Welcome to

Limits and Derivatives

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 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 04 65
Limits 04 Comparison of behavior of function at infinity 68
Indeterminate forms 12 Standard Limits 71

Session 02 21 Session 05 88

Infinite Limit 26 1∞ Form 92

Algebra of Limits 35 00 and ∞0 Form 99

Methods to solve Limit 39 Introduction to Differentiation 101

Session 03 43 Session 06 106

Rationalization 44 Derivative of Standard Functions 107

Theorem of Differentiation 115

L’Hospital Rule 118

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 Session 1
Introduction to Limits and
Methods to Solve it

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 Key Takeaways

Limits:

• If 𝑥 → 𝑎 gives 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑚 then it is represented by lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚

𝑥→𝑎

• Here 𝑚 is the limiting value of 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑎

𝑥 → 𝑎 means 𝑥 tends to 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Limits:

• If 𝑥 → 𝑎 gives 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑚 then it is represented by lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚

𝑥→𝑎

• Here 𝑚 is the limiting value of 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑎

• 𝑥 → 𝑎( 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎) means that 𝑥 approaches to 𝑎

• For RHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ
𝑥 =𝑎−ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ
For LHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 − ℎ
𝑎
• ℎ is infinitely small +𝑣𝑒 quantity

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 Limits

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ
𝑥→𝑎 − ℎ→0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ
𝑥→𝑎 + ℎ→0

Limit of a function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to exist

𝐿 finitely as 𝑥 → 𝑎 when (𝑥 is not equal to 𝑎 )

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim + 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 (finite)

𝑥→𝑎− 𝑥→𝑎

Left hand limit Right hand limit

𝑎

∴ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 (finite)
𝑥→𝑎

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 Limits

We check function 𝑓(𝑥)’s limiting value at 𝑥 = 𝑎 by LHL & RHL , if

LHL = RHL ⇒ limit exists at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

We check LHL = RHL at 𝑥 = 𝑎 only when 𝑥 lies in between

the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 .

If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is the end point of the domain then we don’t check LHL, RHL both
We check whatever is available.

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 Key Takeaways

10
𝑓(𝑥)

1 𝑋
−5 −1 1 5 10 15 20

• Limit does not exist at 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = 24 because L.H.L ≠ R.H.L

• Limit exists at 𝑥 = 13 & 18 because L.H.L = R.H.L

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 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ , then evaluate
2𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 > 1

a) lim 𝑓 𝑥 b) lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→4

a) lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→1

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 1 − ℎ + 1 = 2 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥→1− ℎ→0
𝑥+1
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 1 + ℎ − 3 = − 1
𝑥→1+ ℎ→0
2
Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = does not exist 1
𝑥→1
−1
b) lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→4

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 4 − ℎ − 3 = 5
𝑥→4 − ℎ→0
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 2 4 + ℎ − 3 = 5
𝑥→4 + ℎ→0
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
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 Evaluate lim −1 𝑥
𝑥→11

𝑥
lim −1
𝑥→11

L.H.L 𝑥 = 11 − ℎ R.H.L 𝑥 = 11 + ℎ

11−ℎ 10 11+ℎ 11
lim −1 = −1 = +1 lim −1 = −1 = −1
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

Limit does not exist

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 𝑥
Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥 2

L.H.L R.H.L

𝑥 =0−ℎ 𝑥 =0+ℎ
ℎ ℎ
lim − 2 lim
ℎ→0 −ℎ + −ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ + ℎ 2

−ℎ ℎ
lim lim
ℎ→0 ℎ+ℎ2 ℎ→0 ℎ+ℎ2

−ℎ ℎ
lim lim
ℎ→0 ℎ 1+ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ 1+ℎ

−1 1 1 1
lim =− = −1 lim = =1
ℎ→0 1+ℎ 1+0 ℎ→0 1+ℎ 1+0

L.H.L ≠ R.H.L
Limit does not exist
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 Key Takeaways

INDETERMINATE FORMS

Whose value can’t be directly determined by substituting value of 𝑥.

We have 7 indeterminate forms :

0 ∞
, , ∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
0 ∞

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 Key Takeaways

Note
Forms like:
∞×∞→∞ ∞∞ → ∞

→0+
∞+∞→∞ exact 0 =0

𝑎
=0 (if 𝑎 is infinite) −
∞ (exact 0)→0 = not defined
∞
→∞ are not indeterminate forms.
→0

exact 0
=0
→0

∞
→0 =0
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 Key Takeaways

Note
Forms like:

∞+∞ ∞

∞−∞ Indetermined

∞×∞ ∞

∞
∞
Indetermined form

0∞ 0

∞0 Indetermined

0×∞ Indetermined
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 Which of the following are indeterminate forms:
𝑥−1
1. lim 2. lim 𝑥2 − 1 − 𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥→−∞

𝑥−1 1−1 0
1. lim = = Yes
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1 1−1 0

2. lim 𝑥2 − 1 − 𝑥 = −∞ 2 − 1 − −∞ → ∞ No
𝑥→−∞

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 Basic

∞ ∞
less than 1 =0 .2 =0
0 , 𝑎 <1
∞
greater than 1 ∞
→∞ 1.1 →∞ lim 𝑎 𝑥
= ∞ , 𝑎 >1
𝑥→∞

1 , 𝑎 =1
∞
Exactly 1 =1

∞
𝑒 →∞

−∞ 1
𝑒 = →0
𝑒∞

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 𝑛⋅3𝑛 1
If lim = then find the range of 𝑥.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛⋅ 𝑥−2 𝑛 +𝑛⋅3𝑛+1 +3𝑛 3

𝑛⋅3𝑛 1
Solution: lim =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛⋅ 𝑥−2 𝑛 +𝑛⋅3𝑛+1 +3𝑛 3

𝑛⋅3𝑛 1 1
lim 𝑥−2 𝑛 1
= lim 𝑥−2 𝑛 1
=
𝑛→∞ 𝑛⋅3𝑛 +3+ 𝑛→∞ +3+ 3
3𝑛 𝑛 3𝑛 𝑛

In numerator we have 1 so we have to make

denominator = 3 but we already having 3 in
denominator so for the equation holds true
𝑥−2 𝑛
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 3

𝑥−2 𝑥−2 −1 0 2 5
<1⇒ <1
3 3

𝑥 − 2 < 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 5 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1,5

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 lim 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→2−

Solution:

= lim− 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥
𝑥→2

= lim 2 − (2 − ℎ) + 2 − ℎ − 2 − (2 − ℎ)
ℎ→0

= lim 0 + ℎ + 0 − ℎ − (2 − ℎ)
ℎ→0

=0−1−2

= −3

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 Key Takeaways

Questions based on Existence of limit:

We check existence of Limits only when function is

𝑖 [ ]

𝑖𝑖 . { }

𝑖𝑖𝑖 . | |

𝑖𝑣 . sgn(𝑥)

1 + 𝑥 2; 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑣 . 𝑓 𝑥 =൝
2𝑥, 𝑥 < 1

1
𝑣𝑖 . Function →
𝑥±𝑎

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 1
lim 𝑒 𝑥 is equal to ____ ?
𝑥→0

Solution: LHL 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ RHL 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ

1 1
lim− 𝑒 𝑥 lim+ 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1 1
lim 𝑒 −ℎ = 𝑒 −∞ → 0 lim 𝑒 ℎ = 𝑒 ∞ → ∞
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

LHL = 0 RHL = ∞

LHL ≠ RHL

LDNE

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 Session 2
Sandwich Theorem and Some
Standard Limits

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 1
lim is equal to _____ ?
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 2𝑛+1

Solution:
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 𝑎 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ
L.H.L L.H.L
1 1
= lim = lim
ℎ→0 𝑎−ℎ−𝑎 2𝑛+1 ℎ→0 𝑎+ℎ−𝑎 2𝑛+1
1 1
= lim − ℎ 2𝑛+1 = lim ℎ 2𝑛+1
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
= −∞ =∞

As, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, Hence limit doesn’t exist.

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 1 −1
Evaluate lim 1 + 2 𝑥
𝑥→0

Solution: For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ

L.H.L R.H.L
1 1
= lim 1 = lim 1
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
1+2−ℎ 1+2+ℎ
1 1
= =
1+2−∞ 1+2∞
1 1
= =
1+0 1+∞
=1 1
=∞=0

Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, Hence limit doesn’t exist.

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 1
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Evaluate lim+ 1
𝑥→0 1+𝑒 𝑥

Solution: Here we have to find R.H.L as 𝑥 → 0+

R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ
1
ℎ𝑒 ℎ
= lim 1
ℎ→0 1+𝑒 ℎ
1
ℎ𝑒 ℎ
= lim 1
ℎ→0 𝑒 ℎ 1
1 +1
𝑒ℎ
0
= 1
+1
𝑒∞

0
= =0
0+1

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 𝑥
lim =?
𝑥→0 𝑥 +𝑥 2

Solution: For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ

L.H.L R.H.L
−ℎ ℎ
= lim = lim
ℎ→0 −ℎ +(−ℎ)2 ℎ→0 ℎ +ℎ2
1
= lim
−ℎ = lim 1+ℎ
ℎ→0
ℎ→0 ℎ+ℎ2
−1 1
= lim 1+ℎ = 1+0
ℎ→0
=1
= −1
Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, Hence limit doesn’t exist.

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 Key Takeaways

Infinite Limit:

If L.H.L and R.H.L are both approachingg ∞ or −∞, then it is said to be infinite
limit.

For example:

• lim | cot 𝑥 | = infinite

𝑥→𝜋

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 0
2 2 2 2

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 Key Takeaways

For example:

1
• lim = does not exist.
𝑥→0 𝑥

• As L.H.L = − ∞ and 0
R.H.L = ∞

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 Evaluate: lim [cos 𝑥] (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→0
𝑥≠0

Solution:
cos(0 − ℎ) cos(0 + ℎ)
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L

= lim [cos(0 − ℎ)] = lim [cos(0 + ℎ)]

ℎ→0 ℎ→0 𝜋
−2 0−ℎ 0 0+ℎ 𝜋
2
= lim [𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1] = lim [𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1]
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
=0 =0

The Limit of the function is L.H.L= R.H.L = 0.

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 lim [tan2 𝑥] is equal to ? (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→0

Solution: 𝑌
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L 𝑦 = tan2 𝑥
= lim [tan2 (0 − ℎ)] = lim [tan2 (0 + ℎ)]
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
0−ℎ 0+ℎ
= lim 0 = lim 0 𝑋
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝑂
=0 =0

∴ L.H.L = R.H.L = 0

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 lim
5𝜋
[sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥] (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→
4

Solution:
𝑌
= lim
5𝜋
[sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥]
𝑥→
4

1 1
= lim 2 sin 𝑥 ⋅ + cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝜋
5𝜋 2 2 𝜋 0 7𝜋
𝑥→
4 − 𝜋−
4
2𝜋 −
4
𝑋
𝜋 𝜋
4
= lim 2 sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos + cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin
5𝜋 4 4 𝜋
𝑥→
4 𝑥=−
𝜋 4
= lim 2 sin 𝑥 +
5𝜋 4
𝑥→
4

5𝜋 𝜋
= [ 2 sin + ]
4 4

3𝜋
= 2 sin
2

= 2 ⋅ (−1) = − 2 = −2

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 Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. If for some 𝜆 ∈ ℝ − 0,1 ,
1−𝑥+|𝑥|
lim = 𝐿, then 𝐿 is equal to :(where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→0 𝜆−𝑥+[𝑥]
JEE Main 2020
Solution:

For limit exist , L.H.L = R.H.L

1−𝑥+|𝑥| 1−(−ℎ)+|−ℎ| 1
lim − = lim =
𝑥→0 𝜆−𝑥+[𝑥] ℎ→0 𝜆−(−ℎ)+[−ℎ] 𝜆−1

1−𝑥+|𝑥| 1
lim + =
𝑥→0 𝜆−𝑥+[𝑥] 𝜆

1 1
⇒ =
𝜆−1 𝜆

1
⇒ 𝜆=
2

∴𝐿=2

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 Let [t] denote the greatest integer ≤ t. If for some 𝜆 ∈ ℝ − 0,1 ,
1−𝑥+|𝑥|
lim = 𝐿, then 𝐿 is equal to : (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→0 𝜆−𝑥+[𝑥]
JEE Main 2020

𝟏 𝟎
A B
𝟐

𝟐 D 𝟏
A

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 Key Takeaways

The fractional part function {x} is defined as the algebraic function

which is given by the difference between real number and its
integral value.
𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =𝑥 − 𝑥
1

• Basic of { }
-1 𝑂 1 2 3 4 5
𝑋
.6 = 0.6 −.6 = 1 − 0.6

1+ℎ = ℎ =ℎ

6 − ℎ = −ℎ = 1 − ℎ

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 Evaluate : 𝑥→8
lim {𝑥} (where denotes fractional part function)

Solution: lim {𝑥}

𝑥→8

L.H.L, 𝑥 = 8 − ℎ R.H.L, 𝑥 = 8 + ℎ

lim 8 − ℎ lim 8 + ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

−ℎ ℎ

lim 1 − ℎ lim ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

⇒1−0=1 ⇒0

LDNE

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 Key Takeaways

Algebra of limits:

Let lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙, and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚. If 𝑙 and 𝑚 are finite, then:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

• lim {𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 } = 𝑙 ± 𝑚 • lim 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑙 , 𝑘 is a constant

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Ex: lim 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 2 + sin 2 Ex: lim𝜋 2 tan 𝑥 = 2 3
𝑥→2
𝑥→
3

• lim {𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 } = 𝑙. 𝑚
𝑥→𝑎
3
3 cos
Ex: lim3 𝑥. cos 𝑥 = 4

𝑥→ 4
4

𝑓 𝑥 𝑙
• lim = ,𝑚 ≠ 0
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑚
𝑥 2 +1
Ex: lim =1
𝑥→1 𝑥+1

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 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥1 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑓 𝑥 = , g 𝑥 =
2𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑥<1 −𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥≤0

and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 then find lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥

𝑥→0

Solution: lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥
𝑥→0

lim 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→0− 𝑥→0+

𝑥 =0−ℎ

lim 𝑓 𝑔 −ℎ lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ
ℎ→0
ℎ→0

lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ = lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ = lim 𝑓 1 + ℎ

ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

= lim 1 + ℎ − 1 = 0
ℎ→0

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 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥1 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑓 𝑥 = , g 𝑥 =
2𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑥<1 −𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥≤0

and ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 then find lim 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥

𝑥→0

A B 𝟎

C D

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 𝑥 𝑏
Evaluate : lim+ 𝑎 𝑥 (where [∗] denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→0

Solution: 𝑥 𝑏
lim+ Method 2:
𝑥→0 𝑎 𝑥

⇒𝑥 =0+ℎ lim [𝑥] = 𝑥

𝑥→∞

ℎ 𝑏 𝑥 𝑏
lim lim+
ℎ→0 𝑎 ℎ
𝑥→0 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 tending to zero
𝑏 ℎ 𝑏
−lim 𝑏
→∞
𝑎 ℎ→0 𝑎 ℎ 𝑥

𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
−0= ∴ × =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎

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 Key Takeaways

Methods to solve the limit:

• Questions which do not have [],| |,{ }, defined function

need not be solved by comparing LHL,RHL

• So we just solve them as it is using following methods

(A) Factorization (E) Use of B.T

(B) Rationalization (F) Sandwich Theorem

(C) Double Rationalization (G) Trigo

(D) limit 𝑛 → ∞ (H) Expansion

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 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
Evaluate: lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2

𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6 4−10+6 0
lim = = form
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 4−6+2 0

(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
lim
𝑥→2 (𝑥−2)−(𝑥−1)

2−3
=
2−1

= −1

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 Evaluate the following limit
𝑥 3 −1
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

Solution :
𝑥 3 −1
lim
𝑥→1 𝑥−1

= 3 . 12 = 3

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 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 log 𝑥+log 𝑥−1
Evaluate lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2 −1

Solution: 𝑥 3 − 1 − log 𝑥 . (𝑥 2 − 1)
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − log 𝑥 . (𝑥 + 1))
= lim
𝑥→1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − log 𝑥 . (𝑥 + 1) 3
= lim =
𝑥→1 (𝑥 + 1) 2

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 Session 3
Methods to Solve Limits
problems

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 Key Takeaways

Rationalization:

When given expression is in the form of 𝑎 − 𝑏 or 𝑎 −𝑏

form we do rationalization.

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 𝑥2
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→0 1+𝑥 2 − 1−𝑥 2

𝑥2 1+𝑥 2 + 1−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→0 1+𝑥 2 − 1−𝑥 2

𝑥2 1+𝑥 2 + 1−𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 2

1+1
=
2

=1

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 𝑥+4−2
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

( 𝑥+4−2)( 𝑥+4+2)
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥( 𝑥+4+2)

𝑥+4−4
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥( 𝑥+4+2)
1
= lim
𝑥→0 ( 𝑥+4+2)

1
=
4

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 3− 8𝑥+1
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→1 5− 24𝑥+1

3− 8𝑥+1
lim
𝑥→1 5− 24𝑥+1

3− 8𝑥+1 3+ 8𝑥+1 (5+ 24𝑥+1)

= lim
𝑥→1 (5− 24𝑥+1)(5+ 24𝑥+1) 3+ 8𝑥+1

(9− 8𝑥+1 )(5+ 24𝑥+1)

= lim
𝑥→1 (25− 24𝑥+1 )(3+ 8𝑥+1)

8×10
=
24×6

5
=
9

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 𝑥−2𝑎+( 𝑥 − 2𝑎)
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→2𝑎 𝑥 2 −4𝑎2

𝑥−2𝑎
𝑥−2𝑎+
Solution: = lim 𝑥+ 2𝑎
𝑥→2𝑎 (𝑥−2𝑎)(𝑥+2𝑎)

𝑥−2𝑎
𝑥−2𝑎 1+
𝑥+ 2𝑎
= lim
𝑥→2𝑎 (𝑥−2𝑎)(𝑥+2𝑎)

1 1
= =
4𝑎 2 𝑎

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 sin 4𝑥
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→0 1− 1−𝑥

sin 4𝑥
Solution: lim
𝑥→0 1− 1−𝑥

sin 4𝑥 1+ 1−𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 1− 1−𝑥

sin 4𝑥
= lim × 1+ 1−𝑥 ×4
𝑥→0 4𝑥

=1× 1+1 ×4

=8

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 1 1
lim 1 − = ? ⇒ ∞ − ∞ form ⇒ Take LCM
ℎ→0 ℎ 8+ℎ 3
2ℎ

1 1
Solution: ⇒ lim 1 −
2ℎ
∗ +∗ 𝑛
→Use B.T.
ℎ→0 ℎ 8+ℎ 3
1+𝑥 𝑛
≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥, when 𝑥 is
1
2− 8+ℎ 3
⇒ lim 1
sufficiently small
ℎ→0 2ℎ 8+ℎ 3
𝑛 𝑛−1
1+𝑥 𝑛
≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + ⋅ 𝑥 2 , when 𝑥 is
1 2!
ℎ 3

⇒ lim
2−2 1+
8 sufficiently small
1
ℎ→0 ℎ 3
2ℎ×2 1+
8

ℎ
1− 1+
24
⇒ lim ℎ
ℎ→0 2ℎ 1+
24

1
=−
48

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 lim ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 )
𝑥→∞

Solution: lim ( 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ) (∞ − ∞) form

𝑥→∞

𝑥 2 +𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −𝑥
= lim Funda-1: If lim is given in
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −𝑥
𝑥→∞
question then try to take
2𝑥
= lim maximum degree term
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −𝑥

common
2𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1
1+ + 1−
1
𝑥 𝑥

2 2
= lim =
𝑥→∞ 1+0+ 1−0 2

=1
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 𝑛 𝑚
1+𝑥 − 1+𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

𝑛 𝑚 0
1+𝑥 − 1+𝑥
Solution: lim form Funda-2: If 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
is given in
𝑥→0 𝑥 0
question then try to solve it
1
1+𝑥 𝑛 − 1+𝑥 𝑚
1
using binomial theorem.
= lim 𝑛
𝑥→0 𝑥 1+𝑥 ≃ 1 + 𝑛𝑥

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
1+
𝑥
− 1+
𝑥 1+𝑥 ≃ 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥2
𝑛 𝑚 2!
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 1
𝑥 −
𝑛 𝑚
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

1 1
= −
𝑛 𝑚

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 3 4
1+𝑥 2 − 1−2𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥+𝑥 2

Solution: 1 1
1+𝑥 2 3 − 1−2𝑥 4
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑥

𝑥2 2𝑥
1+ − 1−
3 4
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥+1)

𝑥 1
𝑥 +
3 2
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(𝑥+1)

1
0+ 1
2
= =
0+1 2

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 1 1
cos 𝑥 3 − cos 𝑥 2
lim
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥

Solution: 1 1
cos 𝑥 3 − cos 𝑥 2 0
lim = form
𝑥→0 1−cos2 𝑥 0

1 1
1−sin2 𝑥 3− 1−sin2 𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥

1 1
1−sin2 𝑥 6 − 1−sin2 𝑥 4
= lim
𝑥→0 sin2 𝑥

1 1 1
=− + =
6 4 12

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 1
𝑛
lim 3 + 4𝑛 𝑛 is equal to
𝑛→∞

1/𝑛
3 𝑛 4 𝑛
= lim 4 +
𝑛→∞ 4 4

0
=4 0+1

=4×1

=4

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 1
𝑛
lim 3 + 4 + 5 +𝑛 𝑛
6𝑛 𝑛 is equal to
𝑛→∞

1/𝑛
3 𝑛 4 𝑛 5 𝑛
= lim 6 + + +1
𝑛→∞ 6 6 6

0
= 6 0+0+0+1

=6×1

=6

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 1
lim 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+3 3 −𝑥 =?
𝑥→∞
1
Solution: 3
= lim 𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 11𝑥 + 6 2 3 −𝑥
𝑥→∞
1
6 11 6 3
= lim 𝑥 1+ + + −1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3

6 11 6
= lim 𝑥 1 + + + −1
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 3𝑥 2 3𝑥 3

6 11 6
= lim + +
𝑥→∞ 3 3𝑥 3𝑥 2

=2

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 Note:

• Difference of degrees (Numerator - Denominator)

1
equals to 1 then the value of the limit is
degree of denominator

• Difference of degrees (Numerator - Denominator)

greater than 1 then the value of the limit is 0

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 (13 +23 +⋯+𝑛3 )−(14 +24 +⋯+𝑛4 )
lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛5
is equal to ____ .

Solution:
(13 +23 +⋯+𝑛3 )−(14 +24 +⋯+𝑛4 )
lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛5
(13 +23 +⋯+𝑛3 ) (14 +24 +⋯+𝑛4 )
= lim − lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛5 𝑛→∞ 𝑛5

1
=−
5

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 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1+ 1𝑛+2𝑛+ 2𝑛 +3𝑛 +⋯ 𝑚−1 𝑛 +𝑚𝑛
lim
𝑚→∞ 𝑚2
is equal to ____ .
𝑛→∞

Solution: Applying lim 𝑛 → ∞

1 1 1
1+ 1𝑛 +2𝑛 𝑛 + 2𝑛 +3𝑛 𝑛 +⋯+ 𝑚−1 𝑛 +𝑚𝑛 𝑛
lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑚2
𝑚→∞

1+ 2+ 3+⋯+𝑚
= lim
𝑚→∞ 𝑚2
𝑚 𝑚+1
= lim
𝑚→∞ 2𝑚2
𝑚+1 1
= lim =
𝑚→∞ 2𝑚 2

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 1 1 1
Evaluate : lim + + ⋯+
𝑛→∞ 3⋅4⋅5 4⋅5⋅6 𝑛+2 ⋅ 𝑛+3 ⋅(𝑛+4)

Solution:

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
lim + + ⋯+ = −
3⋅4⋅5 4⋅5⋅6 𝑛+2 ⋅ 𝑛+3 ⋅(𝑛+4) 3⋅4⋅5 2 3⋅4 4⋅5
𝑛→∞

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim − + − +⋯+ −
𝑛→∞ 2 3⋅4 4⋅5 2 4⋅5 5⋅6 2 𝑛+2 ⋅ 𝑛+3 𝑛+3 𝑛+4

1 1 1
= lim −
𝑛→∞ 2 3⋅4 𝑛+3 𝑛+4

1 1 1
= −0 =
2 3⋅4 2(3⋅4)

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 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
Evaluate the limit: lim , where 𝑎0 ≠ 0 , 𝑏0 ≠ 0
𝑥→∞ 𝑏0 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑚−1 + ⋯+ 𝑏𝑚

Solution: 𝑛 Numerator degree 𝑚 Denominator degree

𝑎0
𝑚=𝑛
𝑏0

𝑎0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
⇒ lim 0 𝑚>𝑛
𝑥→∞ 𝑏0 𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑚−1 + ⋯+ 𝑏𝑚

∞ if 𝑎0 , 𝑏0 same sign
𝑚<𝑛
−∞ if 𝑎0 , 𝑏0 diff. sign

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 𝑎 2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑏 𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −1 −𝑐 3𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
lim = 1, then find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 .
𝑥→∞ 𝑎 5𝑥 4 −𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 4 +𝑐 4𝑥 4 +1 +2𝑥 2 +5𝑥

Solution: 𝑎 2𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑏 𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −1 −𝑐 3𝑥 3 +𝑥 2
lim =1
𝑥→∞ 𝑎 5𝑥 4 −𝑥 −𝑏𝑥 4 +𝑐 4𝑥 4 +1 +2𝑥 2 +5𝑥

𝑥 3 2𝑎+𝑏−3𝑐 + −𝑎+5𝑏−𝑐 𝑥 2 −𝑏
= lim =1
𝑥→∞ 5𝑎−𝑏+4𝑐 𝑥 4 +2𝑥 2 + −𝑎+5 𝑥+𝑐

5𝑎 − 𝑏 + 4𝑐 = 0 −𝑎+5𝑏−𝑐
=1
2

2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 = 0

2 46 14
⇒𝑎=− ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
109 109 109

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 A tank contains 10 liters of pure water. Salt water containing 20 grams of salt per liter
is pumped into the tank at 2 liters per minute.
If the salt concentration after 𝑡 mins is given by amount of salt per unit volume of the
solution, what is the long term concentration of salt , i.e., lim 𝐶 𝑡 ?
𝑡→∞

total salt 20 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 𝑡 20𝑡

𝐶 𝑡 = = =
total volume 10 + 2 ⋅ 𝑡 5 + 𝑡

Long term concentration of salt = lim 𝐶 𝑡

𝑡→∞
20
= lim
𝑡→∞ 5
+1
𝑡
= 20

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 Session 4
Some Standard Limits

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 1 2 15
lim+ 𝑥 + + ⋯+ , where denotes G. I. F
𝑥 →0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

JEE Mains 2018

Solution:
1 2 15
Given : Limit = lim+ 𝑥 + +⋯+
𝑥 →0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1
⇒ As 𝑥 → 0+ , → ∞ and lim 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥→∞

1 2 15 1 2 15
⇒ lim 𝑥 + + ⋯+ =𝑥 + + ⋯+
𝑥 →0+ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

= 1 + 2 + ⋯ + 15

15
= 15 + 1
2

= 120

1 2 15
⇒ lim+ 𝑥 + + ⋯+ = 120
𝑥 →0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

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 1 2 15
lim+ 𝑥 + + ⋯+ , where denotes G. I. F
𝑥 →0 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

JEE Mains 2018

A Is equal to 120 B Does not exist in ℝ

C Is equal to 0 D Is equal to 15

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 Key Takeaways

Comparison of behaviour of function at infinity:

lim sin 𝑥 = any value −1 to 1

𝑥→∞

= Does not exist.

sin 𝑥 any value −1 to 1

lim =
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 ∞

=0

cos 𝑥
lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

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 Some important results:

lim 𝑛2 + 1 − 𝑛 lim 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝑛2 +1+𝑛 𝑛2 +𝑛+1+𝑛
= lim 𝑛2 + 1 − 𝑛 × = lim 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 ×
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +1+𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +𝑛+1+𝑛

1 𝑛+1 1
= lim =0 = lim =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +1+𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +𝑛+1+𝑛 2

1
= lim 𝑛2 + 1 − 𝑛 = 0 = lim 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 =
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2

1
= lim 𝑛2 + 1 = 𝑛 = lim 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 +
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2

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 Evaluate : lim sin 𝜋 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1 , where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
𝑛→∞

Solution:

Given : lim sin 𝜋 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1

𝑛→∞

= lim sin 𝜋 𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1
𝑛→∞

𝜋
= sin 2𝑛 + 1
2

= −1, 1

⇒ Does not exists

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 Key Takeaways

Standard Limits:

sin 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

tan 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥

Without Limits Remember :

sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
<1 >1
𝑥 𝑥
sin−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥
>1 <1
𝑥 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Proof:

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶

𝐵

⇒
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵
<
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵
<
𝐴𝐶+𝐵𝐶 𝜃𝐸 𝐷
2 2 2 𝑂 𝐶
෢ < 𝐵𝐶
⇒ 𝐵𝐸 < 𝐵𝐷 𝐴

𝐵𝐸 ෢𝐷
𝐵 𝐵𝐶
⇒ < <
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐵

⇒ sin 𝜃 < 𝜃 < tan 𝜃

sin 𝑥 sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 tan 𝑥

1> <1< 1<
𝑥 𝜃 𝜃 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Proof:

sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃
<1< 𝐵
𝜃 𝜃

When 𝜃 → 0
𝜃 𝐸 𝐷 𝐶
⇒ sin 𝜃 ≅ 𝜃 ≅ tan 𝜃 O
sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃
⇒ lim = 1 & lim =1
𝜃→0 𝜃 𝜃→0 𝜃 𝐴
Remember: 𝜃 → 0

sin 𝜃 ≅ tan 𝜃 ≅ sin−1 𝜃 ≅ tan−1 𝜃 = 𝜃

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 sin 𝑥
Evaluate: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

lim less than 1 = 0

𝑥→0

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 100 sin 𝑥 100𝑥
Evaluate:lim +
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan 𝑥

sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑥
<1 >1⇒ <1
𝑥 𝑥 tan 𝑥

100 sin 𝑥 100𝑥

= < 100 = < 100
𝑥 tan 𝑥

= 99.99 = 99.99

= 99 = 99

⇒ 99 + 99 = 198

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 Key Takeaways

Limits:
sin same

•
(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒)
= 1 only
sin 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin(0)
Same for all (created)
(0)

tan(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒)
(𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒)
tan 𝑥
• lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 1 only
tan 0
Same for all (created)
(0)

• When, 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 ≅ tan 𝑥 = 𝑥

tan 𝑥 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥

• lim
𝑥→0
sin 𝑥
𝑥
= lim
𝑥
𝑥→0 sin 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 tan 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
=1

•
sin 𝑎𝑥
lim =𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑥
sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
lim =
𝑥→0 tan 𝑏𝑥 𝑏
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 1
Evaluate : lim 𝑥. sin
𝑥→0 𝑥

1
Solution: Given : lim 𝑥. sin
𝑥→0 𝑥

1
⇒ lim 𝑥. sin
𝑥→0 𝑥

=0×𝑘

=0 ∵ −1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1

1
⇒ lim 𝑥. sin = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥

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 sin 𝜋−𝑥
Evaluate : lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋(𝜋−𝑥)

Solution:
If 𝑥 → 𝜋 then 𝜋 − 𝑥 → 0

Let 𝑡 = 𝜋 − 𝑥

Now,
sin(𝜋−𝑥) sin 𝑡
lim = lim
𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 𝑡→0 𝜋⋅𝑡

1 sin 𝑡 1
= lim =
𝜋 𝑡→0 𝑡 𝜋

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 1
𝑥 4 sin −𝑥 2
Evaluate : 𝑥→−∞
lim 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 3

Solution: 𝑥 → −∞ ⇒ 𝑥 = negative large number

∴ 𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑥 → −∞ is a very large number
It will behave like 𝑥 → ∞
1
𝑥 → −∞ ⇒ →0
𝑥
1 1 For 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 ≅ 𝑥 & tan 𝑥 ≅ 𝑥
⇒ tan ≅
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
⇒ sin ≅
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
lim 𝑥 4 sin −𝑥 2 𝑥4 −𝑥 2
𝑥→−∞
𝑥 = lim 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 3 𝑥→−∞ 1+ −𝑥 3

= lim 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2
𝑥→−∞ 1−𝑥 3
1
𝑥 3 1− 1−0
= lim 𝑥
= = −1
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 3 1 −1 0−1
3 𝑥
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 Key Takeaways

Standard Limits:
1−cos 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 2
1−cos 𝑥 1
lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 2
1−cos 0
0

Proof:

1−cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
lim lim
= 𝑥→0 =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 2𝑥 2

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 1−cos(sin 𝑥)
Evaluate : 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥2

1−cos(sin 𝑥)
Solution: lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2

= lim 1−cos(sin 𝑥) sin2 𝑥

𝑥→0 ×
sin2 𝑥 𝑥2

1 sin 𝑥 2
= lim .
𝑥→0 2 𝑥

1
= × 12
2

1
=
2

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 8 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
Evaluate : 𝑥→0
lim 1 − cos − cos + cos ⋅ cos
𝑥8 2 4 2 4

Solution: lim 8 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑥→0
1 − cos − cos + cos ⋅ cos
𝑥8 2 4 2 4

= lim 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2
1−cos −cos 1−cos
𝑥→0 2 4 2
8
𝑥8
𝑥2 𝑥2
= lim 1−cos 1−cos
2 4
𝑥→0 8
𝑥8

𝑥2 𝑥2
= lim 1−cos 1−cos 1 1
2 4
𝑥→0 8 𝑥4 𝑥4
.
4 16
4 16

1 1 1 1
=8 . .
4 2 16 2

1
=
32

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 lim𝜋 cot 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
Evaluate : 𝑥→ 𝜋−2𝑥 3
2

Solution: lim𝜋 cot 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

𝑥→
2 𝜋−2𝑥 3
𝜋
Let 𝑥 = − ℎ
2
𝜋 𝜋
= lim cot
2
−ℎ − cos
2
−ℎ
⇒ 2ℎ = 𝜋 − 2𝑥
ℎ→0
2ℎ 3

tan ℎ−sin ℎ
= lim 8ℎ3
tan 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 1
ℎ→0 ∵ lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥3 2
1 1
= ×
8 2

1
=
16

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 lim 1−cos 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
If the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are 𝛼 & 𝛽, then find: 𝑥→𝛼 𝑥−𝛼 2

Solution:
Given, the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are 𝛼 & 𝛽

⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽

1−cos 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
= lim
𝑥→𝛼 𝑥−𝛼 2

1−cos 𝑎 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 ×𝑎2 𝑥−𝛽 2

= lim
𝑥→𝛼 𝑥−𝛼 2 ×𝑎2 𝑥−𝛽 2

1
= × 𝑎2 × 𝛼 − 𝛽 2
2

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 Key Takeaways

Standard Limits:

lim 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎
= 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1
𝑥−𝑎

lim 𝑥 𝑚 −𝑎𝑚 𝑚
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑛
𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 −1
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
lim 𝑎𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
= log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥
𝑎0 −1
0
𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 −1
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
lim 𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥→0
=1
𝑥
𝑒 0 −1
0
ln 1+𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒
ln 1+𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
ln 1+0
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 Note:

lim 𝑥𝑛 𝑛!
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥
=0 ∵ lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥

Example:

lim 𝑥3 3𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥

6𝑥 6
lim
= 𝑥→∞ lim
= 𝑥→∞ =0
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥

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 4𝑥 −5𝑥
Evaluate : 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥

Solution:
4𝑥 −5𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

4𝑥 −1 − 5𝑥 −1
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

4𝑥 −1 5𝑥 −1
= lim −
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥

4
= log 4 − log 5 = log
5

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 Session 5
Some Special Forms and
Differentiation

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 1 1
𝑛 𝑒𝑥 𝑛 𝑒𝑥
The value of 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑥
,𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑥𝑛

Solution:
1 1
𝑛 𝑒𝑥 𝑛 𝑒𝑥
lim 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑥→∞
𝑥𝑛

1 1
𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑥
= lim 2 − 3
𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑛
𝑒𝑥

𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
= lim 2 𝑒 −3 𝑒𝑥
𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥𝑛
𝑒𝑥

𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
= lim 2 𝑒𝑥 −1 − 3 𝑒𝑥 −1
𝑥→∞
𝑥𝑛
𝑒𝑥

= log 2 − log 3

2
= log
3
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 1 1
𝑛 𝑒𝑥 𝑛 𝑒𝑥
The value of 𝑥→∞
lim 𝑒𝑥 2𝑥 − 3𝑥
,𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝑥𝑛

3
A 0 B log
2

2
C log
3 D None

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 log 1+𝑥 2 +𝑥 4
Evaluate the following limit : 𝑥→0
lim
𝑥 𝑥+𝑥 3

Solution:
log 1+𝑥 2 +𝑥 4
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥+𝑥 3

log 1+ 𝑥 2 +𝑥 4
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 +𝑥 4

=1 lim ln 1+𝑥
=1
𝑥→0 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

1∞ Form
𝑔 𝑥
If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞, then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1∞ form
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

In such cases, we have two methods to solve

1 Formula
lim 1 + 𝑥 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→0
∞
1
1
lim 1 + 𝑥 𝑥 =𝑒
𝑥→0
1
lim 1 + same same =𝑒
𝑥→0

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 Key Takeaways

1∞ Form
∞
1
1 𝑥
lim 1 + =𝑒 same
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1
lim 1 + =𝑒
𝑥→∞ same

Example:
1
𝑖) lim 1 + 3𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→0
reciprocal
1
×3
= lim 1 + 3𝑥 3𝑥
cot 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑖𝑖) lim+ 1 + tan 𝑥
𝑥→0
= 𝑒3
=𝑒

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 Evaluate: lim log 3 3𝑥 log𝑥 3
.
𝑥→1

Solution:
log𝑥 3
lim log 3 3𝑥
𝑥→1
1
log 3 𝑥
= lim log 3 3 + log 3 𝑥
𝑥→1

1
log 3 𝑥
= lim 1 + log 3 𝑥 (1∞ form)
𝑥→1

Reciprocal
=𝑒

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 Key Takeaways

1∞ Form
Proof:
By Formula:
𝑔 𝑥
lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 𝑥→𝑎
For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1∞
𝑥→𝑎
𝑔 𝑥
= lim 1 + (𝑓 𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −1
Solve 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎
1
×𝑔(𝑥)× 𝑓 𝑥 −1
= lim 1 + (𝑓 𝑥 − 1) 𝑓 𝑥 −1
𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 −1
= 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎

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 1
𝜋 𝑥
(𝑖) Evaluate: lim tan +𝑥
𝑥→0 4

1 g(𝑥)
Solution: 𝜋 𝑥 1∞ 𝑔 𝑥
lim tan + 𝑥 For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1∞
𝑥→0 4 𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −1
𝑓(𝑥) Solve 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎
1 𝜋
lim tan +𝑥 −1
=𝑒 𝑥→0 𝑥 4

𝜋 0
tan +𝑥 −1
lim 4
= 𝑒 𝑥→0 𝑥 0
𝜋
sec 2 +𝑥 − 0
4
lim
= 𝑒 𝑥→0
1

𝜋
sec2
=𝑒 4 = 𝑒2

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 𝑥 𝑥+3
(𝑖𝑖) Evaluate: lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥+2

𝑥 𝑥+3
Solution: lim 1∞ 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→∞ 𝑥+2 For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1∞
𝑥→𝑎

𝑥 lim 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −1
lim
= 𝑒 𝑥→∞
𝑥+3
𝑥+2
−1 Solve 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎

2
lim 𝑥+3 −
=𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑥+2

−2𝑥−6 ∞
lim
=𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑥+2 ∞

−2
1
=𝑒 1 =
𝑒2

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 𝑛
𝑛 𝛼 1
Evaluate: lim + sin ;𝛼 ∈ 𝑄 .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛

𝑛
Solution: 𝑛 𝛼 1
lim + sin ;𝛼 ∈ 𝑄 (1∞ ) 𝑔 𝑥
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛 For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1∞
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 −1
lim 𝑛
𝑛 𝛼
+ sin
1
−1 Solve 𝑒 𝑥→𝑎
= 𝑒 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛 B.T.

1 𝛼 1
lim 𝑛 1− + sin −1
=𝑒 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛

𝛼 1
lim 𝑛 1− + sin −1
= 𝑒 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛

1
lim sin 𝑛 𝑛𝛼 E
=𝑒 𝑛→∞
1 −
𝑛
𝑛+1 E

= 𝑒 1−𝛼

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 Key Takeaways

00 and ∞0 Form
𝑔 𝑥
Here 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 00 form, where

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

For solving 00 /∞0 form,

𝑖) Take 𝑦 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎

𝑖𝑖) Take log both sides ⇒ log 𝑦 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 log 𝑓 𝑥

𝑥→𝑎

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Solve RHS and remove log for answer

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 1 sin 𝑥
Evaluate: lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥

Solution: 1 sin 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 ∞0
𝑔 𝑥
𝑖) 𝑦 = lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎
1 sin 𝑥
Step 1 ∶ Let 𝑦 = lim 𝑖𝑖) log 𝑦 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 log 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎

Step 2 ∶ log 𝑦 = lim sin 𝑥 log

1 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Solve RHS and remove log
𝑥→0 𝑥

= lim (− sin 𝑥 log 𝑥) 0 × ∞

𝑥→0
tan 𝑥
= lim × sin 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
= − lim ∞
𝑥→0 cosec 𝑥
∞
1 Step 3 ∶ log 𝑦 = 0
𝑥
= − lim
𝑥→0 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒0 = 1

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 Key Takeaways

𝑑𝑦
Definition of :
𝑑𝑥 𝑌
Instantaneous change in 𝑦 w.r.t 𝑥
As ℎ → 0, 𝑄 → 𝑃
Slope of tangent 𝑄 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
1
( First principle of differentiation /
𝑋
Ab – initio method ) 𝑂
𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

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 Key Takeaways

𝑑𝑦
Definition of :
𝑑𝑥
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖 Increment in 𝑦 → 𝛿𝑦
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 Increment in 𝑥 → 𝛿𝑥

𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
=
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+𝛿𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥
lim = lim
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

𝛿𝑦
lim = 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦
Hence, = lim
𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦
Find by 1st principle of differentiation if 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 ?
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛 ⋯ 𝑖
𝑛
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑛
𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛
𝛿𝑥 𝑛
𝛿𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 1+ −𝑥 𝑛
= lim 𝑥 B.T. 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
≅ 1 + 𝑛𝑥
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

𝑛⋅𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 1+ −1
𝑥
= lim
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥
𝑛⋅𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑥𝑛
𝑥
= lim
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥

𝛿𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝛿𝑥

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 Find derivative using first principle of differentiation: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Solution: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = sin(𝑥 + ℎ) ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

( First principle of differentiation / Ab – initio method )

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sin 𝑥+ℎ −sin 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
2𝑥+ℎ ℎ
2 cos sin 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
′ 2 2
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
ℎ→0 ℎ 2 2
ℎ
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+ℎ sin sin 𝑥
2
⇒ = lim cos ℎ lim =1
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 2 𝑥→0 𝑥
2

𝑑𝑦
⇒ = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 Find derivative using first principle of differentiation: 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

Solution:
Given 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = tan 𝑥 + ℎ ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ
( First principle of differentiation / Ab – initio method )
ℎ→0

tan 𝑥+ℎ −tan 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sin 𝑥+ℎ sin 𝑥

−
′ cos 𝑥+ℎ cos 𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

sin ℎ
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 − 𝑏
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥+ℎ cos 𝑥 sin ℎ 1
⇒ = lim = lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ cos 𝑥+ℎ cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
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 Session 6
Derivatives of Standard
Functions

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 Key Takeaways

Derivative of Standard Functions:

𝑑
𝑥 𝑛 → 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
→− 𝑥→
𝑥 𝑥2 2 𝑥
1 −2 1 −1
→ → 3
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥
2 𝑥2

1 −7
→
𝑥7 𝑥8

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 Key Takeaways

Derivative of Standard Functions:

𝑎 𝑥 → 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎
1
log 𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑥

1 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 = ×
ln 𝑎 𝑥

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 Derivative of Standard Functions
𝑑 1
ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1
log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥⋅ln 𝑎

𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
cot 𝑥 = −cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥. tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥. cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
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 Theorem of Differentiation:

If 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑓 𝑥 , then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
=𝑘⋅ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ± 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Theorem of Differentiation:

If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ± 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Proof:
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ +𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −(𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 )
= lim
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
= lim + lim
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Theorem of Differentiation:
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 , then

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅𝑔 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓 𝑥
If 𝑦 = , then
𝑔 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 .𝑓′ 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 .𝑔′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2 (Quotient Rule)
𝑔 𝑥

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 1−𝑥
Find the derivative of 𝑦 =
1+𝑥 2

Solution:
1−𝑥
Given: 𝑦 =
1+𝑥 2

We know,
𝑑𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 .𝑓′ 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑥 .𝑔′ 𝑥
= 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 2 −1 − 1−𝑥 2𝑥
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 2

𝑑𝑦 −1−𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2𝑥 2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Theorem of Differentiation:
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 , then

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′ 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔′ ℎ 𝑥 ⋅ ℎ′ 𝑥 (Chain Rule)
𝑑𝑥

Example:
i. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥 2 ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥

ii. 𝑦 = ln tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= ⋅ sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑥
=
Return to top 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥
 Note:
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑓 𝑥 is undefined for some 𝑥 then is also undefined at that point.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝜃
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝜃 = 𝑓′ 𝑔 ℎ 𝜃 × 𝑔′ ℎ 𝜃 × ℎ′ 𝜃 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 then = ? if 𝑓 0 = 0 and 𝑓 ′ 0 = 2.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′ 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑓′ 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑓′ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓′ 𝑓 𝑓 0 × 𝑓′ 𝑓 0 × 𝑓′ 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

= 𝑓′ 𝑓 0 × 𝑓′ 0 × 2

= 𝑓′ 0 × 2 × 2

=2×2×2

𝑑𝑦
=8
𝑑𝑥 𝑥=0

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 𝑑𝑦
Find of followings
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 𝑑 sec 𝑥 +tan 𝑥 − 1
(i) (ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 −sec 𝑥 + 1

Solution: Solution:
𝑑 𝑑 (sec 𝑥 +tan 𝑥 )− 1 (tan 𝑥+sec 𝑥) +1
𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (tan 𝑥+1)−sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥+1)+sec 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑥 𝑑 tan 𝑥+sec 𝑥 2 −1
= 𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥+1 2 −sec2 𝑥
2 𝑥 2 tan2 𝑥+2 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥+sec2 𝑥−1
= −𝑥 3 𝑒 −𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + ln =
𝑑
𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 tan2 𝑥+2 tan 𝑥+1−tan2 𝑥−1

2 𝑥 2 𝑑 2 tan2 𝑥+2 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑 2 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥+sec 𝑥

=𝑥 𝑒 2 −𝑥
3−𝑥 + ln = =
𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 tan 𝑥

𝑑
= tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥

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 0 ∞
L’Hospital Rule (For , form)
0 ∞

If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 & lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 0

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Or
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ & lim 𝑔 𝑥 =∞
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Then,

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim = ⋯ ( till indeterminate form eliminates )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

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 0 ∞
L’Hospital Rule (For , form)
0 ∞

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim = ⋯ ( till indeterminate form eliminates )
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′(𝑥)

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑖 lim = lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1

tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥
𝑖𝑖 lim = lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 1

1−cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1

𝑖𝑖𝑖 lim = lim = lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 2𝑥 𝑥→0 2 2

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 0 ∞
L’Hospital Rule (For , form)
0 ∞

Example
𝑥2
lim Then,
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥

By L.H rule ,
𝑥2 2𝑥
lim = lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑒𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑒 𝑥

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 log 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥
Evaluate : lim (where denotes greatest integer function)
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

Answer
Use L’ Hospital Rule
log 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥
lim
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 0 ∞
If lim → or form, then
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) 0 ∞
log 𝑥 𝑛
= lim −1 𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 lim & put limit
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑛 log 𝑥
= lim −1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥

log 𝑥 log 𝑥 ∞
= 𝑛 lim −1 lim →
log ∞
→
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥 ∞
𝑥→∞ ∞
1
𝑥 1
= 𝑛 lim −1 =𝑛× − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
𝑥→∞ 1 ∞

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 1−cos 𝑥
Evaluate lim
𝑥→0 1−cos 2𝑥

Answer 1−cos 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 1−cos 2𝑥

By using L.H. Rule

sin 𝑥 1 1
lim = lim =
𝑥→0 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑥→0 4 cos 𝑥 4

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 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑎 −𝑎2 𝑓 𝑥
If function 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then lim equals:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
JEE Main 2011
Answer
By L.H. rule,

𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑎 −𝑎2 𝑓 𝑥 2𝑥𝑓 𝑎 −𝑎2 𝑓′ 𝑥

lim = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 1

= 2𝑎𝑓 𝑎 − 𝑎2 𝑓 ′ 𝑎

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 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑎 −𝑎2 𝑓 𝑥
If function 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then lim equals:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
JEE Main 2011

A −𝒂𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒂 B 𝒂𝒇 𝒂 − 𝒂𝟐

C 𝟐𝒂𝒇 𝒂 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒂 D 𝟐𝒂𝒇 𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒇′ 𝒙

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Return to top