
^f you should not go, would not wish to go myself.

I
8. GENERAL, repeated occurrence:
a. Present subj., iv orxe(v). is regularly

(#244): may take Neg. \IT\. Main verb

present ind., neg. oil.
ore (&v) f3ou\r|Tai, enl GaXaaoav ipxerai.
Whenever he wishes, he goes to the sea.
b. Past (#478): opt. Neg. \t.r\. Main verb is ordinarily impt. ind., rarely aor.;
neg. oil.
STE POXJX.OLTO, en! GoXaooav epxeTO.
Whenever he wished, he went to the sea.
9. HORTATORY (#98): jmbj l^sg. or pl._ Heg. JITJ.

.
,
\if\ Tj|6e iievu))iev, eralpoi, a\Xa

Let us not remain here, comrades, but let us flee.
10. INDIRECT DISCOURSE (#114): after main verb of saying, knowing, perceiving, etc.,
the dependent verb goes into inf. of corresponding tense. Neg. ou.
£q)T] otpeac 6e£aoGcu Ta6e 6a>pa ano 5.vaxToc.
He aid that they had received these gifts from the king.
a
248 A READING COUESE IN HOMERIC GREEK
11. INDIRECT QUESTIONS (#463): after primary main verb of asking, knowing, etc., the
verb within the question itself remains in the ind. (or subj.) unchanged; after a
secondary main verb, the dependent verb ordinarily shifts into the corresponding
tense of the opt., though it
may stay unchanged. Negative as in direct-question
form.
etpeTai TIG riêac neêv. tpeto TIG ^lieac neêtev (neniliev).
He asks who sent us. He asked who sent us.
12. POTENTIAL (#281): expressing an opinion as to what might or could happen certain If
assumed but unexpressed circumstances should prevail (: conclusion of "should-
would" sentence): opt., usually w. &v or xe(v) Neg. ou.
HT| pTJTe- HTeCvEie yap (xev) XÊCLG naviac.
Do not go- -for he_ would kill
all of_ you .'
13. PURPOSE (introduced by tva, u>c, OUCK , ocppa. Neg. tva \ir\ etc., rarely \jj\ alone):
a. Present (#98), after primary (occasionally secondary) main verb: subj .

neuSoucu tva yiYvwoxa), &q>pa \ir\ VHTCIOG 2).
I inquire that I may know, in_ order that 1^ may not b_e simple.
b. Past (#106)^ after secondary main verb: opt.
Save XPLOTOS 6<ppa OOJÔL r|p.eac, tva UT) an-o\oi[j.e9a.
Christ died _t£ save us, iri order that we might not perish.
14. SHOULD-WOULD: see above, number 7b.
15. WISHES (#106), both possible and impossible of fulfilment: opt., often w. el,
etQe, el yo-P ("if only, ""would that") — especially if
an impossible wish. Neg. ^.
e uav9avoi.uf etOe UT| xaênov etr|.
Many things a_t least may I_ learn--if only it_ were not difficult I
SUMMARY OF GRAMMAR 249
SUMMARY OP ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR SEEN IN SECOND YEAR
Declension Use of Tenses
MASCULINE NOUNS OP THE FIRST DECLENSION(#77S! GNOMIC AORIST (#923) :
Same as fern., except In sg. nom. ,gen. ,voc. ; To express typical, proverbial general idea:
Nom. Gen. Voc. vouoog eêiXeTO 9u(iov
xugepvT) -TT)c 5o (eui,(o) a Disease takes away life.
'Ai6 -T)C ao (eu),co) T!
Teipeoi -as ao (eu),(o) a. FUTURE PARTICIPLE OF PURPOSE (#910):
Expresses the reason why:
DATIVE PLURAL IN-ooi(v) (#786):
nXuveovoa
Occasional substitute for-oi or-eooi. el|io.Ta avoâi.
E.g., Xexeooi, rcoooiv. I am bringing the clothes to wash them.
SPECIAL FORMS OF POUS (#850): Pronouns

Besides those regularly formed on stem po-:
Acc.sg. POTJV (for POO. ) , afiTT), TOTJTO : THIS (#935)
Acc.pl. POVC^
(forpoac ) aiStTl TOVTO
Dat.pl. POVOL (forPoeooi) TOUTOU,OUO TttUTTlS TOT)TO\),OLO
PECULIAR PERFECT PARTICIPLES (#798): TOUTCp TttUTT) TO\)T(p
A few In-tocmay retain u) :Te9vT|a)Toc,(iejia(JL)Ta TOUTOV TttUTTlV TOUTO
Use of Cases tauta

TOTJTOJV tauraaw TOUTCDV
GEHITIVE OF COMPARISON (#955):
r- TOUTOLO(L) TOUTOI.O(U)
Instead and same case as antecedent:
ôf TI TOUTOUC tauta
ovSeiG XpiOToto not. (piXrepoc
No one is dearer to me than Christ.
Use: (1) referring to connection with
person addressed: TOUTO Y£PaG
DATIVE OF CAUSE (#804) : This prize (of yours)
out of friendship (2) referring back: TOLUTO. elite
He said this (which I reported)
oA.f5q) because of his wealth
TOlOUTOt, TOLttijTTljTOLOTJTOV : SUCH (#941):
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT :in time, space:
(#785)
TOL- plus regular O^TOC form (without ini
VUXTCXC etiSouoi. They sleep through the night
tial T ), but nt. nom. and ace. add v as
Verbs though an adjective, e. g, ToiauTcu ,TOUO\)TOIC.
SIT (#835): toi6o6e, TOffae, Toiov6e:SUCH AS (#1149):

Non- themati c , may drop sigma; In 3 pi., TOi-and -6e not declined, -oo-, -TI-, -°v~
declined as regular adj. ,e.g. TOLJi6e,TOi(ov6El
root- vowel Is either V or ei-
Pres. Impf . Special Correlatives
IDIOMATIC USES (#855):
Tôai. T|00 erepoc... Itepoc the one. .. the other
T|OTaL TÔTO &XXo9ev SOAoc one from one direction,
T|(ie9a others from other directions
T|o9e
I1V I \J m t &X\ote. . .&AAoTe at one time... at another
IRREGULAR FORMS OF eL>il I GO, I SHALL GO (#861): Crasis
Ind. 3 sg. elouv he goes, he will g_o Fusion of two words by contraction of ad
Pres. inf. t (lev (at) to go jacent vowels (#1050): T&AXa (= TCI &XX.a) ,
Pres. ptc.iaw, touoa, tov going npotcpauvov (= npo "ecpaivov)
J
Αρρβηάΐχ Β
ΚΕΥΙΕνί ΥΟΟΑΒυΐ,ΑΗΥ ΙΙ3Τ ΒΥ 1.Ε550Ν5
6
10 14 108 μη 143 δοχέω 25
1 από αίψα 109 μηδέ 180
36 72 αυτός 144 δμβρος άμιίβομαι
2 γαρ 37 «ί 73 εγγύς 110 φέρω 1"ν5 ουδέ 181 γέ
3 έχ 38βΙμί 74 έτερος 111 φ ι λέω 146 παντοίος 182 δει δω
4 εν 39 «ίς 112 ως
αίρομαι
75 ημέτερος 147 πάρ-ε ιμι 183
5βπί 40 κατά 76 καρπός 148 πίπτω 184 Ιερός
6 καί Μ λέγω 77 κεΤνος 18
149 που 185 νηός
7 συν **2 ποτβ 113 έννέπω που
78 3ς 150 186 πεύθομαι
θ υπό 43 προς 79οφθαλμός
114 έπεί σπεύδω
151 187 πρώτος
44 φίλη 8ο πολλός 115 ίχω 152 τρέφω 188 σώζω
116 Γνα
7 81 πόνος 153 φρονέω
9άληθείη 11 82 ποταμός 117 κεύθω 26
10 αρετή 118 όπως
45 ίνθρωπος 83 Χριστός 22 189 άπ-ολλύβ
Ιΐβίη 46 θεός 119 ότι
154 άέξω 190 ίμός
120
12 δίχη 47 Ιητρός 15 δφρα 155 α'ιτέω 191 Ιρχομαι
121 παρ-έχω
13 «Ιρήνη 48 λόγος 84 0ροτός 156 ήδομαι 192 ζωή
Ι1* 122
καλή 49 μοϋνος 85 Ιός ρ"έζω 157 λαμβάνω 193 χασιγνητός
15 πέτρη 50 νήπιος 86 θησαυρός 158 μαχ(έ)ομαι 194 ουρανός
16 φιλεομένη 51 σοφός 87 θνητός 19
159 μ«τά 195 παρ-έρχομοι
ψυχή 52 υψηλός 88 123 άδικέω ούν
17 κρατερός 16ο
196 πώς
53 φίλος νόος
124 διώκω
89 161 πλησίος 197 πως
8 90 νοϋσος 125 *ίθ*
τρέπω
Μ,
162 198 σΤτος
18 αλλά 12 91 το"
126 έσθίω
5* 0ίος 127 ίχανω
19 γαία 92 πονηρός 23 27
δόξα δένδρεον 128 χελεύω
20 55 93 χαλεπός 163 άν-έχομαι 199 «ναξ
21 ηδεία 56 δίκαιος 129 ποιέω 164 γίγνομαι 200 άνήρ
22 θάλασσα 57 είνεκα 16 130 φοιτά» 165 ίταΐρος 201 ίχαστος
23 μεν... δε 5θ ίργον 91* αίσχρός 166 ήέλιος 202 η·

20
24 ου 59 θάνατος 95 γιγνώσκω Ι6γ μΤσέω 203* ...
*Ι * * *
ίί η"
οδτε 60 χαχός 96 λίθος 131 έθέλω 168

25 μέτρον
όςθός 204
26 οΟτε. . . οΟτε 61 όμοιος 97 λύω 132 Ιφη πΤνω
169 205 παις
133
27 φιλέουσα
62 π(τ)όλεμος 98 δλβος ζώω
170 ω 206 περ
63 χρυσός 99 όράω 13^ ήδέ
207 φύσις
135 νοέω
9 100 ρτπ'διος 24 208 φαίνω
28 αγαθή 13 101 χρόνος 136 παρά 171 ίπ-«ιμι
29 αΐεί 64 δώρον 137 φεύγω αύτάρ
172 28
30 ανάγκη 65 έσθλός 17 138 χρή 173 δυνατός 209 &'ά
66 θυμός 102 άγω
31 αρχή 174 μέλλω 210 ίπος
21
32 δη 67 ξεΐνος 103 5ν 175 δφρα 211 χηρ
νυν 68 δλίγος 104 εΰδω 139 αθάνατος πέλ»
33 176 212
140
μήκος
69 σχέτλιος 105 θνήσκω άμαρτάνω
34 οδτως 177 πέμπω 213 πράγμα
7° τ· 106 κβ(ν) 141 διδάσκω
35 φωνή 178 σος 214 πυρ
71 τ« . . . τβ 107 μανθάνω
142 δίς 179 τοί 215 σώμα
216 τίί
•
217 τίδε
2ΐθ φάος
219 ΧΡ^α
250
ΥΟΟΑΒυΐΑΗΥ 1Ι5Τ
29 259 οδός 295 Ι πει τα 327 Χίΐμαι 63 391 έρύω

220 αϊ ρέω 260 οίνος 296 κόσμος 328 κρύπτω 357 άφ-αιρέοματ 392 κέλομαι
221 αληθής 261 πόθεν 297 μακρός 329 τότε 358 βοϋς 393 κλαίω
222 ηδονή 262 συ 359 θυγάτηρ 394 οίδα
223 ηδύς 40 48 360 νόστιμος 395 «χύς
224 κρΐνω 34 298 αυλή 330 άμφί 361 όλλύω
0
225 μάκαρ 263 Υονυ ίλπω χτείνω
299 331 362 ΤπερΤων 7ι
226 πρόφρων 264 είσ-έρχομαι «Οχομαι
300 332 μήτηρ 396 άλς
227 πτβρόβις 265 εντολή ποιμήν 333 πατήρ
301 64 397 Ιζομαι
228 χρηστός 266 ζητέω 363 άτάρ 398 έξης
267 πύλη 41 49 364 2 δω
399 έρετμόν
30 268 υΙός 302 άπάνευθε 33^ δεύτερος 365 εΤδαρ 400 καθ- ί ζω
229 άπας 303 πε ρ ί 335 Ζ·ύς
Μ 366 έννημαρ 401 κληϊς
230 * ι ς 35 304 πόρον επ ι -βαίνω
367 402 πολιός
231 ήμισυς 269 Απόλλων 305 τ ε λέω
50 368 Λωτοφάγοι 403 τύπτ«
232 μηδβίς 270 δύω
369 ύλοός
336 δέκατος
ούδ«ίς
233
234 πάς
271 ίπήν
272 ή ν
42
337μέγας η
ι ^
306 βαίνω 338 νύξ 65 4θ4 ?1μος
235 π«ιράω 273 μα λα 307 ρ1έω
339οίκέω 370 άφύσσω 405 ήριγένεια
236 πατρίς 274 ότ« 308 στην 371 δεΤπνον 4ο6 Ηώς
275 τ«υχ« 3θ9τλάω
9* 51 372 Ινθα 407 μίμνω
31
340 άζομαι 373 θοός 408 ρΌδοδάκτυλος
237 ανβμος 36 43
34ΐ μέλος
238 αρά, ρ1α 276 βουλεύω 310 άλγος 342 χε ίρ 67 /^
74
239 ίρδω 277 βουλή 311 λε ίπω
37^ δίδωμι 409 άγριος
240 Ιτι 278 γαμέω 312δϊ'ω
52 375 Τημι 410 ανά, αμ
241 νέκταρ 279 θέμις 313ποθέω
343 άνα-βαίνω Ιών
376
242 ός τις 280 λανθάνω
344 κε'ρδιον 377 όπάζω 75
243 πείθω 281 πω 44
345 λιλαίομαι 378 πατέομαι 4ιι αγχι
244 τις 314 βάλλω
Λ
412 αίξ
379 προ-Τημι
245 τίς 37 315 ε υ

53 380 χθων 413 άφ-ικνέομαι
282 βασιλείη 3ΐ6μένω 414 δις
32 283 έάω 346άλέομαι

317 σαρξ 68
347 θύρη 415 σπέος
246 άλλος 284 πάσχω
416
381 λωτός χώρος
21*7 πο νέο μα ι
348 κράτος
βούλομαι 285 45
349 νηϋς 382 μήδομαι
248 γλυκύς 286 χάρις 318 αγάπη
350 ούλος 383 δλεθρος 76
249 εγώ(ν) 319 γυνή 417 άπόπροθεν
250 Ινθεν 38 320 δόλος ««
οι 69
νχ 418 [ δε
251 μίσγω 287 αεί ρω 321 ίοικα
351 Τρο ίη 384 αύτοό 419 οίος
252 Μοϋσα 288 τίμαρ
289
385 μελιηδής 420 πελώριος
253 ϋδωρ μήλον 46
62 386 ν έ ο μα ι
254 φρήν 290 πιστεύω 322 μεσ (σ) ος
352 άστυ 387 τίθημι 77
291 χαίρω 323 οίκος
353 (έ)ρύομαι 421 άρνβιός
33 324 πάλιν
354 νόστος 70 422 θυρεός
255 δέχομαι 39 325 σφέτερος
355 πόντος 388 γλαφυρός 423 ίστημι
256 ευρίσκω 292 $κρος 424
293
356 ως, ως 389 δέω βρος
257 ευρύς «λληλοι 47
258 λαός 294 άμα 326 εΐπον 390 έρίηρος
252 Α ΚΕΑΒΙΝΟ ΟΟΠΕ3Ε ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΚΙΟ ΟΚΕΕΚ
79 462δβριμος 92 100 ,110

425 άγλαός ^3 ύλη 498 αίγίοχος 531 αίμα 561 άμΰμων
426 δμαξα 499 άσσο ν 532 βνομα 562 βιάζω
86 δύναμαι 563 στ β ίχω
427 ασκο'ς 500 533 τρίς
428 μέλας 464 501
άμέλγω Κύκλωψ
429 ύψόσε 465 άρση ν 502 σχεδόν 101 111
466 βαθύς 534 αδ 564 ίγγύθιν
80 467 έλαύνω 93 έλεέω 565 πετάννϋμι
535
430 δλοχος 468 έπι-τίθημι 503 α'ιπύς 536 προσ-αυδάω 566 ύφαίν»
'
431 άμφίπολος 469 5σ(σ)ος 504 μάρπτω
432 δμώς 470 τόσ(σ)ος 505 μηρός 112
103
433 ίπτά 506 πεΐραρ 537 αί νως 567 άκέων
434 βύ-«ργής 87 507 Ποσ·ιδαων 568 ύστατο ς

538 βρουρα
435 κρητήρ 471 αυτέ 539 αύτ ι ς
472 ε'ισ-οράω 94 54ο τεός 113
81 473 έμβρυον 508 άνδρόμεος 569γαστήρ
436 άγήνωρ 474 κατα-τίθημι 509 δόρπον 570 νώτο ν
104
437 απ- έχω λευκός 510 κρ|α 571 φως
475
541 μειλίχιος
438 αΰτ ίκα 476 μοίρα 511 ξίφος 542 Ουτις
439 έμ-πίπλημι 512 οπλίζω 543 παχύς
115
440 έπ-έρχομαι 88 513 όστέον 544 πρόσθε(ν) 572 θήλυς
44ι θεσπέσιος 477 άλάομαι 573 πυκ(ι)νός
442 χέω 478 ί|τορ 95 105
57^τβίρω
479 κέλευθος 514 δΐος
545 άπτω
82 480 οίος 515 έπι-μαίομαι 116
546 δαίμων
443 άντρον Ί81 πλέω 516 μβγαλήτωρ 575 δαμάζω
547 ΤΗ
444 &ρνες 482 υγρός 517 δθι έκ-σεύω
576 λυγρός
548
445 ίνδον 483 υπέρ 518 οξύς 577 σταθμός
Λ^
549
^ τάχα
»ν»^ ν*
446 χαρπάλιμος 484 φημί 519 στενάχω
447 πΤων 485 φθόγγος 117
106
448 σηκός 97 578 μένος
550 άΰτμή
449 τυρός 89 520 Άθήνη 579 τω

551 βλέφαρον
486 Αγαμέμνων 521 4ψ 552 δόρυ
83 487 Αχαιοί 522 χλυτός

553 όφρύς
118
450 αΐνυμαι 488 λαϊτμα 523 τίνω 580 γοάω

451αλμυρός 489 οΐκαδε 107
581 λίην
*ν/
452η 490 π(τ)όλις 98 582 χα Ι λίην
;^*
*ϊ^4 ίι Λ
[ίνω
λω
453 λίσσομαι 491 προσ-εΐπον 524 έλαΐνεος
555 οίμώζω
454 ξείνιον 525 2στο ς
ω ε
119
556
455 πολύς 91 526 παρ-ίσταμαι 583 γ<γωνέ»
492 α'ιδέομαι 527 χλωρός 584 ίσθω
85 493 ίκεταί
£57 «λλοθεν
456 άπο-σεύω 494 ΐκνέομαι 99
558 βοάω
457 Ιντοσθεν 495 κ ι χάνω 528 άνώγω
559 Πολύφημος
458 ήμβνος 496 νηλ(ε)ής 529 μοχλός
560 ρΊ'πτω
459 ηΌ ς 497 δπ(π)η 530 ΰπνος
461 νέμω
ΚΕΥΙΕν νΟΟΑΒυίΑΚΎ 13. 3Τ
*
121 127
585 Αίολος 621 658 δπλον 695 730 είρω
αρπάζω σφάζω
586 δώδεκα 622 731 εκατόμβη
εγείρω 658 τείνω 696 χαλκός
587 ϊξ 623 732 έξείης
ζωός 660 'Ωχεανός
733 κάπρος
588 μέγαρον 624 θύελλα 139
734 λιπαρός
589 να (ω 625 μερμηρίζω 134 697 άχε(ύ)ω
626 νϊκάω 735 όλβιος
590 νήσος 661 αήρ 698 Θηβαίος
κατα-λείπω 736 πήγνϋμι
591 τείχος 627 όρούω 662 άστερόεις £99
737 σήμα
592 χάλκεος 663 δειλός 700 πρότερος
128 664 701 738 συς
νεφέλη σκήπτρον
β
628 702 739 τοΓος
122 ήπειρος 665 όπ(π)ότε χρϋσε(ι)ος
629 καλύπτω 740 ωμός
593 οίδοΐος 666 £>όος
594 δοίνυμι 630 κήρυξ 667 φράζω 140
631 703 146

595 δώμα τέκος δΐογενής
704 741 άτρεκέως
596 λέχος 135 δύστηνος
597 668 705 Λδερτιάδης
μϋρίος 129 βόθρος
632 669 706 μάντις 147
άπο-πέμπω Εύρύλοχος
123 633 δχνυμαι 670 νέκϋς 707 νημερτής
742 ί(ι)σω
743 έμπεδος
598 ήμέν 634 ένδυκέως 708 πολυμήχανος
744 θέσφατο ς
599 'ϊλιος 635 έρέω 136 709 τίπτε
745 όλοφϋρομαι
600 χατα-λέγω 636 θαμβέω 671 άγείρω 710 φάσγανον
746 όπίσ(σ)ω
601 Κρονϊων 637 Όδυσ(σ)εύς 672 γουνόομαι
602 μην 638 ουδός 673 έθνος 141
148
603 δρνϋμι 674 Ι ερεύω 711 αϊ
747 ένθάδε
604 παύω 130 675 Ιθάκη 712 άργαλέος
713 748 πεζός
605 πομπή 639 άλεγεινός 676 χάρηνα βόσκω
714 749 περάω
640 βαρύς 677 κατα-θνήσκω έννοσίγαιος
641 678 715
750 τέκνον
124 δόμος κελαινεφής έρϋκω
606 642 κομίζω 679 πυρή 716 ΐφιος

£ημι
149
607 άργύρεος 643 μαλακός 680 Τειρεσίας 717 πελάζω
751 άγανός
608 έκ-τελέω 644 μϋθος 718 φαίδιμος
752 "Αρτεμις
609 137 719 χώομαι
Ζέφυρος
753 βέλος
610 φαεινός 132 681 γέρων
754 έπ-οίχομαι
£45 δάκρυον 682 δέος 143
755 έπομαι
125 646 δεινός 683 ειμί 720 άλύσχω
756 Ιοχέαιρα
611 αγορεύω 647 έϋπλόχαμος 684 νύμφη 721 αντί θεό ς
722 757 κατά-πεφνον
613 648 θαλερός 685 ούτάω βίοτος
άργυρος
758
613 ήδη 649 ίστίον 686 τεύχεα 723 ϊδνα, ?εδνα κήρ
£87 724
759 νύ
614 κάμνω 650 χατ-έρχομαι χαλκήρης μνάομαι
615 λεύσσω 651 725 πημα
760 όϊζύς
Κίρκη
726 761 Τρώες
616 νωμάω 652 κυανόπρωρος 138 υπερφίαλος
768 χρε(ι)ώ
617 πους 653 ούρος 688 Άίδης
£89 δέρω 144
727 εύήρης 150

126 133 £90 έπ-οτρϋνω
763 γέρας
£91 728 μνηστήρ
618 ποπό ι 654 αγυιά Γφθΐμος
764 πότν( ι) α
619 φιλότης 655 δϋω £92 κατά-κειμαι
765 φθΤ(ν)ω
620 χαρίζομαι 656 ήμαι 693 Περσεφόνεια 145
766 φυλάσσω
694 729
657 κυβερνήτης πρίν γήρας
254 Α ΗΕΑΡΙΝΟ ΟΟυΚΒΕ ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΗΙΟ ΟΗΕΕΚ
151 162 178

156
767 ΡΓ "( , /
Ον 844 881 912
αγρός (χνΟΟΌΤι) δεσμός Σκύλλη άράομαι
αυτόθι * 845 882 ωχα 913
768 808 (ΎίΓίϊη θεέ "Ολυμπος
769 846 λειμών 914 όρνις
δαίς 809 έξ-εναρίζω
770 847 μετ-αυδάω 170 915 σκέπας
εΐμα 810 θηβη
771 848 μΰθέομαι 883 έτέρωθι
Ιχηλος
772 849 πιέζω 884 κοίλος
ϊννϋμΐ 157
179
773 650 885 κϋάνεος 916 χολόω

εύνή 811 δηλέομαι Σειρήν
774 886 κυκάω
Ισος 812 κατα-κτείνω
775 χαλέω 813 πωυ 165 180
776 651 άν-ίστημι 171 917 έΰσσελμος

σΐγαλόεις 814 χέρσος
777 652 άπημων 887 ασπαίρω 918 εύχετάομαι
τέμενος
888 919 κνΐση
778 χλαίνα 158
853 έπ-είγω δηιοτης
854 889 Ιχθύς 920 όβελός
779 χρως 815 άφνειός κοιμάω
890 9Ξ1 πείρω
816 γάμος
ε55 χΰμα χλάζω
891 ύπερθεν 922 σπένδω
152 817 656 πιφαύσχω
οικτρός
857 923 τηλε
780 αλωη 818 τράπεζα τόφρα
781 έφ-έπω 819 ΰσμΤνη 173
892 ούτως 181
782 κλίνω 880 φόνος 165
924 άγγελος
783 μάλιστα 658 αλείφω 893 γυΐον
694 925 άμφ ι έλισσα
784 159 859 άοιδή κάματος
πάντη%*
860 895 926 άτη
785 821 αυγή χλύω
πένθος άειχής
822
661 Ιαίνω 896 σιδήρεος 927 θίς
786 πότμος αίνος
862 χήρος 928 χίω
787 στυγερός 823 ακούω * <*
663 ομού
788 τέθηλα, τέθαλα 824 έξοχα 174
864 ουας 182
789 825 897 άέκητι
φΰλλον έρείδω
865 ρίμφα 929 χεάζω
826 χουρίδιος 898 αΐνέω
866 στιβαρός 930 κεραυνός
827 899 Νότος
154
Λ-^* 6*
931 οίνοψ
790 828 πόσις
άγαυός
166 932 φαείνω
791 άμφότερος 829 προτί, ποτί 176
867 δεΰρο
630 900 βρώμη, βρώσις
792 αχός Πρίαμος
868 κΰδος 183
831 901 έδητύς
στόμα
793 γόος 869 μογέω 902

933 νεικέω
794 832 τοιούτος ερος
έφ-ορμάω
903 λ ι μη ν
795 μέμαα
168 184
796 160 904 όμνϋμι
οδύρομαι 934
870 (έ)έργω όίμυδις
797 833 γλυκερός 905 όρκος
όνειρος 935
834 μενεαίνω
671 εΙλ(έ)ω 906 πόσις
άπο-αίνυμαι
798 ότρϋνω
872 εκτός 936 ελίσσω
799 835 μην 907 τελευτάω
πέτομαι 873 έπι-τέλλω 937 θέω
836 νέφοζ
800 τέρπω 874 χεΐσε 938 χατα-χέω
801
837 σκιόεις 177
φωνέω 875 939
μιμνήσκω κεφαλή
908 άγορή
876 σκόπελος 940 πλήσσω
161 909 λαΤλαψ
155 941
838 910 ρ'ήγνϋμι
802 αίθόμενος χάρη νεφεληγερέτα
169
·ίυ7
803 ήύτε
839 χονίη 911 χορός
877 θωρήσσω 185
840 κυλίνδω
804 ΐς _. - - « ·— 878 ίκρια 942 Καλυνω
841 λαας
805 μετόπισθε(ν) 879 δσσε 943 στήθος
842 λόφος
806 ούτος . 880 παπταίνω 944 'δγυγίη
843 ώθέω
•
νΟΟΑΒΙΠΑΚΥ Ι.Ι5Τ 255
187 203 213 221
945 άγγελίη 980 ίλαφος

1013 ανδάνω 1042 ΆχιλίλΜς 1084 δλις
981 1014 πολύτλας 1043 δαιδάλεος 1085 κύων
946 αμβροτος ήγέομαι
1015 τοιόσδε 1044
947 άτρύγετος 982 χρήδεμνον δαιμόνιος 1086 λαγχάνω
948 σχεδίη 983 λευκώλενος 1045 εντεα 1087 οιωνός
204
964 Ναυσιχάά 1046 σιωπή 1088 τίκτω
1016 άλεείνω
188 985 πτύσσω 1047 φύω 1089 τοκεύς
1017 δαϊφρων
949 άδινός 986 ρεΐα 1090 ύπόδρα
1018 ηγεμονεύω
950 Αλκίνοος 214
1019 ονομάζω
951 γηθέω 194 1048 δλκιμος 222
952 ένοσίχθων 987 αυτή 1049 άποινα 1091 άέχων

205 1050
953 νήχω 988 άϋω ποδάρκη 1092 δίφρος
954 όρΐνω 1080 πλάζω
989 όρμαίνω 1051 πύργος 1093 έλκω
955 Φαίηκες 1021 νεμεσ(σ)άω 1094 πάρος
195 215 1095 τέλος

990 αλκή 206
189 1052 δρνυμαι
956 άμβρόσιος 991 άλμη 1022 τυγχάνω 1053 δακρυόεις
992 άντα (223
957 απείρων 1054 κλέος 1096 άγγέλλω
958 (έ)είδομοι 993 δαίω 207 1055 1097
χορυθαίολος χραδίη
994 δείκνΰμι 1023 έυκτίμενος 1056 νόσφι(ν) 1098 δμΤλος
995 λέων 1024 ηρως
190 1057 χαλκοχίτων
959 απήνη 996 σμερδαλέος 1025 θρόνος 224
960 άρορίσχω 1026 όπι(σ)θεν 216 1099 άμφίς
961 ήμίονος 196 1058 1100
άμϋνω θεοειδής
962 997 είδος 209
μέλω 1059 βοή 1101 ιζω
963 998 ναιετάω 1027 θαυμάζω
τρείς 1060 Ιππόδαμος 1102 ΐθύς
1028 πολύμητις 1061 χόρυς
191 198 1062 νεύω
225
964 999 δήν 210
έδνδή 1103 άλλοτε
•
965 έλα ιόν 1000 χήδος 1029 άχοιτις 217 1104 ίμερος
966 1001 νέος 1030 αυθι 1063 κυνέω
έο-θής 1105 πάτρη

967 έύΕεστος 1002 πάροιθε(ν) 1031 χρείων 1064 πάλλω 1106 προπάροιθεν
968 ζεύγνΰμι
1032 νοστέω
969 ηνία 199 218 227

970 θάλαμος 1003 άντίος 211 1065 αίσα 1107 καίνυμαι
971 κούρη 1004 δυσμενής 1033 ίππος 1066 άνδροφόνος 1108 μάχη
10Ο5 έλεαίρω 1034 πεδίον 1109 τηλόθι
1006 ίμπης 1035 πορφύρεος 220
192
972 £ρις 1036 πρήσσω 1067 αΙχμή 228
973 201 1037 τάμνω 1068 1110
χαθαίρω αντίκρυ π(τ)ολεμίζω
974 λοέω 1007 δηρόν 10€9 Π11 χόλος
αύχήν
1008 φόρος
975 περιχαλλής 212 1070 ίγχος
1009 χιτών
976 αεύω 1038 αστήρ 1071 είχω 229
977 χρίω 1039 "Εκτωρ 1081 ορμάω 1112 αΐθον
202
1040 Ήετίων 1082 σάκος 1113 ασηετος
1010 κάλλος
193 1041 κόλπος 1083 στέρνον 1114 διοτρεφης
1011 χόμη
976 γλαυχωπις 1115 έυχνήμΐς
1012 χαρίεις
979 δμωή
Appendix C
ALPHABETICAL LIST OP DERIVATIVES
The numerals refer to the section in which the words are explained.
actinic 845 dynamite 823 Olympian 1045

air 845 oneiromancy 936
ambrosial 1093 ectoderm 1002 optical 1212
analysis 997 emetic 1011 optics 1212
analytical 997 endemic 845 ornithology 1045
anarchy 1112 Eolian Harp 780
apoaiopesis 1199 epidemic 845 panacea 823
apostrophe 971 eplstemology 1035 panegyric 856
arch-bishop 1112 epitaph 1262 panoply 840
arch-conspirator 1112 eristic 1107 pause 793
arch-enemy 1112 esoteric 905 Peloponnesus 780
architect 1112 ether 942 Pentecost 1250
architecture 1112 ethereal 942 phenol 799
Aspasia 961 ethnic 856 Philip 1189
aster 1194 ethnology 856 pomp 793
asterisk 1194 etesian 1084 pore 1016
asteroid 1194 exegesis 1112 pterodactyl 891
astronomy 1040 purple 1189
Atlantic 1077 gymnasium 1122
Atlas 1077 gymnastics 1122 rhinoceros 1016
atmosphere 1117
autocephalous 1072 hebdomadal 1067 sceptic 1016
hegemony 1112 sceptre 871
brontosaurus 1072 hemorrhage 1072 Sebastian 1133
hero 1173 semantics 896
calliope 961 heroic 1173 semaphore 896
cataleptic 871 heroine 1173 Sevastopol 1133
catalepsy 871 hex- 780 oiren 976
categorical 805 hippodrome 1189 sphere 1117-
category 805 hippopotamus 1189 squirrel 936
chameleon 1241 homonym 810 sycamore 966
chest 1102 hormone 1227 sycophant 966
chlorophyl 928 hyacinth symbol 896
1150
choral 1040 hypodermic 1180 symbolic 896
chorus 1040 symbolism 896
chrism 1107 iconoclast 1024

clinic 928 icosihedron 1232 tantalize 966
coma 981 tapestry 787
comet 1150 kerosine 988 technical 115O
cosmopolite 1159 kudos 993 technician 115O
cyanide 1011 technique 1150
cylinder 971 melon 966 throne ll73
cynic 1232 myriad 787 tomb 1262
cynical 1232 myth 828 trapeze 956
mythology 828 trapezium 956
democracy 845 trapezoid 956
democrat 845 necromancy 876
dermatologist 1180 nemesis 1164 zephyr 799
Dodecanese 780 nymph 862 zeugma 1102
dome 787 zone 1212
256
GREEK -ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Containing All Memory Words in Both Years
( ) inclose words not always needed In translating; [ ] contain explanatory information
4l|w, 4sgfiow,
4l5noa Increase; [In mid.]
I I
f|» 6v good, brave [comp. 4petu>v,
4Y<i98c»
Increase myself, grow
ovjsupl.
I
ifptoTroc, n, ov]
king of Mycenae &gopa\, [pros, system only respect,
1
ovoc Agamemnon,
I
AY<*)i£tivti>v,
and Commander- In- chief of Greeks at Troy revere; hesitate to
I
I
gentle blow
f\,
, 8v
I
nc love, charity 4fjp, f|(poc [f.l mist
,
r. ov immortal, eternal
8v admirable, noble 46&vaToc»
<i,
iY<n>8c,
message, news 'A9fvri, nc Athene, goddess, special
a
nc
4YYeX€u, 'dVYeiâ announce patron of Odysseus

I
eXoc oo messenger al if [= el]

,
'cfpu, 4yeP^wi flY£^Pa> 2nd aor. mid. n, ov aegis-bearing
Spnv gather together

I
opoc manly, courageous reverence, respect

I
,
,o8c, f\, 8v splendid 'A<«nc, oo tor] "A\6oc Hades [ruler of
jpe6u>, 4YOpe6oxo, 4Y8p«t>o-o speak (In the lower world]

I
assembly) alAofoCt n» o* revered, honored
&Yopfj, ?|C assembly alet ever, always, forever

(n), ov wild, savage alcToc, o% eagle
,
o9 field, country [opp. to city] ale6i«voc, «• ov burning, blazing

Aymfi, ?jc street, way a loot, onoc sparkling
adv., and prep. w. gen. near, at pa, a toe blood

]
[
close by aiv€u, alWjou, a(vr|aa praise; consent

I
I
lead alv6c, dreadful, terrible

f\t
f>v
OYOYOV
I
,
&8txfjou, 46txno-a do wrong, o{vr>pat [pros, system only seize upon;

I
]
I
I
i,
injure select
I
48xv8c, fl, 8v thick- thronging, vehement aivuc awfully, greatly
4e\xfic, fc unseemly, shameful aC|, otY^C goat
4etpw, — ieipd lift up, take up, A{oXo<, oo Aeolus [ruler of the winds
]
I
I
I
,
ralae aln6c, eTa, steep, utter

6
against the will of atpfu, afpôxo, ffXov seize, in mid.

I
[adv.
]
[
4lxt)Tt
]
dlxwv, unwilling pick for myself, choose

I
I
ot>oa
(1)
I2JL A READIHO COURSE IV HOMERIC OBSBK
, tic ( allotted)measure, fate iK brine, briny crust

salty, briny
<j,
dXpt>p6c, ov
f\,
otcrxpoc, 6v shameful
ottfw, at-rijou, ask, request ov f. wife
,
I
]
I
a{Ti)<ro>
spear-point &x6c f. aea
]
[
1<
,
.
quickly dXftorxu, dXftgu, dXoga ahun, escape
I
I
dxaxflow, d*»x°v grieve; [mid. dXufj, !jc threshing-floor; garden
]
am grieved dp or &v& [adv. up; back; [prep. w.
I
]
dxfuv, oooa In silence, silent (ly) dat., ace. on; over
]
dxoxtxc, toe »if« dpa [adv., or prep.w. dat.] together with,
at the same time
Axo6w, Axofccropax, dxotxra hear [sometimes aiia£a, pc wagon
I
w. gen. &papT&vu), Aviap-cfiooviat pap TOY fall of,
I
,
]
dxpoc, ill ov top(most), outermost, ex miss, err
I
I
treme; [aa nt. noun] edge, tip 4ppp6<rtoc, n, ov fragrant
dxwxfj, Ifc point ov fragrant, immortal
,
dXdoiiat, — dXdXrmat [pf. has pres. sense] Apeftopat, d|iet^dptiv (ex)-
I
,
wander change, reply [also used in act.,

I
I
dXyoc, eoc pain, distress, woe dpcfpu, etc.
]
painful, grievous prea. only] milk
f\,
dXeyeivo'c, 6v dpfXvu system
I
[
dXecfvu avoid, shun we ace. pi.

1
]
[
dXeCfu, AXet^, dXetfa anoint, daub we nom. pi.

I
I
]
[
dXfopat, — AXedMV or dXeodpnv avoid; to or for us dat. pi.

I
]
[
,
shrink before at the same time, together

I
truth excellent, admirable

TJC ovoc
,
Ic true dptfvu, 4ut)v£co, dp5va ward off; aid,

I
I
,
dXtc [adv. In abundance, In great numbers defend

I
]
dXxfj, [dat. sg. dXxt] defence; prowess [adv.; prep w. dat. or ace. around,
]
!fc
on both sides, concerning
dXxipoCi oo mighty, valiant dp«ptfXt0cra, nc easily-directed [epithet
'AXxfvooc, ot> Alcinous[klng of Phaeaclans of ships
1
dXXd conj. but dpffaoXoc, ot> handmaid, attendant

Jf
[
]
[
aXXnXot, uv pi. only] one another, advj apart; around

[
[
aXXoOev from elsewhere n, ov both
aXXoC, i)t other, another, else dv untranslatable particle giving a

°
aXXoTe at another time theoretical, general, expected,
contrary to fact coloring to the

GREEK- ENGLISH VOCABULARY
used w. verb in ind. ,subj. ,opt.,ptc.,lnf . on-expt am away
I
[ see appendix for syntax 3
&ne(puvf ov boundless
r& or dp [adv. ] up; back; [prep. ]: on &nfxv> bold back from, refrain from
I
(to) [ w. gen., aoc.], on [ at rest; w. dnfjpuv, ov safe, harmless
dat. ], over [ w. ace. ] dnf)vn, nc wagon
, dva-pfjoropat , dvd-pnv, dva- 4n6 [adv., prep. w. gen. Jaway from, from
I go up, I ascend &no-a(vopat take away
I
4v«YHi), IK necessity, need cbiotva, uv ransom, recompense
ovag, dvaxToc king, lord 4n-oXX6u, irr-oXlaw, 4n-6Xca(o-)a, pf.: in-

Avdacw, dvdgu, dvaga I am lord, I reign 6\wXa, aor. mid.: dn-oX6ixnv kill;
i
ivS&vu, dSfjoto, ft«ov I am pleasing (to) [inpf. and mld.j] perish, amlost
I
&vflp6pcoc, n, ov human [referring always 'An6XXuv, wvo< Apollo, the god of light,
to a man* s flesh ] culture, prophecy
Av8p6qpovoc , OY man-slaying dno-nfpnu, etc. send away; send off
I
avcpoc ,00 wind safely
dv-fxopat I hold up under, I endure dn6npo6cv advj far away, aloof
[
, dvfpoc or dvftp6c [dat. pi. dvAptaat dno-crc6u, — &no-oxr6pqv [non- thematic

,
or dvApdat ] man aoj rush away, rush back (from)

2
av6puno< , oo man fiircw, 41r°iwit, Sô fasten; [in mid.:

I I
J
mrp-t I stand up lay hold of; catch fire
I
before, opposite apa or a . [never first word] therefore;

f
4vr(8toc, n, ov godlike then [not of time!]

'•rtxpo1 C advj straight on or against dpiopat, Apfjaopat, ipqaiîttv pray (to)

I
[w. gen.] dpapCoMu, dpaooxix, dpao or dpapov fit

i
ov opposite, towards; in reply (together or with)

pov, oo cave dpvaXfoc, i»f or hard, painful
;«•>, dvuga, dvwya [ pf. has pres. Apy6pEoc, n, ov of silver
sonse; plpf. has impf . sense ] I urge, dpyopoc oo silver
,
I command dpc<uv, ov braver, better[comp. of dva-

f\,
«oi8f), !^< song 96c, 6v]

soft, tender dpetfj,
<i,
4naX8c, 6v !jc manliness, virtue

ojtSveo8e [adv., and prep. w. gen. away dptoro?, i|, ov best, bravest [supl.ofdvo-
]
(from), apart (from), afar e8c, ovj

4,
5naoa, dnov all, the whole Apvet6c, o« [full-grown

,
ram
3
IN GREEK
J1L A READING COURSE HOMERIC
apvec, wv, acc.sg. dpva lamb(s) self, same, very; himself,
fl,
O*TOC,
6
dpvopat, dpfotuxt, dp6imv I win; I strive herself, Itself; him, her, it [not
to win nom. in last sense
]
&pn6Bu, dpnfi£u, «pnoga or dpnaaa I [adv.] in the same place, there
snatch (up or away) [adv. without change; Just
]
soil, earth £voc neck
dpai]v, evoc «*!• &Qow, aTkra shout
I
,
"ApTetiic, t«oc Artemis [twin sister of
Apollo take away
I
]
dpxfi. 1C beginning 5qxip [adv.] straightway, at once
aoxoc, bag 4>»*vlopat, 49-(£oTWit, 4q><x6ixtiv come tc
I
oo
I gasp arrive [w. ace.
]
I
, ov immeasurable, vast >ve\6c, «i), 6v wealthy [sometimes w.
[adv.] near, close [often w. gen. dat. or gen.
]
draw, heap
or dat. &9<£w,
I
<£q»o0(o-)o
I
]
,
AcrrepSexc, ecou, «Y starry Sv Achaeans, a division of the
dorfip, fpoc [dat. pi. dorpoo-t] star ,
Greeks; also Greeks in general
dort), coc town dwxov grieve
I
but tjoc Achilles [greatest wai
Infatuation; ruin rlor of Greeks and hero of Iliad
]
t|C
dTpexfwc truly, exactly grieve

t
I
, ov barren eoc grief, pain

again; but now dt back, back again
^C light; ray
there, here eta, deep
6
â^6<l
aiXfj, IK courtyard, farmyard, fold patvw, pfjo-orxat, pijv, plpnw go

I I
afotfp but, yet pa\Cw, pdXov throw, strike

I
,
atrc again, on the other hand heavy, dire

«
Afrcfj, ?jc shout kingdom
at onc» eoc missile, arrow

,
back, again use violence against

I
He breath; vapor; blast tic force

a*ro6t [adv.] right here; right there P<oc, 09 life, way of living
p(otoc, oo living, possessions
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY (5)
, OT> eyelid I know

, Sofjow, p6noa I shout, I roar , tSoc flashing-eyed [epithet
Pofi, ?jc about, ory of Athene 1
p56poc, bole, pit hollow
t\,
ot> YXa«pt»p6c, 6v
p8oxw, Pooxfjou, p5oxqaa I pasture, I feed n, ov sweet
pooXefiw, pot>Xe6ow, po6Xtr>cra I plan, I con eta, sweet, delightful
€
,
sider whether to or bow to [w. Inf. or YO&U, Yo^jo-opat, ^6r\aa weep (for) [w.
I
Snuc and purpose conatr. ] ace.] mourn
I
PooXfi, !|c plan, advice, will Y6vt>, YO^VQTOC or vow6c knee
poiXotiat, pooXfjaopai , pooX6pnv I desire, yooc ot> groan, lamentation
,
I prefer
supplicate
i
, po6c,[d. pi. alaopooaf ] ox, cow yovaxx6c woman, wife
fj, 6v mortal, j,
BpoT6c, human Y»tov, ot> limb
, rxor PpScrtC, toe feed
ii, ov cunningly wrought

a, I* earth, land &atp6vtoc, strange (one) [whose actions
n
Y^t". Y^nnoa or Y%w I marry are unaccountable, wonderful, or super

oo marriage, marriage-feast human]
Y&P fconj.; never first word ]for; el y<Sp 6a(puv, ovoc divinity, superhuman be ing
a
a
if only, would tbat C w. opt. in imposs oatvQpi, £a(0td, 6ataa give a feast;
I
ible wlab } [mid.] feast

I
f .] belly
, yaerrlpoc or Y<»<"p8c [ 6atc, oatT6c feast, portion

at least, in fact 6at9pd)v, ov sagacious
pf. of ytyvoiiot 6a(u light up [pass.] blaze

I
[ pf . 6aKpt>6Etc, eaoxi, ev tearful

with pres. meaning 1 I about, 1 make Sdxpuov, oo or 6&xpo, ooc tear
myself heard
fiaÂû, Aap&u, «fipaaca tame, overpower
1
I
aoc prize (of honor); estate AC but, yet, on the other hand, however
ytpuv, ovroc old man indicating contrast with an earlier
[
YT\6f\au, ff\6r\aa, I rejolce(at) idea introduced by nfcv, or continuing

ooc old age the thought on a new level— thus becom
I am ing the equivalent of "and... and" in a
born, I become, I am; I happen series of ideas or actions

]
8e(6u, 6e(cropai, fiexcra, Set&ta fear w.

I
[
(6) A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREEK
inf., or vf\ & purpose construction; pf. (c Zeus- cherished
,
has present sense] 8(c twice, second time
a
SeCxvvpt, 8E(g», SeTj-a I show 8fq>poc, oo chariot (platform), seat
luckless
fi,
8etX6c, 6v cowardly, 8t6MU, 6t<3|w, 6(w|a pursue
I
awe-inspiring, dreadful
f\,
8etv6c> 6v 8pii>fi, ?jc handmaid
SeTnvov, oo dinner, meal 8p6c, u6c servant
8fxaToc, n» ov tenth 8oHfu, Soxfjou, 86xti<Td seem, appear
I
I
8fv8pcov, oo tree 86\oc, oo cunning, craftiness, trickery;
8egtTep£c» right
1\,
6v (hand) bait for catching fish

8fo<, fifeoc fear, terror 86poc, oo house, room
8ipw, Stpfu, 8cTpa flay 66ga, IK opinion, glory

I
6ecni6<:, o9 bond 86pnov, oo supper

8e3po adv hither S6po, 6o6paToc or 8oop6c bem, plank,
[
8e5Tepoc, n, ov second •pear

afxopax, 6?|opax, 8t|dpriv receive, 86vapat, 8ovf|cropa\, 8ovnoipnv can,
I
am
I
I
accept
able [w. inf.
]
8fu, ftfjou, tie, fasten able, possible
f\,
STjo-a 8ovaT6c, 6v
I
6f| indeed, clearly, now [not tine!] 8oo>«vfic, Ic hostile

8nioTfk, I|TOC strife 86ornvoc, ov wretched, unfortunate
8nXCopxx\, fltiXfjaoTiai, 8flXno~&pflv harm 86u or 860 [indeol.] two
I
SijpoCi oo realm, people Sow, 8o*oropat, Soefipriv or 8ov enter;
I
advj
6fjv long put (oA); sink; set (of the sun)

[
ftnp6v [adv. long [indecl. twelve

8£>8cM«
]
5x6 [adv., prep. through (midst of) [w. ftwpa, house, hall
aToc
]
gen.]; through(out) among; on account SQpov, oo gift

;
of [w. ace.
]
fitAioKU, 6t8$gu, 6(8aga teach him, her [ace. sg. of pera. pron.
I
8(8wpt, 8fiou, 8Cxa give [see appendix t&a, £$out £aoa allow, leave (alone)
I
I
I
for irreg. forms v [adv. from close at hand, near

]
stxcuoc, n, ov Just, honorable [adv., prep. w. gen.] near

8(xn, nc Justice, custom plu, ly'tpa [aor. aid.
8toytvf|C, loc sprung from Zeus rouse, wake
I
I
AToc, a, ov bright, glorious [f. usually IYVWHO, l^f\uaipa.\ pf. of

keeps a throughout sgj eoc spear
lyfi(v) I [for forma, see appendix] elcr-Cpxopat I enter

iAirrfc, (oc [f. ] eating, food eia-op&u, eicr-6topa\, efa-tfiov I see,
!8va or eefiva, wv bride-price, dowry I look at
tSopat fut. of icretu in (4£ before vowels) [adv., prep. w. gen. ]
£Aw [pros, system only] I eat out of, from
iduSfj, ?jc food fxaoroc, n, ov each
l£opax, —, Icra I sit down; (in aor. :] I exaToVpn, t)C hecatomb [strictly, sacrifice
cause to be seated of 100 cattle; but usually sacrifices in
telXu, leeXljow, iefXricra I wish general ]
e9voc, eoc group, band litnXoc, ov at rest, undisturbed

ti (a) if; (b) if only, would that [w. e»-ffefc>, — ,e*-cra6piriv [non-thematic 2 aor. )
opt., in impossible wish ]; (c) whether I rush out of, I pour out of [intr. ]
[in indirect questions ]; (d) ci y£p if CH-reXfu I accomplish (completely)

only, would that[w. opt., in impossible txt6c [advj outside of, away from
wish]; (e) e{ plj unless 'Ex-cup, opoc Hector [most distinguished
cl«ap, atoc food warrior of Trojans ]
(t)et6op.at, — , (Oetafipnv I appear, I eXSfveoc, n, ov or iXoVvoc, tl» ov (of)
seem (like to) olive-wood
eldoc, eoc appearance, face IXatov, oo olive- oil
tide if only, would that [w. opt., in im E\a6vu, eX&u, iXaa(a)a I drive
possible wish ] IXaôc, oo [f. ] deer
I yield, I
i einu, efgu, ({)eiga give way t\ea(pw I pity

c{x(E)u, — , I confine; I check; — , ixinaa I pity, I
(f)eXcra tXefu, have mercy on

[pass.] I throng; I crouch Ixtffow, —, (l\)fXt£a I whirl, I turn
cilia, CplO clothes
OTOC garment;
EXwi) I drag
»{p{ I am Csee appendix for forms]
EXov 2 aor. of atpCu
cfvexa [prep. w. gen. ] on account of, for
IXnu or fXnopat [present system only ]
sake of
the
I expect, I hope, I suppose
tlnov [2 aor. system] I said, I told;
!X(T>)6ov 2 aor. of Ipxoi»at
[augmented le«iov,for e>e\nov]
fuppoov, oo a young one[of animals ]
etpfjvn, nc peace
f\,
, 6v my, mine
efpopcu, k\pfioo\\a\, ip6pnv i ask
ov firm, unchanged
e{pu, tpfu I speak, I say
[adv.] nevertheless
efc, pta, Iv [m.--n. gen. fvo'c] one
eti-»iXfiou, lvn\T\aa fill (with)
I
,
tic [adv., prep. w. ace.] into, to, unto

iv [adv., prep w. dat. ] in, on, among tn-etyu drive on; mid.] hasten
I
I
[
IvSov [ adv.] within, Inside EnctTa then, thereupon
kindly tn-lpxopat come to, come upon [w.
I
I
aor. of «pCpu dat., ace.
]
£v6a there, then tnfjv contraction of int\ 4v
4v8&Se [ adv.] here, hither tnt [adv., prep. upon [w. gen. ]; on,
]
fvdcv from there, then [of tine ] at, beside [w. dat.]; to, towards, after
iwtnu, tvCfu, ivtomov I say, I tell tl,e., in search or attack [w. ace.
]
tvvlfcap [ adv.] for nine days hit-patvu, tn\-pfiaova\ 4nt-pnv,
,
iwoo-fyotoc, OD earth-shaker [epithet of xa [w. gen. go upon, land upon
I
]
Poseidon ]
, lcr(<r)w, f(r(cr)a I clothe, I put on see* out, feel, touch
I
I
I
, ovoc earth-shaker [epithet of tnx-rCxXu, ~, int-retXo enjoin; give
I
I
Poseidon ] orders to
ivrca, wv [3 decl. ] arms, armor; utensils 4nt-Tt9init, tm-OflCTu, Jjrt-6nxa put on;
I
ivcoXfj, oommand, order put in position
I
7|c
fvTocr6e(v) within, inside of tn-otxofwt go towards or round,
I
Ig [= tx, before vowels ] [adv., prep, w, assail; I work (at)
gen. ] out of, from fnopat, i^rojiat, fecm6pnv follow (with)
I
8| [ IndeclJ six tnoc coc word
,
têtnc [adv. * ttfic] in order 4n-oTpovw, -oTpovlu, -8fpwa stir up,
I
I atrip off;
tg-cvapf&u, -«vapt|«,' -evfiptga compel
I kill tnrfi seven

[adv. ] in order fpyov, oo work, deed
[ adv.] chiefly, above the rest £pg<>>, lp|a keep off; shut up
I
I
to of bin or her [gen. sg. of 3rd pers. ipgu, lp|a do

>,
pron. ] tpc(8w, ipetau, fpetaa rest; lean;

I
I
iotxa [pf. w. pres. force; i^xea plpf. w. press

I
impf. force ] I seem; I am like to [in lpeTti6v, 0% oar

3 ag. impers., which may govern ace. and tpfu inquire
I
inf. constr. : ] it la fitting iptnpoc, ov [pi. decl.: tp<np«<, etc.]

3
l8c, his, her faithful, loyal

<|,
6v own,
inct oonj.] when; since £ptc, tftoc strife

[
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
ill
fpoc, ot> love, desire eotojiat, «6g4pnv claim to be,
I
,
{pfau, iptlu, £pQ|a or ipoStaxov I check; boast, exult; pray to [w. inf.,
I
I guard not subj., opt.
]
tf-lnu, tv-i'Qw, tnt-onov meet; drive,
I
save, I rescue, I protect pursue
I
Ip6u, — , fpoo-(v)a I drag, I draw l<fr\ [irreg. he said, she said
]
, ftXtfo-opat, eX(xj)6ov, iv-opp&u, t^-opiifioio, t^-6puiioa urge on;
I
I come, I go [mid. pass. rush forward,
4
am
I
]
I
clothing eager to
fx«» *£« or oxfjow, e»x6v or ox<8ov have,
I
<i,
, 6v noble, excellent hold

[pres. system only eat, devour I
I
I
]
f(i)ou adv. within geoyvSui, E«6£w, 5e«go yoke

[
I
ttotpoc, oo companion, comrade Ze6c, or
At6c Zi]v8c Zeus [father chief
*
Irapoc, oo companion, comrade of the gods
]
ttepoc, f|t OY (the) other oo The west wind
,
ttfpwex on the other aide gigolo, g^ricra seek, search

,
I
h\ yet, still; o6x £TX no longer after
well
ti
£wli, IjC life

eoAfjou, ctftno-a sleep alive, living
fj,
gwoc, 6v
I
,
*C well-made, fine g6ou, g6aa live

i
,
IfMipiKf
«< well-balanced
lAnvftuc, T»oc well-greaved or; than;f|.../| either. .or, whether.. or
f
f|, OY well-built; well-tilled truly, indeed; introducing a question

*l
>
bed; anchor-stone [not to be translated]

(q), ov well-polished TH thus he spoke sg. Impf . of fat the
3
[
,
ov fair- tressed only form used

,
ttp(o*u, eipfjou, «opoY find, discover fhfB1iov«6w, -ow, -co lead (the way)
i
i
l6pdXoxo<, oo Eurylochus [a companion of frrtoân, lhrljot>aai, Ijyucrfipinv lead, guide

I
Odysseus l|Af [conj.] and

]
«*pVc, tTa, wide, broad Ij8r> [adv.] by now, already, now

«
tJdffcXixoc oo w. fine rowing-benches f|«ouat, flo-oiuxx, «|od|xiiv am pleased (with)

I
,
t*X«tSo)iat declare myself, exult; fjftovfj, !jc pleasure

i
Pray fi«6<:, «Ta, sweet, pleasant

I
6
|f • ; |t = or ) 6e5, Sc goddess
IjfXtoc, ot> aun df^tC, tffToc right,
[f
custom
a
]
.
'HtTtwv, uvoc EBtlon [father of Andro tori it is right, lawful
mache ] ecoexSfjc, fc godlike
, fcia TO c day 6e6<:, otj god
we [for forma, see appendix] eeonlatoc, n, ov heavenly, divine

[correlative w. /|ftf] both ov divinely decreed; divine
ov sitting, seated decree
6fu run
n, ov our
fl, ov Theban
, otj [f. ] mule
nc fclso pi. Thebes
a), half
]
i
«
or 6l\Xcta [adj.] female
[conj. ] when
6noaop6c> o9 treasure
ijv contraction of ci av
etc etvo'c beach
,
fjv(a, uv reins
dvfjowd, Oavfoyiat, efivov die
if
I
while, until [w. ind. purely
evrjr8c,
<j,
5v mortal
factual, w. purpose constr. if antici
swift
(j,
Oooc, 8v
patory; =
of pa]
epfû, epfta fut. aor. of
&
oo [f. ] land, mainland
6p6voc, oo aeat, chair
iK the early-born (one)
SwySfrip, BoYaTfpoc or OovaTpoc daughter
Hp«C, flpuoc [contracted gen. Hp«c] warr
86eXXa, qc blast, storm
ior [often honorary title ]
Oo^c, o« heart, spirit
}JTop [h., indecl. ] heart

9t)pe6c, of door-stone
as
door
, 'H8<x [f . ] Dawn [ace. sg. often
85ow, 8*ao make burnt offerings
to '
I
contracts
to the gods, offer sacrifice
I
— 66pn|o arm
I
,
8&XapoCf ov bed- room, store-room

8dXacrcra, IK sea
ia(vu, — (nva warm, melt; oheer
I
I
I
,
vigorous, big
<i,
daXcpSc, 6v blooming,
tdxu shout, hiss, resound
I
—
I
di^qoa wonder (at)

I
,
,
(6f and [= fiSt]

ov death
,
(ep«6u), fcpeftou, (ipcooa 8»crlflc«,

I
ov swifter [comp. of TOX^C

,
slaughter
I
eta, «]
tep8c, holy, sacred
f\,
6v
8a6paaa marvel (at)
I
,
OREEK-SNGLISH VOCABULARY (11)
I make to alt; I sit (down) cause to be seated
flow, f|xa I send forth, I oast; I xat and, even, also

place Hafvopai, [pf. w. pree. sense ]
Ti)Tp6Ci o? physician I surpass
'leSxri, tic Ithaca [a small island in xa(u, xa6aw, xfja I kindle, I burn
cowardly, bad, evil
Ji,
waxoc, 6v
Ionian Sea, home of Odysseus]
straight towards) [w. gen.] xaXfu, xaXiw, xfixtaa call, invite
[adv.]
I
I
T8oc (
fx5vw [pres. system only ] I come x4xxo< toe beauty
,
beautiful, noble [oomp. xaX-
fj,
Uf-cax, suppliants MBXoc, 6v
awv [m.]
ov; supl. HfiXXtoroc, H, ov]
x*v£o)iax, t£opax, Ix8t»nv I approach, I XC«»v,
xaXfersw, »oX«1w, »dXoti oover
I
comet w. ace]
(xpxa, wv deck KaXoffi, 6oc Calypso[a nymph]
'TXtoc, oo [f.] Ilion, Troy xdpa-roc, o« toil, weariness

•
yearning, desire xdiivw, xaplouax, xdpov toil, con
I
oo
tvo [adv.] where;[ conj.] that, in order struct, grow weary

ITpepoc,
I
that, to *fnpoc,o« boar
(oxtaxpa, shooter of arrows xdpn, xap<j(a)toc or xpd(a)To<: head

nc
(nn68apo<, oo horse-taming xdpriva, wv summits, heads
ljuioc, oo horse MapH&Xtpoc> ov swift, quick
i*C, tv5c [ f.] sinew, strength xapnSc, o3 fruit

I0oc, (4)fati, \aov equal, fair, trim Hao-tvvnToc, o* brother
I I xat« [adv., prep.] down (from) [w. gen.],

fcrriTpi, orljou, orfjoxi put, haltf tr.] ;

[in mid.:] Icrrapax a?f\ao\ia.\ cnrrjv I halt down (along), according to, throughout
, ,
[ Intr.], I atand [w. ace.]
tortov, sail [pi. often used for sg.] xat-Cpxopat etc. come down
I
oo
,
mast, for weaving] waTO-evfi<n«M eto.I die [pf.] am dead

I
tcrvSc, o9 loom [
,
mighty, doughty xa-rfi-xtxpat lie down

I
, n» ov
fat, strong xaTa-xT«tvu etc. slay, kill

I
I
tj, ov
,
fish wrra-Xf yw ate. tell in order, relate

I
toe
I I
,
,
,etc. leave behind, forsake

I
I6v, lo«cra, (6v going

[2 aor. only slay
I
]
waTO-T<6niu, xa-ro-eflou, xo-cd-enxo put

I
xtkS = xaxfii before A
Ma6a(pu, xa6apfu, itfienpa I cleanse down
xaO-fgu, — , M&O-toa I seat myself; I -xe*ow, -x«io or -X«*MV pour

I
down; [mid. ] I fall down , TAo< bolt; oar-lock

xe&gu, xe&ou, xfacr(CT)a I shatter xXxvw, xXTrlu, xXtva I lean, I He
xeTpax [pf . mid. system] I have bean xXox6(;, 6v famous, excellent
placed, I lie (down) xX6w, — , (xl)xXuov [athematlc in aor.lmptJ
xttvoCi n» o that (one) I hear ( sound of) , I attend to
xcTac [adv.] thither xvTcrri, i)C fat, savor

xcXatvctpfjc , fc cloud- wrapped, dark xoTXoc, n» ov hollow
xlXet>6oc, oo [f., but frequently n. in plj HO\V&U, Hot^fjou, Ho(^noa I put to sleep;
way, path, course I calm
KsXcfa), xeXe6ou, xfXeocra I command [w. x6Xjroc , oo fold; bosom; bay

f
ace., dat., inf. ] x8pat , awv hair
xfXopat, xcxXijaopax , xexXS-priv I order HOtifgu, xoutfw, xSiitoora I tend; I aid; I
xeCv) untranslatable particle giving a pick up
theoretical, general, expected, or con xov(q, IK dust

trary to fact coloring to the thought; xopo6a(oXoc, ov with glancing helm
used w. verb In indie., aubj., opt., H8poc, o8oc helmet

Inf. [see appendix for syntax ] x6oTior, oo world
xfpStov [comp. adv.] more beneficial, Ko6pt|, tic girl, daughter
better xowpCfitoc, n. ov wedded
xetOu, xcoou, x*6ov I hide xpaStri, i)C heart

strong
f\,
xcvaXJj, ?<c head xpaTEp6c, 6v

xtpauvSc, oQ thunderbolt xpdTOC,, -eoc strength, power
xlfAoc, toe care, woe xpfa, xpeOv [nora. sg. Hplac]flesh, meat
xfjp, x!jpoc [n. ] heart xpetwv, OVTOC ruler, prince

xf|p,xnp6c [f . ] fate, death xpf)6i>ivov, oo veil
xr)p6< , o9 wax xpnTfjp, fjpoc mixing-bowl
x?jpo|, -TJxoc attendant, herald xptvu, xptvlu, xpTvo pick out;

I
I
K Ciroe separate; Judge

I
xxxIcroTiax, H(XOV I reach, I come Kpovfwv, ^wvoc Cronus' son(= Zeua]
(by chance) xponxu, xp6û, xpfifa conceal

I
, —, xCov I go KTctvu, xTtvfou, xaetva kill

I
xX&gw, xXfiy^w > *^Yl° shriek xdttvcoci r\, ov dark (blue)

, xXo*ow, wXa9aa I weep, I wail xoav6npcfpoc, ov dark-prowed
, xXf(e)oc fame, renown xopepvf|Tiic oo steersman, pilot

,
xWoc, eoc honor, glory X(oxropat, — Xia&pi|v entreat; beg
1
I
,
xoxdu, xwfiow, xtixnaa I stir up; I confuse Xoyoc oo word; speech; account; reason
,
K6xXt>tf wnoc Cyclops XoCu, XoCaau, X6ec(<r)o frequently con
[
NoXCvAu I roll tracts to Xo6u, etc. wash
I
]
n9pa, a-coc wave X6?oc, ot> crest, summit
rovfw, xovfjaopat I kiss good-for-nothing; wretched
f\,
, xrfcr(cr)a Xoyp6<;, 6v
5v, xov6c dog X%ut Xocru, Xocra, XlXoxa, XlXoîax, X66i)v
loose, release
1
;, XSoc [ace. X8av > m. ] stone Xur6<, 06 lotus
3, Xftgopat, (Xl)Xaxov I get by lot; wv Lotus-eaters
I am assigned by lot; I give one [ace. ] pdxap, apoc happy, blessed
his due of ov long, large [in
fj,
space or time]
,
IcpT\68iK, cu Laertes1 son [i.e. , Odysseus ] very, quite, greatly; often merely
[
tempest
IT,
CDIOC
intensifies force of adj. or adv.,
Jf
[
an
it-rpa, a-coc gulf not to be translated separately.
]
)6vu, Xfjtopat, Xdpov take, get soft, gentle
f\,
I
I
paXaxoc( 6v
vQdvu), Xfjou, Xfi6ov elude, escape ufiXtoTra (supl. of paâ] especially
1
I
someone's notice, deceive; in mid.:] uav6dvu, paSijaopai, îddov learn
I
I
am forgetful of P<SVT^C, toe seer

I
;, oV people a nation]; followers p£pnru, -pApû, udpâ seize

I
[
Evu, Xfgu, Xi|a say, tell; call p6x*1t *K battle, fight

I
I
Xetpfiv, Ovoc meadow pax(f)opat, vaxficroTiat, >axecr(or)4pnv
Xe(nu, Xet^w, XCnov leave aor. mid. fight (with) I

often has pass, sense] peyaXfiTup, opoc great-hearted, great

large hall; in pi.] halls,
$,
kctm6c, 5v bright, white p£yapov, on

[
ot> white- armed palace

,
see, look Xr, pfyo [m.acc.sg.

I
toe bed pi. is often used for 3g.] n. Tilyî rest 2nd decl. on stem:
[
-, ovroc lion great, large, big; comp. petjwv, ov

;
[
exceedingly; xa\ xfriv truly supl . uiYioroc, lit ov]

ov stone ov bigger, larger comp. of
,
prea. system only] long n, ov pleasing, winning, gen tie

1
[
harbor pfXoc, ^xfXatva, \at\av m.-n. gen.

[
UjxapSc, r\, 6v sleek, comfortable dark, black

(14) A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREBE
pcX(n, tic ash; ashen spear pfjv, piivoc month
peXtrj6fic, Ic honey-sweet pnp6c, o* thigh

pIXXw, pcXXfjou, pfXXqcra I am about; I i, PUT! poc or ptitp6c [ f .] mother
Intend, I am destined >, pvfjou, pvljera I remind; [ pf . mid.]
ptXoc, coc member (of the body), limb I have reminded myself of, I remember
pfXu, peXfiow, pfXfica I am a care to [pres. system only] I remain, I
pfpaa [pf. w. pres. meaning] I am eager await
pfv indeed, for one thing, on the one hand, p.tv him, her [ace. sg. of 3 pers. pron. ]
to be sure [ introducing a contrast and », ptgu, ptga I mix with, I mingle
followed by t>i ; often not to be expli with
citly translated] rljow, ufo-noa I hate
pcvcafvu, — , pcvfnva I desire eagerly; pviopat I am mindful of; I court
I rage i, If poc suitor
pCvoc, coc might, courage, wrath •, poYfloa I toll, I suffer
ufvu, pcvfu, pelva I remain, I stay; I poToa, nc due measure; portion; fate;
I await woth potpov Just right, properly
pcpjxnpfgw, nep^np(|u, peppljptga I ponder poftvoc, nt ov alone, only
(anxiously) MoVow, IK Muse, a goddess of poetry and
TJ|O-(CT)OC,||>OV middle (of), midst (of) [fol art

lowed by noun In same case; op. Latin «x>xX8c, ot bar, stake
"in medium urbem" = "Into the middle of p96fopat, p68fjaopa\, p96t)odpi|v I relate,
I
the city"] say

pcTd [adv., prep.] with [w. gen., p96oc, oo word, speech, saying
among,
dat. ]; into the midst, after [w. ace.] pBpCoCt n, OY countless, measureless
pCTaofirfw I speak among
pCT6nt<T6e(v) [adv.] behind, later, after vaterdw I dwell, I inhabit; I am situate

jiffpov, ot> measure
I
exist
pJ| not vaCu, — , vftaoa I inhabit
pflAf and not, nor, not even MaoatH&K, ac Nausloaa
p.r|8etc, pn*tpta, pnAfv no one, none vctxfu, vctHfou, vcfxca(a)a I quarrel wit
pfflopax, pfiaopat, px|0ip!iv I contrive, I I rebuke
plan vfxvp, apoc nectar,gods' special drink
coc length vfxBc, voc corpse, [pi.] the dead

, oo sheep, flock vcpca(o-)6u,
indignant with
vcufu, v«Tpo I assign; I drive my vO-cov, oo back
flock; [in mid.:] I possess, I feed on
vfopat [pres. system only] I return Se(vtoY, o« gift of hospitality t a pre

vfo<, i|, or young, fresh, new sent given by host to guest ]
vctu, vcftau, vctSaa I nod ov guest, »t ranger
rtffrn, nc cloud , coc sword
v«?«XnY«pfTa, 5o cloud-gatherer [ epithet

of Zeus] 6, f\, v6 that, the [when modifying a
vfvoc, coc cloud nounhwho, which, what C w. definite

, fC pitiless, ruthless antecedent; in this sense, the nom. pi.
, Ic unfailing; true; clear is ToC, tat, not o(, at]; he, she, It
vq6c, o* temple [ as pronoun standing alone ]
ripitoc, n, ov simple, foolish ope\6c, o9 spit
vijaoc, on [f. ] Island flpptpoc, n, OY heavy, mighty
YH&:, vn6$ or *«8c [da>t. pi. also vnwrt] O«E, f|«t, -c6«e this (one), he, she, it,
[f . ] ship [ demonstr. pron. & adj.]
vfjxu, vfjgopat, vriE6tt,nv I swim 6«8ct o« [ f .] way, retd; Journey
vtx&u, rtidiow, vfHnoa I conquer, I prevail &A5popat, 6fiop£opa\, 66Qp6:^nv I bewail,
vofu, Yofjow, v8noa I think, I perceive I lament
v6oc, oo mind '0«T)c(o-)e6c, f(o< Odysseus
i
I Yotnrfw, YocTfjou, v6oTnaa return (home) 86x where
I v6«rcti«)C, n, ov of one's home-coming ol&a [ irreg. , see appendix for forms ]

vSoroc, ots return (home) I know
I »8a»t(v) [adv.] apart (from), away (from) 6^£«c, «oc [f.] sorrow, distress
, oo Notus, the south wind olxfu, olxfjaw, oxxricra I dwell, I Inhabit
, oo [ f .3 disease olnor, ot> house, home
temporal or inferential oinTp6c, [alternative superlative:

f|,
now [ a weak 8v
particle] oCxTtoroc] pitiful, miserable

maiden; nymph; bride olpfigw, o(p£|opat, ofpuCa cry out in
I
now, at the present time pain
vrmrSc [ f .] night ol voc oo wine

,
tliou, v6pi)<ra X distribute; I olvotf onoc wine-dark

control oloc, ii, ov such as, what sort (of)
I
oloc, i)> ov alone BnXov, 09 tool, rope

6'tCi 6'toc [dat. pi. also Seacrt, ace. pi. 6n(n)6TC when, whenever
always 6Tc3 abaep 6p&u, otopat, (Aov, fcfipaxa, Kipapxit ,5<j»6nv
oCou fut.of ?(pu see, look (at)
I
I
otu or 6(opat, 6faot>at, 6toa\u\v I think, 6pe6<, fj, 8v straight, true
I suppose, I Imagine opww, — SpTva agitate
I
,
o(wv6{ , o« bird Spxoc 09 oath
,
oXptoc, n, ov happy, prosperous 6piia<vw, — optt.tiva ponder
I
,
<5xpoc, 09 happiness, prosperity 6pii&o, bftff\ou, Sppnoa arouse [mid.
&
I
6"Xe6po<;, ot> destruction pass. start, rush (forward)
I
I
]
oXlyoCi ri» ov small, few Spvtc, 6pvt6oc bird
6xX6u>, oXiou, «XXe<T(<r)a, (SXuXa, 2 aor. mid. Spvxjpx, 6pou, 6pcra, 6pupa [aor. mid. also
6x6pnv I kill, I destroy, I lose; [in 6p(6)«i)v] incite, raise pf. is
I
I
[
pf. act. and all middle:] I perish, I intrana. w. prea. meaning move, rise
I
I
]
am lost <5poc, toe mountain
destructive, deadly
<f,
6Xo8c, ov 6po6u, 6pO9OU, opotxra rush, dart
I
I
oc, t(, 6 who, which, what rel. pron. ];
[
lament, commiserate 8c Ttc, TiCi Tt or 6-vTt [indef. rel.
I
8
f\
*OXt>pno< oo Olympus pron. adj.; for forma, see sect. 210a

&
,
6p£poc, oo rain, atom whoever, whatever

09 throng, tumult 6a(a)oc, n, ov as many aa, as great as
6pfopat, opocr(cr)a swear 6oat n. dual] eyea

I
opotoc, if, ov like to, similar to Aorfov, 09 bone

opoU together, at the same time STC when, whenever
Jvctpoc, 09 dream OTI oonj. that, because

]
[
ovopa or o6vopa, OTOC name 6-cpSvw, 6Tp9vfu, oTpUva urge on, I send
I
6vop£gu, tvopAcTcj, 6voVaoa name, call 06 before smooth breathing;

I
[o-6x
(by name) O9X before rough breathing'] not, no

6(9C, eta, sharp, keen o&ac, [dat. pi. also ear
6
OTOC d>cr<]
6n&gw, on&aou, 6na<r(a)a send with (some oofif and not, nor, not even; [after neg
I
one) present ative w. verb of asking, thinking, plan

I
;
ont(a)6ev behind, afterwards, hereafter ning, wishing, etc. = either.. or]

6n(a(0)u adv. behind, back, hereafter O9ftcp(a, ofeftfv no one, none
]
,
[
6nX(gu» — CnXxcraa prepare oH threshold

I
,
ofafft no longer n6po\6c(v) befoie

ofcXoc, n, ov whole, entire n&poc [ adv. ] before, formerly
oiv therefore, then [not of time I ] , n5aa, Ji3v [m.--n. gen. navr6c ] all,
o6pav6c, oV heaven, sky every, the whole
ofcpoc, oo a (fair) wind , netaojiat, jideov I suffer, I ex
ofa&u, oirfjou, oSTficra I wound, I pleroe perience
ofce and not, nor [following a negative ntrrfopat, — , naa(a)ftpi)v I partake of
clause]; o6re...o$Tc neither. . .nor , naripoc or narp6c father
Nobody , nc fatherland
, atkn, TO&CO this , tfloc fatherland, country; [as f.
O&TWC thus, In this way, so adj.: ] of ones fathers, ancestral
6«8aXu5c , o9 eye naiw, noftow, no«aa i stop; [ mid.] I cease
ovpa (In order ) that, to [w. purpose con- naxfc, cTa, 6 thick, stout
atr. J; while, until [w.lnd. If purely nefitov, o« plain
factual, w. purpose oonstr. If anticipa foot,
f\,
ne£6ci 6v on by land
tory] ne(6w, nefou, neTaa or nfnt6ov, aor.
2
ivpt<t ftoc [f.J eyebrow mid. ni66priv
I
persuade, win over;
I
of, &n6c [f.] voice In mid. am persuaded by, am
I
I
:
]
[
obedient to, obey

I
note, nat«6c child, boy, girl nil pap, afoc end, boundary
n&Xw back (again), again nctpftu, nctpfjou, ncfpijo-a make trial of,
I
—, I
nJXXu, jtljXa I shake, dandle. attempt, try

I
[adv. on all sides, everywhere netpw, — netpa pierce, stick

]
I
I I
,
, n, ov of all sorts neX&gu, neXftau), n^Xaa(cr)a bring near

xanrafvu, — , n£nri|va I look about to, go near to
I
sharply (for) nfXu, — n(C)Xov; or nf Xopat --,

,
aapi [adv., prep. ] from (the side of) [ w. come to be, am

I
gen. ]; at, beside [ w. dat. ]; to, along neXfiptoCt ili ov gigantic, monstrous
(side) [ w. aco. ] nfpnu, nfpfu, nipta send
i
I an present nlvQoc, toe sorrow, grief

I go past, I pass nep surely/ w. ptc. though
[
I supply nepiu, nepfjou, nepfjca cross, pass

I
I nap-forapai, nopo-orficoiiat , nopd-ornv through

I stand by
nept [ adv. ] round about ; especially ; miss (absence)
I
[ prep. gen. ] about ; excelling ; nottu, notfjou, nofnoa make, do,
I
w.
I
I
[ prep. w. dat. or ace. ] about, for produce
nepixaXXfjc, Id very beautiful notv^v, Cvoc shepherd
QepcreqpSveia, Persephone [wife of n(T)oX«ixtgw, n(t)oXtiit|w wage war,
I
tic
I
Hades and queen of lower world ] fight (with)
neTSvvwp.t, — , nfTao-(ff)a I spread out n6Xefioc, O-D war
nlropat, nrfiaotiat, ircdiinv I fly noX\6<;, (f\), 6v greyish, white

nlTpr), nc rock n6Xtc, toe city
neoBopat, nctaopat, nodSpnv I learn (by noXX6<: fj, 6v; [m. n. also 3rd. decl.
&
,
Inquiry), I inquire (from ), I hear noXftc, 6] much, many comp. nXttunr, ov
;
[
(of) [object in ace. or gen.] supl. nXcToroCt H» ov]
i, nfjgu, nfjga I fix, I make fast toe [n. or of many counsel*
.]
f
,
OTOC suffering, woe ov resourceful
ntfgu, ntto-(o)u, ntecra I press, I oppress — many, much
*
i
t
nfvu, ntopat, n<ov I drink only nom. much-enduring
]
[
ncerfopat, nfaov I fall o« Polyphemus, a Cyclops,
ntorefou, I ,
i>, Jttcrceoaa [ w. dat] son of Poseidon
believe (in), I have faith in nopnfj, !|c escort, safe sending-off
ntipatoxu I make known novfopat, novfjcropat, novnodpiiv labor,
I
ntuv, ovoc fat, rich toil at, am busy about
I
I
nXfiTlaF — » — » «^YXe*lv I
gw, nXfiySu> novnp6c, f\, 6v worthless, base, wicked

beat; [pass. I wander n8voc> oo toll, trouble
supl. of
t\,
i|, ov most[ noXX6c, n6vroc> oo sea, the deep
nonot oh2 [a general exclamation to be
nXe(uv, ox more comp. of noXX6c <jt6v] trans, according to context

]
,
[
nXc6<roi«i\ nXtôa sail (over) n6pov aor. system only gave

I
I
J
[
,
n» ov near, nelghbor( Ing) nopflpftpeoc, n, ov gleaming, bright
nXfjaou, nXfigu, nXlifa smite noce\«auv, «ovoc Poseidon brother of

I
nofl&pniic, CC swift- footed Zeus and god of sea

]
n86ev whence? from what sourcet from nScrtc, toe (a) drink; (b) husband
what placet o* river
,
noSiu, nodfjou, n66eoo long, yearn, ever, (at) some time, once, at
I
i
any time n6\ti, nc gate, entrance

n6Tpoc, ox> fate, death n«p, iropoc [n. flr«
]
>Tv(\)a, IK queer* [as adj. ] revered ntpyoc ot) tower
,
:ox> perhaps, I suppose, no doubt, of course nopfj, !jc funeral-pyre, sacrificial fire
Jto« [always w. circumflex pitch-mark ] mo [w. negative never yet, in no way,
]
where? not at all
note, foot; sheet rope at
(j»
no«6c [m. ] nuc somehow, in any way
tached to the foot of the sail] nC< how?
npttypa, OTOC deed; [in pi.: ]trouble, n£>t>, n£eoc flock of sheep
deeds
npficrou, npfi£u, npfjga pass (over); pfgu, pigu, do
I
{>tta
I
accomplish, do pcTo adv. easily, at ease
I
]
TTptauoc, ot> Priam Icing of Troy piu present system flow
I
]
]
jiptv [adv.] before, sooner; [conj. -w inf. pfjgu, t>7\la smash, break
I
I
,
or anticipating subj.] before, until [adv. swiftly

0
]
Jipo-tinM» npo-ôw, jTpo-fjxci send forth, ^t1w, pTta hurl
I
I
cast po«o6dxToXoc, ov rosy-fingered
I
npon&poi6>(v) before, in front of p6oc, oo stream; current

np6c adv., prep. from the side of) pftopat, p6a(o-)oâtt pVa(o-)6pnv save,
[
i
w. gen.]; on, at w. dat.]; to, to rescue, protect
[
I
[
wards, against w. ace.

[
]
npocr-aoSfiw address afixoc, coc shield

I
TipoCT-eTnov address, speak to |w. ace.] cdpg, oxxpx6c f.] flesh

I
JTp6cr6ev in front of, before Eeipfjv, Tjvoc f. siren

]
[
npoTcpoc, 1), ov sooner, former creftw, — (a)aeVa or (c)o*iinv set In

I
,
npo>pwv, ov with willing heart, kindly, motion, drive; mid.] rush

C
I
eager(ly) (Tiptoe, o« pen, fold

npOroc, n, ov first o?iâ, QTOC sign, mound
JT«p6etc, BO-OIK, «v winged crTYaX6e\c,eaaa, cv shining

n(T)6Xr(ic<, ot> see n6Xepoc n, ov of iron
[
i(T)8XtCt toe see n8Xtc] OT> bread, food

[
frt<rcw, nr6|w, irrtga fold otunfj, rjc silence

I
«x(Ov6c, ov thick, close,

<l.
shrewd oxfnac, aoc shelter

09 staff [ usually a symbol of aor. of
2
,
office ] Hf ov cruel, pitiless, reckless
,
OKt6etc, tcroa, (V shadowy fut. of
axfaeXoc , oo crag ox6v aor. of
2
IxfcXXn, Scylla otir,w, o6ou, oCooxx save
I
t\£
crjiep8aXfoCi «1» «* frightful, terrible a&pa, OTOC body, dead body
your [sg.
fj,
<r8c, 6v
] cut
fi,
CTo?6c, 6v wise
I
onlvftw, cmetow, onetcra
I pour a libation quickly, soon
Co.] cave eta, swift [oomp. efiaouv, ov

emtoc, onfoc or onljoc
;
6
t
onctftu, one6ow, one era hasten supl. T6xt<"oc, *)» ov]
8
o» door-post, farm-yard TC [postpositive conj.] and, also [often

— orCxov go, proceed not to be translated, merely giving
I
I
i
[pres. system only groan, generalized or subordinate force to the

I
I
]
lament thought, especially w. rel. pronouns
criipvoY, OTJ chest, breast advs.]jTe ... T£,Te...xat both. ..and
o"ri(6oc, coc breast, chest TlenXo or TieaXo [pf . w. pres. meaning]
[3 aor. system of fo-nniO stood flourish

I
<rrt(v
8v stout, strong TCtVM, TBVIW, TeTvO, TfTOXO,

fj,
t
mouth stretch
I
OTOC
,
hateful, TtTxoc, toe wall [of city or for de

<i,
8v gloomy
a
CTTOYtp8c,
<T« you [sg.; for forms, see appendix fense

]
]
Tlresias [blind seer of

ctv [adv., prep. w. dat. with Tetpeatac, So

]
or6c, or>8c pig, swine Thebes

]
cut the throat, Tetpw [pres. sys. only wear out,
I
dû,
I
o^d(a
]
I
I
slaughter distress
<T«ptwv them, of them [ace. gen. Tfxvov, oo child
&
,
pi. of per a. pron. coc child

,
3
ovfTtpoc> ov thelr(s) ou, TeXefrnioa bring

I
n>
<r»t(v) oro^pto-t(v) to or for them [dat. to pass, finish

I
pi. of per s. pron. TcXfw, TfXcoa fulfill, accom

I
I
,
3
oxc6<q, raft plish, complete

I
TIC
close by, near TfXoc» «oc end, fulfillment

<rx««8v [adv.
3
, toe land marked off [for a god To\6c6t, f|fle, 6v8e such (aa this, as that)
or as private property ] Toto^TOC, To\a6Tn, TOXO^TOV such
T»oicr\ dat. pi. of T»C» ft •coxj6c, TOK?ioc parent

your[ agj
f|,
T«8c, 8v T6*o-(er)oc( r\, ov ao many, ao great

•tfpnw, tfp^w, -clpâ or (Tc)tapn6wv then
I
comfort, cheer; [mid. take my BO long, meanwhile
I
I
]
fill of Tp&xega, nc table
Tto gen. sg. of-ctc, Tt rpcTc, Tp(a three
Tc*x«a, wv [3. decl.] arms, armor Tp£nu, Tpfû, Tpifa turn
I
Tt6xu, Tctgu, T<9|a, pf. mld.i TlTVfpa* Tp!<jx»>, Spfû, 6p(fa nourish, feed,
I
I
build, make ready [in pf. pass. rear
I
I
I
often • am] tptc thrice, three times

I
TCWV gen. pi. of Ttc, f\ Tpott), tic Troy, Illon

[adv. tbere, where Tpwec, uv Trojans
T?
Tf|8e adv. here Tt>YXiSvu, Tt6£opat, v6xov happen (upon),

]
[
i
Tf|X« far (away) obtain [gen.
I
Ti)X68t afar, far (from) T6nTw, Ttfu, ] strike, beat

T6ta 1
I
ttetipx, Qfiou, QJjxo put, cauae tVp6c, oB cheese
I
I i
T(XT%>, T!|W, T(KOV beget, bear [oonj. therefore, in that case

X
T^
]
T\v6aou, Ttv4£w, Tfvoga brandish V.

I
Ttvu, xfou, TToa pay In mid. fluid,

f>,
*Yp6c, 8v watery, moist

I
I
]
[
take vengeance upon, puniah 63up, ftAaToc water

I
or-ioc,dat. pi.
T(JTCC what? why? how? t>l6c, oQ ol&at son

:
T<C, T< whot which? what<Tt aa adr. =

™r\> 1C forest, wood
why? frtietc you [pi.; for forms, see appendix]
]
Ttc, tt aome(one), something, one, cer fm£p or <me(p prep. w. gen. or ace.
a
tain, any [see Lesson 31 for forms over

;
Tt as adv. " somehow, in some respect ftncpdev above

]
TX6u, TXfjaojiax, TXljv endure patiently, 'Ynepfuv, ovoc Hyperion ['exalted one'
I
have the heart, dare 6ncpf(aXoc, ov overbearing

I
I
tot surely, you sea (pever first word sleep

(a
ftnvoc ot)
)
— to or for you [dat. sg. of o€] adv., prep. from under, under the
(b
fm6
)
]
[
ili ov such influence of, by gen. under, (at

];
[w.
rest) [w. dat. ]; under (motion to )[w. «pxX6tr|C IITOC love, friendship
,
ace.] votT&w, votTfjou, «o(Tnaa roam (back
I
tmoSpa [ adv. ] w. a scowl and forth)
, i)C battle, conflict up6voc, on death, slaughter
, rt,ov last ^pfiaC«i)w, 9pder(a)a point out;
I
, txpatvfw, tynva I weave, I devise [mid. consider
I
]
*VnX6c, high [f.] mind, spirit
fi,
6v <ppev6c
,
on high; upwards •pevfu, vpovfjou, 9p6viiaa consider,
I
nave understanding
I
aor. of i<r6(w VoX&crou, 9t>X&|u, vtXaga guard,
I
2
observe
<f,
c*v bright, shining
I
<pae{vu) give light qp6x\ov, ou leaf
I
ov [never . shining; glorious qp60\c, toe nature

f
,
wv Phaeaclans ft>0oj, «9o-a and qptiv produce; [3
I
,
,
•afvw, favlu, f?jva «how, reveal; *«t- aor., pf., and in pass. grow; [w.
I
I
]
VOTMH, «av£oT«xt, aor. pass. w. act. iv] cling to
force* qrfvnv show myself lu, I 9puvf)cruf <p£>YT)aa lift up my
I
I
appear
I
,
9&oc, v&coc light utter

I
ipapoc, eoc mantle ijc voice, sound

\,
qpdoyavov, ot> sword <pu*r6c man

,
ofou, ivetxa bear, bring

I
I
,
opat, V^YOV flee, escape xa(pu, xatpfjcrw, aor. pass. w. aot. force
I
speak, say, tell rejoice (in)

vfjou, x6pqv
I
v!i<ra
I
I
,
[for impf. forms sect. xaX«i6c, difficult

f\,
see 593 6v
]
<j>ef(v)w, ipefow, Cetera waste away, X&Xxeoc, ov of bronze

I
pass away XaXHfjpfK, tc bronze- tipped

I
ot> voice xaXn6c o9 copper, bronze

,
[f. ptc. being loved xaX*ox<TOV, wvoc bronze- clad

]
. ptc. loving eacra, cv graceful, pleasing

f
[
Eu, (ptXfjau, «(Xiiaa love

I
<j>(Xoc, i\, ov dear (to), friendly (to); gratify; give graciously

I
[as noun friend [comp. «(XTEpoc> n» xiptc, tfoc ace. sg. xSptv] grace;
;
]
OV; SUpl. ftXTdTOC, T\, OV] beauty, charm; favor, kindness

xe(t)p6< [f . hand
,
]
oo dry land, land XpSo-e(i;oc, n, ov of gold
xctu, x«*a I pour, I heap up XP«ff8c, o« gold
, xQovoc [f. ] aarth XPo6c skin, body, person
,
Xtt6v, Qvoc tunic xâajxax, xwcrdw* am angry (with)
I
,
xXaTvo, nc cloak oo place, region
xXwpfic, 4, 6v green! ah- yellow, green
Xo'Xoc, on wrath flc soul; life
,
XoX6w, (xe)xoX6ow, x6Xuoa I anger; [nldj
I am angry [ dat. of person; gen. of Ot [in direct address
&
3
'
cause ] 'aytrrtti, tic Ogygla [a mythical island
]
Xop6c , ot dance, dancing-place 2>8c thus, so
Xpc(t)6, 6oc [f.] need, necessity <&8tu, (Sou, wcra push
I
XP<\ [Impersonal, w. Infinitive, subject 2ma quickly, swiftly
In aco. ] It Is necessary, ought, should 'Qxeavftc, o» Ocean [a river encircling
XP^hwi, possession, property; [in pi.] the earth; also personified as god]
a
OTOC
<*m6c, tta, 6
swift, nimble
weal th
[adv. conj.] as, that, how, to
k
&C
fj,
XPno^6c, 8v worthy, good

Xp7ov6c,
AC, £>c thus, so always w. pitch-mark]
o9 Christ [»the anointed one*
[
]
Xptw, xPôpat, xPôa anoint

I
ENGLISH -GREEK VOCABULARY
Containing All Memory Words In Both Years
( ) Inclose words not always used; [ ] contain explanations
able aid dpovlu, xopfgw, xoptfl
f\,
able «x>v<rv8c, f>v am dpovu,
;
;
Aovfjaopat,
dat., or ace. Alclnoiis [king of Phaeacians] 'AXxtvc
];
about ncpt [prep. w. gen.,
about pfXXu, peXXfjou, alive
f\,
am gu6c, 6v
I
above (all) ncpt prep. w. gen above all An5c, AnScra, dnav nSc, n&aa, nSv
;
fercpdtv allow t&u, laou, faaa
above the rest fgoxa [adv. alone pofevoc, n, ov oloc, i\, ov
;
]
abundance, in abundance AXtc [adv.] along nopd [prep. w. ace.]
accept 6tx°T"**» 6fgopa\, 8(g6pr)v aloof An6npo8tv [adv.]
accomplish ftxfw, TeXfu, -rfXcoa; npfjaou, already flfin [adv.]
npfjgu, npliga; accomplish (completely) always atct
am (a) clp( [see appendix for forms];
according to xat& [prep. w. ace.] (b) nlXu, — n(f)Xov, or mid.:
,
account X6YO<» o«; on account of 6tfi nfXopat, — nX6ptiv
;
[prep. w. ace.], ctvcxa [prep. w. gen.] (c) Yty*0!10** Y£vô"°1ia*« Y*v^tulv» Y^'
Achaeans 'Axatof, Ov yaa
Achilles [greatest warrior of Greeks and am lord dv&aou, dv&|u,
hero of Iliad] 'Ax*X(X)e«c, ?joc among tv [prep. w. dat.], ptTfi prep.
[
address npocr-ao64oj, npoo-etnov dat.], 81,4 prep. w. ace.
]
[
admirable ipttp^v, ovoc &Y<n>6c f|, 6v ancestral ncrrpfc, (&oc as f. adj.]

;
[
advice pooXfj, Yjc anchor-stone efcvf}, !{c
aegis-bearing alytoxoc, <1i °v and xaC, <i6l, 161 TC never first woi
[
,
Aeolus [ruler of the winds] ACoXoc, o« and not otftf, ixi)<f
afar Anftvevdc, Ti)X66i anger [dat. of person; gen. of cause] XO-

after [in search or attack] inf w. ace., X6u, (He)xoX6ou, xoXwcra am angry
I
;
after [in time or position] pCT& w. ace. [dat. of person; gen. of cause] xoX6-
afterward 6nt(<r}0cv, pcT6nta6c(v)
again at, afrre, afrrtc, ndXtv announce
against the will anoint XP^°~opaifXpT°*ftpnv;

[adv.]
,
AfuifTt
Agamemnon 'Ayapfiivwv, ovo<
any (one) TtCi Tt [for forms, see sect. 210
apart (from) 4n4vet»6e adv., and prep.
agitate 6pivu, — optva •
[
,
(24)
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY (25)
gen.]; v8c*t(v), [adva.] at the same time

Apollo 'AnfiXXuv, wvoc at once d«pap [adv. ]
appear âtvopot , favfopai, v&vt\r ; appear Athene 'A6fjvii, r)C
[=«eem] 8oxfw, Soxfjow, o6xi)<ra ; (e)t(So- attempt ncip&u, netpfjou, nctpncra

pat, — , (i)etodpi(Y attendant &wpC noXoc t ov [ f.];xTJpt>|,
ppearance el«oc, eoc attend to xX6w, — , (xl)xXoov [a thematic In

approach txvio-pax, {(opat, lx6ptiY [ w. aor. Impt. ]
ACC.] at the same time 6pofl
nor Ivrea, uv [3 deal.]; Te6xca, WY avoid ixfopat, —, dXeftptiv or aXcoftpqY ;
[3 decl.] dXecfvu
Da T«6xea, uv [3 decl.]; £vrca, uv [3 await pfvu, peYfu, peTva ; iitpwj [pres.

decl.]; I arm 6opfjaou, —, 86pti|a system only]
wound 4mp< [adv.; prep. w. dat. or ace. away (from) 4n8, 4n4vco6c [ advs., preps.
case]; 4wp(c [adv.] w. gen.]; I an away 4n-ef|it ; away (from)
prlve 4f4xvlopa*, d^-Cgopax, vioiitv, CNT6c [ advs.]
arrow pfxoc, awe-inspiring 6etv6c,
fj,
eoc 6v
Artemis [twin sister of Apollo] "/ awfully aiv&c
back [adv.] afertCt 4"t» "4Xtv, 4vd or 4V;
ascend 4va-pa(vu, [noun] YMTOV, oo; back again [adv.] df,

ndXtv back 6n(<r(<r)<o
;
fj,
bad xax6c 6v
,
ashen spear bag 4crxoc, o«

; efpopat, band f6voc» eoc
cropat, bait [for catching fish] &6Xoc» ow
sail bar poxX6c, o*

sembly iropfi, !|c barren dTpftveTOCt ov
sign vipu, vcTif base novr)p6c, f|, 6v
signed by lot XoyxfiYU, Xfigopat, battle ftcrpitvii, nc pdxHi nc

;
bay xfiXnoc, oo
at 4n(, napft, np6c [preps, w. dat.]; at be [see "am"]
least ye; at once beam 66pt>, 6o6paToc or Aoup8c

at another time dXXo bear Îpw, otow, evexxa, T(XTU,
at ease f eta [adv. ] T!XOY [=glve birth to]
beat T blast 4oTp.fi, nc; e6exxa, nc
, —» blaze SaCopat
beautiful, very beautiful neptwaXXfic, t blazing al96p£voc, r\, ov
beautiful xaX&c, f\ 6v[comp. xaXXtuv, ov; blessed pdxap, apoc
supl. xdXXtcr-roc, q, ov] blood alpa, OTO<
beauty x^PtC, [aoc. ag. blooming 6aXcp6ct
1«
*TOC ^v
xdXXoc, COC
blow <finu
because 8ft bo&r xfijipoc, oo
become yfyvottxit, boast eoxopax, >6|opav, eb|dpirv [w. inf.]

bed eovfj, !jc;X$xoc, eoc [pi. is often used body oCSpa, OTOC; XP^C, Xpo^c
for ag. ] bolt xXqfc, TAoc
bed-room QdXayioc, oo bond 8ecr|i6c, o?
before np606e(v), n4potQc(v), npondpot- bone 6crTlov, o«
6e(v), dvra; nipoc [adv.]; nptv [conj. born, am yfYvopat, ycvfjcopat, ycv6û)v.
I
v. inf. or anticipatory subj. ]; nptv ylyao
[adv. ] bosom x6\noc, oo
beg xfovopai, — , Xtffdiinv both. . . and IE...TE, te..xi{;on both

beget T<H-CW, T^Jw, TJHOV sides 4p<p{ [adv., prep. w. dat. or ace.];
beginning Apx*i. 1JC both &ptp8Tepoc, n,ov;both ^Cv [correla
behind &n(a(or)w, 5n\(<r)8ev, êT8nt<T9e(v) tive with J|AC]
believe (in) ntoreftu, ntdretou, n(ore«<ra boundary net pap, OTOC
[w. dat. ] boundless Anetpwv, ov

belly <f<i<ttfipt yaarfpoc or YaorTP$C [f . ] boy natCt nat56c

beneficial, more, xIpSxov [comp. adv.] brandish Ttvdcrow, TtvdSu, rCvogo
in(, napi [preps, dat.] ovjaupl.

fi,
beside w. brave 4ya96c, 6v [oomp.&pctuv,
better H^pOtov [comp. adv.]; dpefuv, dpxaroc, n» ov]

dpetov [comp. adj.] bread ctToCf oo
0
bewail 6&TJpopat, 6*oploTia\, 669p&pi)v break p^yvo>t, pfiSu, f1j£a
big pfyac, TxeydXtV T»^Ya t m.acc. ag. breast orlpvov, oo
n.-jafya, rest 2nd decl. on stem breath &$ctifj, fjc
comp. petûv, ovjsupl. plyvaToc, r\, ov]; bride vtp^n, nc
bride-price or feflva, uv
fi,
6aXep6c, 6v tftva
bird ipvtc, 6pvT6oc» oiwvo'c, o€ bright 8Toc,a,ov [f. usually keeps a through
black plXac, out eg.]; Xeox6c, vactvlc, 6v;

fj.
f\,
ii^>.a\va,TrfWtm.-n.gen.iiCXavoc 6v;
]
BNGLISH-OREEK VOCABULARY (27)
r\, ov cast npo-tnp*i npo-f|OU), npo-7|xa
brine &Xpr|, tic catch fire Anropai, dfofwii

bring vfpu,o{ou,fvct*a; bring to a halt cave onfoc, antoa or ojrfjoct njjdvrpov, OP
torrijiv , onflow, crr?j<7a [transitlve]»bring one cause T<8inu, Ofjou, erjxa; cause to be seat
self to a halt Icmipcit ,o"diaouxnf <JT?JY ed lea [aor. of l£oi«xt]; xae-tjw, —
,
bring near to ncX&gu, ncXdcrw, niXacr(c)a
bring to pass TtXcoT&u, TtXcmrfjou, TC- cease na6o)iat, na6cro>ia\,
certain, [indef. adj. andpron.]
a
briny [for forms, sect. 209-210]
f\,
dXpt>p8c» 6V see
briny crust flXpi], q< chair ep6voc, o«

broad eiptc, sta, change Apetpw or dpetpopax, dpcffopat,
6
bronze xaXx6c, 08; x^Xxcoc, ov
bronze- clad xaXxoxfwv, uvoc chariot (platform) st^poc, ot>
bronze-tipped xaXxfjpnc, «c charity 4Y4nn, nc

brother xacrtYvnT6c, o? charm X4ptc, tToc. tacc. sg.
build T6<xw, T«6£u, TE^ga, pf. mid. check ip&Ui), ip^lu, Ipoâ or tp^xaxov;
etX(l)u, —, (l)eXaa
burn xa(u, xa6ow, xfja [tr. cheer T^pnu, tlptu, Tlpfa or (Tc)rap-
]
burning ai66êvoct t), ov n8|inv; lafvw, — {nvo

,
about, am,novfotux\t cheese -rtp6<;, o«

y
chest a-cfpvov, oo
lit &XX&,air6p, dvfip; 6f[never first word; chiefly fgoxa

following a phrase or clause Introduced child note, na\66c; T£XVOV, oo; T!HOC, cot;
by piv]; but now ol> choose atpfotiat, alpfjaopat, Ix6pnv

by [cause or agent ]feib w. gen. Christ XptdT6c, o3
by now ^6r\ [adv.] Circe KCpxri, qc
city n(T)8xtc, toe

call Xfyu, Xf|w, X(|a; HaXfu,naX(utHdXeoxi; clear vmiepTfjc, Ic
call (by name)6vop&gu, 6vonAcru), 6v6paoa claim to be ctSx°pat, cigoûit, c6g&px)v
calm xo^fidw, xotpfjou, xoCpncna cleanse xadafpu, xaSapfu, x46r]pa

Calypso [a nymph] KaX«t6, 8oc clearly Afj
can aftyapax, «ovfl(Toât, AT>vno&pnv [w. Inf.] cling to ipftopat, v&ropat, ftv
care xf|Aoc,eoc; am care to ptXu, cloak xXaTva, qc
a
I
close [adj.] mjx(Ov6c, <j,8v; [adv.] S0oov;

close by <rxe«6v [adv.], dVx* C adv.; confine eiX(f)u, — (f)tXcra
,
prep. w. gen.] conflict fto>Tvt), nc
clothe EvWfit, Ea(cr)ut fcr(a)a confuse wm&u, *v*f\aut x6xriaa

clothing tcrefc, IJTOC ; eljia, OTOC [In pi.] conquer vxxfiw, vtxfiow, v^xncra
cloud vcffXi), nc ; rffoc, coc consent alvfw, aivfjou, aCvtiaa

cloud-gatherer [epithet of Zeua] veqptXi]- consider qppovfu, q>povf|ou, ^pSvnaa; consi
yeplTa, ao der whether to or how to porsXi&o, ôt>—
cloud-wrapped *eXaxvt?f|C , fc Xe6(Tu,3oCXcoaa [w. inf. or &nuc and pur

(a) fpxopat, ?X(u)6ov, pose tr. consider ?p&gopat, ?p£a-
];
come iXeftcropat, cons
etxf|Xot>ea ; (b) txvfopat, tgopat, tx6priv;
( c) txdvw [prea. system only]; (d) construct x&pvu, wxplopat, xduov
I come (by chance) xxxavw, Mtxôpat, contrive pfjftopat, pfjaopat,
x<xov ; (e) I come to in-fpxopat etc.; constrain pt6£o> prea. system only]
[
df-VMvtopai etc. [w. ace.]; (f) I come control
to be nfXw,-,n(l)Xov or nfXopat, — ,nX8- copper
corpse vtxuc TJOC
,
(g) I come upon fa-fpxopat etc. [w. dat, could [^potential future supposition] ex
ace.] pressed by verb in opt. w. xe(v) or dv

come down NaT-tpxopat, etc. counsels, of many counsels noXipnTtc, *<X
comfort T! pm>, rtpû, Tfp^n or (Tc)Tapn6- [m. or .]

f
countless pOpfoc, t\, ov
comfortable Xtnap6f, country naTpfc, <4oc; &Yp6c,o9[opp. to

fj,
6v
command &v6yu, dY<S5(j,4vwô,dvwYO [pf . baa city]

prea. sense; plpf. has impf. sense]; KC- courage pfvoc, coc
Xe6w, KtX«6ou, xfXcT>aa w. ace., dat., courageous 4yfV(JPi opoc
[
or Inf.J; a command ivroXfj, lie course xfXeo6oc,ot» [f., but frequently n.

commiserate 6Xofttpopat, iXo^Tpfopat, 6X0- in pi.]; of course not)
court
companion iratpoc, oo;§Tapoc, ox> courtyard
compel 4»-OTpww, -oTpvVfw, -6TpSva cover xaXforcu,
complete rcXfu, TtXfu, TfXeoa cow ô^c, po6c, [d. pi. also pot»o<
]
comrade iToTpoCt °° or Irapoc, ot> cowardly xax6c f\, 6v; AeiX6c, f|, 6v
,
conceal Mpftmu, xpt>ut xp6fu craftiness &6Xoc, oo
concerning &^t[adv.; prep. w. dat. or acoj crag ox6ntXoc oo

,
crest X6fOC, 09 death o«; nfp, xrip6c; v6voc> oo;
Cronus' son [Zeus ] Kpovfuv, tuvoc OT>
orota ntp&w, nepfiow, nfpt|<ra deceive XovSdvw, Xfjow, XdQov
crouch e{x(f)opa\ deck \xpta, uv
cruel oxfrXtoc, fl, ov declare myself et>x«ffropat
cry pofi, lie deed IPYOV, oo; npolyna, o-coc
cry out in pain olirfgw,o{ii6gopai,o{puga deer iXaepoc, oo [f.J

cunning 66Xoc . ot> defence&Xxfj, rjc dat. sg.
[
current pooc, et» defend dûvu, Atrtvl
custom fitxri, IK; eitttc.icroc; [f. ] deep Pa66c, eta,
6
cut Tfiiivw, —, delightful YÔH*<:»
cut the throat desire 06X0^101, pooXflo-oiiot
,
Cyclops KfoXuf, desire eagerly iievcotvw, — ^.evlnvo
;
,
desire tpepoc. oo; Ipoc> ov
dance destined, am pfXXu, peXXfjou, îlXXriaa

I
dancing-place destroy 6xx6w, 6xfout 5Xea(a)a; &i»-oXXfiu
dandle nfiXXu, —, etc. [destroy utterly
]
re TX4u, TXfjcrcniat, rX?jv destruction 6Xe8poc> o«
irlng destructive
fi,
neyaXf)twp, opOC &Xo6c, 6v
dark fJXoCt i*fXatva,pfXayfci.-n. gen.iifX- devise Ufatvu, ityavfu, ft«priva
x«XotVf^<ic, Ic devour {a6u (pros, system only

]
dark-prowed Mtxxv6np(|)poc , o« die 6aviopat, 9dvov;xa-ca6vf|axoj etc.
6vfjcrxu>,
difficult
f\,
dart 6po6w, 6po6ow, opooao xaXen6c, 6v

daub dXt(«u, dXef^j, dXett0 dinner ftetnvov, oo
daughter evfdTitp>6«YaTfpoc or 6t»yoTp5c dire f)ap6c» eta,

6
xoftpn, tic direction, in what direction on(n)f)

iwn 'H(5c,'H6oc ['•» «oc. sg. often con discover c6p(<rxu, ebpflow, eopov
tracts to 'HD] disease vo^croc o« .

I [f
,
day ?n«xp, fhxaTOC distress dXyoc.eoc; distress Tttpu [pros.
dead, the dead vfxuec ,6uv; I an dead TC- system only ];dlstres8 btg'tic, 6o<:[f]
dvtpux distribute vufiou, vu^xfiou, vfipnaa
deadly divine
f|,
&Xo6c , 6v 8eonl(7toc» «li ov
dear «p(Xoc,ii,ov [oomp. ^(XTepoc, n,ov;supl. divine decree 8t<npaTOYt oo
tl, OV divinely decreed efcrcpatoc, ov

divinity, ovoc eagle ale-roc, o%
do fp|u, no*<« ear otac, OTOC dat.pl. also 4xr(
]
[
, noti)oa;i do wrong dflxx£u, dfixxfiou early-born (one) f|p\r*v«t<x» flC
dfltxno-a; *> «P<io~<*«>» earth yoTa.nc [world, globe lixftfrr
dog xwiiY, Hov6c .; =ground]; dpoT>pa,n< [soil, plowable
[f
door 6*pt|, nc land]
door-post ara8p6c» o% earth-shaker [epithet of Poseidon] tv-
door-stone 6t>pe6Ct ofl voctx6wv» ovoc; ivvoatyatoc, oo
doubt, no doubt noo easily f>e\a [adv.
]
doughty fêtiioc, t|, ov easily - directed [epithet of ships &P
]
down (from) xirrfi [prep. w. gen. ]; down
(•long) «aT& [w. ace.]; down to easy pn(oioc( n, ov
[w. aoo. ] eat ta6t<o,£6oTiax ,^SYO [pres.
dowry I6va or £cfiva, uv systems only
]
drag 4p«u, — , iptKr(ff)o; iXww eating tAirctc, 6oc
draw dffaou, A<y6|Q, iqptj<r<a)a edge axpov, o«
dreadful oiv8c, 6ety6c, 6r either or fl...fl [after negative]

<i,
6v; .
f|
.
.
dream ovexpoc, oo oMC...eMi
drink n6atc* to< Eetion [father of Andromache] 'He<r(wv,wvo<
drink ntvw, nTopat, nCov elude Xavd&vu, Xfjou, Xd6ov
drive iXa6vu, ixiu, EXao-(o-)a; drive a end neTpap, a-roc T!XOC eoc
;
,
flock vt\iu, vepfa, veTptajdrlve if-Cnu, endure dv-lxoiiav, etc.; endure patiently
tnt-oitor; actiu, — (or)ae3a or

>
enjoin
drive on enter clcr-tpxoftat, etc.; Ctlw, 6^0oua\, 60-
dry land x^pffoc, ot>
CTdunv or 8tiv
due measure ^lotpa, r)c
entire otxoc, t), ov
dust Kovtij, tjc
entrance n6Xq, nc
dwell olxlw, oixfioru, oixqcra; vatcrfiu
entreat Xtaooiiat, — Xxad^v
,
each Exacnroc ,ii,ov;each othnr &XXf|Xoi, wv equal Tcoc, (Dfonj, laov

[pi. only] escape «pE6Yw,<pr65o)iat,(p6Yov;eacape someone's
eager(ly) np6»puv,ov; am eager plpaa [pf. notice Xav86vu,Xfj0u,X&8ov; escape

I
w. pros, meaning]; am eager to t<f-

I
escort nopnfj, i>c

especially nept [adv.]; fame xXloc, xXl(«)o<
estate ytpac, aoc famous HX«T6c 6v
,
eternal iedva-voc, t|, ov far (away) 4n8npoeev, TtjXe [advs.]
Eurylochus [a companion of Odysseus] far (from) TnX66i
farmyard o*Xf\, tjc croe^Sc, o*
;
even: not even oiAf, fast eta, comp. Saaovjv.ov; aupl.
t
-rax^C*
[
ever aid; nor«[«at some time] •c4x»oôc, rj, ov]
every nSc, nSffa, n8v fasten Anru, dfu, aâ; «fu, 6f)ow, Sriaa
everywhere ndvrjj f»t nTwv,ovoc;T«p\<x;,t),ov [adJs.];xvTcri|,
evil xax8c,
fj,
8v HC [noun]
exactly dTpcxfuc fate pot pa, nc; *<ip,Hnp6ciolou,nc;n5Tiioc>oif
exceedingly xft|V father naxljp; na^fpoc orna-cp6c; cu' one's
excellent E<jex6c,fi,6v;xXt>T6?,6v;dTi<iicu)v, ovoc fathers na-rptc, <«oc [as f. adj.]
excelling n«pt [prep. w. gen.] fatherland naxptc, t*oc; niTpi), ijc
exchange dpctpopat, dpcffopat, dpi fear AstBoo, Acfaopat, ftetcra, Aeftta
exist vaxE-rdw [w. Inf.cr^n and purpose construction;
expect £Xnu [present system only] pf. has pros, sense]; Aioc, ACcoc
experience ndoxu, nctaopat, nddov feast 6afv3patteafo-opaxtAato-&>nv; give
a
I
extreme ixpoc, n» ev feast ftatvtyu, Aafou, fiataa; «aCc,4atT6c
exult efcopat, ei|opat, e6g&pi)v;r feed [tr.frpffu, Bpftu, epffn; feed upon
eye 6q>6aXii6c,oo;eyes 6crac[n. dual] [Intr.] vitiopat, vtplopat ,•« \pdpn v[w. accj
eyebrow 6»p«<, toe [f. feed [tr.]
36oxwt pooxfjau, p6crxnaa; ^pfi-

]
eyelid BXfvapov. ot> •TU|, nc or 3pG5o-tc, toe

feel tnvpatopat, tnx-pdcrcroiiat Int-îaao&^qv

,
face el«oc, coc fellow dvQpwnoc, ot>
fall of aiuxpfdvu, female [adj.] 6!jXt><:, eoc; efiXeto, nc

»lr Icoc, (E)forti, few 6X(yoC, ij, ov
fair- tressed EwcX6xap.o<; ov field dyp6c, oo
,
faithful tptripoc.ov, pi. decl fight (with) pax(f)ouat,

3
faith In, have ntOTt&i), ntOTE6ou, n(er

I
oTEooa [*> dat.] fill tii

fall n(nTUtnEO-iopat, nfcrov find eftpfoxu, (6pf)ou, clpov
fall down xaTO-xlopat -XE6croiiai, fine Efc-cpyfjc, Ic
,
or - finish TCXEOTOU, Tt\er>Tf|OW,

fire n3p, nop6c prep. w. dat. or ace.]; for the
[
firm fpncAoc, ov sake of etvena prep. w. gen.]
[
flrat npGfoc, r\, ov force p<t), nc
fish ixetc, <o< forest wXri, tic
fit (together or with) dpaptoxw, dpaopat, forever aid

dpaa or apapov forgetful of, am XavO&vopai,
I
fitting, It Is foina, £$mta [ In 3rd og.
imps, construction, sometimes followed former np6TEpoc, q, ov

by ace. and inf.] formerly ndpoc [adv.]
fix nlJYvViu , nfj|u, nliJo forsake xoTa-Xetroj, etc.
flashing- eyed [epithet of Athene] yXot>x&- fragrant £ppp6<rtoc, n, ov; ov
nvCi t«oc fresh vfoc, n, ov
flay *tp«» ««pf*», SeTpa friend ffXoc, oo [m. adj. as noun]
flee <?e*Yw, «cft£otiax, ?6yoY friendly (to) «p<Xoc, n, ov
flesh cr4p£, oapxic C f-]; xpfa, Kpc&v, friendship ftX6Ti|Ct lôq
[nom. sg. Hpfac ] frightful crpEpftaXfoc, ti, ov
flock pfiXov, oo from [prep.] in6, ix, napi, np6c w genj
t
flock of sheep nGto, nfieoc from close at hand tyY*®** from else
i
flourish -rfeqXa or T€ SaXa [ pf . w. pres. where dXXo6t v from there vdcv from
;
;
meaning] what place or source? n6dcv
flow pfwtpres. system only] rul xap jiftc o9
f
t
fluid *yp8c, fulfil reXio), TtXfu, TfXcaa

f\,
6v
fly nlvoiiai nrfjaopat nrfipn v fulfillment tf Xoc coc

,
,
fold [for sheep, goats, or cattle] ejnx8c, funeral-pyre nopfj, fjc
06; ai\i\, ?jc fold [of a garment] x6x- garden

;
AxwXfj, TIC
noCt oo old jrctaow, garment elâ, atoc

f
I
;
follow (with) fnopat, ifopat, Icm6)itiv gasp dcmatpw
followers XS8c ow gate n^Xri, nc

,
food atToCi oo el«ap, gather together

;
[2nd aor. mid.]

foolish vfpixoc, i), ov gave n6pov [2nd aor. system only]
footnote* m.]; on foot neg€c, gentle 4yav6c 6v

fj,
no«6<; 6v f),
f\,
i»aXax6c
[
,
;
,
6v get Xappfivui, Xffopat, Xftpov
for Y&P [oonj., never first word]; for get by lot Xoyx^vw, xdôîat,
gift »Cpov, oo ; gift of hospitality [a good 4yoe8c, f|, 8v [comp.] dpetwv, ov
;
present given by host to guest] getvtov, supl. dp \CTTOC, t), ov], 6v;
good-for-nothing
f\,
ot> X«yp8c, 8v
gigantic ncX&ptoc, a, ov grace x^pvc, ITOC, [ace. sg.
girl note, nat«8c ; xo6pti, t)C graceful xaptttc, ccrtra, ev
give aCAupt, «£ou, «C*a [see appendix for gratify xopfôpat, xaP^ôpat
forma] ; 6n4gw, onioou, 6jiaff(c)a; gave great Ûvac, luyftXi), >ifYa m. ace. sg.
[
n8pov [2nd aor. system only] ttlvxxv, n.îCva, rest 2nd decl. on stem
give graciously xaptôpot, xaptfopat, x<*P- peyaX-; oomp. pefguv, ov supl. >I£YIO—
;
TOC, n, ov] pevaXfrwop, opoc [- great
;
give light vaeCvu hearted]; so great T6cr(ff)oc, rj» ov as
;
Ive one [aco. ] his due of Xayxdvu, Xdgo- great as 5c(o-)oc, n, ov
pat, (Xi)Xaxoy greatly p&xa aiv&c
;
give orders to em-TfXXu, — , cnC-rctXa Greeks 'AxatoC, Qv
give way efxu, efgu, (f)ctga green, greenish-yellow xXup8c,
fl,
8v
gleaming nopqpftpcoc, t|, ov greyish noXt8c, (f\), 8v
gloomy grief
fj,
OTt»YCp8c, 8v dxoc> eoc

;
nfvdoc, eoc
lorlous 6Toc, a, ov f. usually keeps a grieve dxaxtgu, dtcaxfjow, dxaxov dxc(6)tt
[
,
;
throughout sg.] —
fj
«<iC8tiioc, ov never dxaxov; dxvopat intrans.]

;
glory «8ga, IK;X««OC, grievous dXeyetvoc,

<|,
eoc 8v
6atvw, pl|oropat, p!Jv, plpqxa Ipxo|iot, groan orcv&xu pres. system only];y8oc,oo
;
tXeftaopat, ix(o)6ov,
eiX^Xot>6a oretx»>t group fOvoc, eoc

;
— <rc<xotr go past nap-fpxopai, grow df|u, dcgfjou, df gnoa

;
etc.; go upon int-paCvu, etc. w. gen.l pat, »Vv

[
go xCw, — xtov go near to neXfigw, guard «oXdaou>, voXfigu, ^6Xaga cpoNwo,

,
ntxdou, n«Xao-(o-)o go towards or round

;
guest getvoc, o»
guide flylopa
god 6e8c, o9 gulf XaT-rpa,
goddess 6ca, 3c
godlike dvr(6coc, n, ov 6eoei«fjc, Ic Hades [ruler of the lower world] 'A{6nc,3o
;
sing {6v, loSaa, i8v [or] "At«oc

old xp«o-8c, oC; of gold XP<cre(Ooc, hair x5patt SOJY
ov
half {\pxo^>c, (eta),
«
heart xSjp, x?jpoc [ n.] ; 65p6c , o» ; f|Top
hall «Cpa, OTOC ; large hall tiivopov, o«
[n., indecl.] have the heart (to)
I
halt [Intr.] orfiffopat, o-rijv ;
;
lonraiKii*
TX&u, TXfioopat, -tXfiv heart xpaftfn, nc
[tr.,sbring to halt] C<rwn»t, oxf)ou,
;
a
heaven oipavoc ot5
,
orHcra
heavenly SsonJortoc, ov
band x«<P. X«(Op8< tf.] n*
pop«c, eto,
OT> [f.];
6pp\|ioc, r\, ov
*
heavy
;
handmaid AjuptnoXoc »
[strictly sacrifice of 100 cattle;
hecatomb
happen Y^Y*0?
to [expressed by verb in opt.— in but usually sacrifice in general] iwa-

happen
"should. . .would"construction]; happen
Hector [most distinguished warrior of the

[upon] TTJYXfivid, Te6goiiai, T^XOV
oXpoc
Trojans] "ExTWp, opoc
happiness , ow
opoc oXptoc, n, ov helmet x6p«c, «6oc

happy pfixop, ;
onettoro; Sn-i her (a) [pron., see "ahe"]; (b) [adj.]

hasten ojut&u, onetow,
t8c, 6v; (c) herself oi»Tfi, Sj<, ?» fa
fit
harbor Xtjxfjv, ivoc
hard apvaXfoc, n» ov herald xrjpti^, thtoc
here -t^«e, a*8t, 4v84«« [advs.]

harm finXtopai, ftnXfjo-opat ,
hereafter 6nt(<r)eev, 6nto-(c)w [advs.]

harmless Anfouv, ov
hesitate to ftgopot pres. system only]
hasten kn-ti\oâ\i onetfiu, one6ou, oneôa
[
hide x*<8w, xt*cw, x$6ov
hate pTtrlu, pTo-<j0w, ixtOTjaro
high î» 8v
hateful 8v 6^riX8c»
<i.
0Tt>Y«p8c,
or °x8v or oxf 6ov him [see "he"]

have IxVi 'Sw °xfl°u»
;
— himself, herself, Itself otr8c. <i,
8
have mercy on iXefw, i\it\aa', have
his I6c,
<i,
tXflv 8v
the heart (to) TXfiw, TXf)<TOTiat,
hiss t4x« [pres. system only]

o*t6c— blB tin 8en'
6,
he (a) 5«e, <b)

»
hither fcv6d8«, 8e«po [advs.]

dat., ace.] also lo, ot, t**v» t8ee
*
hold Ixw, 8S« or oxfio", ox8v or oxt®<

Lesson 34]
hold back from 4n-?xwi etc.; hold up
head xeqwXfj, fjc wfipn, xapfi(a)roc or
;
under dv-fxopa*. etc.; take hold oe6iinv
;
holy fep6ci
ij»
sometimes w. ov
Axofto, 4xo*o-OTxat, 4xoo(TO
[
gen.]; hear (sound of) xX6u, — (xl)xXx>- home olxoc oo

i
,
home-coming, of one's v8aT*ôc T\, ov

in aor. impt.
,
ov [athematlc
]
icy- sweet jieXtnSfjC, fc ii, ov
honor xSSoc, «oc
incite opvlpt, 6pou, opao [aor. mid. alao
honorable 6txa\oc, r\, ov
aiSoToc, n, ov 6p(6)p.nv]
lored
ape SXrei) or IXjropat [pres.ayatem only] increase ifgu, dc^fjou, dCgnoxx
lorae tnnoc, Indeed [in contrasts, followed
!|,
ot> Afj by
;
arse- taming tnn6£apoc, ov AC] pfv
38 tile fiocrpevfc , Ic indignant, am Indignant (with) vepea-
I
:>use olxoci oo; 56poc , oo; ftuîa, OTOC
low 6c« howl nGc, Ttnrc infatuation STI),* nc
swever 6l [never first word] inhabit oixfu, olnfjou, otHnaa;

nan [adj.] ppoT$c, 8v; [In reference va(u, —
t\t
vaaaa
,
to a man'a fleah] 4v«p6pEoc, n, ov; injure dfttxfu, dAtHfjacd, 4&(Hnaa
human being dv6pcjjioc, ot» Inquire (from) n««6oi«at, ne«o-opat,
pfjrtw, ptû, ^tta; fm»v, flow, {|xa iro86priv; ipfu
see appendix for forma] inside (of) IvToaee(v), Iv«ov
[
laband n6<rtc, toe into cic [prep. w. ace.]; into the midat
>erion ('exalted') 'Yntpfwv, ovoc PCT& [prep. w. ace.]
invite xaXlu, xaXfu, x&Xcaa
[for forma, aee appendix] iron, of iron crtofjpcoc, i\, ov

if ei; if only [-impoasible wlah] el, el aland vfjcroc, oo [f.]
i
vftp, or efee w. opt.]; if ol cl] it ~ (b) [in gen., dat.]

[= (a) T6, T6««, o*T8

[
Ilion Tpotq, ncj'IXtoc, ot> [f.] also lo, ot

imagine 6û or 6fopat, 6tcropa\, 6(a&^nv Ithaca [a small island in the lonlanSea]
immeaaurable doncToc, ov 'ledxi), nc
immortal Aedvairoc n, ov; a^ppo-coc, ov Itself o*T6, o?, u>,
,
in ev [prep. w. dat.]; in any weynu^;
in fact Y* in front of np8or8«(v) in Journey 666c, o3

.]
;
f
;
order [adv.] l£?ic in order that tva, Judge xplvw, wptvlu, xptva
;
&C, 6nuc, 6q>pa; in silence ixloov, ooaa, Just fifxatoc, n, ov; a^Twc [adv.]
— In that case conj.] in the
tijj same Justice atxr],
;
TIC
;
[
place adv.] otroS in great numbers

[
4Xtc [adv.]; in abundance dXtc [adv.]; keen 6&6<, eta,

6
in front of npondpo\6t (v) • in reply keep off (e)E>YW, Ipgw, lp|a

kill xTtfvw, xT«vlu, XTttva ; &XXfe>, 6X1 ou, leaf »6XXov, ot>
2Xea(cr)a ; dn-oXXfu.eto. ; ; xaTa-xTetvu, lean xXTvu, xXTvfu, xXlva; fcpctfiu,
etc. ; £f-evapt£u, -evapttu, -evSptga ipefou, epeto'a
kindle xatu, xatow, x?ja learn pavOdvu, iiaSfjaopat jideov;
,
kindly np6vpuv, ov;tv8tmlwc [adv. ] ne60opa\,nr»e6piiv[l learn by inquiry]
king 6vag, dvaxToc least, at, ye
kingdom paatXeln, tic leave Xe(iKo,Xe(û,X(novv leave (alone)
kiss xovfw, x«vf|oropat, x6a(c)a tdw, caou, iaoa leave behind
;
knee Y^vo, Y°6vaToc or YOT)V^ xaTa-Xc(nu etc.
know Y^Y*^0"""* Yv^£r°Tlotf YVWV, Eyvwxa, IY~ length pijxoc, toe
vucrpai,Yv£a8tiv;olaa[aee appendix for fornal let (a) let me, let ua [expressed by verb
labor at noviopat, novfjcropai, novricrdiiiiv in hortatory aubj.] (b) let him, her,
Laertes' aon [i.e., Odysseus ] AaepTvd6i}c,eoj it, them [expressed by verb in opt.];
lamb( s) dpvtc.wv, [ace. ag. dpva] (c) [=allow, permit] i&u, kn.au, tdcra
lament errevdxV»tPre8« syot"1" only]; lie (down)xtlpat [pf. »ld. system only];
f opat xcrri-xctpat
lie xxfvwt xXTvfu, xXtva
lamentation Y°°C , o« life gufj, tjc; t«xfi nc; ptoci ot>
land Yafa, r\a; I land upon tnt-po(vw, ent- lift up detpw, — dctpa
,
pfjaopox , tn(-prpf [w. gen.]; by land ncg6c, light q>doc,94eoc;at)Yfi.»ic;I give light
6v;land fcexpoc, oo[f .
f\,
],
x^pcroc, ot>
land marked off [for a god or aa private light up

property] -rffievoc, eoc like to opoToc,it>ov;l am like to lotxa,

large (a)p.fYac(p£Y6Xr|tp4Ya' m- ac> a&* c^xea [pf. and

plpf. w. pros, and impf.
[
i. pfcYa» rest 2nd decl on stem sense]

k-; comp. pcCguv,ov; aupl. limb (of body) plXoc, eoc; yvtov, 019
ov] — (b) paxp6c, lion Xfuv, ovroc

fit
6v
,
last toraroc, i), ov live £&Ut Sôw, &D<â
later pcr6ntcre«(v) living gu6c,fj,6v; pCoTOC.ov [noun]

lawful, it la, long long (after)
fj,
6f-p.tc (a)poxp6c, 8v (b)

I
lay hold of djuropax, nodtu, nodfjou, n66t0a;(c) Afjv, Anp6v
lead dvu, d|w, [advs.

]
f)YHO"4pnv lead the way) look about sharply for) noircaCvu, —

,
(
(
;
viftt, n&nrnva
look (at) Apdu, Itopat, \«ov, tupnxa, i6p5- many noXX&c, f\, 6v;m. and n. alao 3rd deol.
, ofOqv; cta-opfiw ; Xe6<row i[oomp. nXeCwv.ov; aupl. nXctoroc,
f
.oom [for weaving] (or6c, oo" ov];aa many aa 6cr(cr)oc, TI.OVJSO many
f
ooae Xou, Xoou, XScra, XfXona, XiXopat, t|, ov
X66nv marry yaplu, â^tu ,y&^T\oa or -^jui

.ord dva|, dvaxtoc ; I am lord &v£crout marriage yfipoc oo
,
dv&gw, dvaga marriage-feast Y^P°C OO
,
lose 4n-oXX6u, in-oXlou, dn-6Xta(a)a; marvel (at) Oaop&gu, 6aop4crcropax 6a6>iaaa
,
6xx6u maat tcrrSc, o9
lotus XUTOC, o9 may (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) [ex
Lotus-eaters Auroqpdy0** "v pressed by verb in opt.]
love &y&nn, qc J I love vtXfu me [see iron, forma in Appendix]
qoa; being loved [f. pto.] meadow Xtfp&v, Cvoc
loving [f. ptc.] 9tX(ooaa,itc; love fpoc, meal Cetnvov, oo
ov; 9tX6>Tt|C, ITVOC meanwhile -cSypa
loyal ipfqpoc, ov, pi. 3 deol. ipCqpec , etc. measure pi-gpov, oo (due) measure) pot pa,
;
luckless ActXftc,
f),
6v HC (allotted) measure alcra, TJC

;
'
meaaureleaa piop<oc, t|, ov
maiden vop^ti, qc meat xpla, npewv, [nom. ag. xplac
]
mainland tîttpoc, oo meet fcf-lnu, t<f-f1fu, in(-<mov
[f
.]
make notfu,notfiou,no(q0a; make myself melt ia(vu, — {qva

,
heard ytywvlio, ytvuvfjou, [of the body] plXoc,

member coc
>
[pf. with prea. meaning] message dyyeXtn. t)C

ce faat itfjy vo|i\ nfjgfa), Jirjâ messenger dvyeXoc, oo

,
make known nifaooxu middle (of) «icr(o-)oc, H, ov

make to alt fgw mldat of |iio-(o-)oc, i|, ov
male fipaqv, cvoc might [noun] plvoc, eoc/night [potential
man [-borao: dv8pumo<;, oo; [-vir: ]4vfjp,4vlpoc future supposition, e.g. 'he might get
or 4v6p6c.dat. pi. &vftpco-(Tt or angry'] expressed by verb in opt. w.
[person:] f6c, fur6c xe(v) or dv

inlineaa 4pcT^t 2jc mighty oppipoc, n, ov n<X<Sptoc, n, ov
;
Ly dvfjvup, opoc dXxtpoc, ov; (qpetuoc, t|, ov
tie fSpoc, toe milk, I;dp(XYU [prea. system only]

i
i-alaying Av8p6<povoc, oo mind v6oc, oo »pf|v, fp«v6c [fj

;
mindful, I am mindful of pv&opat name ovopa or oftvopa, OTOC name 6vo-
I
i
iti6c,
f\,
mine 6v ificTo |uo
;
;
miserable olxtp6c, f\, 6v[alternative super nature ?6axc, toe
lative: OlXTtOTOC] Nauslaaa Natxrxxda, ac
miss 5iiapTSvw, dpapTfj(TO)ia\ .fliiapTovtw. gen.]; near tyr^c dyx^tadva., and preps, with
,
mlas (absence of)jio8£w, noSfjow, gen. icrcrov, tYY^6ev.cOOs6ov[adv3. nXn-
];
n66ecra
]
;
[w. ace.] atoc.n ov[adj.
>
]
missile pIXoc, toe necessary, it ia,xpfi[lmperaonal, w. inf.,
mist dfip, f|tpoc subject in aoc.
tf
.
J
]
mix (with) p(<rru, pt|w, nT|a necessity dv&yxi), nc XP*(Ow", 6oc
;
mixing-bowl xprvcfjp, rjpoc neck obxf|v,lvoc
money xpfipa-ca, wv nectar vfx-cap, apoc
monstrous neX6pioc, t), or need dvfiyxii, t|< xpt(t)u, 6oc
;
month pf|v, i«iv6c neighbor( ing) nX tier toe, f), ov
mortal evi^c, neither. . nor ofcc

f),
6v core
fj,
ppo-r6<;, 8v . . .
.
;
mother pfiTrip, pnrfpoc or MTpSc [f . never (yet)noTe, nu [w. negatlwe]

]
mound ofjpa, avoc new vfoci T\, ov
mountain opoc, eoc news 4yYs*fn, ^

mourn yodu, Y°fa°pa*» Yîioa night vtg, vtMt-rSc [f
].
.
mouth orSpa, atoc nimble dm6c cTa,
f
,
move [Intr. opvopat, opaopat, 6p(6)Û|V, nine days, for iwrjpap [adv.
]
]
no, not ob, before smooth breathing]

opupa ofcx
[
much noXX8c,fl,6v m. and n. also 3rd decl. o&x [before rough breathlng],iifi[o6 gener
jTo\6c, noX6[comp. rtXetcov, ov supl. ally is the negative of concrete fact,

;
nXetOFTOc. t\, ov] pfj of other constructions -- possibility,

much-enduring noXfiTXoc [only nora. condition, command, general, dependence,
]
mule fn»(ovoct ot> [f.] •tc. no doubt noo no longer o6n 2ft
j
]
muse MoScra, tie or obxfTt no one o6fte(c,oi>6cpfa, ot»4lv ;

;
tti6c,
f\,
my 8v i^xeTo peo ItnAcCctUnfictxCa.pnfifv in no way nu w.

;
;
myself (a) 1st pers. pron. plus orirrfc in negative]

case; (b) often expressed by middle 6v;HSX6c,
f\,
noble ia6X6<,
f),
same 8v Ceomp.
voice of verb xaXX(uv, ov aupl . xiXXxcrôc, n, ov]

;
f\, 6v
SNGLISH-QREEK VOCABULARY
(39)
ohl [ a general exclamation to be trans.
Oftttc, toe according to context] n6not

lobody
nod veto, ve6ow, old age ynPaCt °oc
none otOeCc, , oiaJv ; old man -ftfx^v, ovroc
olive oil iXatov, oo
[following olive-wood, (of) tXofveoc, r\, ov or

nor (a) o*8l, M8f ; (b)o«te a
. nor ov
negative clause]; (c)nelther. . »
Olympus "OXtJpnoc, o«
on£n(, [preps, w. dat.], 4vd or

not [see "no"]jnot at all nu [w. negative]; 4v, np6c
[pr«P' »• dat., acc.];on account

not even pj|8l , oifii dp 8«n-»
of cfvoux [prep. w. gen.]; fitd [prep. »•

Hotus [south wind] N6to<:, oo
8p*1« ace.] on high b*8o-e ; on the one hand

nourish Tpfû, 6pe>w, ;
pjv ; on the other hand 61 , afetc

now ["at the present time] vSvjnow [not
time -- therefore] Sfijnow fail
[adv.]; on all sides ndvTfl
Inferential par on the other side Jrlpwet

v6 [a weak temporal or
In past] nox« ;
ticle] once [of Indefinite time
nymph
at once otrtna
one [In number] etc, Tito, Iv ; one [indef.
pronoun] Ttc, Tt [for forms, see sect.
0 (In direct address) 6
209-210 ]; one another dXXijXot, wv [in pi.
oar epevpfiv, oS
oar-lock t*°C only]

xXn?d
only poovoc, i\t ov
oath 6pnoc, o«
obey, am obedient to, neteojiat,

opinion 66â, r\c
opposite ovrtoc, n» ov
oppress nilgw, ntCor(a)»«, nteea

observe qreXficow, <pt»Xd5w,
or
fl,
f|e
obtain [gen.] -n>YX&vw,
(a)tvToXfi, (b)xfXoi«t,xXf)o-o-
river encircling the earth; also order ?|C
;
Ocean Ca
as a god] 'n*eav6c, o« Tiat.xexXSiiiivjtc) In order that tvo, &C,

personified
[neg.^ In order f|etiic
];
'08«o-(o-)e6c, Ijoc 8mo<:, o^po

Odysseus
of: expressed by genitive case; of course

orders, give orders to InvrlXXu, —
,
I
not)
offer(ed) nSpov [2 aor. system only] tnt-TeiXo

Island] 'to(Vfit\, other dXXoc, r\, o;(the) other(s)lTepoc,r|,ov
Ogygla [a mythical t|C
ought xpfi [impersonal, w. inf., sub J. In accj Persephone [wife of Hades and queen of
our f^'«poc, i), ov lower world] nepac»6vcxo, nc
out of tx, 4g before vowela [prep. w. gen.] person XP^C. XPo6^
outermost dupoc, T\, ov persuade nc(8u, nc(ou, ncTaa or n£nt6ov
outside of ixT6< [adv.] Phaeaclans *a(riHEC, uv
over ivd or <fp [prep. w. dat., ace.]; physician \ircp6c, o9
fafp or ftnetp [prep. w. gen., ace.] pick for myself alptopai, alpfjcropat €X6-
,
overbearing tnepq>(aXoc, ov pnv pick out xpfvu, xpTvCu, xptvo
;
overpower 8ap£gu, &ap6u, 6fipaaao pick up xopCgw, xap.tfwt x6fxtaaQ
(his, her J6c, pierce o(rv6«, oferifow, oornaa netpw,

f\,
own own) 6v
;
ox po$c,po6c, b. pi. also — netpa
,
pig o^Cj <"»6c
pain dXYOCi «o<: pilot xopepvf|Tr|c, Ov

;
painful dpyaXfo?, n, ov pit p66poc, oo

fl,
&XcY*tv6'c> 8v
;
pair of expressed by the dual] pitiful olx-tpoc, [alternative super
f),
6v
[
palace vlfapa, uv lative: ofHTtcrtoc]

parent Toxe6<;, pitiless ox<T\toc, ov; vnX«f|<, Ic
iq
TOX?JOC
partake of narfopat, — naa(a)diiirv pity tXelu, — kxCttco tX«a(pu
;
,
,
pass nap-lpxoiuxt, etc.; pass (over) place X^POCi o« place Tteiflit, 6ôut
I
npJjaou, npfjû, npfjâ 6ijxa; fiiiit,ljou,{|Ha i [see appendix for
pass away <peC(v)u, ^dfou, <peTcia forms];! have been placed xcTpat [pf.
pass through nepfiw, nepfiou, n£pi)oa mid. system only]
pasture p6<TNu, pooxfjou, p6oxt]cra plain ntfitov, OT>

path xfXet»6oc, oo[f., but frequently n. in plan pot)Xfi, ijc Plan PooXefa), pooXe6ou»,
r1
Pi. po6Xet>cra [w. Inf., or fauoc and purpose

]
pay TTYW, Ttou, TXOU constr. tifjAopat, pfjoopat,

]
;
peace etpfivri, i|C plank 86pt>, 6o6paToc or 6oop6c
pen oi)x6c> o9 pleasant f|«DC, eUa,

4
people Xa6c o9 6?ipoc oo please [expressed by verb in opt.]

,
;
,
perceive vofu, vofjou, v6i)oxi pleased with, am {|Aopat, Ijaopat, f|O~£uiiv

I
perhaps not) [indef. adv.] pleasing fj66c, eta, petXtxtoC i), ov

6
,
;
perish 6xx6ofMU, 6xfcropat, 6x6iinvt oXuXa xap( etc, co-era ,cv;I am pleasing (to) ftv-
;
dn-o\X6opat .... 6&vu,&vAfjcnu, AAov

ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY
Priam nptapoc, oo
pleasure fl*ovfj, ijc prince xpetuv, ovroc

point difendf, !(c prize (of honor) y^pac ao(
,
point out VP&£u» ?pda(<r)w, vp&cr(<r)a proceed aretxw, — ortxov
,
pole poxX&c, oQ produce notiv, notfjou, no(r)aa;
Polyphemus noXtctftioc , o«
ponder 6ppafvw, —, 6pt»ivagponder( anxiously) property xp?faa, OTO<;
prosperity 6\poc, ow
portion poTpa, ijc; *<*<C, «att8c prosperous oxpxoc, n» ov

Poseidon rioaaeifiawv, uvoc protect (i)pfoât, (4)p6oxro|ia\,
possess vfiiopat, vrpiopat, vctp&pnv prowess iXxfj, rjc [dat. sg.ixxt]
possession xP»faa,aTOC ; possessions pto-roc, punish Ttvopax, rTaoiiat,
00 pursue t\Cmu, «t(L|u, ft(uga;
possible
fj,
6t>vaT&c, 8v
pour [trJxJw, X«*u» X^9a pour out of push d>8lu, (3au, iou
I
;
[intr. ix-fftiu, — tx-cro~6ptiv[non-th«ma- put Icrcmix, orfjow, otfjo-o; Tteiît, efjow,

]
tlc aor. 8f[xo [see appendix for forms]; put

2
down
]
pour downxa-ra-x^w, -xeiow, -x«So or x«*~ etc.; put in position, put on

etc.
pour a libation onfvfeo, onetou, one ton put on dtiu.fitfaopat, SSadynv or &ov;
power xpiTOCt toe a superhuman power or di' Ivv^pt, fa(o-)w, <o-(cr)a
;
vinlty Satpwv, ovoc put to sleep xofp&u, xotufjou, xofpi|cra

praise alvtu, airflow, atvricra

pray (to) e*x<>T«»i, e6|o|iat, quarrel with vc\xlu, vexxfou, ve(xea(a)a

dp&opxxt, Apfjcronax, hpt\o&fu queen n6rv(t)at i)c
prefer poftXopat, pooXfiaopax pouX6p.nv quick xapn&Xvpoc, ov
,
prepare 6nXtJw, — ,6nXtaxra Tc6xu, TCOÛ, quickly otto, -c&X*, xapnaXtpwc, ixa
;
quite [with adj. and adv.] pAXa
present, am n£p-c\p.t
I
present, 6n4^co, 6ndaow, ona<r(o)a raft oxe«tii,

I
r\c
press ntfgu, ntt?(o)u, nfcaa; ipefdu, rage peveatvu, — pevfnva

,
4pt(ow, fpetaa rain SpPpoc oo

,
prevail vtxdw, vfxfjou, raise defpu, — Setpa; 5pv5iu» 6pou>, opao

,
[aor. mid. also] &p(6)pi)Y respect alftiopat, alaf a(o)oât , alCea-
ram [full-grown] &pvet6Ct ot crttpiiv; Sgopot [pres. system only]
ransom onotva, wv rest ipcfAw, tpeiou, ipetoa; at rest
ray abff\, Jjc ?xr|\oc , ov
reach (by chance) x\xSvu, , xtxov return (home) v6cTOC, oo I return
ready, make Te«xVp «*£«•>! [pres. system only]; I return (home)
realm fiifacx; , OT> voorfw, voorfjou, v6ori)aa
rear -rptnu, dpfû, epfya reveal fa<vu, âvfw, 9?jva
reason X6yoc , ot> revere Agopat [pres. system only]
rebuke vctxfu, vetxtow, vetxea(o")a revered alftoToc, nt ov;n8Tv(t)a,nc [••
receive «fx<>l«Hi SfCoôt, 8eg4piiv reverence alA£opai, a{6lo(.cf)ova\, a\6ca
reckless oxfTXtoc, f), ov
recompense ajtotva, uv r«mlnd ^tiivfjo>u, pvfjou,
refrain from iut-lxu etc. rich nfwv, ovoc
right right
<j,
region x&P<>C, oo fcp66c, 6v; a
reign [f. It Is right ef

];
&v6aou, &v&|u, dva|a
reins f|v(o, uv right here aix66t [adv.]
rejoice xa'pU'Xaipfjou, aor. pass. w. act. right there a4r66t [adv.]
force: x&P*1v; rejoice (at) fT\Qlu, rise jp'VQpai, opaopax, bp(6)ptiv, 6pwpo
flfjow, yljfliiou rivalry lptcf t«oc

relate xaTa-Xfyu etc.; river noTau6c otS
,
road ft«8ct [f.]; xfXe«6oc,ot) but
[f
aopat , pv6iiofttiT)V oB
.
\
release x«w, \§ou, X?<rc, XtXt>xa, XtXopat, often n. In pi.}
roam (back and forth) <poiT6u,
remain ^Cvu, iievCw.iaeTvo; p<i»vw [pres. sys
tem only ]
roar po&u, Pofiow, p6i)oa
remember pfpvifp&i rock ntTpi), 1C
renown xXfoc, xXJ(e)oc roll xoXfvfiu
reply, In reply ivrux;, T\, ov room 66poc oo

,
reply &pe(3opai, &peft°pat rope BnXov, ot»
rescue (t)p6opat, (t)p60aoiiat , rosy-fingered poSofi&xToXoc, ov
resound l&xu [pres. system only] round about nept [adv.

]
resourceful noXwjxfJxavoc , ov rouse lYefpw, iycpCu, Jyctpa [aor. mid.

etnov [2. aor. system only ];qpripf ,^pfjcru>,
rowing-benches, with fine rowing-benches, 9?jaa [for Impf. forms see sect. 593];
tftacreXfLoc » ov he or she said |<pn; efpw, ipfu; poefo-
ruin g-m, nc
ruler xpetuv, ovroc saying ^96oc, on
run 6fw scowl, with scowl 6n66pa [adv.]
a
rush 6po€w, 6po6ow, jpovoa; <re6opat, —, Soylla ExiXXi), n<
(a)actt6pi1Y or (a)o"6pnv; rush (forward) sea edXacroxx,tic; n5vroc,o«[=the deep]; fixe,

opp&opat , 6p-pfj(K>pai , Appqo&piiv 4X6c [f .
]
rush away, rush lack (from) &jio-cre<w, —, search after gi,Tlw, gtrrijoto, gftrnou
dno-ofCTfrpijv [non- thematic 2 aor. ]; rush seat 6p6voc, o»; 6(fpoc, o«

out of tx-crefcj, — , fcx-(rcr6^nv seat myself xaS-Cjw, — xfie-xcra
,
rush forward i^p-oppfiopot , if-opjifjcro-pat , seated fjfievoc, i), ev
second fitfrrEpoc.ri, ov; second time 6(c
a
ruthless see 6pdu, 6>opat, {Aov, I6pana, tiipapat,
6?6r|v; <io--op6u, etc. [-watch, look at]
safe dnfJixdY, ov Xc60ou
sacred (cp8c, fj> 6v seek gi)Tlu, girrfjou, |f|Ti|oa; iH\-ûx(opatt

sacrifice tepefo, tepcfcou, tlptocra fent-^fiatropax tji\-paa<rdiifiv[ = try to get my
,
sacrlf Iclal-flre nopf|, He hands on]

sagacious 8af?puv, ov seem ftonfu, AoMfjou, t6Hnaa; fotxa, tyxeo
said (he, she) fft) [Irreg. 3 ag.]; I said [pf. and plpf w. pres. and Impf. sense];
efnov [2 aor. system] seem (like to) (t)e(6opax, —

,
sail (over) nXfu, nXeftaopat, nXetStro; tcrrt- seer pdvric, toe

ov, ox£pl. often used for ag.] seize atpCu, atpfjou, iXov; fAp
aalty seize upon aCvopat [pres.
t\,
4Xpop6c, ov vufpiâ; system
same a6r6c,fi,6; at the same time dpa [adv. only]

prep. w. dat.] select afvopat [pres. system only]
savage dYPtoCi (n), self a&rfic,

î,
ov
6
save o6gu, o<5out oCScra; (l)p<opat, (i)p€a- send nfpnu, nfpû, ni^ta; fii^t, f|ou,
aopot, [see appendix for forms]; send forth

savor xv npo-(t)ixt; send with (someone) 6n£gu,
say Xfvu, Xffu, Xfga; iwfnu,iv(fu,iv{onov &n&aoio, 6iraa(a)a; send Arpevw, orpOvfu
;
(44) A READING COURSE IK HOMERIC GREEK
shout po&u, Pofiau),p6ricra; \&xu [pres. sys

send away &no-nfpnu, etc. tem only]; ycYuvfu, Yeywvfiou
send off safely Ano-nfpnu, etc. with pres. meaning];

sending-off, aafe aendlng-off ?jc fiooxi; 4ttr<i, !jc; pofj, !|c
,
separate xptvu, xptvfw, xptva show 9a(vu,«Kxvfu, ?!|va; show myself
I I
servant fipfic , u6c; servant-woman , fjc show fietx-
;
set (of the sun) ftôpat, fttfaopat , fiflcrdptiY or
shrewd nwx(t)v6c,
f\,
6v
set in motion cre6w, — , (cOcreSa or ( shriek xXdg«, xXSyE". *x4y|a

seven Imrd shrink before ixfopat, — &Xe&pnv or
,
shadowy 0x16 etc, tooa, «v
shake ndXXw, —, «!(Xa shun &Xecfvw; d\6oxw,
shameful shut (t)fpyw, Ipû, fpga

fj,
oloxpoc, 6v up
sharp o^6c, eTa, sign <ff\â, a-roc

6
shatter xeijw, xcdow, xta<r(<r)a silence atwnfj, ?jc
she (a) afrvfj ;(b) her [in gen., dat. silent(ly) 4xluv, —
I),
f|8«, ooaa,
ace.] also fo, ol,pxv,k [see Lesson 34] silver dpyupoc, oo; of silver ipr6peoc,
sheep p!jXov,o«; 2'ic, 6'toc [dat. pi. also n, ov
oeaat, aoo. pi always 6tc similar to oôtoc, n» ov
]
sheet [a rope attached to the foot of the simple vfintoc, n, ov
sail] no«c,no«6c [•• since tne(

]
shelter oxfnac, aoc sinew tc, tv6c

shepherd notpfjv, fvoc sink 6ôptat 8âo)iat, 66aS)iriv or

,
shield (jfixoc eoc Siren Setpfjv, ijvoc

,
shining faetv6<,f|,6v; fatSxpoc, ov [never f. sit (down) Egopat, — lou; tgw

,
CTtyaX6etc, ecraa, cv sitting fjpevoc, n, ov

ship vi|9c, vt)6c or ve6c, d. pi. also vnvof situated, am situated
I
six ii [indecl.
]
•shooter of arrows (oxCatpa, nc skin

should (a) [rfuture possibility] expressed sky
by verb in opt., sometimes w. xe(v) or slaughter <p6voc ou;I slaughter

,
av; (b) [sought] Xpfj w. inf., and subj. arv&lu, a<pdga; (ept6u, \Epe6aw, tlpeoaa
in aco. slay xaTfi-neipvov; xaTa-XTefvu, etc.
sleek Xinop8c, f\, 8v spear 66p», 8o6paToc or6ot>p6c;
sleep feivoc, oo;i sleep t«0u, e*«<iow, spear-point alxiif|, f[c
; I put to sleep notpiu, HOfpijou speech \6yoc, ov; pBSog ot»
,
spirit e5p6c, o« [couraga, life-principle]
small &X<YO<, n, ov 9pfjv, 9p«v6c [f.; *soul, mind]
smash pfhrv»nt, pljgu, pljga spit 6p«\8c, of
smite splendid
f\,
nXfjcrow, nXfj£w, nXl)|a 4yXa6ct 6v
snatch (up or away) ipndgw, Apndgw, ftp- spoke, thus he spoke TH
naga or ftprtacra spread out ne-rfivvwpi, — n£Tacr(<j)a
,
so O*TWC, &fle, Sc,<Lc sprung from Zeus Atorevfjc, <oc
so long T8«pa staff [usually a symbol of office]

soft
t\,
<i,
jiaXaxSc, 6v; &jiaX6c 6v oxffjnrpov, o»

,
soil apoopo, i|c stake jioxX6c, oV
some (one), something T\c, Tt (Tor forms, stand torapat.orficropax ,CTT^V; stand by nap-
see seat. 209-210] toraiiax, etc.
somehow nuc stand up &v-f0rtnu, etc.
sometime noTC star icT-rfip, fpoc [dat. pi. &arp&at]
son ot6c, oB or -foe bat. pi. «(£<rO starry dcrrepSexc, effoxx, tv
•ong dot«{|, IK start oppfo, 6pTif)ow, &ppi|oa; fippdopax,
soon T&xo
sooner np6Ttpoct t\, or; nptv [adv.] stay pCvw, pevfw,

sorrow nfv8oc, «oc; steep oln«c, «To,
6tg6<:, 6oc [f.]
sort, what sort of oToct n, ov [w. noun In steersman *opepvfJTqc, o»

same case]; sorts, of all sorts navToT- atlck nefpu, — ncTpa

,
oct i)i ov still IT*

soul t«X*i, «|C stir (up) tji-oxpovw, -o-rpovfw, -6Tpova;
sound fuvfj, lie HttHdu, Hmfjott, x6nriaa
sparkling o{6ot, onoc stone X(6oc,oi>; XSoc, XSoc [aco. X3av;nx.]
speak îni<,»fiou,»fjco [for impf. forms see stood orljv [3 aor. system]
sect. 593]; speak (to) npoa-cTnov [w.acoj stop naiw, nafou, na9ca
etpw, ipfu; apeak (In an assembly) 4Y°- store-room SdXapoq, o«
pe6w, storm AVPpoc, or>; 66eXXo, t|C
speak among stout eta,

t;
naxftc, ffTt3op6c,
t\,
8v
straight 6p66<;,fj,6v; straight (towards) supply nap-fx«> etc.
ie6c [adv.; w. gen.] suppose 6(u> or 6(ouat, 6(aopat, 6to&^tnv;
straight on or against dvrTxpo [adv. w. gen.] i\m» or fXnojuit [pres. system only];
I
straightway <!<j>ap [adv. ] suppose [adv. noo
]
strange (one) [whose actions are unaccoun surely ncp; TOI [never first word]
table, wonderful, or superhuman] 6at- surpass xaCvopat [pf. w. pres. sense],

nfxacrpat
3 t ranger gcTvoc, oo swear oVvvpi, ootopat, opocr(er)a
stream p8oc, o« sweet f)A6c, da, t; Y^»^C, «Ta, «;
street dyotd, Ifc

strength xpd-coc, toe; fc, tv6c swift Tax6c,cTa,t [comp. 66o-ouv,ov; supl
stretch TC(VU, Tcvfu, TtTva, n, ov]; 6m6c, «ta, 6; wap-
f\,
vfrspat OV 6o6c, 8v
;
strife fptc, t6oc; ftntoTfjc, swift-footed jToCApxiic, tc
strike pdXXu, paXfu, p&Xov; swiftly ptpifa [adv.] ixa
,
•rtfa swim vlix«,
strip (off) E|-cvap(gu, -EvapCgw, -evdptga swine otic,
strive to windpvo)iat, dpCopat, dpofu^v sword £\>oc, eoc; fdoyovov, o»
strong xpaTEp6Cf fytoc, n,

f\,
6v; ov;
table Tpinega, nc
such [w. adj. or adv. oftrwcjsuch as oloc, take Xa^dvio,\fitoTiav,X/ipov; take away
]
ov;such (as this or that) tot 6aftt,

n,
-q8c,ov8c; such Totottoc, Tota6rt), take bold of aCvt»|tat [w. aco.i pres. sys
TototJrov; toToc, n, ov tem only]; take vengeance upon Tt
suffer ndaxu, nctaopax, ndOov; Ttaooat,

take away &no-a(wpa\
suffering nljpa, OTOC take my fill of tipnopat, Tfptoiiat, -ccp-
suitor pvtiarfjp, lipoc
summit xStpoc.otj; summits x&pnva, uv tame fiapA^w, Aapdu, fidpaercra
sun f|£\xoc, oo teach fttftdONU, 8xa4^,«t«a5a
superhuman power [a divinity] fta(puv,ovoc tear ftdxpoov, ot> or 8Sxpt>, ooc
supper s&pnov, ox> tearful 8axpo6ctc, eaaa, cv
suppliants Ixf rax duv BB.] tell Xlvw, Xlgw, Xfâ; tvvlnu, iv(1»
,
supplicate Yot>v6oiiat nov; elnov [2 aor. system];

EHGLISH-GBESK VOCABULARY (47)
[for Impf. sect. 593] thick- thronging
f\,
forma see &fttv8c, 6v
tell In order xato-Xlyw. etc. thigh viP^c, o9
tempest XaTXat, anoc think 6(u or bio\m\, 6taoiiax, oto&pnv;
temple Yi)6c, ot vofw, vofjou, v6noa
tend xoiitgw.xojixfu, x6pt<rcra this [demonstr. pron and adj.] 58c, l)6c,
f\,
tender &naX6c, 6v
tenth sfxaToc, T\, ov thither xeTcre [adv.
]
Terealas [blind seer of Thebes] Tetpeot- though ncp [w. pto. ];even though, although
ac, So xat ncp
terrible ov; a(v6c, three TptTc, tpta
<|,
o>cpftaXtoc, 11, 5v
terror 6loc, «feoc three times Tp((

than threshold ot«8c, o«
f\
that adj. and pron. threshing-floor

f\,
6,
(a) [demonatr. iXtofi, rjc

]
-r6;xtTvoq ,11,0; (b) that, In order that thrice Tp(c
[In purpoae conetr. tva,6c,finw<:,6>ppa throng 8|itXoc o«; throng ciX(C)ofuxt
I
,
]
[neg. pf|]; that [after verbs of say through 6td [prep. w. gen., ace.]
o)
(
ing, thinking, etc. 5-rt.,or expressed by throughout xa-rd [prep. w. aco.
]
]
ace. and inf. conatr. throw pdxxw, paXlw, pdXov
Theban 6i|paToc, fl, ov thunderbolt xepaT>v6c, o9
Thebes Qf\pt\, petal so pi. thus ofrvuc,2»dc,ac,&c;thu8 he spoke TH

]
their(a) criptTepoc, n, ov tie 8fu, efjou, ftiioa
then see "they" time xpSvoc, o«

themselves a6roC, at, tip Axpov, ov

&
then [of time] fv6a, £v6tv, T6ft, fnttTa; to (a) [prep. w. aco.] tnf [=upon, e.g.
[not of tlme,stheref ore ofcv, dpa or fa 'it fell to earth'], etc^nto, toward],
]
there [adv. T|J, at-roS, Iv6a, a%6t np6c [=up to], napd [=up alongside ]»(b)
]
therefore otv, dpa or â [never first [con . ainorder that] fva, 6c, Snuc,
,
J
word], T$ 6fpa, or expressed by fut. ptc. or fut.

thereupon lne\ta inf.
they (a) o(, at; ot«c, alfie; ai>-cot, at; together 6iio«, d^vStc
xelvot.ox >(b) them [in gen., dat., aco. together with dpa [adv., or prep. w. datJ
]
also oqpeuv, o^t(v), o^tat, ovcac toil n6voc, OP; toil at novfopat,novf)ao-
I
thick nax<c, fta, *; nw(t)v8c, ft, 8v «at,-4jxnv;xdpaTo<,ot>;I toil

n6yiiou; xipvu, -naîoâv, xdnov ence of [=by] 6n6 w. gen.
told eTiiov [2 aor. system ] understanding, have ^poviu.vpovfjoh), -r\aa.
I
tool BnXov, ot> undisturbed iHnXoc, ov
topmost dxpoc, i), ov unfailing vnnepTfjc, £c
touch ini-natonat.int-tidcraoiia unfortunate £6ori)voc ov
,
towards int, np6c (preps, w. ace. ];4vr\oc unless el pfj
tower n*pY<x, ot> unseemly &ctxfc, fc

town doro, loc until 6vpa, fjocCw. ind. if purely factual,
treasure 6naa«p6c » oV w. purpose constr. if antlcipatory];npCv
tree 6tv8pcov, ov [conj. w. inf. or anticipatory subj.]
trial, make trial of netpdu, nctpfjow, unwilling &iNuv, ooca
net pnoro up 4v4 or 4n adv.]
[
trickery «6Xo< , o« upon Avd, inC [preps, w. gen.]
trim Teroc, (4)foii, t<rov upwards tm6at
Trojans TpQec, wv urge dv6Yu,dv6Cu, dvuâ, dvuva lpt» has

trouble n6voct o«; np&YVava, wv pres. sense; plpf. has impf. sense
]
Troy Tpo(n, ijc; "fxioc, ot> [f . ] urge on 6irpvvu>, 6-rp5vlw, 5-rpBvo; (•>-
true ip68c,
ti,
6v;4Xti6fjc,l«:; vnptpTfjc, «c oppdtt, tv-opfLf\au, i»-6pp.T)cra
truly xa\ Xfi)v, A-cpcxIox: utter aln6cf eTa,6;I utter «uvlu,

Ijt
trusty tptripoc, ov pi. deol. tptiipeCi etc.

3
truth &Xq6eCi|^ i£ us see pron. forms in appendix
]
[
try netpdw, nctpljou, ne(pt)ott uselessly afaux: [adv.

tumult 6>rxoc» ot> use violence against ptdgu [pres. system]

tunic x^t<Sv, Qvoc utensils EVTCCL, uv

turn tptnu, Tpt1»( TpCfa; txCaou, —
,
valiant dXxtpoCi ov
twelve «5«exa [Indecl.] vapor d«Tnll, !fc
twice «(c Vast dOTCCTOC, OV
two or 6(0 [indecl.] vehement &6tv6c,

1>
fl6u) 6v
veil xpfifiepvov, ov
0
unchanged fpncAoc, ov vengeance, take vengeance upon TTvopat,
I
under (a)[=at rest under] fm6 w. dat.; (b) Tt oôaa TT ofip.fi v

t
,
ace.; very abr6c, [adj.]; pdXo[adv.

f\,
[^motion up under]<m6 w. [=f rom

c)
]
(
gen.; influ
fj,
under] 6n6 w. (d) under the vigorous 6aXep6;, 6v

PABULARY (49)
violence, I use violence against weary, grow weary xdpvw, xaplopat,

[prea. system] weave teaCvw, 6«xxvfu, 5«i|va
virtue iptTfj, l|c wedded xoopffitoc, f)( ov
voice «uvij, ffc; »e6YYo<:, ot>; 6>. o*$< tf . ]; weep (for) yodu>, yoôât, y^lô ;
I lift my voice vwvfu, vuvfjou, v6vi|oo xXattou, xXatSoa [obj. in ace.]

well rfc
wage war n(ir)oXei»(gu, n(T)oXtTitgw well-balanced tUjptp:, tC

wagon fipaC°i V» Anlivii, HC well-built fftxttptvcx, n, ov
wall xXa(w, xXatou, xXaiScra well-greaved ttxvfnivc, T«oc

wake fcretpw, tytp*", bftipa [aor. mid. well-made efc-epyfjc, Ic
well-polished c^gcoroc,
),
ov
(i)
wall [of a city or for defense] well- tilled tvHTfiuvoc, i), ov
wander dxdopat, — .aXfjeiyv, 4XdXi}jiax [pf. has west wind Zfvvpoc, ox>
pres. sense]; nX&go'pat,nX6r£<>pat,-rxdnv what [see "who"]; in what direction

war n6Xepoc , ot> what sort (of) ofoc, ti,ov [w. noun in
ward off dpovu, Apovfw, <5pova same case]; whatt Tfnrc
warm (a(vu, — , tuvo whatever Tt or STTI
8
warrior [often honorary title] lipuc* flpwoc when(ever) inc(, BT«, f^wc, 6n(n)6rt
[contracted gen. f|puc] whence? n6drv
wash Xofw, Xoiaow, X6ea(cr)o[froquently con where [not in questions] Tfj, 6n(n)f|, &6t,
tracts to etc.]
Xofxo <vc [adv JjwhereT no* always w. circum
[
waste away fdf(v)u, flex pitch-mark]; from where? n66cv

water whether [in indirect questioned; whether

watery . . or ...
F|t
•
f|
wave x15pa, OTOC which [see "who"

]
wax xr)p6c, oV while o>pa, }|oc [w. ind. If purely factual,

way 688c, oV [ f . ]; xlXtfl6oc,ooCr. , but fre w. purpose constr. if anticipatory]
quently n. in pi.]; dyfltd, !jc whirl fxfo-ou, — (tX)iXtga
,
we [see pron. forms in appendix] white noXt6c, «j), 6v Xew6c, flt 6v

;
wealthy [sometimes w. dat or gen.] &<pvtt6c, white-armed XC«M£XCYOC, ov
(«. 6v who, which, what (a) [interrog. pron. and

wealth xpfotrca, uv •dj. T<C* T< (b) [rel. pron. w. def.
]
wear out [tr.] Tetpw [pres. only] T6;(c) [rel. pron.]

fl,
system
6,
antecedent]
weariness xipavoc, o* 6c, I),
8
(50) Α ΚΕΑϋΙΜΟ ΟθυΚ5Ε ΙΝ ΗΟΜΕΚΙΟ ΟΗΕΕΚ
«ΙιοβνβΓ, «ηαϋβνβΓ βς τις» 1\ τ»ς, δ τι οΓ νου!<1 (Α) ν&βυβ Γιιίνιτβ βυρροβί^ΐοα ΟΓ
[
6ττ» [ ΓΟΓ Γοηηβ βββ ββοΐ. 209-210] ροϋβηΐΐαΐ οοηβίΓαοίΙοη] βζρΓββοβά ϊ>7
»1αο1β Απδς, ΟπΚσα, άπαν ; οΐλος, η, ον νβΓΟ 1η ορΐ., ιιβαβ1ΐ7 ».χε(ν) ΟΓ 6ν ·
»η7Τ τ( , τίπτε (ο) «οαΐά 1>β,νο[*οοη^Γ&Γ7 ίο Γβοί 1η

νΐοΐίβά πονηρδς, ή, 6ν ρββί] βχρρβββοά οχ ΙηρΓ. ΟΓ ·ΟΓ. Ιηάΐο.
•Ιάβ εορ6ς, (Τα, 4 «·κ*(ν) ΟΓ &ν; (ο) «ο υ Ιά
»1Γβ γυν<|, γυνα»»δς; ίλοχος ,σο[Γ , ]; 4χο*τ\ς, ΐ>1β «Ιαη] εΐ, είθε ΟΓ ·1 γαρ «.
ιός «οαηά οοτίω, οοτήσω, οβτηον
«11ά 4γρ»βς, (ι))· βτ «τα<:η μένος, εος χόλος, οο
;
βίστηνος, η,
<|,
«111 βουλή, ?ίς; βς&ΐηβϋ ΐϊιβ «111 άίχτ?τι |«άν^ «Γβΐρηβά λβγρδς, 6ν ον
;
«1η ιίριταμαι, &ρ!ορα«, δαιίδλεος
Γ,
άρδρην βχιηηΐηβΐ^ ντουςίιϋ
:
,
,
,
«1η ονβΓ πβίθω, πείσω, πεΤσα ΟΓ ηίπιθον
«1η<1 άνίροζ, ου; (Γ&ΐτ) οδρος, ον 7·&Γη βΓίβτ) ποθίω, ποθήσω, πδθεσα
(
•
«Ιηβ οίνος, ου ίμερος, οο
ίνο^τ, οπός Ιτ» [οί *1ηΐθ] αοτάρ [= ηβνβΓ«8
;
πτ·ρ6<ΐς, ισσα, εν Ιοββ] βί [αΓΐβΓ μίν, 1η
Ι
σοφ(ς, ή, 6ν 7ΐβ1ά είχω, είξω, (Ι)εχξα
»1βη έθίλω, έθαλήου, έθίλησα ζεβγννμ», ζ«6ξω, ζ««ζα
«Ιίη μιτί[ρΓβρ. ». ββη· · <!**.]; σίν [ ρΓβρ. [βββ ρΓοη. Γοηηβ 1η αρρβηάΐχ]
7θαηβ νίος, η, ον
«Ιϊη βοονί 6πδβρα [αάν. ] οηβ &η1η&1β Ιμβρυον, ον

[ο
&
Γ
Γΐηο Γονίηβ-οβηαηβα ον σδς, ]

δν; ,ή,δν;
(\,
εβοχηλμος, [αβ· τ«δ<

ίηβ ηβΐη κοροθα(ολο< , ον [ρΐ. 6μ(τερος, η, ον ;

ομίυν
]
Ιντοσθβν,Ινβον,*«)οω [ ·<1νβ. ] 7θαΓ8β1Γ [83., ρΐ.] ρβΓβ. ρΓοη. «. «ι

2
β
ή,
ι&ηββ αΰτ««ς [ β αν. ] β&ηβ ΟΗ3Θ οΓ αοτδς,

β
«οβ άλγος, (ος ; πήδος, ιός ; πί^ια, ατός
»(»ιβη γυνή, γοναχχος Ζβαβ Ζ·6ς, Διός ΟΓ Ζηνός
»οηάβΓ (βΐ.) θα1I^^ω, —, θ&μβησα Ζβυβ-οηβΓίβηβά β*οτρεφή<, (ς

•
νοοά όλη, ης
«ορά λίγος, ο« ; έπος, ·ος ; μβθος, ο·

νοΓίτ Ιργον, οο ; (βϋ) ίπ-οίχοραν
«ΟΓία χδσροζ, οο
«ΟΓΐηΙβββ πονηρές,
ί\,
6ν
6,
«οχ·1;η7 χρηστδς, ν
δ
υΝίν.
Ο
ΡΕ Β 6
Ι.ΙΘΚΛΚΥ
1947
ΒΟυΝΟ
00
οκ
3 9015
01475
ΝΟΤ ΚΕΜΟΥΕ
4256
•^

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Second Year Book

A READING COURSE IN HOMERIC GREEK

Arranged for a Two-Year Program

RAYMOND V. SCHODER, S.J., M.A., Ph.D.

SECOND YEAR BOOK

No part of this book, including the illustrations,

EDWARDS BROTHERS, INC.

This, in A Reading Course in Homeric Greek, continues

In structure the lessons are same as in the earlier volume.

In all, 1,261 lines of Homer are provided, comprising the further ad

until the maximum number of twenty-four is reached in the last lesson.

The vocabulary printed in smaller characters immediately beneath the

In a number of lessons, a brief section is devoted to explaining some

The final section of most lessons is given to a word study. It is to be

Attention should be called to the fact that the general vocabulary in

Finally, we wish to express again our appreciation and sincere gratitude

help in proofreading and correcting the manuscript; to Messrs. John Thibault,

139. Text,468-475: Singleness of Purpose 38

185 • Text f 129

187 •Text t 134

Bard Reciting (from a Greek vase in the British Museum) Cover

General View of Olympia 65

Oedipus and the Sphinx. 71

Scylla and Charybdis 102

Odysseus Following Nausicaa's Wagon Outside the City 171

The Banquet Hall of Alcinous 176

acc. : accusative n. : neuter

intr. : intransitive tr. : transitive

irreg. : Irregular voc. : vocative

New Year's Day is traditionally associated with a kind of examina

In recent years Greek, and other such cultural studies, seemed to

thoughts, and motives, and ideals.

a It is from the sympathetic study of such men as Homer

preciation which is basic to peaceful domestic and international relations.

As our see Odysseus and his men setting sail from

This background picture of the patient waiting of his family helps

University Prints Ingres

THE DEIFICATION OF HOMER

dpprjKTOv, Xicrcrr) 8' di/aSe'8po/ie

AioXioC, T), ov. Aeolian, of Aeolus or i^puu am in the prime of youth,

apprjxToC, ov not to be broken, unbreakable XiaaoC, ov smooth

(l) as conjunction to connect words and phrasesj (2) as a particle to

mark statement as indefinite or general, and sometimes (as here) to

connote a certain permanence of given state of things.

343. Take XLOOTJ as predicate: "the rocky (shore) rises up smooth."

Masculine nouns of the first declension have nominatives in -TIG*

780. WORD STUDY

346 ot 8' cuel trapa irarpl </>i'Xw Kal /x^re/ot

/cat /aev rail' i/cofiea-^a TroXtv xal Sw/iara

xeSvoC, TttTCTic, TJTOC

348. filled with the savor of roasted meats, resounds in the

351.-oneo6a is occasionally used for -o^eScx. usually for metrical reasons.

346-350. Notice how swiftlygives us a pic

and heart-sickness of Odysseus, so many years away from home.

785. ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT:

The accusative case is sometimes used to denote extent of time or

786. DATIVE PLURALS IN _ooi(v).

Informative Classroom Pictures Co.

THEATER OF DIONYSUS AT ATHENS

[correlative w. f|6e] both opvu^i , opocu, opoa, opcupa [aor. mid.

p,fjva 8e iravra </>tXet /xe /cat cfcp&arev e/caora,

TreftTre/u.ei', ovSe rt /cet^o? dvtjvaTO, reu^e oe

€v6a. 8e fSvKToiwv avefjiwv /careS^cr