Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

CBSE NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 05

Back of Chapter Questions

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟏

1. Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, at 𝑥 = −3 and at 𝑥 = 5.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3

At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5(0) − 3 = −3

LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(5𝑥 − 3) = −3

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(5𝑥 − 3) = −3

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0) = −3

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

Now at 𝑥 = −3, 𝑓(−3) = 5(−3) − 3 = −18

LHL = lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −(5𝑥 − 3) = −18

𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3

RHL = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(5𝑥 − 3) = −18

𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3

Here, at 𝑥 = −3, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(−3) = −18

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = −3.

At 𝑥 = 5, 𝑓(5) = 5(5) − 3 = 22

𝐿𝐻𝐿 = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(5𝑥 − 3) = 22

𝑥→5 𝑥→5

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(5𝑥 − 3) = 22

𝑥→5 𝑥→5

Here, at 𝑥 = 5, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(5) = 22

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 5.

2. Examine the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1 at 𝑥 = 3.

1
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1.

At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(3) = 2(3)2 − 1 = 17

LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 2 − 1) = 17

𝑥→3 𝑥→3

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥 2 − 1) = 17

𝑥→3 𝑥→3

Here, at 𝑥 = 3, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(3) = 17

Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 3.

3. Examine the following functions for continuity:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5
1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 , 𝑥 ≠ 5

𝑥 2 −25
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = ,𝑥 ≠ −5
𝑥+5

(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5|

Solution:
(a) Given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5

Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 − 5

LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5

𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5

𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

At 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 − 5

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

1
(b) Given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 , 𝑥 ≠ 5
1
Let 𝑘(𝑘 ≠ 5) be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘−5
1 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥−5) = 𝑘−5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
1 1
RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥−5) = 𝑘−5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
1
At 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑘) =
𝑘−5

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers (except 5).

2
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑥 2 −25
(c) Given function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+5
,𝑥 ≠ −5

Let 𝑘(𝑘 ≠ −5) be any real number.

𝑘 2 −25 (𝑘+5)(𝑘−5)
At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘+5
= (𝑘+5)
= (𝑘 + 5)

𝑥 2 −25 (𝑘+5)(𝑘−5)
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− ( 𝑥+5
) = lim− ( (𝑘+5)
) =𝑘+5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

𝑥 2 −25 (𝑘+5)(𝑘−5)
RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ ( 𝑥+5
) = lim+ ( (𝑘+5)
) =𝑘+5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

At 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 5

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers (except −5).
5 − 𝑥, 𝑥 < 5
(d) Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5| = {
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥 ≥ 5
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question,𝑘 can be 𝑘 < 5 or 𝑘 = 5 or 𝑘 > 5.
First case: If 𝑘 < 5,
𝑓(𝑘) = 5 − 𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5 − 𝑥) = 5 − 𝑘. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 5.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 5,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 − 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 5.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 5,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 − 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 5.
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

4. Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 , is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑛, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 .
At 𝑥 = 𝑛, 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑥 𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑥 𝑛
𝑥→𝑛 𝑥→𝑛

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑛, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑥 𝑛

𝑥→𝑛

Since lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑥 𝑛

𝑥→𝑛

3
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑛, where 𝑛 is positive integer.

𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 1
5. Is the function 𝑓 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
5, 𝑥 > 1
continuous at 𝑥 = 0? At 𝑥 = 1? At 𝑥 = 2?

Solution:
𝑥, 𝑥 ≤ 1
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {
5, 𝑥 > 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here at 𝑥 = 0, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = 0

𝑥→0

Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0.

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥) = 1
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(5) = 5

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here, at 𝑥 = 1, LHL ≠ RHL.

Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.
At 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5) = 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Here, at 𝑥 = 2, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2) = 5

𝑥→2

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

2𝑥 + 3, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
6. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2𝑥 − 3, If 𝑥 > 2

Solution:
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 2 or 𝑘 = 2 or 𝑘 > 2
First case: 𝑘 < 2
𝑓(𝑘) = 2𝑘 + 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑘 + 3. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers smaller than 2.

4
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Second case: If 𝑘 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 2𝑘 + 3

LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥 + 3) = 7
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2𝑥 − 3) = 1

𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Here, at 𝑥 = 2, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 2,
𝑓(𝑘) = 2𝑘 − 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑘 − 3. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 2.
Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 2.

7. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓,

|𝑥| + 3, If 𝑥 ≤ −3
where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {−2𝑥, If − 3 < 𝑥 < 3
6𝑥 + 2, If 𝑥 ≥ 3

Solution:
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question,
𝑘 < −3 or 𝑘 = −3 or −3 < 𝑘 < 3 or 𝑘 = 3 or 𝑘 > 3
First case: If 𝑘 < −3,
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑘 + 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥 + 3) = −𝑘 + 3. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than −3.
Second case: If 𝑘 = −3, 𝑓(−3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6
LHL = lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −(−𝑥 + 3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3

RHL = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(−2𝑥) = −2(−3) = 6. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = −3.

Third case: If −3 < 𝑘 < 3,
𝑓(𝑘) = −2𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(−2𝑥) = −2𝑘. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at −3 < 𝑥 < 3.

Fourth case: If 𝑘 = 3,
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(−2𝑥) = −2𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(6𝑥 + 2) = 6𝑘 + 2,

𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, at 𝑥 = 3, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 3.

5
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Fifth case: If 𝑘 > 3,

𝑓(𝑘) = 6𝑘 + 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (6𝑥 + 2) = 6𝑘 + 2. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all numbers greater than 3.

Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 3.

|𝑥|
, If 𝑥 ≠ 0
8. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
0, If 𝑥 = 0

Solution:
After redefining the function 𝑓, we get
𝑥
− = −1, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 0, If 𝑥 = 0
𝑥
= 1, If 𝑥 > 0
{𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0.
First case: If 𝑘 < 0,
𝑘 𝑥
𝑓(𝑘) = − 𝑘 = −1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (− 𝑥) = −1. Hence, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers smaller than 0.
Second case: If, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
𝑥 𝑥
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (− 𝑥) = −1 and RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥) = 1.
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 0,
𝑘 𝑥
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 = 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥
, If 𝑥 < 0
9. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥|
−1, If 𝑥 ≥ 0

6
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
Redefining the function, we get
𝑥 𝑥
= = −1, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥| −𝑥
−1, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘) = −1, where 𝑘 is a real number.
𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

𝑥 + 1, If ≥ 1
10. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, If 𝑥 < 1

Solution:
𝑥 + 1, If ≥ 1
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, If 𝑥 < 1
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 > 1
First case: If 𝑘 < 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 2 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑘 2 + 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers smaller than 1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 2 + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2,

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here, at 𝑥 = 1, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(1). Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑘 + 1 . Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 1.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

𝑥 3 − 3, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
11. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, If 𝑥 > 2

7
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
𝑥 3 − 3, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, If 𝑥 > 2
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 2 or 𝑘 = 2 or 𝑘 > 2
First case: If 𝑘 < 2,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 3 − 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 3 − 3) = 𝑘 3 − 3. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 2.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 2, 𝑓(2) = 23 − 3 = 5
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 3 − 3) = 23 − 3 = 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 + 1) = 22 + 1 = 5

𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Here at 𝑥 = 2, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(2)

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
Third case: If 𝑘 > 2,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 2 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑘 2 + 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for real numbers greater than 2.

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

𝑥 10 − 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 1
12. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥2, If 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
𝑥 10 − 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 1
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥2, If 𝑥 > 1
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 > 1
First case: If 𝑘 < 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 10 − 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 10 − 1) = 𝑘 10 − 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 110 − 1 = 0
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 10 − 1) = 0
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 2 ) = 1

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here at 𝑥 = 1, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

8
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Third case: If 𝑘 > 1,

𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 ) = 𝑘 2 . Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real values greater than 1.
Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 1.

𝑥 + 5, If 𝑥 ≤ 1
13. Is the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { a continuous function?
𝑥 − 5, If 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
𝑥 + 5, If 𝑥 ≤ 1
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 5, If 𝑥 > 1
Let, 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 > 1
First case: If 𝑘 < 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 5) = 𝑘 + 5. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 1 + 5 = 6
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 + 5) = 6
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 − 5) = −4,

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here at 𝑥 = 1, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 − 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)

𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 1.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 1.

14. Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓,

3, If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 4, If 1 < 𝑥 < 3
5, If 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10

9
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
3, If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 4, If 1 < 𝑥 < 3
5, If 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 can be
0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 1 < 𝑘 < 3 or 𝑘 = 3 or 3 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 10
First case: If 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (3) = 3. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Second case: If 𝑘 = 1, 𝑓(1) = 3
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(3) = 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(4) = 4,

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here at 𝑥 = 1, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Third case: If 1 < 𝑘 < 3,
𝑓(𝑘) = 4 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (4) = 4. Here lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for 1 < 𝑥 < 3.

Fourth case: If 𝑘 = 3,
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(4) = 4 and RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(5) = 5,
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

Here at 𝑥 = 3, LHL ≠ RHL. Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 3.

Fifth case: If 3 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 10,
𝑓(𝑘) = 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5) = 5. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10.

Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3.

15. Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓,

2𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
4𝑥, If 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
2𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
4𝑥, If 𝑥 > 1

10
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question,

𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 > 1
First case: If 𝑘 < 0,
𝑓(𝑘) = 2𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥) = 2𝑘. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(0) = 0. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)

𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

Third case: If 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (0) = 0. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Fourth case: If 𝑘 = 1,
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(0) = 0
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(4𝑥) = 4,

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Here, at 𝑥 = 1, LHL ≠ RHL.

Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.
Fifth case: If 𝑘 > 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 4𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (4𝑥) = 4𝑘.
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)

𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 1.
Hence, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 1.

16. Discuss the continuity of the function 𝑓,

−2, If 𝑥 ≤ −1
where 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {2𝑥, If − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
2, If 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
−2, If 𝑥 ≤ −1
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {2𝑥, If − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
2, If 𝑥 > 1

11
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Let 𝑘 be any real number

According to question, 𝑘 < −1 or 𝑘 = −1 or −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 or 𝑘 = 1 or 𝑘 > 1
First case: If 𝑘 < −1,
𝑓(𝑘) = −2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−2) = −2. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than −1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = −1, 𝑓(−1) = −2
LHS = lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim −(−2) = −2
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

RHL = lim + 𝑓(𝑥) = lim +(2𝑥) = −2. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = −1.

Third case: If −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 2𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥) = 2𝑘. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.

Fourth case: If 𝑘 = 1,
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(2𝑥) = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(2) = 2. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)

𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Fifth case: If 𝑘 > 1,
𝑓(𝑘) = 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2) = 2.
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)

𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 1.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

17. Find the relationship between 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that the function 𝑓 defined by
𝑎𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑓(𝑥) = { is continuous at 𝑥 = 3.
𝑏𝑥 + 3, If 𝑥 > 3

Solution:
𝑎𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 3
Given functions is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑏𝑥 + 3, If 𝑥 > 3
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 3. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(3)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

12
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

⇒ lim− 𝑎𝑥 + 1 = lim+ 𝑏𝑥 + 3 = 3𝑎 + 1
𝑥→3 𝑥→3

⇒ 3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3 = 3𝑎 + 1
2
⇒ 3𝑎 = 3𝑏 + 2 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 3
2
Hence, the relationship between 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 3

18. For what value of 𝜆 is the function defined by

𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), If 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 > 0
Continuous at 𝑥 = 0? What about continuity at 𝑥 = 1?

Solution:
𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), If 𝑥 ≤ 0
Given function is defined as 𝑓(𝑥) = {
4𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 > 0
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 0. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

⇒ lim− 𝜆(𝑥 − 2𝑥) = lim+ 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝜆[(0)2 − 2(0)]

2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

⇒ 𝜆[(0)2 − 2(0)] = 4(0) + 1 = 𝜆(0)

1
⇒ 0. 𝜆 = 1 ⇒ 𝜆 = 0

Hence, there is no real value of 𝜆 for which the given function be continuous.
If 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1) = 4(1) + 1 = 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 4(1) + 1 = 5. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real values of 𝜆.

19. Show that the function defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − [𝑥] is discontinuous at all integral points.
Here [𝑥] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝑥.
Solution:
Given function is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − [𝑥]
Let 𝑘 be any integer
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑥 − [𝑥] = 𝑘 − (𝑘 − 1) = 1
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

13
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑥 − [𝑥] = 𝑘 − (𝑘) = 0,

𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL ≠ RHL.

Therefore, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous for all integers.

20. Is the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 5 continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋.

Solution:
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 5,
At 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜋 2 − sin 𝜋 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − 0 + 5 = 𝜋 2 + 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − sin 𝜋 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − 0 + 5 = 𝜋 2 + 5
𝑥→𝑛 𝑥→𝑛

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝜋, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜋 2 + 5

𝑥→𝑛

Therefore, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋.

21. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥. cos 𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− sin 𝑥 = lim sin(𝑘 − ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘 cos ℎ − cos 𝑘 sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ sin 𝑥 = lim sin(𝑘 + ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘 cos ℎ + cos 𝑘 sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(𝑘).

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
Let ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
𝐿𝐻𝐿 = lim− ℎ(𝑥) = lim− cos 𝑥 = lim cos(𝑘 − ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘 cos ℎ + sin 𝑘 sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

RHL = lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim+ cos 𝑥 = lim cos(𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘 cos ℎ − sin 𝑘 sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

14
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = ℎ(𝑘).

Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
We know that if 𝑔 and ℎ are two continuous functions, then the functions 𝑔 + ℎ, 𝑔 − ℎ and
𝑔ℎ also be a continuous function.

Therefore, (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 and
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥. cos 𝑥 are continuous functions.

22. Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions.

Solution:
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− sin 𝑥 = lim sin(𝑘 − ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘 cos ℎ − cos 𝑘 sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ sin 𝑥 = lim sin(𝑘 + ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘 cos ℎ + cos 𝑘 sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(𝑘).

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
Let ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
𝐿𝐻𝐿 = lim− ℎ(𝑥) = lim− cos 𝑥 = lim cos(𝑘 − ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘 cos ℎ + sin 𝑘 sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

RHL = lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim+ cos 𝑥 = lim cos(𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘 cos ℎ − sin 𝑘 sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = ℎ(𝑘).

Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑔 1
We know that if 𝑔 and ℎ are two continuous functions, then the functions ℎ , ℎ ≠ 0, ℎ , ℎ ≠ 0
1
and 𝑔 , 𝑔 ≠ 0 are continuous functions.
1
Therefore, cosec 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.

Hence, cosec 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).

1 (2𝑛+1)𝜋
sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous. ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ (𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.
2
(2𝑛+1)𝜋
Hence, sec 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = (𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).
2
cos 𝑥
cot 𝑥 = , sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous. ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.
sin 𝑥

15
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Hence, cot 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).

sin 𝑥
, If 𝑥 < 0
23. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≥ 0

Solution:
sin 𝑥
, If 𝑥 < 0
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0
First case: If 𝑘 < 0
sin 𝑘 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑘
𝑓(𝑘) = and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim ( ) = . Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0
𝑓(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1,

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0). Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

Third case: If 𝑘 > 0
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑘 + 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

24. Determine if 𝑓 defined by

1
𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 , If 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, If 𝑥 = 0
is a continuous function?

Solution:
1
𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 , If 𝑥 ≠ 0
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, If 𝑥 = 0

16
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 ≠ 0 or 𝑘 = 0

First case: If 𝑘 ≠ 0
1 1 1
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 2 sin 𝑘 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) = 𝑘 2 sin 𝑘. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for 𝑘 ≠ 0.

Second case: If, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
1 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 2 sin ) = lim (𝑥 2 sin )
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
1 1
We know that, −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≠ 0 ⇒ −𝑥 2 ≤ sin ≤ 𝑥 2
𝑥

1
⇒ lim (−𝑥 2 ) ≤ lim sin ≤ lim 𝑥 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
1 1 1
⇒ 0 ≤ lim sin ≤ 0 ⇒ lim sin = 0 ⇒ lim− 𝑥 2 sin = 0 ⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
1 1
Similarly, RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 2 sin ) = lim (𝑥 2 sin ) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0)

Hence, at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 is continuous.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

25. Examine the continuity of 𝑓, where 𝑓 is defined by

sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 , If 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1, If 𝑥 = 0

Solution:
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 , If 𝑥 ≠ 0
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1, If 𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 ≠ 0 or 𝑘 = 0
First case: If 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑓(0) = 0 − 1 = −1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim−(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0 − 1 = −1
𝑘→0 𝑘→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0 − 1 = −1

𝑘→0 𝑘→0

Hence, at 𝑥 ≠ 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑥)

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Second case: If, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(𝑘) = −1
and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−1) = −1 Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

17
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.

26. Find the values of 𝑘 so that the function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
, If 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 at 𝑥 = 2
3, If 𝑥 = 2

Solution:
𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝜋
𝜋−2𝑥
, If 𝑥 ≠ 2 𝜋
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋 at 𝑥 = 2
3, If 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 𝜋
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2 . Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓 ( 2 )
𝜋
⇒ lim𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ( )
𝑥→ 𝑥→
𝜋 2
2 2

𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑘 cos 𝑥
⇒ lim𝜋 = lim+ =3
𝑥→ 𝜋 − 2𝑥 𝑥→𝜋 𝜋 − 2𝑥
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑘 cos( −ℎ) 𝑘 cos( +ℎ)
2 2
⇒ lim 𝜋 = lim 𝜋 =3
ℎ→0 𝜋−2( −ℎ) ℎ→0 𝜋−2( +ℎ)
2 2

𝑘 sin ℎ −𝑘 sin ℎ
⇒ lim = lim =3
ℎ→0 2ℎ ℎ→0 −2ℎ

𝑘 𝑘 sin ℎ
⇒2=2=3 [∵ lim = 1]
ℎ→0 ℎ

⇒𝑘=6
Hence, for 𝑘 = 6, the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.

27. Find the values of 𝑘 so that the function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝑘𝑥 2 , If 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 2
3, If 𝑥 > 2

Solution:
𝑘𝑥 2 , If 𝑥 ≤ 2
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 2
3, If 𝑥 > 2

18
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(2)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 = lim+ 3 = 𝑘(2)2

2
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

⇒ 4𝑘 = 3 = 4𝑘
3
⇒𝑘=
4
3
Hence, for 𝑘 = 4, the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.

28. Find the values of 𝑘 so that the function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 𝜋
cos 𝑥, If 𝑥 > 𝜋

Solution:
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 𝜋
cos 𝑥, If 𝑥 > 𝜋
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋,
Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝜋)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝜋)
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋

⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = lim+ cos 𝑥 = 𝑘(𝜋) + 1

𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋

⇒ 𝑘(𝜋) + 1 = cos 𝜋 = 𝑘𝜋 + 1
⇒ 𝑘𝜋 + 1 = −1 = 𝑘𝜋 + 1
⇒ 𝜋𝑘 = −2
2
⇒ 𝑘 = −𝜋
2
Hence, for 𝑘 = − , the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝜋

29. Find the values of 𝑘 so that the function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 5
3𝑥 − 5, If 𝑥 > 5

19
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 5
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 5
3𝑥 − 5, If 𝑥 > 5
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 5.
Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(5)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(5)
𝑥→5 𝑥→5

⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = lim+ 3𝑥 − 5 = 5𝑘 + 1
𝑥→5 𝑥→5

⇒ 5𝑘 + 1 = 15 − 5 = 5𝑘 + 1
⇒ 5𝑘 = 9
9
⇒𝑘=5
9
Hence, for 𝑘 = 5, the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.

30. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 such that the function defined by
5, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, If 2 < 𝑥 < 10
21, If 𝑥 ≥ 10
is continuous function.

Solution:
5, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, If 2 < 𝑥 < 10
21, If 𝑥 ≥ 10
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(2)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

⇒ lim−5 = lim+ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 …(i)
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 10. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(10)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(10)
𝑥→10 𝑥→10

⇒ lim− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = lim+ 21 = 21
𝑥→10 𝑥→10

⇒ 10𝑎 + 𝑏 = 21 …(ii)
Solving the equation (i) and (ii), we get

𝑎=2 𝑏=1

20
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

31. Show that the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 2 ) is a continuous function.

Solution:
Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 2 )
Assuming that the functions are well defined for all real numbers, we can write the given
function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜ℎ). Where, 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , if
𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function then 𝑓 also be continuous.

[∵ 𝑔𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 ) = cos(𝑥 2 )]

Let the function 𝑔(𝑥) be cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim cos 𝑥 = lim cos(𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘 cos ℎ − sin 𝑘 sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0

Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘). Hence, t\he function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘

And let the function ℎ(𝑥) be 𝑥 2

Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = 𝑘 2
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 2 = 𝑘 2
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘

Therefore, 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function. Hence, 𝑓 is continuous.

32. Show that the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos 𝑥| is a continuous function.

Solution:
Given that the function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos 𝑥|
Assuming that the functions are well defined for all real numbers, we can write the given
function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜ℎ). Where, 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| and ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥. If
𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function then 𝑓 also be continuous.

[∵ 𝑔𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑔(cos 𝑥) = |cos 𝑥|]

Let the function 𝑔(𝑥) be |𝑥|
Rearranging the function 𝑔, we get
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0

21
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

First case: If 𝑘 < 0,

𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0, here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim−(−𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥) = 0,

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(0)

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Third case: If 𝑘 > 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0.
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
And let the function ℎ(𝑥) be cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘

Therefore, 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function. Hence, 𝑓 is continuous.

33. Examine that sin|𝑥| is a continuous function.

Solution:
Let the given function be 𝑓(𝑥) = sin|𝑥|
Assuming that the functions are well defined for all real numbers, we can write the given
function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = ℎ𝑜𝑔). Where, ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|. If
𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function then 𝑓 also be continuous.

[∵ ℎ𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑔(𝑥)) = ℎ(|𝑥|) = sin|𝑥|]

Function ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘

22
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Function 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|

Redefining the function 𝑔, we get
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0
First case: If 𝑘 < 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− (−𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥) = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(0)

Hence at 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑔 is continuous.
Third case: If 𝑘 > 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0.
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
Therefore, 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function. Hence, 𝑓 is continuous.

34. Find all the points of discontinuity of 𝑓 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − |𝑥 + 1|.

Solution:
Given that the function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − |𝑥 + 1|
Assuming that the functions are well defined for all real numbers, we can write the given
function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔 − ℎ), where, 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| and ℎ(𝑥) =
|𝑥 + 1|. If 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function then 𝑓 also be continuous.
Function 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
Redefining the function 𝑔, we get,
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0
First case: If 𝑘 < 0,

23
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0.
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim−(−𝑥) = 0 and RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0

Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = g(0)

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Third case: If 𝑘 > 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers more than 0.
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
Function ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1|
Redefining the function ℎ, we get
−(𝑥 + 1), If 𝑥 < −1
ℎ(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≥ −1
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < −1 or 𝑘 = −1 or 𝑘 > −1
First case: If 𝑘 < −1,
ℎ(𝑘) = −(𝑘 + 1) and lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim −(𝑘 + 1) = −(𝑘 + 1). Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than −1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = −1, ℎ(−1) = −1 + 1 = 0
LHL = lim − ℎ(𝑥) = lim − −(−1 + 1) = 0
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

RHL = lim + ℎ(𝑥) = lim +(𝑥 + 1) = −1 + 1 = 0

𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

Here at 𝑥 = −1, LHL = RHL = ℎ(−1)

Hence, the function ℎ is continuous at 𝑥 = −1.
Third case: If 𝑘 > −1
ℎ(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 1 and lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑘 + 1. Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than −1.
Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
Therefore, 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function. Hence, 𝑓 is continuous.

24
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟐

1. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

sin(𝑥 2 + 5)

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 2 + 5)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑥 2 + 5). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 5)

= cos(𝑥 2 + 5). 2𝑥
𝑑(sin(𝑥 2 +5))
Hence, 𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑥 2 + 5). 2𝑥

2. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

cos(sin 𝑥)

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = cos(sin 𝑥)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= − sin(sin 𝑥). (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − sin(sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥
𝑑((cos(sin 𝑥)))
Hence, = − sin(sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥

3. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

25
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

= cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑎
𝑑(sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏))
Hence, 𝑑𝑥
= cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑎

4. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

sec(tan(√𝑥))

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = sec(tan(√𝑥))
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= sec(tan √𝑥) tan(tan √𝑥). (tan √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
= sec(tan √𝑥) tan(tan √𝑥). sec 2 √𝑥 (√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= sec(tan √𝑥) tan(tan √𝑥) . sec 2 √𝑥 (2 𝑥)
√

𝑑(sec(tan(√𝑥))) 1
Hence, = sec(tan √𝑥) tan(tan √𝑥) . sec 2 √𝑥 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥

5. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
cos(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

Solution:
sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
Let 𝑦 =
cos(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

Therefore,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 cos(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑). 𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) − sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). 𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
=
𝑑𝑥 [cos(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)]2
𝑑 𝑑
cos(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑). sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) − sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏). [− sin(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑). (𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)]
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos2(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
cos(𝑐𝑥+𝑑).sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏).𝑎+sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏).sin(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)𝑐
=
cos2(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑑( ) cos(𝑐𝑥+𝑑).sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏).𝑎+sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏).sin(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)𝑐
cos(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
Hence, 𝑑𝑥
= cos2(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)

26
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

6. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

cos 𝑥 3 . sin2(𝑥 5 )

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 3 . sin2(𝑥 5 )
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 3 . sin2(𝑥 5 ) + sin2(𝑥 5 ). cos 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 5 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 3 . 2 sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 . 𝑥 + sin2(𝑥 5 )[− sin 𝑥 3 ]. 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 3 . 2 sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 . 5𝑥 4 − sin2(𝑥 5 ) sin 𝑥 3 . 3𝑥 2
𝑑(cos 𝑥 3 .sin2(𝑥 5 ))
Hence, 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 3 . 2 sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 . 5𝑥 4 − sin2 (𝑥 5 ) sin 𝑥 3 . 3𝑥 2

7. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

2√cot(𝑥 2 )

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = 2√cot(𝑥 2 )
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 2. . [cot(𝑥 2 )]
𝑑𝑥 2√cot(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑 2
= . [− cossec 𝑥 2 ]. 𝑥
√cot(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= . [− cossec 𝑥 2 ]. 2𝑥
√cot(𝑥 2 )

𝑑(2√cot(𝑥 2 )) 1
Hence, = . [− cossec 𝑥 2 ]. 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √cot(𝑥 2 )

8. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝑥

cos(√𝑥)

27
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
Let 𝑦 = cos(√𝑥)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= − sin(√𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
1
= − sin(√𝑥).
2√𝑥

𝑑(cos(√𝑥)) 1
Hence, 𝑑𝑥
= − sin(√𝑥). 2
√𝑥

9. Prove that the function 𝑓 given by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1|, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(1) |1 − ℎ − 1| − |1 − 1| ℎ
LHD = lim = lim = lim = −1
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ

𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1) |1+ℎ−1|−|1−1| ℎ
RHD = lim = lim = lim = 1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Here, LHD ≠ RHD, therefore,

the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1|, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.

10. Prove that the greatest integer function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 3, is not
differentiable at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.

Solution:
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [1 − ℎ] − |1| 0−1
LHD = lim = lim = lim =∞
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ
𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [1 + ℎ] − [1] 1−1
RHD = lim = lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Here, LHD ≠ RHD, therefore,

The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 3, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
At 𝑥 = 2,

28
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑓(1 − ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [2 − ℎ] − [2] 1−2

LHD = lim = lim = lim =∞
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ

𝑓(1 + ℎ) − 𝑓(1) [2 + ℎ] − [2] 2−2

RHD = lim = lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Here, LHD ≠ RHD, therefore,

The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], 0 < 𝑥 < 3, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2.

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟑

𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 in the following:

1. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Solution:
Given equation is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(2𝑥) + (3𝑦) = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥−2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3

2. 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑦

Solution:
Given equation is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑦
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥) + (3𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦 ⇒ 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − 3) = 2
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦−3

29
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

3. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = cos 𝑦

Solution:
Given equation is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = cos 𝑦
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑎𝑥) + (𝑏𝑦 2 ) = cos 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑦 = − sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
⇒ (2𝑏𝑦 + sin 𝑦) = −𝑎 ⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑏𝑦+sin 𝑦

4. 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑦

Solution:
Given equation is 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑦
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥𝑦) + (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1) = sec 2 𝑥 − 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑥−𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2𝑦−1

5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 100

Solution:
Given equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 100
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑
𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 = (100)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+2𝑦

30
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

6. 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 81

Solution:
Given equation is 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 81
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 3 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑 3 𝑑
𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑦) + (𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑦 = 81
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦. 2𝑥 + 𝑥. 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 . 1 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 ) = −(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+3𝑦2

7. sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘

Solution:
Given equation is sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ sin 2𝑦 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (sin 2𝑦 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑦−𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦

8. sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑦 = 1

Solution:
Given equation is sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑦 = 1
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑦 (− sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

31
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 2𝑥
⇒ sin 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑦 =0 ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 2𝑦

2𝑥
9. 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2 )

Solution:
2𝑥
Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1 ( )
1+𝑥 2

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+tan2 𝜃) = sin−1(sin 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2 tan−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2

3𝑥−𝑥 3 1 1
10. 𝑦 = tan−1 (1−3𝑥2 ) , − <𝑥<
√3 √3

Solution:
3𝑥−𝑥 3
Given equation is 𝑦 = tan−1 (1−3𝑥 2 )

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
3 tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = tan−1 ( 1−3 tan2 𝜃
)

= tan−1 (tan 3𝜃) = 3𝜃 = 3 tan−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 3 tan−1 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2

1−𝑥 2
11. 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥2 ) , 0 < 𝑥 < 1

32
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
1−𝑥 2
Given equation is 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥2 )

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
1−tan2 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+tan2 𝜃)

= cos−1(cos 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2 tan−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥2

1−𝑥 2
12. 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2 ) , 0 < 𝑥 < 1

Solution:
1−𝑥 2
Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+𝑥2 )

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
Therefore,
1−tan2 𝜃
𝑦 = sin−1 ( )
1+tan2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= sin−1 (cos 2𝜃) = sin−1 {sin ( 2 − 2𝜃)} = 2 − 2𝜃 = 2 − 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 2 tan−1 𝑥

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 2 2
𝑑𝑥
= 0 − 1+𝑥2 = − 1+𝑥2

2𝑥
13. 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥2 ) , −1 < 𝑥 < 1

Solution:
2𝑥
Given equation is 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥2 )

Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+tan2 𝜃)

33
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos−1(sin 2𝜃) = cos−1 {cos ( 2 − 2𝜃)} = 2 − 2𝜃 = 2 − 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 2 tan−1 𝑥

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 2 2
=0− =−
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2

1 1
14. 𝑦 = sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ), − <𝑥<
√2 √2

Solution:
Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1(2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃

Therefore, 𝑦 = sin−1 (2 sin 𝜃√1 − sin2 𝜃)

= sin−1 (2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) = sin−1(sin 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2 sin−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 sin−1 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 2
=
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

1 1
15. 𝑦 = sec −1 (2𝑥2 −1) , 0 < 𝑥 <
√2

Solution:
1
Given equation is 𝑦 = sec −1 (2𝑥2 −1)

Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃
1 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = sec −1 (2 cos2 𝜃−1) = sec −1 (cos 2𝜃)

sec −1(sec 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2 cos−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 2 cos−1 𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 2
=−
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

34
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟒

1. Differentiate the following w.r.t. 𝑥:

𝑒𝑥
sin 𝑥

Solution:
𝑒𝑥
Given expression is sin 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
Let 𝑦 = therefore,
sin 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥. sin 𝑥−sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 .cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥.𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= sin2 𝑥
= sin2 𝑥
= sin2 𝑥

−1 𝑥
2. 𝑒 sin

Solution:
−1 𝑥
Given expression is 𝑒 sin
−1 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin , therefore,
−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 𝑑 −1 𝑥 1 𝑒 sin
= 𝑒 sin . sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑒 sin . = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

3
3. 𝑒 𝑥

Solution:
3
Given expression is 𝑒 𝑥
3
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑 3 3
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥

35
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

4. sin(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )

Solution:
Given expression is sin(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )
Let 𝑦 = sin(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= cos(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ) . 𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 = cos(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ) . 1+(𝑒 −𝑥 )2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥

1 𝑒 −𝑥 cos(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= cos(tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ) . 1+𝑒 −2𝑥 . (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − 1+𝑒 −2𝑥
.

5. log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 )

Solution:
Given expression is log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 )
Let 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑒 𝑥 ),
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
= . cos 𝑒 𝑥 = (− sin 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥 = − tan 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 5
6. 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑥

Solution:
2 5
Given expression is 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑥
2 3 4 5
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 2 3 𝑑 3 4 𝑑 4 5 𝑑 5
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
2 3 4 5
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 3𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 4𝑥 3 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 5𝑥 4
2 3 4 5
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥

7. √𝑒 √𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0

36
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:

Given expression is √𝑒 √𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0

Let 𝑦 = √𝑒 √𝑥
Therefore,

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 √𝑥 1 𝑑 1 1 √𝑒 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 = . 𝑒 √𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 = . 𝑒 √𝑥 . 2 =
2√𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑒 √𝑥 2√𝑒 √𝑥 √ 𝑥 4√𝑥

8. log(log 𝑥), 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
Given expression is log(log 𝑥), 𝑥 > 1
𝑒𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 . 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

cos 𝑥
9. log 𝑥
,𝑥 >0

Solution:
cos 𝑥
Given expression is ,𝑥 >0
log 𝑥
cos 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥−cos 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥.(− sin 𝑥)−cos 𝑥. −(𝑥 sin 𝑥 log 𝑥+cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = (log 𝑥)2
= (log 𝑥)2
= 𝑥(log 𝑥)2

10. cos(log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

Solution:
Given expression is cos(log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

37
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Let 𝑦 = cos(log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= − sin(log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ). (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = − sin(log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ). ( + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟓

1. Differentiate the functions given

cos 𝑥. cos 2𝑥. cos 3𝑥

Solution:
Given function is cos 𝑥. cos 2𝑥. cos 3𝑥
Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥. cos 2𝑥. cos 3𝑥, taking log on both the sides
log 𝑦 = log cos 𝑥 + log cos 2𝑥 + log cos 3𝑥
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
= . cos 𝑥 + . cos 2𝑥 + . cos 3𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [cos 𝑥 . (− sin 𝑥) + cos 2𝑥 . (− sin 2𝑥). 2 + cos 3𝑥 . (− sin 3𝑥). 3]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥. cos 2𝑥. cos 3𝑥 [− tan 𝑥 − 2 tan 2𝑥 − 3 tan 3𝑥]

2. Differentiate the functions given

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
√(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5)

Solution:
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Given function is √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5)

(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Let 𝑦 = √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5), taking log on both the sides

1
log 𝑦 = 2 [log(𝑥 − 1) + log(𝑥 − 2) − log(𝑥 − 3) − log(𝑥 − 4) − log(𝑥 − 5)]

38
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 2 [(𝑥−1) + (𝑥−2) − (𝑥−3) − (𝑥−4) − (𝑥−5)]

𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5) [(𝑥−1) + (𝑥−2) − (𝑥−3) − (𝑥−4) − (𝑥−5)]

3. Differentiate the functions given

(log 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑦 = log(log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥. log log 𝑥
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log log 𝑥 + log log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [cos 𝑥. log 𝑥 . 𝑥 + log log 𝑥. (− sin 𝑥)]

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥 log log 𝑥

⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [ 𝑥 log 𝑥
]

4. Differentiate the functions given

𝑥 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 2sin 𝑥 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

39
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑥, therefore,

1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 1 = 1 + log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢[1 + log 𝑥] = 𝑥 𝑥 [1 + log 𝑥] …(ii)

and 𝑣 = 2sin 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = sin 𝑥 log 2, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
= log 2 ⋅ sin 𝑥 = log 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣[cos 𝑥 log 2] = 2sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 log 2] …(iii)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 [1 + log 𝑥] − 2sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 log 2]

5. Differentiate the functions given

(𝑥 + 3)2 . (𝑥 + 4)3 . (𝑥 + 5)4

Solution:
Given function is (𝑥 + 3)2 . (𝑥 + 4)3 . (𝑥 + 5)4
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)2 . (𝑥 + 4)3 . (𝑥 + 5)4 , taking log on both the sides
log 𝑦 = 2 log(𝑥 + 3) + 3 log(𝑥 + 4) + 4 log(𝑥 + 5)
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 2. (𝑥+3) + 3. (𝑥+4) + 4. (𝑥+5)

𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 5) + 3(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 5) + 4(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)

⇒ = 𝑦[ ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 5)

𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 20) + 3(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 15) + 4(𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 12)

⇒ = 𝑦[ ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑦 9𝑥 2 +70𝑥+133
⇒ = (𝑥 + 3)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)3 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)4 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)(𝑥+5)

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3) ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)3 (9𝑥 2 + 70𝑥 + 133)

6. Differentiate the functions given

1 𝑥 1
(1+ )
(𝑥 + ) + 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥

40
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
1 𝑥 (1+ )
1
Given function is (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑥 (1+ )
1
Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

1 𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = (𝑥 + ) , taking log on both the sides
𝑥
1
log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log (𝑥 + 𝑥), therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 1 𝑑
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (𝑥 + 𝑥) + log (𝑥 + 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

1 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥 2 −1 1
=𝑥⋅ 1 ⋅ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + log (𝑥 + 𝑥) ⋅ 1 = 𝑥 2 +1 ⋅ 𝑥2
+ log (𝑥 + 𝑥)
(𝑥+ )
𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 1
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) [𝑥2 +1 + log (𝑥 + 𝑥)] …(ii)
1
(1+ )
and 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑣 = (1 + 𝑥) log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 1 1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥) · 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 · 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥) · 𝑥 + log 𝑥 · (− 𝑥 2 )
1
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 +1 1 log 𝑥 (1+ ) 𝑥 2 +1−log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 [( 𝑥
)·𝑥 − 𝑥2
] =𝑥 𝑥 [
𝑥2
] …(iii)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 1 1
(1+ ) 𝑥 2 +1−log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) [𝑥 2 +1 + log (𝑥 + 𝑥)] + 𝑥 𝑥 [
𝑥2
]

7. Differentiate the functions given

(log 𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is (log 𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = (log 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get

41
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = (log 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log log 𝑥 + log log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

1 1 1
= 𝑥. . + log log 𝑥. 1 = + log log 𝑥
log 𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 + log 𝑥. log log 𝑥
= (log 𝑥)𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
= (log 𝑥)𝑥−1 (1 + log 𝑥. log log 𝑥) …(ii)

and, 𝑣 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = log 𝑥 log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥

1 1
= log 𝑥. + log 𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2 log 𝑥 2 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣[ 𝑥
] = 𝑥 log 𝑥 [ 𝑥
] = 𝑥 log 𝑥−1 (2 log 𝑥) …(iii)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= (log 𝑥)𝑥−1 (1 + log 𝑥. log log 𝑥) + 𝑥 log 𝑥−1 (2 log 𝑥)

8. Differentiate the functions given

(sin 𝑥)𝑥 + sin−1 √𝑥

Solution:
Given function is (sin 𝑥)𝑥 + sin−1 √𝑥

Let 𝑢 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin−1 √𝑥, therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= + …(i)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Here, 𝑢 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log sin 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥. log sin 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥. 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥. . cos 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥. 1 = 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥

42
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥) …(ii)

and, 𝑣 = sin−1 √𝑥, therefore,

1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
1 1
= log 𝑥. + log 𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 1 1 1
= . √𝑥 = . = …(iii)
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2√𝑥 2√𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦 1
= (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥 cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥−𝑥 2

9. Differentiate the functions given

𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 and 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1 sin 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥. 𝑥 + log 𝑥. cos 𝑥 = 𝑥
+ log 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [ + log 𝑥 cos 𝑥] = 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥) …(ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

and 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = cos 𝑥 log sin 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 log sin 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥(− sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣[cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 log sin 𝑥] = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 log sin 𝑥) …(iii)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 log sin 𝑥)

43
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

10. Differentiate the functions given

𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −1

Solution:
𝑥 2 +1
Given function is 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 2 +1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 −1 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝑥 cos 𝑥. log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥. + log 𝑥. (−𝑥. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

= cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢[cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 log 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 log 𝑥] …(ii)
𝑥 2 +1
and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 −1, taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = log(𝑥 2 + 1) − log(𝑥 2 − 1), therefore,

1 𝑑𝑣 1 1 2𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)−2𝑥(𝑥 2 +1) −4𝑥
= · 2𝑥 − · 2𝑥 = =
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 −1) (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥 2 −1)

𝑑𝑣 −4𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 −4𝑥 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 [(𝑥2 +1)(𝑥2 −1)] = 𝑥 2 −1 [(𝑥2 +1)(𝑥2 −1)] = − (𝑥 2 −1)2 …(iii)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of from (ii) and from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 𝑥 log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 log 𝑥] − (𝑥 2 −1)2

11. Differentiate the functions given

1
(𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 + (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥

Solution:
1
Given function is (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 + (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥 , therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣

44
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥 log(𝑥 cos 𝑥), therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥. log(𝑥 cos 𝑥) + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥). 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑥. (−𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥). 1 = −𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 1 + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥)
(𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑢
= (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥)] …(ii)
1
and, 𝑣 = (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑣 = 𝑥 log(𝑥 sin 𝑥) , therefore,

1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
= . log(𝑥 sin 𝑥) + log(𝑥 sin 𝑥).
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 . 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + log(𝑥 sin 𝑥) (− 𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + 1 − log(𝑥 sin 𝑥)

= 𝑣[ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑥 cot 𝑥+1−log(𝑥 sin 𝑥)
= (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥 [ 𝑥2
] …(iii)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 cot 𝑥+1−log(𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log(𝑥 cos 𝑥)] + (𝑥 sin 𝑥)𝑥 [ 𝑥2
]

𝑑𝑦
12. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the functions given

𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 = 1

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 1
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 …(i)

45
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 , taking log on both the sides,

log 𝑢 = 𝑦 log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦. 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦. 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑦 [𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ] …(ii)

and 𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = 𝑥 log 𝑦, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥. log 𝑦 + log 𝑦. 𝑥 = 𝑥. + log 𝑦. 1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦] = 𝑦 𝑥 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦] …(iii)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 [ + log 𝑥. ] + 𝑦 𝑥 [ + log 𝑦] = 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 + 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
⇒ (𝑥 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 ) = −(𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦+𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥+𝑥𝑦𝑥−1

𝑑𝑦
13. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the functions given

𝑦𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦

Solution:
Given function is 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦
Taking log on both the sides, 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 𝑦 log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥. log 𝑦 + log 𝑦. 𝑥 = 𝑦. log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥. 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦. 1 = 𝑦. 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − log 𝑥) = 𝑥 − log 𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 log 𝑥 𝑦−𝑥 log 𝑦

⇒ 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑦
) = 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑦−𝑥 log 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥−𝑦 log 𝑥)

46
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦
14. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the functions given
(cos 𝑥)𝑦 = (cos 𝑦)𝑥

Solution:
Given function is (cos 𝑥)𝑦 = (cos 𝑦)𝑥
Taking log on both the sides, 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦, therefore,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦. cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑥. cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑦. 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(−sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. (− sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦. 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑦+𝑦 sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑦) = cos 𝑦 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥+𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
15. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the functions given

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥−𝑦)

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥−𝑦)
Taking log on both the sides,
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦) log 𝑒 ⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦), therefore,
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
+ 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥−1)

⇒ ( + 1) = 1 − ⇒ ( ) = ⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥(𝑦+1)

16. Find the derivative of the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 8 )
and hence find 𝑓 ′ (1).

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 8 )
Taking log on both the sides,
log 𝑓(𝑥) = log(1 + 𝑥) + log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + log(1 + 𝑥 4 ) + log(1 + 𝑥 8 ) , therefore,
1 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
. 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑥 + 1+𝑥 2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 1+𝑥4 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 + 1+𝑥8 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 8

47
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

1 1 1 1 1
⇒ . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = + 2
. 2𝑥 + 4
. 4𝑥 3 + . 8𝑥 7
𝑓(𝑥) 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥8
1 2𝑥 4𝑥 3 8𝑥 7
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) [ + + + ]
1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥8
1 2𝑥 4𝑥 3 8𝑥 7
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 8 ) [1+𝑥 + 1+𝑥2 + 1+𝑥4 + 1+𝑥8 ] `
1 2 4 8
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = (1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) [1+1 + 1+1 + 1+1 + 1+1]
1 2 4 8 15
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = (2)(2)(2)(2) [2 + 2 + 2 + 2] = 16 ( 2 ) = 120

17. Differentiate (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) in three ways mentioned below:

(i) by using product rule
(ii) by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial
(iii) by logarithmic differentiation
Do they all give the same answer?

Solution:
Given expression is (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
(i) Differentiating using product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) + (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(3𝑥 2 + 7) + (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)(2𝑥 − 5)
= (3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 3 − 35𝑥 + 24𝑥 2 + 56) + 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 45
= 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11

(ii) Differentiating by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial

𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
= 𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 2 − 45𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 + 56𝑥 + 72
= 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 72
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5 − 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 + 15 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 − 26 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 11 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 72

= 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11

48
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

(iii) Logarithmic differentiation

𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
Taking log on both sides, log 𝑦 = log(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) + log(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
. = (𝑥 2 . (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) + (𝑥3 . (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 −5𝑥+8) 𝑑𝑥 +7𝑥+9) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8 . (2𝑥 − 5) + 𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9 . (3𝑥 2 + 7)

𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) + (3𝑥 2 + 7)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)

= 𝑦[ ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)

2𝑥 4 + 14𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 − 5𝑥 3 − 35𝑥 − 45 + 3𝑥 4 − 15𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 56

= 𝑦[ ]
(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 5 −20𝑥 3 +45𝑥 2 −52𝑥+11
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) [ (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8)(𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9)
]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11

Hence, all the three answers are same.

18. If 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are functions of 𝑥, then show that

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤)= 𝑑𝑥 𝑣. 𝑤 + 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑤 + 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 in two ways – first by repeated application of
𝑑𝑥
product rule, second by logarithmic differentiation.

Solution:
Given that 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are functions of 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣. 𝑤 = 𝑢. (𝑣. 𝑤)
Differentiation by repeated application of product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣. 𝑤) + (𝑣. 𝑤). 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 [𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑤 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑣] + 𝑣. 𝑤. 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢. 𝑤. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣. 𝑤. 𝑑𝑥

Differentiation using logarithmic

Let 𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣. 𝑤
Taking log on both the sides, log 𝑦 = log 𝑢 + log 𝑣 + log 𝑤
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
.
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 . 𝑑𝑥

49
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 . 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢. 𝑣. 𝑤 [𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 . 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑢.𝑣.𝑤 𝑑𝑢 𝑢.𝑣.𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑢.𝑣.𝑤 𝑑𝑤
⇒ = . + . + .
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑤 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
⇒ = 𝑣. 𝑤. + 𝑢. 𝑤. + 𝑢. 𝑣.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟔

1. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 4

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑎(2𝑡) and 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎(4𝑡 3 )
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 4𝑎𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎𝑡
= 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡

2. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(− sin 𝜃) and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑏(− sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 −𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑏
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝑎
𝑑𝜃

50
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

3. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑥 = sin 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = sin 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = cos 𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡 = − sin 2𝑡. 2
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 −2 sin 2𝑡 2(2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑡
=− cos 𝑡
= −4 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

4. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .
4
𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡

Solution:
4
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡 = 4 and 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 4
𝑑𝑦 −2 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 4
= − 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡

5. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find .
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃, 𝑦 =
sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = − sin 𝜃 + 2 sin 2𝜃 and = cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

51
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃−2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝜃+2 sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃

6. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find .
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃), 𝑦 =
𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(0 − sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 (−𝑎 sin 𝜃) 2 sin cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2 2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) = − 𝜃 = − cot 2
𝑑𝜃
2 sin2
2

7. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .
sin3 𝑡 cos3 𝑡
𝑥= ,𝑦 =
√cos 2𝑡 √cos 2𝑡

Solution:
sin3 𝑡 cos3 𝑡
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
√cos 2𝑡 √cos 2𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 sin3 𝑡 √cos 2𝑡−√cos 2𝑡 sin3 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Therefore, = 2
𝑑𝑡 (√cos 2𝑡)

1
sin3 𝑡. . (− sin 2𝑡). 2 − √cos 2𝑡 . 3 sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
2√cos 2𝑡
=
cos 2𝑡
− sin3 𝑡.sin 2𝑡−3 cos 2𝑡.sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
=
cos 2𝑡√cos 2𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 cos3 𝑡 √cos 2𝑡−√cos 2𝑡 cos3 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
and 𝑑𝑡 = 2
(√cos 2𝑡)

52
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

1
cos3 𝑡. (− sin 2𝑡). 2 − √cos 2𝑡 . 3 cos 2 𝑡(− sin 𝑡)
2√cos 2𝑡
=
cos 2𝑡
− cos3 𝑡.sin 2𝑡+3 cos 2𝑡.cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= cos 2𝑡√cos 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 − cos3 𝑡.sin 2𝑡+3 cos 2𝑡.cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = − sin3 𝑡.sin 2𝑡−3 cos 2𝑡.sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

− cos3 𝑡.(2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡)+3 cos 2𝑡.cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡 cos2 𝑡 sin 𝑡(−2 cos2 𝑡+3 cos 2𝑡)
= − sin3 𝑡.(2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡)−3 cos 2𝑡.sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡
= sin2 𝑡 cos 𝑡(−2 sin2 𝑡−3 cos 2𝑡)

cos 𝑡[−2 cos2 𝑡 + 3(2 cos 2 −1)] cos 𝑡[−2 cos2 𝑡 + 6 cos 2 𝑡 − 3]
= =
sin 𝑡[−2 sin2 𝑡 − 3(1 − 2 sin2 𝑡)] sin 𝑡[−2 sin2 𝑡 − 3 + 6 sin2 𝑡]
cos 𝑡[4 cos2 𝑡−3] 4 cos3 𝑡−3 cos 𝑡 cos 3𝑡
= sin 𝑡[−3+4 sin2 𝑡] = − 3 sin 𝑡−4 sin3 𝑡 = − sin 3𝑡 = − cot 3𝑡

8. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + log tan ) 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡
2

Solution:
𝑡
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 + log tan 2) 𝑦 =
𝑎 sin 𝑡
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 cos
2𝑡 1 2 1 1
Therefore, 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎 (− sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 . sec . )
2 2
= 𝑎 (− sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 . 𝑡 . 2)
tan sin cos2
2 2 2

1 1 − sin2 𝑡+1 cos2 𝑡

= 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑡 ) = 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) = 𝑎 ( sin 𝑡
) = 𝑎 ( sin 𝑡 )
2 sin cos
2 2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑎 cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = cos2 𝑡
= cos 𝑡 = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑎( )
sin 𝑡

9. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find 𝑑𝑥 .

𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝜃

53
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑏 sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑏 sec2 𝜃 𝑏 sec 𝜃 𝑏( ) 𝑏
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= 𝑎 tan 𝜃
= sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 cosec 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑎( )
cos 𝜃

10. If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question, without
𝑑𝑦
eliminating the parameter. Find .
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝜃 − 𝜃 cos 𝜃)

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃), 𝑦 =
𝑎(sin 𝜃 − 𝜃 cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, = 𝑎[− sin 𝜃 + (𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)] = 𝑎𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
and = 𝑎[cos 𝜃 − (−𝜃 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)] = 𝑎𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝜃 cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
11. If 𝑥 = √𝑎sin−1 𝑡 , 𝑦 = √𝑎cos−1 𝑡 , show that 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥

Solution:
−1 𝑡 −1 𝑡
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = √𝑎sin , 𝑦 = √𝑎cos
Therefore,
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑 −1 𝑡 1 −1 𝑡 1
= . 𝑑𝑥 𝑎sin = . 𝑎sin . log 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2√𝑎 sin−1 𝑡 2√𝑎 sin−1 𝑡 √1−𝑡 2

1 1 𝑥 log 𝑎
= 2𝑥 . 𝑥 2 . log 𝑎 =
√1−𝑡 2 √1−𝑡 2

and
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 −1 𝑡 1 −1 𝑡 −1
= −1
. 𝑑𝑥 𝑎cos = −1
. 𝑎cos . log 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2√𝑎cos 𝑡 2√𝑎cos 𝑡 √1−𝑡 2

1 1 𝑦 log 𝑎
= 2𝑦 . 𝑦 2 . log 𝑎 =−
√1−𝑡 2 √1−𝑡 2

54
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 log 𝑎
−
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 √1−𝑡2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑎 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑡 √1−𝑡2

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟕

1. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 2𝑥 + 3

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 2
= (2𝑥 + 3) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Second order derivative of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 2

2. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝑥 20

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 20
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 20 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 20 ) = 20𝑥 19

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ = (20𝑥 19 ) = 380𝑥 18
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

3. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝑥. cos 𝑥

55
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥. cos 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥. cos 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥. cos 𝑥) = 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 2
= (−𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = − (𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑥) − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = −(𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥)

4. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

log 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is log 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2

5. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝑥 3 log 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 3 log 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 log 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 . 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 3 . 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 log 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 2
= (𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 log 𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 . 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 2𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 log 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 6𝑥 log 𝑥 = 𝑥(5 + 6 log 𝑥)

6. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

56
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥

Solution:
Given function is 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑒 sin 5𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . sin 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . cos 5𝑥. 5 + sin 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑒 𝑥 cos 5𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 5 (𝑒 𝑥 . cos 5𝑥 + cos 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 . sin 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5[𝑒 𝑥 . (− sin 5𝑥). 5 + cos 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 ] + [𝑒 𝑥 . cos 5𝑥. 5 + sin 5𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 ]
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−25 sin 5𝑥 + 5 cos 5𝑥 + 5 cos 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (10 cos 5𝑥 − 24 sin 5𝑥)

7. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥

Solution:
Given function is 𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 6𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑒 cos 3𝑥) = 𝑒 6𝑥 . cos 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥. 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 6𝑥 . (− sin 3𝑥). 3 + cos 3𝑥. 𝑒 6𝑥 . 6 = 3𝑒 6𝑥 (− sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 [3𝑒 6𝑥 (− sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥)]

𝑑 𝑑
= 3𝑒 6𝑥 . (− sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥) + (− sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥). 3𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑒 6𝑥 . (−3 cos 3𝑥 − 6 sin 3𝑥) + (− sin 3𝑥 + 2 cos 3𝑥). 18𝑒 6𝑥
= 𝑒 6𝑥 (−9 cos 3𝑥 − 18 sin 3𝑥 − 18 sin 3𝑥 + 36 cos 3𝑥)
= 𝑒 6𝑥 (27 cos 3𝑥 − 36 sin 3𝑥)
= 9𝑒 6𝑥 (3 cos 3𝑥 − 4 sin 3𝑥)

8. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

tan−1 𝑥

57
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
Given function is tan−1 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥) = 1+𝑥2

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 1 − 1. (1 + 𝑥 2 )
⇒ 2= ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2
0−2𝑥 2𝑥
= (1+𝑥2 )2 = − (1+𝑥2 )2

9. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

log(log 𝑥)

Solution:
Given function is log(log 𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = log(log 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (log(log 𝑥)) = log 𝑥 . 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (𝑥 log 𝑥) 1 − 1. (𝑥 log 𝑥)
⇒ 2= ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑥 (𝑥 log 𝑥)2
1
0−(𝑥. +log 𝑥) 1+log 𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑥 log 𝑥)2
= − (𝑥 log 𝑥)2

10. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

sin(log 𝑥)

Solution:
Given function is sin(log 𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = sin(log 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 cos(log 𝑥)
= (sin(log 𝑥)) = cos(log 𝑥). =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

58
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 cos(log 𝑥) 𝑥 cos(log 𝑥) − cos(log 𝑥). 𝑥
⇒ 2= [ ]= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (𝑥)2
1
𝑥{− sin(log 𝑥). }−cos(log 𝑥).1 − sin(log 𝑥)−cos(log 𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑥)2
= (𝑥)2

𝑑2 𝑦
11. If 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥, prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = 5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) = −5 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 2
= (−5 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥) = −5 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 = −(5 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0

𝑑2 𝑦
12. If 𝑦 = cos−1 𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥 2 in terms of 𝑦 alone.

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
− sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 = − cosec 𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = −(cosec 𝑦 cot 𝑦). 𝑑𝑥 = (cosec 𝑦 cot 𝑦). (− cosec 𝑦) = − cosec 2 𝑦 cot 𝑦

13. If 𝑦 = 3 cos(log 𝑥) + 4 sin(log 𝑥), show that 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = 3 cos(log 𝑥) + 4 sin(log 𝑥) , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (3 cos(log 𝑥) + 4 sin(log 𝑥)) = −3 sin(log 𝑥). 𝑥 + 4 cos(log 𝑥). 𝑥

59
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 = −3 sin(log 𝑥) + 4 cos(log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [−3 sin(log 𝑥) + 4 cos(log 𝑥)]
1 1 1 1
= −3 cos(log 𝑥). − 4 sin(log 𝑥). = − [3 cos(log 𝑥) + 4 sin(log 𝑥)] = − . 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒𝑥 2
+ =− 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 = −𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥2 2
+𝑥 +𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
14. If 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 , show that 𝑑𝑥 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ = (𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 in 𝑑𝑥 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦, we get

LHS = (𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) − (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦

= 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 − (𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −(𝑚𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −𝑚𝑛(𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −𝑚𝑛𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0 = RHS

𝑑2 𝑦
15. If 𝑦 = 500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 , show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 49𝑦.

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = 500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 500𝑒 7𝑥 . 7 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 . (−7) = 7(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 )

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 2
= 7(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 7[500𝑒 7𝑥 . 7 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 . (−7)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

60
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

= 49(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 49𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 49𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
16. If 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 ) .

Solution:
Given that 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1) 𝑒 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥+1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (𝑥 + 1). 1 − 1. (𝑥 + 1) 0−1 1
⇒ 2= (− ) = −[ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] = − [ ] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑑2 𝑦 1 2
⇒ 2 = (− )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ =( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

17. If 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 , show that (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦1 = 2.

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 [(tan−1 𝑥)2 ] = 2 tan−1 𝑥. 1+𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (2 tan−1 𝑥)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 . 2𝑥 = 1+𝑥2

61
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 2
+ 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦1 = 2

Exercise 𝟓. 𝟖

1. Verify Rolle’s Theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ∈ [−4, 2].

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ∈ [−4, 2]
(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, so it is continuous in close interval [−4, 2].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (−4, 2).
(iii) 𝑓(−4) = (−4)2 + 2(−4) − 8 = 16 − 8 − 8 = 0
and 𝑓(2) = (2)2 + 2(2) − 8 = 4 + 4 − 8 = 0
⇒ 𝑓(−4) = 𝑓(2)
Here, all the three conditions of Rolle’s Theorem is satisfied. Therefore, there must be a
number 𝑐 ∈ (−4, 2) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 2𝑐 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑐 = −1 ∈ (−4, 2)
Hence, the Rolle’s Theorem is verified for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ∈ [−4, 2].

2. Examine if Rolle's Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you say
something about the converse of Rolle's Theorem from these example?
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5, 9]
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2]
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2]

Solution:
Rolle’s Theorem is applicable to function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 the following three conditions of
Rolle’s Theorem is satisfied.
(i) Function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].

62
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

(ii) Function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).

(iii) 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5, 9]
The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [5, 9] nor
differentiable in open interval (5, 9). Also 𝑓(5) ≠ 𝑓(9).
Hence, the Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5, 9].
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2]
The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [−2, 2] nor
differentiable in open interval (2, 2). Also 𝑓(−2) ≠ 𝑓(2).
Hence, the Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2].
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2]
The function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, so it is continuous in closed interval [1, 2].
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1, 2).
𝑓(1) = (1)2 − 1 = 0 and
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 1 = 3,
⇒ 𝑓(1) ≠ 𝑓(2)
Hence, Rolle’s Theorem is not applicable to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2].

3. If 𝑓: [−5, 5] → 𝑹 is a differentiable function and if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not vanish anywhere, then
prove that 𝑓(−5) ≠ 𝑓(5)

Solution:
𝑓: [−5, 5] → 𝑹 is a differentiable function, hence
(i) The function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [−5, 5].
(ii) The function 𝑓 is continuous in open interval (−5, 5).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (−5, 5), such that
𝑓(5) − 𝑓(−5)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
5 − (−5)
But it is given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not vanish anywhere, hence
𝑓(5) − 𝑓(−5)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = ≠0
5 − (−5)
⇒ 𝑓(5) − 𝑓(−5) ≠ 0
⇒ 𝑓(5) ≠ 𝑓(−5)

63
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

4. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏],

where 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = 4.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ [1, 4]
(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, hence it is continuous in closed interval [1, 4].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1, 4).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (1, 4), such that
𝑓(4) − 𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
4−1
[(4)2 − 4(4) − 3] − [(1)2 − 4(1) − 3]
⇒ 2𝑐 − 4 =
3
−3 − (−6) 3
⇒ 2𝑐 − 4 = = =1
3 3
5
⇒ 2𝑐 = 5 ⇒ 𝑐 = ∈ (1, 4)
2
Hence, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ [1, 4], the Mean Value Theorem is verified.

5. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], where 𝑎 = 1
and 𝑏 = 3. Find all 𝑐 ∈ (1, 3) for which 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [1, 3]
(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, hence it is continuous in closed interval [1, 3].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 3
Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1, 3).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (1, 3), such that
𝑓(3) − 𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
3−1
[(3)3 − 5(3)2 − 3(3)] − [(1)3 − 5(1)2 − 3(1)]
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 − 3 =
2
(27 − 54) − (1 − 8) −27 + 7
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 − 3 = = = −10
2 2

64
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 + 7 = 0
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 3𝑐 − 7𝑐 + 7 = 0
⇒ 3𝑐(𝑐 − 1) − 7(𝑐 − 1) = 0
⇒ (𝑐 − 1)(3𝑐 − 7) = 0
⇒ 𝑐 − 1 = 0 or 3𝑐 − 7 = 0
7
⇒ 𝑐 = 1 or 𝑐 =
3
7
⇒𝑐= ∈ (1,3)
3
Hence, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [1, 3], the Mean Value Theorem is
7
verified. For the value of 𝑐 = 3 the function 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

6. Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions

Solution:
Mean Value Theorem is applicable to function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 the following two conditions of
Mean Value Theorem is satisfied.
(i) Function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
(ii) Function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5, 9]
The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [5, 9] nor
differentiable in open interval (5, 9).
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5, 9].
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2]
The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [−2, 2] nor
differentiable in open interval (2, 2).
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2, 2].
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2]
The function 𝑓 is polynomial function, so it is continuous in closed interval [1, 2].
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1, 2).
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2].
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1, 2].

65
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Miscellaneous

1. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)9

Solution:
Given function is (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)9
Let 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)9 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 9(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 . 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5) = 9(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 . (6𝑥 − 9)

= 27(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 . (2𝑥 − 3)

2. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

sin3 𝑥 + cos 6 𝑥

Solution:
Given function is sin3 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 + cos 6 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 3 sin2 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 6 cos 5 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 3 sin2 𝑥. cos 𝑥 + 6 cos5 𝑥. (− sin 𝑥)

= 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − 2 cos4 𝑥)

3. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

(5𝑥)3 cos 2𝑥

Solution:
Given function is (5𝑥)3 cos 2𝑥
Let 𝑦 = (5𝑥)3 cos 2𝑥 , taking log on both sides
log 𝑦 = log(5𝑥)3 cos 2𝑥 = 3 cos 2𝑥. log 5𝑥
Therefore,

66
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 3 cos 2𝑥. log 5𝑥 + log 5𝑥. 3 cos 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ = 𝑦 [3 cos 2𝑥. . 5 + log 5𝑥. 3(− sin 2𝑥). 2]
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 2𝑥−2 sin 2𝑥 log 5𝑥
⇒ = 3(5𝑥)3 cos 2𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

4. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

sin−1(𝑥 √𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Solution:
Given function is sin−1(𝑥 √𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Let 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥√𝑥), therefore,

𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑
= . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 √𝑥) = . [𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 + √𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 3
√1−(𝑥√𝑥)

1 1 1 𝑥+2𝑥 3𝑥 3 𝑥
= · [𝑥 2 + √𝑥 · 1] = ·[2 ] = = 2 √1−𝑥3
√1−𝑥 3 √𝑥 √1−𝑥 3 √𝑥 2√𝑥√1−𝑥 3

5. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

𝑥
cos−1
2
, −2 < 𝑥 < 2.
√2𝑥+7

Solution:
𝑥
cos−1
2
Given function is , −2 < 𝑥 < 2
√2𝑥+7
𝑥
cos−1
2
Let 𝑦 = , therefore,
√2𝑥+7
𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos−1 . √2𝑥+7−√2𝑥+7𝑑𝑥 cos−1 2
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2
(√2𝑥+7)

𝑥 1 −1 1
[cos−1 2 . . 2] − √2𝑥 + 7 .2
2√2𝑥 + 7 2
√1 − (𝑥 )
2
=
2𝑥 + 7

67
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity
𝑥 1 1
cos−1 . +√2𝑥+7 𝑥
cos−1 .√4−𝑥 2 +2𝑥+7
2 √2𝑥+7 √4−(𝑥)2 2
= =
2𝑥+7 (2𝑥+7)√2𝑥+7√4−𝑥 2

6. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 𝜋
cot −1 [ ],0 <𝑥<
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 2

Solution:
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 𝜋
Given function is cot −1 [ ],0 <𝑥<
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 2

√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = cot −1 [ ], therefore,
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√cos2 + sin2 + 2 sin cos + √cos2 + sin2 − 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑦 = cot −1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√cos2 + sin2 + 2 sin cos − √cos2 + sin2 − 2 sin cos
[ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2]
2 2
√(cos𝑥+sin𝑥) +√(cos𝑥−sin𝑥)
−1 2 2 2 2
= cot [ 2 2
]
√(cos𝑥+sin𝑥) −√(cos𝑥−sin𝑥)
2 2 2 2

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 2 + sin 2 + cos 2 − sin 2 2 cos 2 𝑥 𝑥
−1 −1 −1
= cot [ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 ] = cot [ 𝑥 ] = cot [cot 2] = 2
cos 2 + sin 2 − cos 2 + sin 2 2 sin 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Therefore, =
𝑑𝑥 2

7. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

(log 𝑥)log 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 1

Solution:
Given function is (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 1

Let 𝑦 = (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 , taking log on both sides

log 𝑦 = log(log 𝑥)log 𝑥 = log 𝑥. log(log 𝑥)

Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= log 𝑥. log(log 𝑥) + log(log 𝑥). log 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

68
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
⇒ = 𝑦 [log 𝑥. . + log(log 𝑥). ]
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1+log(log 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 [ 𝑥
]

8. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

cos(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥), for some constant 𝑎 and 𝑏.

Solution:
Given function is cos(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = cos(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= − sin(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) . 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)

= − sin(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)(−𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥)

= sin(𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) (𝑎 sin 𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥)

9. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

𝜋 3𝜋
(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) , < 𝑥 <
4 4

Solution:
𝜋 3𝜋
Given function is (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) , 4 < 𝑥 < 4

Let 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) , taking log on both sides

log 𝑦 = log(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥). log(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥). log(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) + log(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥). (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
⇒ = 𝑦 [(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥). + log(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)[1 + log(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥

10. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

69
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 , for some fixed 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑥 > 0.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎 therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑎
= + 𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎 + 0 …(i)

Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 , taking log on both sides

log 𝑢 = log 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥. log 𝑥
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥. log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. 𝑥 = 𝑥. + log 𝑥. 1 ⇒ = 𝑢(1 + log 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Putting the value of in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

11. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥 the function

2 −3 2
𝑥𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 , for 𝑥 > 3.

Solution:
2 −3 2
Given function is 𝑥 𝑥 + (𝑥 − 3)𝑥
2 −3 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑣 = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we have
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)
2 −3
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 , taking log on both sides
log 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 3) log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 2 − 3). log 𝑥 + log 𝑥. (𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= (𝑥 2 − 3). + log 𝑥. 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 2 − 3 + 2𝑥 2 log 𝑥
= 𝑢[ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

70
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑢 2 −3 𝑥 2 −3+2𝑥 2 log 𝑥 2 −4
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 [ 𝑥
] = 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3 + 2𝑥 2 log 𝑥) …(ii)
2
and, 𝑣 = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 , taking log on both sides
log 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 log(𝑥 − 3) , therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 2 . log(𝑥 − 3) + log(𝑥 − 3). 𝑥 2
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥2
= 𝑥2. + log(𝑥 − 3). 2𝑥 = + 2𝑥. log(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑣 𝑥2 2 𝑥2
= 𝑣[ + 2𝑥. log(𝑥 − 3)] = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 [ + 2𝑥. log(𝑥 − 3)] …(iii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−3 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and value of 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we have
𝑑𝑦 2 −4 2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3 + 2𝑥 2 log 𝑥) + (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 [
𝑥−3
+ 2𝑥. log(𝑥 − 3)]

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
12. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = 12(1 − cos 𝑡), 𝑥 = 10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), − 2 < 𝑡 < 2 .

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
Given that 𝑦 = 12(1 − cos 𝑡), 𝑥 = 10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), − 2 < 𝑡 < 2

Here, 𝑥 = 10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), 𝑦 = 12(1 − cos 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = 10(1 − cos 𝑡) and = 12(0 + sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 12 sin 𝑡 6(2 sin cos ) 6 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑡 = cot
𝑑𝑥 10(1−cos 𝑡) 5(2 sin2 ) 5 2
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑𝑦
13. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1.

Solution:
Given that 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , 0 < 𝑥 < 1.

Here, 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , therefore

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2

71
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
⇒ = + √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − (√1 − 𝑥 2 )

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 𝑑
⇒ = + . (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑥. (−2𝑥) = − =0
√1−𝑥 2 2√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1
14. If 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0, for −1 < 𝑥 < 1. Prove that 𝑑𝑥 = − (1+𝑥)2

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑦 = −𝑦√1 + 𝑥

Squaring both sides

𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦2𝑥 = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) = 0
⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) = 0 [∵ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≠ 0]
⇒ 𝑦(1 + 𝑥) = −𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = − 1+𝑥

Therefore,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑥) 𝑥−𝑥 (1+𝑥) 1+𝑥−𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= −[ (1+𝑥)2
] = − (1+𝑥)2 = − (1+𝑥)2

15. If (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2 for some 𝑐 > 0, prove that

3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1+( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
is a constant independent of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
𝑑𝑥2

Solution:
Given that (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we have

72
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 ⇒ 2(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑏) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑎
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦−𝑏

Differentiating again, we have

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑏) (𝑥 − 𝑎) − (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑦 − 𝑏) (𝑦 − 𝑏)1 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
=− 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2
𝑥−𝑎
𝑑2 𝑦 (𝑦−𝑏)1−(𝑥−𝑎)(− ) (𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑥−𝑎)2 𝑐2
𝑦−𝑏
⇒ =− =− = − (𝑦−𝑏)3
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦−𝑏)2 (𝑦−𝑏)3
3
𝑑𝑦 2 2
[1+( ) ]
𝑑𝑥
Putting the values in 𝑑2 𝑦
, we have
𝑑𝑥2

3 3
2 2
𝑥−𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 2
[1 + (− ) ] [1 + ]
𝑦−𝑏 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2
=
𝑐2 𝑐2
− −
(𝑦 − 𝑏)3 (𝑦 − 𝑏)3
3 3
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 2 𝑐2 2
[ ] [ ]
(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 (𝑦 − 𝑏)2
= =
𝑐2 𝑐2
− 3 −
(𝑦 − 𝑏) (𝑦 − 𝑏)3
𝑐3
(𝑦−𝑏)3 𝑐3
= 𝑐2
= − 𝑐 2 = −𝑐, which is a constant independent of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
−(𝑦−𝑏)3

𝑑𝑦 cos2(𝑎+𝑦)
16. If cos 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦), with cos 𝑎 ≠ ±1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎

Solution:
cos 𝑦
Given that cos 𝑦 = 𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 = cos(𝑎+𝑦) , therefore,

Differentiating with respect to 𝑦, we have

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑎+𝑦) cos 𝑦−cos 𝑦 cos(𝑎+𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= cos2(𝑎+𝑦)

𝑑𝑥 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)(− sin 𝑦) − cos 𝑦(− sin(𝑎 + 𝑦))

⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 cos 2(𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑦 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) + cos 𝑦 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦)
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 cos 2(𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin(𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦) sin 𝑎
= 2
= 2
cos (𝑎 + 𝑦) cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)

73
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 cos2(𝑎+𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝛼

𝑑2 𝑦
17. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡), find 𝑑𝑥 2.

Solution:
Given that 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡)
Here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡), 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎[− sin 𝑡 + (𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)] = 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡

and
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎[(cos 𝑡 − (−𝑡 sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡))] = 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 = = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1 sec3 𝑡
⇒ = sec 2 𝑡. = sec 2 𝑡. =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑎𝑡

18. If 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 , show that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) exists for all real 𝑥 and find it.

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3
Rewriting the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 in the following form:
3
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 3 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
−𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0
If 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
If 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 3 ⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥
Hence, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) exists for all real 𝑥 and it can be represented as follows:
6𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓′′(𝑥) = {
−6𝑥 if 𝑥 < 0

𝑑
19. Using mathematical induction prove that (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 for all positive integers 𝑛.
𝑑𝑥

74
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

Solution:
𝑑
Let 𝑃(𝑛): 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑
Putting 𝑛 = 1, we have LHS = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 1 ) = 1 and RHS = 1𝑥 1−1 = 𝑥 0 = 1

Hence, 𝑃(𝑛) is true for 𝑛 = 1.

𝑑
Let 𝑃(𝑘): 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘 ) = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 is true.
𝑑
To prove: 𝑃(𝑘 + 1): 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘+1 ) = (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 𝑘 is also true.

𝑑 𝑘+1 𝑑 𝑘 𝑑 𝑑 𝑘
LHS = (𝑥 )= (𝑥 . 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑘 (𝑥) + 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑘 . 1 + 𝑥. 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1 = (1 + 𝑘)𝑥 𝑘 = RHS
Hence, 𝑃(𝑛) is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.
Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction 𝑃(𝑛) is true for all natural numbers 𝑛.

20. Using the fact that sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 and the differentiation,
obtain the sum formula for cosines.

Solution:
Given that sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵,
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we have
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = (sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴) + (cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
⇒ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵). ( + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴
= (sin 𝐴(− sin 𝐵) + cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 ) + (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐵(− sin 𝐴) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
⇒ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵). (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 )

𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴
= (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵) + (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
⇒ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵). ( + ) = (cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵) ( + )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

75
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

21. Does there exist a function which is continuous everywhere but not differentiable at
exactly two points? Justify your answer.

Solution:
Function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 3| is continuous for all real points but not differentiable at
two points (𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3).

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
22. If 𝑦 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 | prove that 𝑑𝑥 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
Given that 𝑦 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |, therefore,
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑛
𝑑𝑥
=| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |+| |+| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑏 𝑑𝑐
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)

𝑑𝑦
⇒ =| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |+| 0 0 0 |+| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 0 0 0
𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑔′(𝑥) ℎ′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 | +0 + 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

−1 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
23. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎 cos , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, show that (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 2
−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0

Solution:
−1 𝑥
Given that: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎 cos , therefore,
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we have
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑎 cos−1 𝑥 −1 𝑑
= 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑎 cos 𝑥 𝑎 cos−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 −1 𝑎𝑦
⇒ = 𝑒 𝑎 cos 𝑎. =−
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2

Squaring both the sides, we have

76
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com
Class-XII-Maths Continuity and Differentiabil ity

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 2
(𝑑𝑥 ) = 1−𝑥2 ⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 𝑦 2

Differentiating again with respect to 𝑥, we have

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(1 − 𝑥 2 ). 2 . 2+( ) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑎2 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ [2(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 + (−2𝑥)] = 2𝑎2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 [(1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] = 2𝑎 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
−𝑥 = 𝑎2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) −𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

77
Practice more on Continuity and Differentiability www.embibe.com