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Example 1
Discuss the continuity of
𝑥 −1 𝑥<3
𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 3
2𝑥 + 1 𝑥≥3
Solution:
𝑓(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =?
𝑥→3
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim+(2𝑥 + 1) = 7
𝑥→3+ 𝑥→3
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 3.
Example 2
Discuss the continuity of 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5|, 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5.
Solution:
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 1 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
𝑥 −5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 5 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5| = {
−(𝑥 − 5) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 − 5 < 0
𝑥 − 5 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 5
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5| = {
−(𝑥 − 5) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 5
𝑓(5) = 5 − 5 = 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) =?
𝑥→5
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥→5
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(5) = 0
𝑥→5
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is continuous at 𝑥 = 5
Example 3
Discuss the continuity of
𝑥2 −9
𝑥≠3
𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−3 at 𝑥 = 3.
6 𝑥=3
Solution:
𝑓(3) = 6
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 2 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
𝑥2 −9
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
(𝑥+3) (𝑥−3)
=lim
𝑥→3 (𝑥−3)
=lim (𝑥 + 3) = 3 + 3 = 6
𝑥→3
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(3) = 6
𝑥→3
Definition:-
A function ‘f’ is continuous at right end point x=b of
the interval [a,b],if
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏)
𝑥→𝑏 −
Theorem# 1:-
(continuity of algebraic combinations)
If functions ‘f’ and ‘g’ are continuous at x=c , the following
functions are also continuous at x=c
(1) f+g & f-g
(2) fg
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 3 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
𝑓
(3) , provided g(c) ≠ 0
𝑔
(4) kf where ‘k’ is any constant
(5) [𝑓(𝑥 )]𝑚/𝑛 ,provided[𝑓(𝑥 )]𝑚/𝑛 is defined on an interval
containing “c” and m,n are integers.
Theorem # 2:-
Every polynomial is continuous at every point of real line.
Every rational function is continuous at every point where its
denominator is not zero.
𝑥+1
f(x) =
𝑥−1
Removable discontinuity:-
If at any point, a function does not have functional value but it has
limiting value at that point then that kind of discontinuity is called
removable discontinuity.
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 4 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
𝑥2 −4
e.g f(x)= x 2
𝑥−2
Continuous extension :-
If f(c) does not exist . but lim 𝑓(𝑥) = L then we can define a new
𝑥→𝑐
function 𝐹(𝑥) as
𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐
F(x) = {
𝐿 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐
e.g.
𝑥2 −4
F(x) = { 𝑥−2 𝑥≠2
4 𝑥= 2
Then the function F(x) is continuous at x=c . It is called continuous
extension of f(x) to x=c.
Example # 4:-
𝑥2 +𝑥−6
Show that 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥2 −4
(𝑥−2)(𝑥+3)
= lim (
𝑥→2 𝑥−2)(𝑥+2)
2+3
=
2+2
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 5 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
5
=
4
Example # 5:-
Define g(3) in a way that extends 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 9)/(𝑥 − 3) to be
continous at x =3.
Solution:
g(x) = (𝑥 2 − 9)/(𝑥 − 3)
g(3) does not exist .
lim g(x) = lim ( 𝑥 2 − 9)/(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
= lim(𝑥 + 3)=(3+3)=6
𝑥→3
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 6 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
𝑥2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
f(x) = {
2𝑎𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
is continuous at every ‘𝑥’.
Solution:-
Since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous for every ‘𝑥’ .
It is continuous at x = 3
then
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3− 𝑥→3
lim−(𝑥 2 − 1) = lim
+
(2𝑎𝑥)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
9-1 = 2a(3)
8 = 6a
4
a =
3
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Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana Assistant Professor FOE UCP Lahore Page 7 of 8
Lec-7 (Applied Calculus) B.Sc. Engineering 1st Semester
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