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gytb TTLJUD?. ^(^mptTîh o^.'STrQexr @0<»(^Lb (S^niiafrtu
185
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s^mmu3ifr, iDmiuip (nS)fT5fr(U<Krr (tp^cSlu-i uco
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(nSIrB/riUffifT, ^ûucrof)(nSIfBrriUffifT, ^(Tfr^tnSlrB/ruJan",
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(fl<»(Tui)6b<R(»fr 108
2. ^GÛfSlniaa 6airii96baOT *•• 8

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yy(PDffm^ G/rbufTi—fr^ GU(r^^/DS^)
3. SflTCOifiiuira^îr GairuS)^ ••• ^
(Cogujot QuaJfi" ^0LJL/isi?(?<y(7"ffi Coffi/roSlsb. oSliurrfiî;-
urrpiT trrgOT^/ib (yDCfffliaifT culûlLl-^.
^0fBGO<a5mrrL_fT ^ffUtjDLD Qup^ (o<smi5lsi).
^05i51^rr5i^Lb, Qûm fnSI{prr<njti), rBSUTrr^^rfl trdliprr
4. ^fiornQ^êuo'ir GairuSIA *" ^

(^cruT-fH^sOT, GTcffr fiuipfii'{0tb.
suÛL-i—01. (o^n-(nS)^rr mi—rfe® adGUih a_GTOr(p.
^0LiU(:Dirf)iLjLb 0L_(ip(Â0Lb u5)<^<y <^^LiUfT^
187
5. ^©Aanrrr® Qffif iqeot-iutrtr srsirgiiib tSirtoulfefOfiinrir
GsiruSd
(îj-tmruj gi/ottldSot- ^sinLp^gi ui/m^
(yysaflsniT ^rriSl^^GiJûi-.L^_^, mGSit-
Qu mi^ nrt a/)
6. airsifl srGsruijîb Â&oiuu)tD6iT CairuS)^
Cu5)acvii Glu^nj G<sf7-°a5)ffb.
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^GirorCilAQarr® Qps^jo ffrsiror
QGOOTtuA ffifruq u)Ll®u) a.cOTrc5i. Q5iiGrrcir/rG3>,_,
ffTgyuSlff-ythu^ mn-ginj <yn-^^Gii/r.
Qîuduui. ^goSjo oifi-tp ^ffe^GOTrTy,Gg)ff.;
7. airofliuibiAGST QairuSl^ «
••• I
ffrwr^D ^5r(r ©SO^^Gij
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QffOJ^ ^lh(PS)l£i.)
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9. dliuirAAlûir^n' GairuSA I
(Lisesh^tXir ui®g)5Isu a-rfrOT^. ji_^ârfr
ibgwi-Quû) giL-UDTffi CS®n-a51aj
@t9.re^5frGTr^.)
10. aiTflfliijibiDOT SairuSA I
itxtSm CStDGoqn^ffi Gffin-i9.i£5)6y a_GYrGTr^.
ûfTGvih <^<ûJG;n(iii«(CT5,_G5r cn?(rfT<yGor^^GU
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mcnni—9lj
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qijiTcmîh GT(^âJ li. @si5)fâ(;^Lb, Oaa
aP^rrrf a_0(ai(y)U3 s-6OTr(p. i—fra a^gfrgrrî,
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>^ fn y,(55)<?uSlGor^ @0<s<9Qp^.
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u/Ttfuur^îTtrfrffb y,<5W<?ii^t— «^^Liufra^
î.
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(G3)<9=(aj<^^^.Tffe^ sTT^^tj 0/rGb«Gfr (n"Ll(5)thj CoarroS?^
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0/r6ba(25ti (n"(^ÛJ(nia'. rBi—ij/rao- c^Snnrrii^rfrLJr^
Qu^0(OT afrthu/r^jargs ^0
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ffiaauu®^/D^. L/(U>a sustrisTUf, r^&otu^^j230®
<^^(sSa a-OT-GTr^.)
15 lAsnjD 0ir6grffU)unîr QairuSd

(^(TUfT ©_LOfru^ (s^rT(S(û(B O0* â
CoafruSeb ^0.^^(31^(7(55 9atû-/5Wi— C5afruS)G>S)55r
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^/T(r iJ(rfT59)(ai ai-Gfrerr^.^
16. QiDiuffifflfort- (SaiiruSld)
IvvVILOOR MADALAYAM
0(3SU!TGU(£l^SlS>a) ■ ;:
LD/rSsoa siiLi^^ Q^0(n9<;b a-Gfrcrr^.i
17. 9Liîotrîra GairiiSd ... 1
(mfrais^ (B-îf} ^GrrGUL^33(pn!xu^<so fSMD/DsrfJuJfr® ^0u
LJcnrafl Qfijbû Qu^ldgo, (gssutnyfiuufrnr if) nni^ <gQi_a
(j^(^<y6\Sl(»(KiT<a liurfe^suffdicfr,^
18. iSq-iDîriun'SairuSd) .,, 1
("Qîj^rflffrGiiGOT LSiiftSiiX(TiUi)(TGaT LDrrcOTfJffiabsiJfriyffifT"
^5iiti qrflm^ î—ti. ^0uQu0rBîijD^S!nuJLi CSufTfiU
^fTiJ^Li) e_0(juti3 <^cmi_iun"^. iSt—^^(^
(^^^trair îh y^GS><^. suût®, ^râLl
.^^G3)LDffiOTflGU © ^0l1©u
Qu(T083rr« <asTOri_;r5)fB^ ^0^51) ^(OTT)/
auui^-Giufr a_0(njf^<sGYr L/(grB^ giSJlLl-got
19. .9|i&iair«iribiD$OT GairuSld) ... 1
(uj/Tt#) .:S»/LDrr5Ufr(ra><y tDiufTCOT,® Q<BfrcrrrgtefT (nSlipfr<y
^jDULf. e5/tp06g)i—tu^.j
20. airiAirCîuibiDsh* OairuSlA ... \
(oSJervsu a/TiDrrâGTrrTGU (nSlt£ff)<j5)<yujfrcnr y,6W(y)
21. Off^sSliiJibiAdT SatruSfib ... 1
(S^0SJ!}iX aS)^fr<? -^puLf)
22. CTeb^DiuibiAevr SairuSd) ... |
Q(yt_(>u, arro^t^. isiSipfraasfr <^jr)uLf.)
23. ^QtrciruûjibtDOT Sairififib ... \
(i£l33U Qurfloj^. 18 mfTGh inSipfr rei_ffe^ li-
(oaffti5)gu ,gu0(^pffl. <»<njOTflLiUfrrf7<»uaro.^
24. airiuîflujibiosir OsiruSd ... ^
refrLlt9.(3ffO(Buj ^m^^rrcvr GTsirufT,
î9.<y.Qffu.5b (rjlipn-.? -^puLj. m/rcrr eiiâs
190
L dfilsu a-crrffiT (fl<95frii5)6b, ^Ll(p(n9a)Ssua (SarruiSlsb. '

l£)3i
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suûGufTduiTfr 2_^GiS)iiJ/r<5U ^^psrfliufras mrr^
^JD^. s-(^sijih QuHiu^,
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gin-£»(ajfr. (2®fr(iS/sy ciSlipfrdiîij gi^so
fflSltp/Tdl/LD <^pULj.)
27. 6atru9& ... 1
(l6)(Su u^gs^ld ci/iTujffe^ (Safroflsb. cifirswcgdiin-
^GirrTsv f£l^âj y,(Sin<y <^;r>uun"(» a-gfrGrrî.
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^thiLsiTj <sf(j^Cdi—grdu/rrr, Lufldufrtr Qûj(Jiif^«(dr5ui
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31. ©QrirtDiT SairuSd '•• f-

((dl0507^ ûS\^ SGijyjr) lBl-L—sSmnnJ&jir (SarruS-
56)<)ffr Udoai^20 j^grrgrrî. <gn<y<aJ--igB)5iJtnn?rgiffr<^syrfrsb
iM
QurfJayti Gurrn:)tDuu(£nh (Si^fruJSld}.
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32. f5i-q"iTffmFib SairuSlsb (Bld^^gv ^finrre •

S^6f06UfL|ij'ib GsrruSld Q^(r)^<^ ^6mGi_sh)ai(TiT SairuSI^
(jUi—aCocgj uiyGioefOLjirii GairuSlsb ibitotq ^gh<^
(B^fTuSlsv&iGrr ^0re^^fr<Kflj sa^.^lauir. sshitlj
Quujit m&ijjnixff GUi^rÂU
Qu midi m a/. ... ^
33. iDiTfiinrFlasfiiiirffsn' (SairuSIA i
(^^ffbSjouifrffifToTf) (3iafru5Igyi®0^ Q^SffirufrGy

fBLD(j<^)-ji/fr(ijfr ^ûLJctrofl Q<yuj^ Coffi/roSlso.
îrsmf)0SJ U3rA(^Gvih ^r7ij@Li î_,LOn-ffi
g^grrGTT01.^
(JUff)(S3)(y <jTG3OT 33a0<% (flarr(iS)<jb<»Gfr ... ^51
©ffilLiq:
(1) (oldCBsv asinyri— Co<KfTuSI^<s(>Tfl6gr (^nSlut^^siCTr ^sv
<B(nror©ii), Gm^sv <BGOTT(3»ii, csfloJcnnT-® GaLLCglii)
(TTc^ûJffinsij. L51(rinîi5)0UL5)ff5r Sa)gyuD
1008 <yn-OTr^»Gfr <j«_âQciyr
;Dc>ijr/r. GUfrtrLb 7 fB/rffrr, tnrr^th 12, 27,
^0L£j(jiJGa)ffi 32 ^6?j>Giiffl(GT5ffiQa<:b5U/rui 78 mi_nij
ffiCCTJli U3L_frÛ^,»(GT5U3 L/6U GfTi/Tj
fffrcOT^ffiGTr a_GMr®. GafruÎuoffiSsTriL/ii, ^gujd
^)/<B @ff?uj Q(yfr^^®/(3<aSsTru-/Lb <KcgbTi—rrSlffeî tyixjuj^g^^^Lb
<y(yD^fruj^^jT)@ii) mOTTinnLO 0<yujiu(2(njGbOTtûj
@Lb 3)1—^GTT U<»^0(»|®li) a-GlOT®.
(2) fBrrtwr^ SaiTL/cr Gut^ffiGrfJgyu) ûufi ,?Lium^(T
qP^gSuj mnGbsu(rT,ih oiife^GfrCTriOT/T. f^gbrGu/ra C3<yfr^
u/TOTn-tûJ.T 3)(Tsv^fisb G'hiTLjiT^^Gh difû^lgyth
fBfrffiJGU0®0li3 rBfTJUGUfT (5<S(TuS)GUffiGTr C?^rrGiyrn5)tL/5f/GTTGaT.
192
«;b(5«friiS)gyth GT(ût5tLi Qîu^l «GoQ<»iiili—to) ^nSluJuuQ
0(i^ff<^(bîhuGoth
UÛUrr^rnaJir il08 cSliBrriuaia GafraSlabacfr

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<a T OTor (yj iq. uj IT ^.
(0tD^(oarrdr jâ}a6rr
!• Ananda Coomarasamy,
Renieaibering and Remembering again and again.
S. Dorai Raja Singam
(A tributeto Kala Yogi Ananda Coomaraswamy in Words
and Pictures) A Pre-Centennial Volume.
2. Triveni - (Journal of Indian Renaissance)
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy - Special number Vol. 46.
(July - Sept. 1977)
3. Homage to Ananda Coomaraswamy
A Memorial Volume
Edited Durai Raja Singam 1952
SOB
4. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy
By p. S. Sastri
Arnold - Heinama PublishersPt. Ltd.
New Delhi 1974
5. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy
A Critical Appi eciation
by - S. Chandrasekhar
Brackil & Son Publishers Pt Ltd-
Bombay-1977.
6. Kala Yogi Ananda Coomaraswamy

S. Ambikaibakan
(Uarathar VeiUyeedu)
j£ffna- 1978.
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the wataraja temple at Chidambaram
AND its inscriptions
By
p. R. SRINIVASAN
Sri p. R, Srinivasan is a Retired Chief Epigraphist

of the Government of India,; noiw settled at 1080/1,
Chamarajapuram. Mysore-4. Born at Pullur near
BDevakottai
A (Hons)inSanskrit
Chettinad on 27—6 1920, he studied
in the Annamalai University
and took his M, A. Degree in 1945. First Class First
Rank. In 1946, he was appointed Curator, Madras
Museum in which capacity he came into cios4 contact
with with Prof. K.A. Niiakanta Sastri, Prof. Ayyappan
Prof. T. N. Ramachandran, Mr. Sivaramamurthi and
others. He Joined the Epigraphy Department in
Ootacamund in 1960 and retired in 1976 in the same
office at Mysore (where it was shifted in 1966) as its
Chief He was Editor, EPIGRAPHICA INDICA and
other publications. He was VISITING PROFESSOR
IOWA UNIVERSITY. U. S. A. in 1967-68. He was
also Adviser to the Tamil Encyclopaedia and Editor
of the TRANSACTIONS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGI
CAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN INDIA. His publi-
shed books include:
rerrib aeroru. Qîiisumiaerr. aSoujtb
rfllbu(!pii. Q^torerflreîu QaisrarasOff dUfeoanr. Gl^sirsinreîUffi
aaouasir .îiriiiuarrsoii). ClgOTstflriîuffoSlsb Gluers
m QanrSOT aamuQuirmdrffier
•î-iTtrgir dl&oa5(65ii>.
Koyil, in Tamil Saiva works means "the temnle"' of
Nataraja at Chidambaram, as Koyil in Tamil Vaishnava works
means"the temple- of Rangaraja at Srirangam Tn M
Lord Natarîa is called Adavallan, the king of ISjI
Philosophically, this term means the lord who dances the cosmic
dance by which he creates, controls and consumes the universe.
Rangaraja on the contrary, is the lord of the stage or Attavallan
(i. e., stage-manager) who, paradoxically, sleeps on the serpent
couch. Philosophically the term means one who causes the
universe to continue in action while he himself is asleej^ is
is what is spoken of by Rangaraja in his incarnation as ris n
in theCitaas bhramayan sarvabhutani yantrarudena
In South India, the rules of temple building prescribe that tne
temples to both Siva and Vishnu must be built in a v'l'age or m
a small area,or even within alargetemple-complexi. Accoraing v
one will find temples or shrines to both these deities in
all the villages. At Madurai, there are the Sundaresvara(b,v^
temple and the Kudal Alagar (Vishnu)temple, on the Snrangam
island, there are the Rangaraja(Vishnu)temple,on the west and
the Jambukesvara (Siva) temple on tha east and there are
Kumbhesvara (Siva) and the Sarangapani (Vishnu) ^
Kumbhakonam. At Chidambaram, shrines to Nataraja
Rangaraja (here called Govindaraja) are found /ty f' '
PhilLophically the twin principles of consumption while awake,
and activity and existence while asleep and inactive, are seen o
be enshrined in this temple. This temple, though "inking tn
importance and largeness second only to the temples at Snrangam
and Madurai is very important from the point of view of Saivism
and South Indian history.
The place-name Chidambaram which is Tamilised into
Chirrambalam (i.e., clothed in chit, or consciousness). Chit «
invisible and on this account that the akasa (i. e., ether) Imga
is believed to be installed in the Chit-sabha, the innerrnost
shrine of the temple. The linga at Chidambaram is one of five
such iingas, one for each of the five elements, in different
temples in South India.
Although unknown to Sangam literature Chidambaram,
the holy place, is very old. It is frequently mentioned by the
Saiva hymnists (7th to 10th centuries) for whom it is already a
famous shrine. In religious works and inscriptions it was vari
ously Known by the Tamil names Chirrambalam,"the little
hall or temple,'\ Tillai, doubtless after a sacred grove or forest of
Ti ai trees (Excoecaria Agallocha), Ponnambalam,"the golden
teelhn^- or "town ofbythe
teeth (.) . The Vishnu shrine.is mentioned tiger withAlvar
Tirumangai great
(Kth century) as well as by the later Kulasekhara; to these Vaish-
nava Alvars, the holy place is known as Tiruchitrakutam or
Tiruchitrakutam of Tiilai. The use of the name Tillai by the
devotees of both sects is significant. A poem attributed to
Manikka Vasagar, a Saiva poet who belongs to the end of the
hymmst period, describes the shrines of Vishnu and Siva as
being very close together in the temple and so they have
remained to this day.^
temple) is another name for
Chidambaram. Hema-sabha orKanaka sabah (i. e., the golden
temple or hall) and Chlt-sabha are used to designate both the
whole temple, and more specifically, the two small pavilions
placed side by side in the innermost enclosure and which
constitute the holy of holies. The term Perambalam (i. e., the
great temple) in use as early as the 12th century appears to refer
to the innermost Prakara of the temple as it stands today.
The Saiva saint Appar of the seventh century refers to the
dance Pandaranga performed by Siva at Tillai. TheTirukkovai-
yar of Manikkavasagar refers to the dancing image at Chidam
baram. Umapati-sivacharya(14th century)in the Koyirpuranam
refers to the legend of Siva causing the discomfiture of the Rishis
at Tillai. The legends connecting Patanjali and Vyaghrapada
with Chidambaram have Puranic associations which are of still
later periods.
In spite of the fact that this place became so very much
sanctified from such an early period as the 7th century definite
evidences in the form of inscriptions bearing upon the history of
the temple are available only from the Uth century.
As regards the association of historical personages with this
temple, Sundararaurti-nayanar, the Saiva hymmist of the 9th
century, refers to a Pailava king devoted to Siva of this place.
The Vaishnava hymmist Tirrumangai Alwar refers to another
Pallava king who had made donations to the Vishnu shrine at
the temple. From an inscription of about the 12lh century we
know that a Pallava king named Simhavarman of ancient tune
who having suffered from leprosy, visited this place and bathed
in the temple tank when his disease disappeared. Who t is
Simhavarman was it is difficult to say.
Of the early Chola kings, who had held the god Nataraja
or Adavallan of Tillai as their family deity, Aditya 1 (871-907
A. D.)is, according to some scholars', said to have gilded the
shrine of the god; but there is better evidence to show that his
son Parantaka I(907-955 A- D.) had done this as per the Leyden
and the Tiruvalangadu plates". This is supported by literary
works like the Tiruvisaippa of Parantaka's son Gandaraditya
fKoyil. verse 8) and the Vikramacholan-ula of Ottakkuttar
(lines 31-32). Rajaraja I, the great, was a devotee of this god^.
This is supported by the occurence of bas-relief sculptures
representing Siva performing the karanas of the Bharata s
Natyasastra discovered in his Brihadisvara temple at Tanjavur-
The discovery at Chidambaram of the Devaram hymns by
Nambi Andar Nambi is generally attributed to this king's timee.
Though the successors of Rajaraja 1 must have continued to be
the patrons of the temple of Chidambaram epigraphical evidence
for this is meagre till we come to the reign of Kulottunga 1
(1070-1120 A.D.). The twelfth and the last book of the Tamil
Saiva canon, Sekkilar's Periyapuranam is
composed in the 1000-pillared mandapa at Chidambaram
during the reign of Kulottunga II (1133-1150 A.D.).
The reason for the paucity of early records at this temple
seems to be.that it was frequently rebuilt andrenovated theexten-
sive renovation undertaken by the Nattukkottai Nagarathars
being the latest in the series. This is the same case with the
Sundaresvara temple ofMadurai. On the contrary,the Rangaraa
temple at Srirangam possesses not less than 700 inscriptions rang
ing in date from thetime of Parantaka I to the modern perood.
There are more than 300^ inscriptions in the Nataraja temple-
Interestingly a good number of them occur on the entryways of
wortr.haf';:;"!"'' "°te-
anv re a • ^ part of the temple does not contain
fpit T f^ct that architecturally it shows early
r,hff ■ V 'liat none of these inscriptions refers
nn ffi îtion of the sanctum sanctorum, although a few
r-tinn! "it' "?® Pâkara walls tell us about their constru-
tipc rv^ the
le like »u Cholas,
<->1®^! the Pandyas,
records belong to various
the later royaland
Pallavas, dynas-
the
jayanagara rulers. Of the Chola inscriptions except for a frag
mentary record supposed to be of the founder of the dynasty
rSof'p^ ^l^bs with
T roL /f" ^ °f the time of Raja-
tiunon IT (1070-1120
ttunga no-TO 1 i-f' A. D.jand after. The texts
the period
of theof record
Kulo-
excenfforTf
except for a few of them. So, we have f""yto Puhlished
be contentso with
far,
knowing their detatls given in the Annual Reports on South-
Indian Epigraphy or Indian Epigraphy published by the Epigra
phy Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India.
The Chola records number about 75. Some of them belong
othe imeofKuiottunga I. One of them (No. 115 of 1888-
refer "to hiy ;t ' ^^^t wall^the 2nd prakara
ffe X8tk and/46th
the 38th . years from NidurPandyas.
of whichAna copy
inscription of
is said to
have been engraved in our temple, but which is not found,
mentions the building in the latter year of some structures by a
feudatory of the king. A record of his time (No. 119 of 18881
Tn",!, P'akara dated
bby Rajarajan Kundayai,
(1114 A.the
D.),younger
registerssister
someof gifts to theAnother
the king. temple
Sister named Madhurantaki Alvar donated some land for a
tlower garden and for the creation of a matha for feeding Mahes.
varas(No. 117 of 1888). Two more inscriptions of his time
Viz., 46th (No. 291 of 1913) and 47th years (No. 290 of 19131
fkist here, No. B 317 of 1958-59 is engraved on the east wall
of the second Prakara and is dated in the 45th year of the reign
of the king, the particulars of the date being equivalent of 1115
A. D., February 1. This record does not mention anything
about the construction and other similar activities relating to the
temple but registers a cash endowment by Kon Rajadhirajan
alias Rajendrasola-Ananthapalan of Ilangarkudi in Peravur-
nadu for a flower garden and for feeding devotees in a matha
called Tillaivalandanar-matha- A Kulottunga's general named
Naralokavira who was a staunch devotee of the godNatarajao
Chidambaram is said to have done several things in the tempi®
of the god. They included the thatching of the roof of the
Perambalam with sheets of copper and the construction of 100"
pillared mandapa, the prakara wall around the sanctum wit
two gopuras, the Sivakami Amman shrine, etc. This is known
from a record found at Chidambaram.^-*
To Vikramochola (1118-1136 A D.), the son and successor
of Kulottunga I, belong two or three inscriptions. Of these
No. 304 and 314 of 1958-59, of the 7th and 10th year respectij
vely are grants of land or tax to the temple. But the latter
contains the important information that the king visite
Chidambaram. This king's tenth year historical introduction
mentions that he did several works at Chidambaram using t e
contributions received from the conquered chiefs'*^- All t e
items are said to have been completed on the 15th April ^ ^^ *
These deeds included the building of the prakara around the
Chirrambalam,thatching with sheets of gold of gateway, t e
hall, and the balipitha-shrine, etc. The above-mcntione^
prakara was called in those days as Vikramacholan-tirumaligai
In the lOO-pillared mandapa of the temple 12 pillars bear t e
label Vikramacholantirumandapam which shows that t is
structure was also built by him. These and other structures are
stated in his inscription as having been done by his genera
Naralokaviran Thus "it seems probable that Vikramacho a s
buildings and gifts in Chidambaram were meant to compl.-te an
extensive remodelling of the temple, a remodelliitg begun oy
Naralokavira in the closing years of Kulottunga s reig

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