Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability - 57988765 Fe40 4100 Acf7 3d5b6bee942d

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
EXERCISE 5.1
1. Prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟑 is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎, at 𝒙 = −𝟑 and at 𝒙 = 𝟓.
Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 5 × 0 − 3 = 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5𝑥 − 3) = 5 × 0 − 3 = −3
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
At 𝑥 = −3, 𝑓(−3) = 5 × (−3) − 3 = −18

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5𝑥 − 3) = 5 × (−3) − 3 = −18
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−3)
𝑥→−3
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = −3
At 𝑥 = 5, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(5) = 5 × 5 − 3 = 25 − 3 = 22
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5𝑥 − 3) = 5 × 5 − 3 = 22
𝑥→5 𝑥→5
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(5)
𝑥→5
2. Examine the continuity of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 at 𝒙 = 𝟑.
Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1

At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3) = 2 × 32 − 1 = 17
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 2 − 1) = 2 × 32 − 1 = 17
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3
Thus, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
3. Examine the following functions for continuity.

𝟏
(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟓 (b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟓 , 𝒙 ≠ 𝟓
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝟓
(c) 𝒇(𝒙) = , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟓 (d) 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟓|
𝒙+𝟓
Ans. (a) The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5

It is evident that 𝑓 s defined at every real number kand its value at 𝑘 is 𝑘 − 5.
It is also observed that, lim𝑥→𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→𝑘 (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑘 − 5 = 𝑓(𝑘)
∴ lim𝑥→𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
Hence, 𝑓 is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.
1
(b) The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 , 𝑥 ≠ 5
For any real number 𝑘 ≠ 5, we obtain
1 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥−5 = 𝑘−5
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
1
Also, 𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘−5 ( As 𝑘 ≠ 5)
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘
Hence, fis continuous at every point in the domain of fand therefore, it is a continuous
function.
𝑥 2 −25
(c) The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ −5
𝑥+5
For any real number 𝑐 ≠ −5, we obtain
𝑥 2 −25 (𝑥+5)(𝑥−5)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = lim (𝑥 − 5) = (𝑐 − 5)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥+5 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥+5 𝑥→𝑐
(𝑐+5)(𝑐−5)
Also, 𝑓(𝑐) = = (𝑐 − 5) ( as 𝑐 ≠ −5)
𝑐+5
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Hence, fis continuous at every point in the domain of fand therefore, it is a continuous
function.
5 − 𝑥, if 𝑥 < 5
(d) The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 5| = {
𝑥 − 5, if 𝑥 ≥ 5
This function fis defined at all points of the real line.
Let cbe a point on a real line. Then, 𝑐 < 5 or 𝑐 = 5 or 𝑐 > 5
Case I: 𝑐 < 5
Then, 𝑓(𝑐) = 5 − 𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5 − 𝑥) = 5 − 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, fis continuous at all real numbers less than 5 .
Case ∥: 𝑐 = 5
Then, 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(5) = (5 − 5) = 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5 − 𝑥) = (5 − 5) = 0

𝑥→5− 𝑥→5
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 0
𝑥→5 𝑥→5
∴ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Case III: > 5
Then, 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(5) = 𝑐 − 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑐 − 5

𝑥→𝑐
4. Prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒏 is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒏, where 𝒏 is a positive integer.
Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛

It is evident that fis defined at all positive integers, 𝑛, and its value at 𝑛 is 𝑛𝑛 .
Then, lim𝑥→𝑛 𝑓(𝑛) = lim𝑥→𝑛 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑛
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑛)

𝑥→𝑛
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑛, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
5. Is the function fdefined by
𝒙, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟓, if 𝒙 > 𝟏
continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎 ? At 𝒙 = 𝟏 ? At 𝒙 = 𝟐 ?
𝑥, if 𝑥 ≤ 1
Ans. The given function fis 𝑓(𝑥) = {
5, if 𝑥 > 1
At 𝑥 = 0,
It is evident that 𝑓 is defined at 0 and its value at 0 is 0.
Then, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)

𝑥→0
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓 is defined at 1 and its value at 1 is 1 .
The left hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 1 is,
lim𝑥→1− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→1− 𝑥 = 1
The right hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 1 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (5) = 5

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
Therefore, 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1

At 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓 is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5 .
Then, lim𝑥→2 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→2 (5) = 5
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)

𝑥→2
6. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑, if 𝒙 > 𝟐
2𝑥 + 3, if 𝑥 ≤ 2
2𝑥 − 3, if 𝑥 > 2
It is evident that the given function fis defined at all the points of the real line.
Let 𝑐 be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.
(i) 𝑐 < 2
(ii) > 2
(iii) 𝑐 = 2
Case (i) 𝑐 < 2
Then, 𝑓(𝑐) = 2𝑐 + 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑐 + 3

𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < 2
Case (ii) > 2

Then, 𝑓(𝑐) = 2𝑐 − 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑐 − 3

𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 2
Case (iii) 𝑐 = 2
Then, the left hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 2 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (2𝑥 + 3) = 2 × 2 + 3 = 7

𝑥→2− 𝑥→2
The right hand limit of fat 𝑥 = 2 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (2𝑥 − 3) = 2 × 2 − 3 = 1

𝑥→2+ 𝑥→2
It is observed that the left and right hand limit of fat 𝑥 = 2 do not coincide.
Hence, 𝑥 = 2 is the only point of discontinuity of 𝑓.
|𝒙| + 𝟑, if 𝒙 ≤ −𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = {−𝟐𝒙, if − 𝟑 < 𝒙 < 𝟑
𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐, if 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
|𝑥| + 3 = −𝑥 + 3, if 𝑥 ≤ −3
Ans. The given function 𝑓 s 𝑓(𝑥) = {−2𝑥, if − 3 < 𝑥 < 3
6𝑥 + 2, if 𝑥 ≥ 3
The given function fis defined at all the points of the real line.
Let 𝑐 be a point on the real line.
Case I:
If 𝑐 < −3, then 𝑓(𝑐) = −𝑐 + 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥 + 3) = −𝑐 + 3
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < −3
Case II:
If 𝑐 = −3, then 𝑓(−3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥 + 3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6

𝑥→−3− 𝑥→−3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim + (−2𝑥) = −2 × (−3) = 6
𝑥→−3+ 𝑥→−3
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−3)
𝑥→−3
Case IIl:
If −3 < 𝑐 < 3, then 𝑓(𝑐) = −2𝑐 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−2𝑥) = −2𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous in (−3,3).
Case IV:
If 𝑐 = 3, then the left hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 3 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−2𝑥) = −2 × 3 = −6

𝑥→3− 𝑥→3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (6𝑥 + 2) = 6 × 3 + 2 = 20

𝑥→3+ 𝑥→3
Case V:
If 𝑐 > 3, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 6𝑐 + 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (6𝑥 + 2) = 6𝑐 + 2

𝑥→𝑐

|𝒙|
if 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙
𝟎, if 𝒙 = 𝟎
|𝑥|
if 𝑥 ≠ 0
Ans. The given function fis 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
0, if 𝑥 = 0
It is known that, 𝑥 < 0 ⇒ |𝑥| = −𝑥 and 𝑥 > 0 ⇒ |𝑥| = 𝑥
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
|𝑥| −𝑥
= = −1 if 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 0, if 𝑥 = 0
|𝑥| 𝑥
{ 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 1, if 𝑥 > 0
The given function 𝑓 s defined at all the points of the real line.
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = −1

lim𝑥→𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→𝑐 (−1) = −1
∴ lim𝑥→𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥 < 0
Case II:
If 𝑐 = 0, then the left hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 0 is,
lim𝑥→0− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→0− (−1) = −1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (1) = 1

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0
Case III:
If 𝑐 > 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (1) = 1
𝑥→𝑐

Hence, 𝑥 = 0 is the only point of discontinuity of 𝑓.
𝒙
, if 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = {|𝒙|
−𝟏, if 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝑥
, if 𝑥 < 0
Ans. The given function 𝑓 is 𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥|
−1, if 𝑥 ≥ 0
It is known that, 𝑥 < 0 ⇒ |𝑥| = −𝑥
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as
𝑥 𝑥
= −𝑥 = −1, if 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {|𝑥|
−1, if 𝑥 ≥ 0
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥) = −1 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝐑
Let 𝑐 be any real number. Then, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−1) = −1

Also, 𝑓(𝑐) = −1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, the given function is a continuous function. Hence, the given function has no
point of discontinuity.
𝒙 + 𝟏, if 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏, if 𝒙 < 𝟏
Answer:
𝑥 + 1, if 𝑥 ≥ 1
The given function fis 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, if 𝑥 < 1
The given function 𝑓 s defined at all the points of the real line.
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 2 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑐 2 + 1 ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
Case II:
If 𝑐 = 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 2 + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 + 1) = 1 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1)
𝑥→1
Case III:
If 𝑐 > 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 + 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑐 + 1

𝑥→𝑐

Hence,the given function 𝑓 has no point of discontinuity.
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏, if 𝒙 > 𝟐
𝑥 3 − 3, if 𝑥 ≤ 2
Ans. The given function 𝑓 is 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 2 + 1, if 𝑥 > 2
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 2, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 3 − 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 3 − 3) = 𝑐 3 − 3

𝑥→𝑐

Case II:
If 𝑐 = 2, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(2) = 23 − 3 = 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 3 − 3) = 23 − 3 = 5

𝑥→2− 𝑥→2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 2 + 1) = 22 + 1 = 5
𝑥→2+ 𝑥→2
∴ lim2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2
Case III:
If 𝑐 > 2, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 2 + 1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑐 2 + 1
𝑥→𝑐

Thus, the given function fis continuous at every point on the real line. Hence, 𝑓 has no
point of discontinuity.
𝒙𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙𝟐 , if 𝒙 > 𝟏
𝑥10 − 1, if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥2, if 𝑥 > 1
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 10 − 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥10 − 1) = 𝑐 10 − 1 ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Case II:
If 𝑐 = 1, then the left hand limit of fat 𝑥 = 1 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥10 − 1) = 110 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 2 ) = 12 = 1

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
Case III:
If 𝑐 > 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐 2

𝑥→𝑐

Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that 𝑥 = 1 is the only point of
discontinuity of 𝑓.
𝒙 + 𝟓, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
13. Is the function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = { a continuous function?
𝒙 − 𝟓, if 𝒙 > 𝟏
𝑥 + 5, if 𝑥 ≤ 1
Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 5, if 𝑥 > 1
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 + 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 5) = 𝑐 + 5

𝑥→𝑐

Case II:
If 𝑐 = 1, then 𝑓(1) = 1 + 5 = 6
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 + 5) = 1 + 5 = 6
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 − 5) = 1 − 5 = −4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
Case II:
If 𝑐 > 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑐 − 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑐 − 5
𝑥→𝑐
Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that 𝑥 = 1 is the only point of
discontinuity of 𝑓.
14. Discuss the continuity of the function 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by
3, if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {4, if 1 < 𝑥 < 3
5, if 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
Answer :
3, if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {4, if 1 < 𝑥 < 3
5, if 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10
The given function is defined at all points of the interval [0,10].
Let 𝑐 be a point in the interval [0,10].
Case I:
If 0 ≤ 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 3 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (3) = 3
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous in the interval [0,1).
Case II:
If 𝑐 = 1, then 𝑓(3) = 3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (3) = 3

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (4) = 4

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 1 do not coincide. Therefore, 𝑓
is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1
Case IIl:
If 1 < 𝑐 < 3, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 4 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (4) = 4 ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points of the interval (1,3).
Case IV:
If 𝑐 = 3, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim3 (4) = 4

𝑥→3− 𝑥→3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (5) = 5

𝑥→3+ 𝑥→3
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 3 do not coincide. Therefore, 𝑓
is not continuous at 𝑥 = 3
Case V:
If 3 < 𝑐 ≤ 10, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 5 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5) = 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points of the interval (3,10].
Hence, 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 3
𝟐𝒙, if 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟎, if 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝟒𝒙, if 𝒙 > 𝟏
2𝑥, if 𝑥 < 0
Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {0, if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
4𝑥, if 𝑥 > 1
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:
If 𝑐 < 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 2𝑐
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥) = 2𝑐

𝑥→𝑐
Case II:
If 𝑐 = 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(0) = 0
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim lim− (2𝑥) = 2 × 0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (0) = 0

𝑥→0+ 𝑥→0
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)
𝑥→0
Case III:
If 0 < 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (0) = 0 ∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points of the interval (0,1).
Case IV:
If 𝑐 = 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(1) = 0
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (0) = 0

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (4𝑥) = 4 × 1 = 4

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 1 do not coincide.
Case V:
If 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 4𝑐 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (4𝑥) = 4𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Hence, 𝑓 is not continuous only at 𝑥 = 1
−𝟐, if 𝒙 ≤ −𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝟐𝒙, if − 𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
𝟐, if 𝒙 > 𝟏
Answer:
−2, if 𝑥 ≤ −1
The given function fis 𝑓(𝑥) = {2𝑥, if − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
2, if 𝑥 > 1
The given function is defined at all points of the real line.
Case I:
If 𝑐 < −1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = −2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−2) = −2
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < −1
Case ll:
If 𝑐 = −1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(−1) = −2
The left hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = −1 is,
lim − 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (−2) = −2
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
The right hand limit of fat 𝑥 = −1 is,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (2𝑥) = 2 × (−1) = −2

𝑥→−1+ 𝑥→−1
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−1)
𝑥→−1
Case III:
If − 1 < 𝑐 < 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 2𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥) = 2𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points of the interval (−1,1).

Case IV:
If 𝑐 = 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 𝑓(1) = 2 × 1 = 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (2𝑥) = 2 × 1 = 2

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 2 = 2

𝑥→1+ 𝑥→1
𝑥→1
Case V:
If 𝑐 > 1, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 2 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2) = 2
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that 𝑓 is continuous at all points
of the real line.
17. Find the relationship between aand 𝒃 so that the function fdefined by
𝒂𝒙 + 𝟏, if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝒇(𝒙) = { is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑.
𝒃𝒙 + 𝟑, if 𝒙 > 𝟑
𝑎𝑥 + 1, if 𝑥 ≤ 3
Ans.The given function fis 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑏𝑥 + 3, if 𝑥 > 3
If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 3, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3− 𝑥→3
Also,
lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑎𝑥 + 1) = 3𝑎 + 1
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑏𝑥 + 3) = 3𝑏 + 3
𝑥→3 𝑥→3
𝑓(3) = 3𝑎 + 1
Therefore, from (1), we obtain
3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3 = 3𝑎 + 1
⇒ 3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3
⇒ 3𝑎 = 3𝑏 + 2
2
⇒𝑎 =𝑏+3
2
Therefore, the required relationship is given by, 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 3
18. For what value of 𝝀 is the function defined by
𝝀(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙), if 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏, if 𝒙 > 𝟎
continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟎 ? What about continuity at 𝒙 = 𝟏 ?
𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥), if 𝑥 ≤ 0
4𝑥 + 1, if 𝑥 > 0
If fis continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)

𝑥→0− 𝑥→0
⇒ lim− 𝜆(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥) = lim+ (4𝑥 + 1) = 𝜆(02 − 2 × 0)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
⇒ 𝜆(02 − 2 × 0) = 4 × 0 + 1 = 0
⇒ 0 = 1 = 0, which is not possible
Therefore, there is no value of 𝐴˜𝑍𝐴ˆ ≫ sfor which 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1) = 4𝑥 + 1 = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5
lim (4𝑥 + 1) = 4 × 1 + 1 = 5
𝑥→1
∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1)
𝑥→1
Therefore, for any values of 𝐴˜𝑍𝐴ˆ ≫ , 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1
19. Show that the function defined by 𝐠(𝒙) = 𝒙 − [𝒙] is discontinuous at all integral point.
Here [𝒙] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to 𝒙.
Given function is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − [𝑥]

Let 𝑘 be any integer
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑥 − [𝑥] = 𝑘 − (𝑘 − 1) = 1

RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑥 − [𝑥] = 𝑘 − (𝑘) = 0,

𝑥→k 𝑥→k
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL ≠ RHL.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous for all integers.
20. Is the function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟓 continuous at 𝒙 = 𝝅.
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 5,

At 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜋 2 − sin 𝜋 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − 0 + 5 = 𝜋 2 + 5
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 2 − sin 𝑥 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − sin 𝜋 + 5 = 𝜋 2 − 0 + 5 = 𝜋 2 + 5

𝑥→𝑛 𝑥→𝑛
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝜋, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝜋) = 𝜋 2 + 5

𝑥→𝑛
Therefore, the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋.
21. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:

(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
(c) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Ans. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− sin 𝑥 = lim sin (𝑘 − ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘cos ℎ − cos 𝑘sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 ℎ→0 ℎ→0
RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ sin 𝑥 = lim sin (𝑘 + ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘cos ℎ + cos 𝑘sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(𝑘).
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
Let ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
𝐿𝐻𝐿 = lim− ℎ(𝑥) = lim− cos 𝑥 = lim cos (𝑘 − ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘cos ℎ + sin 𝑘sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
RHL = lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim+ cos 𝑥 = lim cos (𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘cos ℎ − sin 𝑘sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = ℎ(𝑘).
Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
We know that if 𝑔 and ℎ are two continuous functions, then the functions 𝑔 + ℎ, 𝑔 − ℎ and
𝑔ℎ also be a continuous function.
Therefore, (a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 and
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 are continuous functions.
22. Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent functions.
Ans. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥

Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− sin 𝑥 = lim sin (𝑘 − ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘cos ℎ − cos 𝑘sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ sin 𝑥 = lim sin (𝑘 + ℎ) = lim sin 𝑘cos ℎ + cos 𝑘sin ℎ = sin 𝑘
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(𝑘).
Let ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
𝐿𝐻𝐿 = lim− ℎ(𝑥) = lim− cos 𝑥 = lim cos (𝑘 − ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘cos ℎ + sin 𝑘sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
RHL = lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim+ cos 𝑥 = lim cos (𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘cos ℎ − sin 𝑘sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
Here, at 𝑥 = 𝑘, LHL = RHL = ℎ(𝑘).

𝑔 1
We know that if 𝑔 and ℎ are two continuous functions, then the functions ℎ , ℎ ≠ 0, ℎ , ℎ ≠ 0
1
and 𝑔 , 𝑔 ≠ 0 are continuous functions.
1
Therefore, cosec 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.
Hence, cosec 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).
1 (2𝑛+1)𝜋
sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous. ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ (𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.
2
(2𝑛+1)𝜋
Hence, sec 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = (𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).
2
cos 𝑥
cot 𝑥 = , sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous. ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍) is continuous.
sin 𝑥
Hence, cot 𝑥 is continuous except 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋(𝑛 ∈ 𝑍).
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
, If 𝒙 < 𝟎
23. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙
𝒙 + 𝟏, If 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
sin 𝑥
, If 𝑥 < 0
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < 0 or 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑘 > 0
First case: If 𝑘 < 0
sin 𝑘 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑘
𝑓(𝑘) = and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim ( )= . Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0 .
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0
𝑓(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0). Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0. Third case: If
𝑘>0
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 1 and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑘 + 1. Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0 .
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.
𝟏
𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 , If 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
24. Determine if 𝒇 defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, If 𝒙 = 𝟎
is a continuous function?
1
𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 , If 𝑥 ≠ 0
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, If 𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 ≠ 0 or 𝑘 = 0
First case: If 𝑘 ≠ 0
1 1 1
𝑓(𝑘) = 𝑘 2 sin and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) = 𝑘 2 sin 𝑘 . Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘 𝑥→𝑘
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for 𝑘 ≠ 0.

Second case: If, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
1 1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
1 1
We know that, −1 ≤ sin ≤ 1, 𝑥 ≠ 0 ⇒ −𝑥 2 ≤ sin ≤ 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
1
⇒ lim (−𝑥 2 ) ≤ lim sin ≤ lim 𝑥 2
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
1 1 1
⇒ 0 ≤ lim sin ≤ 0 ⇒ lim sin = 0 ⇒ lim− 𝑥 2 sin = 0 ⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0
1 1
Similarly, RHL = lim𝑥→0+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→0+ (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) = lim𝑥→0 (𝑥 2 sin 𝑥) = 0
Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(0)
Hence, at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 is continuous.
Therefore, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.
25. Examine the continuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, If 𝒙 ≠ 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙) = {
−𝟏, If 𝒙 = 𝟎
sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥, If 𝑥 ≠ 0
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
−1, If 𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 ≠ 0 or 𝑘 = 0
First case: If 𝑘 ≠ 0, 𝑓(0) = 0 − 1 = −1
LHL = lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0 − 1 = −1

𝑘→0 𝑘→0
RHL = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) = 0 − 1 = −1
𝑘→0 𝑘→0
Hence, at 𝑥 ≠ 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝑥)

Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 ≠ 0.
Second case: If, 𝑘 = 0, 𝑓(𝑘) = −1
and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−1) = −1 Here, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
Hence, the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers.
26.Find the values of 𝒌 so that the function 𝒇 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝒌𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝝅
, If 𝒙 ≠ 𝝅
𝝅 at
𝝅−𝟐𝒙 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒙=
𝟑, If 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟐
𝑘cos 𝑥 𝜋
, If 𝑥 ≠ 𝜋
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋−2𝑥 2
𝜋 at 𝑥 =
3, If 𝑥 = 2
2
𝜋 𝜋
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2 . Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓 ( 2 )
𝜋
⇒ lim𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 ( 2 )
𝑥→ 𝜋
2 𝑥→
2
𝑘cos 𝑥 𝑘cos 𝑥
⇒ lim𝜋 = lim+ =3
𝑥→ 𝜋−2𝑥 𝜋 𝜋−2𝑥
2 𝑥→
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑘cos ( −ℎ) 𝑘cos ( +ℎ)
2 2
⇒ lim 𝜋 = lim 𝜋 =3
ℎ→0 𝜋−2( −ℎ) ℎ→0 𝜋−2( +ℎ)
2 2
𝑘sin ℎ −𝑘sin ℎ
⇒ lim = lim =3
ℎ→0 2ℎ ℎ→0 −2ℎ
𝑘 𝑘 sin ℎ
⇒ 2 = 2 = 3 [∵ lim = 1]
ℎ→0 ℎ
⇒𝑘=6
Hence, for 𝑘 = 6, the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
27. Find the values of 𝒌 so that the function 𝒇 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝒌𝒙𝟐 , If 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { at 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟑, If 𝒙 > 𝟐
𝑘𝑥 2 , If 𝑥 ≤ 2
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 2
3, If 𝑥 > 2
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(2)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)

𝑥→2 𝑥→2
⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 = lim+ 3 = 𝑘(2)2
2
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
⇒ 4𝑘 = 3 = 4𝑘
3
⇒𝑘=4
3
28. Find the values of 𝒌 so that the function 𝒇 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏, If 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
𝒇(𝒙) = { at 𝒙 = 𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙, If 𝒙 > 𝝅
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 𝜋
cos 𝑥, If 𝑥 > 𝜋
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋,
Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(𝜋)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝜋)
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋
⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = lim+ cos 𝑥 = 𝑘(𝜋) + 1
𝑥→𝜋 𝑥→𝜋
⇒ 𝑘(𝜋) + 1 = cos 𝜋 = 𝑘𝜋 + 1
⇒ 𝑘𝜋 + 1 = −1 = 𝑘𝜋 + 1
⇒ 𝜋𝑘 = −2
2
⇒ 𝑘 = −𝜋
2
Hence, for 𝑘 = − 𝜋′ the given function 𝑓 is continuous at the indicated point.
29.Find the values of 𝒌 so that the function 𝒇 is continuous at the indicated point.
𝒌𝒙 + 𝟏, If 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) = { at 𝒙 = 𝟓
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓, If 𝒙 > 𝟓
𝑘𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≤ 5
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { at 𝑥 = 5
3𝑥 − 5, If 𝑥 > 5
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 5.
Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(5)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(5)

𝑥→5 𝑥→5
⇒ lim− 𝑘𝑥 + 1 = lim+ 3𝑥 − 5 = 5𝑘 + 1
𝑥→5 𝑥→5
⇒ 5𝑘 + 1 = 15 − 5 = 5𝑘 + 1
⇒ 5𝑘 = 9
9
⇒𝑘=5
9
30. Find the values of 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the function defined by
𝟓, If 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃, If 𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝟏, If 𝒙 ≥ 𝟏𝟎
is continuous function.
5, If 𝑥 ≤ 2
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, If 2 < 𝑥 < 10
21, If 𝑥 ≥ 10
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 2. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(2)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
⇒ lim− 5 = lim+ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
⇒ 2𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 … (i)
Given that the function is continuous at 𝑥 = 10. Therefore, LHL = RHL = 𝑓(10)
⇒ lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(10)

𝑥→10 𝑥→10
⇒ lim− 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = lim+ 21 = 21
𝑥→10 𝑥→10
⇒ 10𝑎 + 𝑏 = 21 … (ii)
Solving the equation (i) and (ii), we get
𝑎 =2𝑏 =1
31. Show that the function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙𝟐 ) is a continuous function.
Ans. Given function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = cos (𝑥 2 )

Assuming that the functions are well defined for all real numbers, we can write the given
function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜ℎ). Where, 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , if 𝑔
and ℎ both are continuous function then 𝑓 also be continuous.
[∵ 𝑔𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥 2 ) = cos (𝑥 2 )]
Let the function 𝑔(𝑥) be cos 𝑥

Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑔(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim cos 𝑥 = lim cos (𝑘 + ℎ) = lim cos 𝑘cos ℎ − sin 𝑘sin ℎ = cos 𝑘
Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘). Hence, t\he function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘
And let the function ℎ(𝑥) be 𝑥 2
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = 𝑘 2
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim 𝑥 2 = 𝑘 2

Here, lim𝑥→𝑘 ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
Therefore, 𝑔 and ℎ both are continuous function. Hence, 𝑓 is continuous.
32. Show that the function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙| is a continuous function.
Ans. Given that the function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos 𝑥|

function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔𝑜ℎ). Where, 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| and ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥. If 𝑔
[∵ 𝑔𝑜ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = 𝑔(cos 𝑥) = |cos 𝑥|]
Let the function 𝑔(𝑥) be |𝑥|

Rearranging the function 𝑔, we get
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0, here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0 .
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− (−𝑥) = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥) = 0,
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(0)

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
Third case: If 𝑘 > 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0 .
And let the function ℎ(𝑥) be cos 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = cos 𝑘
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑘
Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
𝑥→𝑘
33.Examine that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 |𝒙| is a continuous function.
Ans. Let the given function be 𝑓(𝑥) = sin |𝑥|

function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = ℎ𝑜𝑔). Where, ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|. If 𝑔
[∵ ℎ𝑜𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑔(𝑥)) = ℎ(|𝑥|) = sin |𝑥|]
Function ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
Let 𝑘 be any real number. At 𝑥 = 𝑘, ℎ(𝑘) = sin 𝑘
lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑘

Here, lim𝑥→𝑘 ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘). Hence, the function ℎ is continuous for all real numbers.
Function 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
Redefining the function 𝑔, we get
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0

First case: If 𝑘 < 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0 . Second case: If 𝑘 =
0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− (−𝑥) = 0

𝑥→0 𝑥→0
RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Here at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = 𝑔(0)

Hence at 𝑥 = 0, the function 𝑔 is continuous.
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than 0 .
34. Find all the points of discontinuity of 𝒇 defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙| − |𝒙 + 𝟏|.
Ans. Given that the function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − |𝑥 + 1|

function 𝑓 in the combination of 𝑔 and ℎ(𝑓 = 𝑔 − ℎ), where, 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| and ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1|. If 𝑔
Function 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
Redefining the function 𝑔, we get,
−𝑥, If 𝑥 < 0
𝑔(𝑥) = {
𝑥, If 𝑥 ≥ 0
First case: If 𝑘 < 0,
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥) = 0. Here, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than 0 .
Second case: If 𝑘 = 0, 𝑔(0) = 0 + 1 = 1
LHL = lim− 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− (−𝑥) = 0 and RHL = lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥→0
Here, at 𝑥 = 0, LHL = RHL = g(0)

Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑔(𝑘) = 0 and lim𝑥→𝑘 𝑔(𝑥) = lim𝑥→𝑘 (𝑥) = 0. Here, lim𝑥→𝑘 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers more than 0 .
Function ℎ(𝑥) = |𝑥 + 1|
Redefining the function ℎ, we get
−(𝑥 + 1), If 𝑥 < −1

ℎ(𝑥) = {
𝑥 + 1, If 𝑥 ≥ −1
Let 𝑘 be any real number. According to question, 𝑘 < −1 or 𝑘 = −1 or 𝑘 > −1

First case: If 𝑘 < −1,
ℎ(𝑘) = −(𝑘 + 1) and lim ℎ(𝑥) = lim − (𝑘 + 1) = −(𝑘 + 1). Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers less than −1.
Second case: If 𝑘 = −1, ℎ(−1) = −1 + 1 = 0
LHL = lim− ℎ(𝑥) = lim− − (−1 + 1) = 0

𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
RHL = lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 + 1) = −1 + 1 = 0
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
Here at 𝑥 = −1, LHL = RHL = ℎ(−1)

Hence, the function ℎ is continuous at 𝑥 = −1.
Third case: If 𝑘 > −1
ℎ(𝑘) = 𝑘 + 1 and lim𝑥→𝑘 ℎ(𝑥) = lim (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑘 + 1. Here, lim ℎ(𝑥) = ℎ(𝑘)
Hence, the function 𝑔 is continuous for all real numbers greater than −1.
EXERCISE 5.2
1. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
Ans. Let 𝑦 = sin (𝑥 2 + 5)

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos (𝑥 2 + 5) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
= cos (𝑥 2 + 5) ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑑(sin (𝑥 2 +5))
Hence, = cos (𝑥 2 + 5) ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
Ans. Let 𝑦 = cos (sin 𝑥)

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= −sin (sin 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= −sin (sin 𝑥) ⋅ cos 𝑥
𝑑((cos (sin 𝑥)))
Hence, = −sin (sin 𝑥) ⋅ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)
Ans. Let 𝑦 = sin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥
= cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑎
𝑑(sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏))
Hence, = cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
4. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 (√𝒙))
Ans. Let 𝑦 = sec (tan (√𝑥))

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= sec (tan √𝑥)tan (tan √𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (tan √𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= sec (tan √𝑥)tan (tan √𝑥) ⋅ sec 2 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (√𝑥)
1
= sec (tan √𝑥)tan (tan √𝑥) ⋅ sec 2 √𝑥 (2 𝑥)
√
𝑑(sec (tan (√𝑥))) 1
Hence, = sec (tan √𝑥)tan (tan √𝑥) ⋅ sec 2 √𝑥 (2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)
5. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒄𝒙+𝒅)
sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
Ans. Let 𝑦 = cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
Therefore,
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)⋅ sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)−sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅ cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 [cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)]2
𝑑 𝑑
cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)⋅sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅ (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)−sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅[−sin (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)⋅ (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos2 (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)⋅sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅𝑎+sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅sin (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)𝑐
= cos2 (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑑( ) cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)⋅sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅𝑎+sin (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)⋅sin (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)𝑐
Hence, cos (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
=
𝑑𝑥 cos2 (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)
6. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝟑 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 (𝒙𝟓 )
Ans. Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 3 ⋅ sin2 (𝑥 5 )

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin2 (𝑥 5 ) + sin2 (𝑥 5 ) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 3 ⋅ 2sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5 + sin2 (𝑥 5 )[−sin 𝑥 3 ] ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3
= cos 𝑥 3 ⋅ 2sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 ⋅ 5𝑥 4 − sin2 (𝑥 5 )sin 𝑥 3 ⋅ 3𝑥 2
𝑑(cos 𝑥 3 ⋅sin2 (𝑥5 ))
Hence, = cos 𝑥 3 ⋅ 2sin 𝑥 5 cos 𝑥 5 ⋅ 5𝑥 4 − sin2 (𝑥 5 )sin 𝑥 3 ⋅ 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
7. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝟐√𝐜𝐨𝐭 (𝒙𝟐 )
Ans. Let 𝑦 = 2√cot (𝑥 2 )

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
= 2⋅ ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 [cot (𝑥 2 )]
𝑑𝑥 2√cot (𝑥 2 )
1 𝑑
= ⋅ [−cossec 𝑥 2 ] ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
√cot (𝑥 2 )
1
= ⋅ [−cossec 𝑥 2 ] ⋅ 2𝑥
√cot (𝑥 2 )
𝑑(2√cot (𝑥 2 )) 1
Hence, = ⋅ [−cossec 𝑥 2 ] ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √cot (𝑥 2 )
8. Differentiate the functions with respect to 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (√𝒙)

Ans. Let 𝑦 = cos (√𝑥)
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= −sin (√𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= −sin (√𝑥) ⋅ 2
√𝑥
𝑑(cos (√𝑥)) 1
Hence, = −sin (√𝑥) ⋅ 2
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
9. Prove that the function 𝒇 given by 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 − 𝟏|, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, is not differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟏.
Ans. At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1−ℎ)−𝑓(1) |1−ℎ−1|−|1−1| ℎ
LHD = lim = lim = lim −ℎ = −1
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0
𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1) |1+ℎ−1|−|1−1| ℎ
RHD = lim = lim = lim ℎ = 1
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
Here, LHD ≠ RHD, therefore,
the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 1|, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
10. Prove that the greatest integer function defined by 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒙], 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟑, is not
differentiable at 𝒙 = 𝟏 and 𝒙 = 𝟐.
Ans. At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑓(1−ℎ)−𝑓(1) [1−ℎ]−|1| 0−1
LHD = lim = lim = lim =∞
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ
𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1) [1+ℎ]−[1] 1−1
RHD = lim = lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥],0 < 𝑥 < 3, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1.
At 𝑥 = 2,
𝑓(1−ℎ)−𝑓(1) [2−ℎ]−[2] 1−2
LHD = lim = lim = lim =∞
ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ ℎ→0 −ℎ
𝑓(1+ℎ)−𝑓(1) [2+ℎ]−[2] 2−2
RHD = lim = lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

The function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥],0 < 𝑥 < 3, is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 2.
EXERCISE 5.3
𝒅𝒚
Find 𝒅𝒙 in the following:
1. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Ans. Given equation is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥

Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(2𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥−2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
2. 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
Ans. Given equation is 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑦

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑦 ⇒ 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − 3) = 2
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑦−3
3. 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚𝟐 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚
Ans. Given equation is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = cos 𝑦

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑎𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑏𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑏𝑦 + sin 𝑦) = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 2𝑏𝑦+sin 𝑦
4. 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒚
Ans. Given equation is 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1) = sec 2 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 sec2 𝑥−𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+2𝑦−1
5. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Ans. Given equation is 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 100

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (100)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥+𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+2𝑦
6. 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟑 = 𝟖𝟏
Ans. Given equation is 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 81

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 3 + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 𝑦) + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3 = 𝑑𝑥 81
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ⋅ 1 + 3𝑦 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 ) = −(3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦+3𝑦 2
7. 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒚 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒌
Ans. Given equation is sin2 𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin2 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2sin 𝑦cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥𝑦 (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ sin 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥sin 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦sin 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (sin 2𝑦 − 𝑥sin 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦sin 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦sin 𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑦−𝑥sin 𝑥𝑦
8. 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟏
Ans. Given equation is sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑦 = 1

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2sin 𝑥cos 𝑥 + 2cos 𝑦(−sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sin 2𝑥
⇒ sin 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin 2𝑦
𝟐𝒙
9. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )
2𝑥
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2)
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2tan 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+tan2 𝜃) = sin−1 (sin 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2tan−1 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 = 2tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟑𝒙−𝒙𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
10. 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏−𝟑𝒙𝟐 ) , − <𝒙<
√𝟑 √𝟑
3𝑥−𝑥 3
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = tan−1 (1−3𝑥 2 )
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
3tan 𝜃−tan3 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = tan−1 ( 1−3tan2 𝜃 )
= tan−1 (tan 3𝜃) = 3𝜃 = 3tan−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 3tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏−𝒙𝟐
11. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) , 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
1−𝑥 2
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2 )
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
1−tan2 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+tan2 𝜃)
= cos −1 (cos 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2tan−1 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦 = 2tan−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
= 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏−𝒙𝟐
12. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 ) , 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
1−𝑥 2
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2)
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
Therefore,
1−tan2 𝜃
𝑦 = sin−1 (1+tan2 𝜃)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= sin−1 (cos 2𝜃) = sin−1 {sin ( 2 − 2𝜃)} = 2 − 2𝜃 = 2 − 2tan−1 𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 2tan−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 0 − 1+𝑥 2 = − 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟐𝒙
13. 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 ( ) , −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝟏+𝒙𝟐
2𝑥
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2 )
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃
2tan 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = cos −1 ( )
1+tan2 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos −1 (sin 2𝜃) = cos −1 {cos ( 2 − 2𝜃)} = 2 − 2𝜃 = 2 − 2tan−1 𝑥
𝜋
⇒ 𝑦 = 2 − 2tan−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 0 − 1+𝑥 2 = − 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
14. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ), − <𝒙<
√𝟐 √𝟐
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 )

Let 𝑥 = sin 𝜃
Therefore, 𝑦 = sin−1 (2sin 𝜃√1 − sin2 𝜃)
= sin−1 (2sin 𝜃cos 𝜃) = sin−1 (sin 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2sin−1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 2sin−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
= √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
15. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 (𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏) , 𝟎 < 𝒙 <
√𝟐
1
Ans. Given equation is 𝑦 = sec −1 (2𝑥 2 −1)
Let 𝑥 = cos 𝜃
1 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = sec −1 (2cos2 𝜃−1) = sec −1 (cos 2𝜃 )
sec −1 (sec 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2cos −1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 2cos−1 𝑥
1 1
Therefore, 𝑦 = sec −1 (2cos2 𝜃−1) = sec −1 (cos 2𝜃 )
sec −1 (sec 2𝜃) = 2𝜃 = 2cos −1 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = 2cos−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
=−
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Differentiate the following w.r.t. 𝒙 :
𝒆𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝑒𝑥
Ans. Given expression is sin 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 therefore,
𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
= = =
𝑑𝑥 sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
−𝟏
2. 𝒆𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
−1
Ans. Given expression is 𝑒 sin 𝑥
−1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 , therefore,
−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑑 −1 1 𝑒 sin
= 𝑒 sin 𝑥
⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥
⋅ √1−𝑥 2 = √1−𝑥 2
.
𝑑𝑥
𝟑
3. 𝒆𝒙
3
Ans. Given expression is 𝑒 𝑥
3 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑 3 3
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
4. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒆−𝒙 )
Ans. Given expression is sin (tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )

Let 𝑦 = sin (tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑 −𝑥
= cos (tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ) ⋅ tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 = cos (tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 ) ⋅ ⋅ 𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
−1 −𝑥
1 −𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 cos (tan−1 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= cos (tan 𝑒 ) ⋅ ⋅ (−𝑒 ) = − .
1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 1 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
5. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆𝒙 )
Ans. Given expression is log (cos 𝑒 𝑥 )

Let 𝑦 = log (cos 𝑒 𝑥 ),
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
= cos 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 = cos 𝑒 𝑥 (−sin 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = −tan 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝟐 𝟓
6. 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 + ⋯ + 𝒆𝒙
2 5
Ans. Given expression is 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑥
2 3 4 5
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 3 𝑑 4 𝑑 5 𝑑
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑥2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥3 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥4 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 3 4 5
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 4𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 5𝑥 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥
7. √𝒆√𝒙 , 𝒙 > 𝟎
Ans. Given expression is √𝑒 √𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0

Let 𝑦 = √𝑒 √𝑥
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 1 √𝑒 √𝑥
= 𝑒 √𝑥 = ⋅ 𝑒 √𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 = ⋅ 𝑒 √𝑥 ⋅ 2 =
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑒 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑒 √𝑥 2√𝑒 √𝑥 √ 𝑥 4√𝑥
8. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙), 𝒙 > 𝟏
Ans. Given expression is log (log 𝑥), 𝑥 > 1

𝑒𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 1 1
= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
9. ,𝒙 > 𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
cos 𝑥
Ans. Given expression is ,𝑥 > 0
log 𝑥
cos 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = log 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 1
𝑑𝑦 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥−cos 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥⋅(−sin 𝑥)−cos 𝑥⋅ −(𝑥sin 𝑥log 𝑥+cos 𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥
=
(log 𝑥)2 (log 𝑥)2 𝑥(log 𝑥)2
10. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 )
Ans. Given expression is cos (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

Let 𝑦 = cos (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= −sin (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = −sin (log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) ⋅ (𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 5.5
1. Differentiate the functions given 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
Ans. Given function is cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ cos 3𝑥

Let 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ cos 3𝑥, taking log on both the sides
log 𝑦 = log cos 𝑥 + log cos 2𝑥 + log cos 3𝑥
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
= ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 3𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [cos 𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 𝑥) + cos 2𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 2𝑥) ⋅ 2 + cos 3𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 3𝑥) ⋅ 3]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ cos 3𝑥[−tan 𝑥 − 2tan 2𝑥 − 3tan 3𝑥]
(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)
2. Differentiate the functions given √(𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙−𝟒)(𝒙−𝟓)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Ans. Given function is √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)
Let 𝑦 = √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5)′, taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑦 = 2 [log (𝑥 − 1) + log (𝑥 − 2) − log (𝑥 − 3) − log (𝑥 − 4) − log (𝑥 − 5)]
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 [(𝑥−1) + (𝑥−2) − (𝑥−3) − (𝑥−4) − (𝑥−5)]
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2) 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−5) [(𝑥−1) + (𝑥−2) − (𝑥−3) − (𝑥−4) − (𝑥−5)]
3. Differentiate the functions given (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Ans. Given function is (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
log 𝑦 = log (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ log log 𝑥
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log log 𝑥 + log log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [cos 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log log 𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥log log 𝑥
⇒ = (log 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥log 𝑥
4. Differentiate the functions given 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Ans. iven function is 𝑥 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 2sin 𝑥 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥 on both sides
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 ...(i)
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 1 = 1 + log 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢[1 + log 𝑥] = 𝑥 𝑥 [1 + log 𝑥] … (ii)
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑣 = 2sin 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
log 𝑣 = sin 𝑥log 2, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑
= log 2 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = log 2 ⋅ cos 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣[cos 𝑥log 2] = 2sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥log 2]..(iii)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 [1 + log 𝑥] − 2sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥log 2]
𝑑𝑥
5. Differentiate the functions given (𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 ⋅ (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟑 ⋅ (𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟒

Ans. Given function is (𝑥 + 3)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)3 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)4
Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 3)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)3 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)4, taking log on both the sides
log 𝑦 = 2log (𝑥 + 3) + 3log (𝑥 + 4) + 4log (𝑥 + 5)
Therefore,
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
=2⋅ +3⋅ +4⋅
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+3) (𝑥+4) (𝑥+5)
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥+4)(𝑥+5)+3(𝑥+3)(𝑥+5)+4(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [ ]
(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)(𝑥+5)
𝑑𝑦 2(𝑥 2 +9𝑥+20)+3(𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15)+4(𝑥2 +7𝑥+12)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [ ]
(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)(𝑥+5)
𝑑𝑦 9𝑥 2 +70𝑥+133
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)3 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)4 [(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)(𝑥+5)]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3) ⋅ (𝑥 + 4)2 ⋅ (𝑥 + 5)3 (9𝑥 2 + 70𝑥 + 133)
𝟏 𝒙 𝟏
6. Differentiate the functions given (𝒙 + 𝒙) + 𝒙(𝟏+𝒙)
1 𝑥 1
Ans. Given function is (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝑥 (1+𝑥)
1 𝑥 1
Let 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 𝑥) and 𝑣 = 𝑥 (1+𝑥), therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(i)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 𝑥) , taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑢 = 𝑥log (𝑥 + 𝑥), therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 1 1 𝑑
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (𝑥 + 𝑥) + log (𝑥 + 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 𝑥2 𝑥 2 −1 1
=𝑥⋅ 1 ⋅ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + log (𝑥 + 𝑥) ⋅ 1 = 𝑥 2 +1 ⋅ + log (𝑥 + 𝑥)
(𝑥+ ) 𝑥2
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 1
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) [𝑥 2+1 + log (𝑥 + 𝑥)] … (ii)
𝑑𝑥
1
and 𝑣 = 𝑥 (1+𝑥) , taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑣 = (1 + 𝑥) log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 1 1
= (1 + ) ⋅ log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ (1 + ) = (1 + ) ⋅ + log 𝑥 ⋅ (− 2 )
𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 +1 1 log 𝑥 (1+ ) 𝑥 2 +1−log 𝑥
= 𝑣 [( 𝑥 ) ⋅ 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ] = 𝑥 𝑥 [ ] … (iii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑥 2 −1 1 1
𝑥 2 +1−log 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 𝑥) [𝑥 2 +1 + log (𝑥 + 𝑥)] + 𝑥 (1+𝑥) [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
7. Differentiate the functions given (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝒙 + 𝒙𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Ans. Given function is (log 𝑥)𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = (log 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
= + … (i)
Here, 𝑢 = (log 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥log log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log log 𝑥 + log log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log log 𝑥 ⋅ 1 = log 𝑥 + log log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1+log 𝑥⋅log log 𝑥
= (log 𝑥)𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
= (log 𝑥)𝑥−1 (1 + log 𝑥 ⋅ log log 𝑥)
and, 𝑣 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
log 𝑣 = log 𝑥log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 2log 𝑥 2log 𝑥
= 𝑣[ ] = 𝑥 log 𝑥 [ ] = 𝑥 log 𝑥−1 (2log 𝑥 )..(iii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of from (ii) and from (iii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (log 𝑥)𝑥−1 (1 + log 𝑥 ⋅ log log 𝑥) + 𝑥 log 𝑥−1 (2log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
8. Differentiate the functions given (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √𝒙

Ans. Given function is (sin 𝑥)𝑥 + sin−1 √𝑥
Let 𝑢 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = sin−1 √𝑥, therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 … (i)
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = (sin 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥log sin 𝑥, therefore,
=𝑥⋅ log sin 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥 ⋅ 1 = 𝑥cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥) …(ii)
𝑑𝑥
and, 𝑣 = sin−1 √𝑥, therefore,

= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 1 1 1
= ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 = ⋅2 = ...(iii)
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 √1−𝑥 √𝑥 2√𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 1
= (sin 𝑥)𝑥 (𝑥cot 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥−𝑥 2
9. Differentiate the functions given 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 and 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = sin 𝑥log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1 sin 𝑥
= sin 𝑥 ⋅ log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ⋅ + log 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 = + log 𝑥cos 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 sin 𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 [ + log 𝑥cos 𝑥] = 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥log 𝑥cos 𝑥) ...(ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
and 𝑣 = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = cos 𝑥log sin 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 1
= cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log sin 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + log sin 𝑥(−sin 𝑥)
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣[cos 𝑥cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥log sin 𝑥] = (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥log sin 𝑥)..(iii)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) and 𝑑𝑥 from (ii) in equation (i), we get
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 (sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 log 𝑥 cos 𝑥) + (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 log sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏
10. Differentiate the functions given 𝒙𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝑥 2 +1
Ans. iven function is 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥 2 +1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥cos 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 −1 therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ...(i)
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑢 = 𝑥log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝑥cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥cos 𝑥 = 𝑥cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ (−𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥 − 𝑥sin 𝑥log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥log 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢[cos 𝑥 − 𝑥sin 𝑥log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥log 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥cos 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 − 𝑥sin 𝑥log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥log 𝑥] … (ii)
𝑥 2 +1
and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 −1, taking log on both the sides
log 𝑣 = log (𝑥 2 + 1) − log (𝑥 2 − 1), therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 1 1 2𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)−2𝑥(𝑥 2 +1) −4𝑥
= 𝑥 2 +1 ⋅ 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 −1 ⋅ 2𝑥 = (𝑥 2 +1)(𝑥2 −1)
= (𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2−1)
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 −4𝑥 𝑥 2 +1 −4𝑥 4𝑥
= 𝑣 [(𝑥2+1)(𝑥2−1)] = 𝑥 2 −1 [(𝑥 2+1)(𝑥 2−1)] = − (𝑥 2−1)2 … (iii)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥cos 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 − 𝑥sin 𝑥log 𝑥 + cos 𝑥log 𝑥] − 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)2
𝟏
11. Differentiate the functions given (𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒙 + (𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒙
1
Ans. Given function is (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 + (𝑥sin 𝑥)𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 and 𝑣 = (𝑥sin 𝑥)𝑥 , therefore, 𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 … (i)
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
log 𝑢 = 𝑥log (𝑥cos 𝑥), therefore,
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (𝑥cos 𝑥) + log (𝑥cos 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥cos 𝑥) (−𝑥sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) + log (𝑥cos 𝑥) ⋅ 1 = −𝑥tan 𝑥 + 1 + log (𝑥cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑢
= (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥tan 𝑥 + log (𝑥cos 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥tan 𝑥 + log (𝑥cos 𝑥)] … (ii)
1
and, 𝑣 = (𝑥sin 𝑥)𝑥 , taking log on both the sides
1
log 𝑣 = 𝑥 log (𝑥sin 𝑥), therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (𝑥sin 𝑥) + log (𝑥sin 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥sin 𝑥 (𝑥cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + log (𝑥sin 𝑥) (− 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑥cot 𝑥+1−log (𝑥sin 𝑥)
= 𝑣[ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑥cot 𝑥+1−log (𝑥sin 𝑥)
= (𝑥sin 𝑥) [ 𝑥 ]
𝑥2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥cot 𝑥+1−log (𝑥sin 𝑥)
= (𝑥cos 𝑥)𝑥 [1 − 𝑥tan 𝑥 + log (𝑥cos 𝑥)] + (𝑥sin 𝑥)𝑥 [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝒅𝒚
12. Find 𝒅𝒙 of the functions given 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟏
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 = 1

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑥 , therefore, 𝑢 + 𝑣 = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
+ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
Here, 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑦 , taking log on both the sides,

log 𝑢 = 𝑦log 𝑥, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑦 [ + log 𝑥 ⋅ ] … (ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑣 = 𝑦 𝑥 , taking log on both the sides

log 𝑣 = 𝑥log 𝑦, therefore,
1 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑦 + log 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦 ⋅ 1
𝑣 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑣 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦] = 𝑦 𝑥 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦] … (iii)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 [𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 ] + 𝑦 𝑥 [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦] = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 + 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1 ) = −(𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 log 𝑦+𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥+𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝒅𝒚
13. Find 𝒅𝒙 of the functions given 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚
Ans. Given function is 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦

Taking log on both the sides, 𝑥log 𝑦 = 𝑦log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑦 + log 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + log 𝑦 ⋅ 1 = 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − log 𝑥) = 𝑥 − log 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦log 𝑥 𝑦−𝑥log 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 ( )=
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑦−𝑥log 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥−𝑦log 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚
14. Find 𝒅𝒙 of the functions given (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒚 = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚)𝒙
Ans. Given function is (cos 𝑥)𝑦 = (cos 𝑦)𝑥

Taking log on both the sides, 𝑦cos 𝑥 = 𝑥cos 𝑦, therefore,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 + cos 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑦(−sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 ⋅ 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑦+𝑦sin 𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + 𝑥sin 𝑦) = cos 𝑦 + 𝑦sin 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥+𝑥sin 𝑦
𝒅𝒚
15. Find 𝒅𝒙 of the functions given 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆(𝒙−𝒚)
Ans. Given function is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 (𝑥−𝑦)

Taking log on both the sides,
log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)log 𝑒 ⇒ log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦), therefore,
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥−1)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 + 1) = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 ( )= ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦+1)
𝑦 𝑥
16. Find the derivative of the function given by 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 8 ) and
hence find 𝑓 ′ (1).
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑥 4 )(1 + 𝑥 8 )

log 𝑓(𝑥) = log (1 + 𝑥) + log (1 + 𝑥 2 ) + log (1 + 𝑥 4 ) + log (1 + 𝑥 8 ), therefore,
1 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 2 1 𝑑 4 1 𝑑 8
⋅ 𝑓(𝑥) = + ⋅ 𝑥 + ⋅ 𝑥 + ⋅ 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⇒ ⋅ 𝒇′ (𝒙) = + 𝟐
⋅ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
⋅ 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + ⋅ 𝟖𝒙𝟕
𝒇(𝒙) 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏+𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟖
′
1 2𝑥 4𝑥 3 8𝑥 7
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) [ + + + ]
1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥8
′ 2 )(1 4 )(1 8)
1 2𝑥 4𝑥 3 8𝑥 7
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥) = (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 [ + + + ]
1 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥8
1 2 4 8
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = (1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) [ + + + ]
1+1 1+1 1+1 1+1
1 2 4 8 15
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (1) = (2)(2)(2)(2) [ + + + ] = 16 ( ) = 120
2 2 2 2 2
17. Differentiate (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟖)(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟗) in three ways mentioned below:

(i) by using product rule
(ii) by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial
(iii) by logarithmic differentiation
Do they all give the same answer?
Ans. Given expression is (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)

Let 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
(i) Differentiating using product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) + (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(3𝑥 2 + 7) + (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)(2𝑥 − 5)
= (3𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 3 − 35𝑥 + 24𝑥 2 + 56) + 2𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 + 14𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 18𝑥 − 45
= 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11
(ii) Differentiating by expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
= 𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 2 − 45𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 + 56𝑥 + 72
= 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 72
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 5 − 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4 + 15 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 − 26 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 11 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 72
𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11
(iii) Logarithmic differentiation
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
Taking log on both sides, log 𝑦 = log (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) + log (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)

1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2−5𝑥+8) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8) + (𝑥 3+7𝑥+9) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9)
𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8 ⋅ (2𝑥 − 5) + 𝑥 3+7𝑥+9 ⋅ (3𝑥 2 + 7)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥−5)(𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9)+(3𝑥 2 +7)(𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8)
= 𝑦[ (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8)(𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9)
]
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 4 +14𝑥 2 +18𝑥−5𝑥 3 −35𝑥−45+3𝑥 4 −15𝑥 3 +24𝑥 2 +7𝑥 2 −35𝑥+56
= 𝑦[ (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8)(𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9)
]
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 5 −20𝑥 3 +45𝑥 2 −52𝑥+11
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 + 9) [ (𝑥 2 −5𝑥+8)(𝑥 3 +7𝑥+9)
]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 45𝑥 2 − 52𝑥 + 11
Hence, all the three answers are same.
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒘
18. If 𝒖, 𝒗 and 𝒘 are functions of 𝒙, then show that 𝒅𝒙 (𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘) = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗 ⋅ 𝒘 + 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 ⋅ 𝒘 + 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒗 𝒅𝒙
in two ways - first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic
differentiation.
Ans. Given that 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are functions of 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣. 𝑤 = 𝑢. (𝑣. 𝑤)
Differentiation by repeated application of product rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤) + (𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑢 [𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑤 + 𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑣] + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
Differentiation using logarithmic
Let 𝑦 = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤
Taking log on both the sides, log 𝑦 = log 𝑢 + log 𝑣 + log 𝑤
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑤 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
⇒ = 𝑦[ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑤 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑤
⇒ = 𝑢⋅𝑣⋅𝑤[ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 ⋅ 𝑤 𝑑𝑤
⇒ = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤
⇒ =𝑣⋅𝑤⋅ +𝑢⋅𝑤⋅ +𝑢⋅𝑣⋅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
EXERCISE 5.6
1. If 𝒙 and 𝒚 are connected parametrically by the equations given in this question,
𝒅𝒚
without eliminating the parameter. Find 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒕𝟒
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = 2𝑎(2𝑡) and = 𝑎(4𝑡 3 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 4𝑎𝑡 3
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 4𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒃𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(−sin 𝜃) and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑏(−sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 −𝑏 sin 𝜃 𝑏
= 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎 sin 𝜃 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃

𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = sin 𝑡, 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, = cos 𝑡 and = −sin 2𝑡. 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 −2sin 2𝑡 2(2sin 𝑡cos 𝑡)
= 𝑑𝑥 = =− = −4sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒚
𝟒
𝒙 = 𝟒𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒕
4
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 4𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 4
Therefore, = 4 and = − 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 4
𝑑𝑦 −2 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
= 𝑑𝑥 = = − 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑡

𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 − cos 2𝜃, 𝑦 =
sin 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = −sin 𝜃 + 2sin 2𝜃 and 𝑑𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 2cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃−2cos 2𝜃
= 𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝜃+2sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃

𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sin 𝜃), 𝑦 =
𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎(0 − sin 𝜃)
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 (−𝑎sin 𝜃) 2sin cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(1−cos 𝜃) = − 𝜃 = −cot
𝑑𝑥 2sin2 2
𝑑𝜃 2

𝒅𝒚
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝒕
𝒙= ,𝒚 =
√𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕 √𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒕
sin3 𝑡 cos3 𝑡
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
√cos 2𝑡 √cos 2𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 sin3 𝑡 √cos 2𝑡−√cos 2𝑡 sin3 𝑡
Therefore, = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 (√cos 2𝑡)2
1
sin3 𝑡⋅ ⋅(−sin 2𝑡)⋅2−√cos 2𝑡⋅3sin2 𝑡cos 𝑡
2√cos 2𝑡
= cos 2𝑡
−sin3 𝑡⋅sin 2𝑡−3cos 2𝑡⋅sin2 𝑡cos 𝑡
= cos 2𝑡√cos 2𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 cos3 𝑡 √cos 2𝑡−√cos 2𝑡 cos3 𝑡
and = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 (√cos 2𝑡)2
1
cos3 𝑡 ⋅ (−sin 2𝑡) ⋅ 2 − √cos 2𝑡 ⋅ 3cos 2 𝑡(−sin 𝑡)
2√cos 2𝑡
=
cos 2𝑡
−cos3 𝑡 ⋅ sin 2𝑡 + 3cos 2𝑡 ⋅ cos2 𝑡sin 𝑡
=
cos 2𝑡√cos 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 −cos3 𝑡 ⋅ sin 2𝑡 + 3cos 2𝑡 ⋅ cos 2 𝑡sin 𝑡
= =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −sin3 𝑡 ⋅ sin 2𝑡 − 3cos 2𝑡 ⋅ sin2 𝑡cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
−cos3 𝑡 ⋅ (2sin 𝑡cos 𝑡) + 3cos 2𝑡 ⋅ cos2 𝑡sin 𝑡 cos 2 𝑡sin 𝑡(−2cos 2 𝑡 + 3cos 2𝑡)
= =
−sin3 𝑡 ⋅ (2sin 𝑡cos 𝑡) − 3cos 2𝑡 ⋅ sin2 𝑡cos 𝑡 sin2 𝑡cos 𝑡(−2sin2 𝑡 − 3cos 2𝑡)
cos 𝑡[−2cos2 𝑡 + 3(2cos 2 − 1)] cos 𝑡[−2cos 2 𝑡 + 6cos 2 𝑡 − 3]

= =
sin 𝑡[−2sin2 𝑡 − 3(1 − 2sin2 𝑡)] sin 𝑡[−2sin2 𝑡 − 3 + 6sin2 𝑡]
2 3
cos 𝑡[4cos 𝑡 − 3] 4cos 𝑡 − 3cos 𝑡 cos 3𝑡
= = − = − = −cot 3𝑡
sin 𝑡[−3 + 4sin2 𝑡] 3sin 𝑡 − 4sin3 𝑡 sin 3𝑡

𝒅𝒚
𝒕
𝒙 = 𝒂 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐) 𝒚 = 𝒂𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎 (cos 𝑡 +
𝑡
log tan 2) 𝑦 = 𝑎sin 𝑡
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑡 1 cos 1 1
Therefore, = 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 ⋅ sec
2
⋅ ) = 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + 2
𝑡 ⋅ 𝑡 ⋅ 2)
𝑑𝑡 tan 2 2 sin cos2
2 2 2
1 1 −sin2 𝑡 + 1 cos2 𝑡
= 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑡 ) = 𝑎 (−sin 𝑡 + ) = 𝑎 ( ) = 𝑎 ( )
2sin 2 cos 2 sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑎cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑎cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
= = 2 = = tan 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑎 ( sin 𝑡 )

𝒅𝒚
without eliminating the parameter. Find .
𝒅𝒙
𝒙 = 𝒂𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽, 𝒚 = 𝒃𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎sec 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑏tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎sec 𝜃tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
and = 𝑏sec 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑏sec 2 𝜃 𝑏sec 𝜃 𝑏( ) 𝑏
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎sec 𝜃tan 𝜃 = 𝑎tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 cosec 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑎( )
𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 = 𝒂(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝜽𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽), 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝜽𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽)
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝜃 +
𝜃sin 𝜃), 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝜃 − 𝜃cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥
Therefore, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎[−sin 𝜃 + (𝜃cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃)] = 𝑎𝜃cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
and 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎[cos 𝜃 − (−𝜃sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)] = 𝑎𝜃sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝜃sin 𝜃
= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝜃cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
11. If 𝒙 = √𝒂𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 , show that 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙
−𝟏 −𝟏
𝒕, 𝒚 = √𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬
Ans. Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected parametrically and here, 𝑥 = √𝑎sin
−1 𝑡, 𝑦 =
√𝑎 cos−1
𝑡
Therefore,
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑 sin−1 𝑡 1 −1 1
= ⋅ 𝑎 = ⋅ 𝑎sin 𝑡 ⋅ log 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2√𝑎sin−1 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎sin 𝑡
−1
√1 − 𝑡 2
1 1 𝑥log 𝑎
= ⋅ 𝑥 2 ⋅ log 𝑎 =
2𝑥 √1 − 𝑡 2 √1 − 𝑡 2
and
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑 cos−1 𝑡 1 −1 −1
= ⋅ 𝑎 = ⋅ 𝑎cos 𝑡 ⋅ log 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2√𝑎cos−1 𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2√𝑎cos 𝑡
−1
√1 − 𝑡 2
1 1 𝑦log 𝑎
= ⋅ 𝑦 2 ⋅ log 𝑎 =−
2𝑦 √1 − 𝑡 2 √1 − 𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦log 𝑎
−
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑦
= = √1 − 𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥log 𝑎 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 √1 − 𝑡 2
EXERCISE 5.7
1. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) = 2
Second order derivative of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 2
2. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝒙𝟐𝟎
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 20

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 20 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 20 ) = 20𝑥19
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (20𝑥19 ) = 380𝑥18
3. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝒙 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥) = 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = −𝑥sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (−𝑥sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = − (𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥) − sin 𝑥
= −𝑥cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = −(𝑥cos 𝑥 + 2sin 𝑥)
4. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Ans. Given function is log 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2
5. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝒙𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙
Ans. Given function is 𝑥 3 log 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 log 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 log 𝑥) = 𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 3 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 3𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 2 log 𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 )
1
= 2𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥 + log 𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥log 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 6𝑥log 𝑥 = 𝑥(5 + 6log 𝑥)
6. Find the second order derivatives of the function given

𝒆𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙
Ans. Given function is 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥, therefore,
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ cos 5𝑥 ⋅ 5 + sin 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑒 𝑥 cos 5𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 5𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 5 (𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 5𝑥 + cos 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 5[𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 5𝑥) ⋅ 5 + cos 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ] + [𝑒 𝑥 ⋅ cos 5𝑥 ⋅ 5 + sin 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 𝑥 ]
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−25sin 5𝑥 + 5cos 5𝑥 + 5cos 5𝑥 + sin 5𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 (10cos 5𝑥 − 24sin 5𝑥)
7. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝒆𝟔𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙
Ans. Given function is 𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥

Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥, therefore,
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 6𝑥 cos 3𝑥) = 𝑒 6𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 6𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 3𝑥) ⋅ 3 + cos 3𝑥 ⋅ 𝑒 6𝑥 ⋅ 6 = 3𝑒 6𝑥 (−sin 3𝑥 + 2cos 3𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 [3𝑒 6𝑥 (−sin 3𝑥 + 2cos 3𝑥)]
𝑑 𝑑
= 3𝑒 6𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (−sin 3𝑥 + 2cos 3𝑥) + (−sin 3𝑥 + 2cos 3𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 3𝑒 6𝑥
= 3𝑒 6𝑥 ⋅ (−3cos 3𝑥 − 6sin 3𝑥) + (−sin 3𝑥 + 2cos 3𝑥) ⋅ 18𝑒 6𝑥
= 𝑒 6𝑥 (−9cos 3𝑥 − 18sin 3𝑥 − 18sin 3𝑥 + 36cos 3𝑥)
= 𝑒 6𝑥 (27cos 3𝑥 − 36sin 3𝑥)
= 9𝑒 6𝑥 (3cos 3𝑥 − 4sin 3𝑥)
8. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙
Ans. Given function is tan−1 𝑥

Let 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (1+𝑥 2 ) 1−1⋅ (1+𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 2) = (1+𝑥2 )2
0−2𝑥 2𝑥
= (1+𝑥 2)2 = − (1+𝑥 2)2
9. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
Ans. Given function is log (log 𝑥)

Let 𝑦 = log (log 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (log (log 𝑥)) = log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 = 𝑥log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (𝑥log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1−1⋅ (𝑥log
𝑑𝑥
𝑥)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥log 𝑥) = (𝑥log 𝑥)2
1
0−(𝑥⋅ +log 𝑥) 1+log 𝑥
𝑥
= = − (𝑥log 𝑥)2
(𝑥log 𝑥)2
10. Find the second order derivatives of the function given 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)
Ans. Given function is sin (log 𝑥)

Let 𝑦 = sin (log 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 cos (log 𝑥)
= (sin (log 𝑥)) = cos (log 𝑥) ⋅ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 cos (log 𝑥) 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
cos (log 𝑥)−cos (log 𝑥)⋅
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 [ ]=
𝑥 (𝑥)2
1
𝑥{−sin (log 𝑥)⋅ }−cos (log 𝑥)⋅1 −sin (log 𝑥)−cos (log 𝑥)
𝑥
= =
(𝑥)2 (𝑥)2
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
11. If 𝒚 = 𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝟑𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, prove that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = 5cos 𝑥 − 3sin 𝑥, therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (5cos 𝑥 − 3sin 𝑥) = −5sin 𝑥 − 3cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 2= (−5sin 𝑥 − 3cos 𝑥) = −5cos 𝑥 + 3sin 𝑥 = −(5cos 𝑥 − 3sin 𝑥) = −𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
⇒ 2+𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
12. If 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙, find 𝒅𝒙𝟐 in terms of 𝒚 alone.
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥 ⇒ cos 𝑦 = 𝑥, therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
−sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − sin 𝑦 = −cosec 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = −(cosec 𝑦cot 𝑦) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = (cosec 𝑦cot 𝑦) ⋅ (−cosec 𝑦) = −cosec 2 𝑦cot 𝑦
13. If 𝒚 = 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) + 𝟒𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙), show that 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = 3cos (log 𝑥) + 4sin (log 𝑥), therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (3cos (log 𝑥) + 4sin (log 𝑥)) = −3sin (log 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥 + 4cos (log 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −3sin (log 𝑥) + 4cos (log 𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [−3sin (log 𝑥) + 4cos (log 𝑥)]
1 1 1 1
= −3cos (log 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥 − 4sin (log 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑥 = − 𝑥 [3cos (log 𝑥) + 4sin (log 𝑥)] = − 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 ⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑦 = 0
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
14. If 𝒚 = 𝑨𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒙 , show that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − (𝒎 + 𝒏) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒎𝒏𝒚 = 𝟎
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 , therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) = 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Putting the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 in 𝑑𝑥 2 − (𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦, we get
LHS = (𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) − (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= 𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 − (𝑚2 𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛2 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −(𝑚𝑛𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚𝑛𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −𝑚𝑛(𝐴𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑚𝑛𝑦
= −𝑚𝑛𝑦 + 𝑚𝑛𝑦 = 0 = RHS
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
15. If 𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒆𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟕𝒙 , show that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗𝒚.
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = 500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 , therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (500𝑒 7𝑥 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 500𝑒 7𝑥 ⋅ 7 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ⋅ (−7) = 7(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 7(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 7[500𝑒 7𝑥 ⋅ 7 + 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ⋅ (−7)]
= 49(500𝑒 7𝑥 − 600𝑒 −7𝑥 ) = 49𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 49𝑦
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
16. If 𝒆𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟏, show that 𝒅𝒙𝟐 = (𝒅𝒙) .
Ans. Given that 𝑒 𝑦 (𝑥 + 1) = 1, therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 𝑦 + (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥+1
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 1 (𝑥+1)⋅
𝑑𝑥
1−1⋅ (𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥 0−1 1
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (− 𝑥+1) = − [ ] = − [(𝑥+1)2 ] = (𝑥+1)2
(𝑥+1)2
𝑑2 𝑦 1 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = (− 𝑥+1)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 2 = (𝑑𝑥 )
17. If 𝒚 = (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙)𝟐 , show that (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝒚𝟏 = 𝟐.
Ans. Given that 𝑦 = (tan−1 𝑥)2 , therefore,

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 2tan−1 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 [(tan−1 𝑥)2 ] = 2tan−1 𝑥 ⋅ 1+𝑥 2 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2tan−1 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2
+ ⋅ (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = (2tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
(1
⇒ +𝑥 + ⋅ 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 1)2 𝑦2 + 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦1 = 2
EXERCISE 5.8
1. Verify Rolle's Theorem for the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖, 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟒, 𝟐].
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ∈ [−4,2]

(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, so it is continuous in close interval [−4,2].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (−4,2).
(iii) 𝑓(−4) = (−4)2 + 2(−4) − 8 = 16 − 8 − 8 = 0

and 𝑓(2) = (2)2 + 2(2) − 8 = 4 + 4 − 8 = 0
⇒ 𝑓(−4) = 𝑓(2)
Here, all the three conditions of Rolle's Theorem is satisfied. Therefore, there must be a
number 𝑐 ∈ (−4,2) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 2𝑐 + 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑐 = −1 ∈ (−4,2)
Hence, the Rolle's Theorem is verified for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8, 𝑥 ∈ [−4,2].
2. Examine if Rolle's Theorem is applicable to any of the following functions. Can you
say something about the converse of Rolle's Theorem from these example?
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒙] for 𝒙 ∈ [𝟓, 𝟗]
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = [𝒙] for 𝒙 ∈ [−𝟐, 𝟐]
(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 for 𝒙 ∈ [𝟏, 𝟐]
Ans. Rolle's Theorem is applicable to function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 the following three

conditions of Rolle's Theorem is satisfied.
(i) Function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
(ii) Function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
(iii) 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏)
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5,9]
The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [5,9] nor
differentiable in open interval (5,9). Also 𝑓(5) ≠ 𝑓(9).
Hence, the Rolle's Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5,9].
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]

The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [−2,2] nor
differentiable in open interval (2,2). Also 𝑓(−2) ≠ 𝑓(2).
Hence, the Rolle's Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2].
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1,2]

The function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, so it is continuous in closed interval [1,2].
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥, hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1,2).
𝑓(1) = (1)2 − 1 = 0 and
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 1 = 3
⇒ 𝑓(1) ≠ 𝑓(2)
Hence, Rolle's Theorem is not applicable to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1,2].
3. If 𝒇: [−𝟓, 𝟓] → 𝑹 is a differentiable function and if 𝒇′ (𝒙) does not vanish anywhere,

then prove that 𝒇(−𝟓) ≠ 𝒇(𝟓)
Ans. : [−5,5] → 𝑹 is a differentiable function, hence

(i) The function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [−5,5].
(ii) The function 𝑓 is continuous in open interval (−5,5).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (−5,5), such that
𝑓(5)−𝑓(−5)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 5−(−5)
But it is given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not vanish anywhere, hence

𝑓(5)−𝑓(−5)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = ≠0
5−(−5)
⇒ 𝑓(5) − 𝑓(−5) ≠ 0
⇒ 𝑓(5) ≠ 𝑓(−5)
4. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑 in the interval [𝒂, 𝒃], where 𝒂 = 𝟏 and
𝒃 = 𝟒.
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ [1,4]
(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, hence it is continuous in closed interval [1,4].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4
Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1,4).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (1,4), such that
𝑓(4)−𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 4−1
[(4)2 −4(4)−3]−[(1)2 −4(1)−3]
⇒ 2𝑐 − 4 = 3
−3−(−6) 3
⇒ 2𝑐 − 4 = =3=1
3
5
⇒ 2𝑐 = 5 ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 ∈ (1,4)
Hence, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ [1,4], the Mean Value Theorem is verified.
5. Verify Mean Value Theorem, if 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 in the interval [𝒂, 𝒃], where 𝒂 = 𝟏
and 𝒃 = 𝟑. Find all 𝒄 ∈ (𝟏, 𝟑) for which 𝒇′ (𝒄) = 𝟎.
Ans. Given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [1,3]

(i) Function 𝑓 is a polynomial function, hence it is continuous in closed interval [1,3].
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 3

Hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1,3).
According to Mean Value Theorem, there exists a value 𝑐 ∈ (1,3), such that
𝑓(3)−𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 3−1
[(3)3 −5(3)2 −3(3)]−[(1)3 −5(1)2 −3(1)]
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 − 3 = 2
2 (27−54)−(1−8) −27+7
⇒ 3𝑐 − 10𝑐 − 3 = = = −10
2 2
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 + 7 = 0
⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 3𝑐 − 7𝑐 + 7 = 0
⇒ 3𝑐(𝑐 − 1) − 7(𝑐 − 1) = 0
⇒ (𝑐 − 1)(3𝑐 − 7) = 0
⇒ 𝑐 − 1 = 0 or 3𝑐 − 7 = 0
7
⇒ 𝑐 = 1 or 𝑐 = 3
7
⇒ 𝑐 = 3 ∈ (1,3)
Hence, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [1,3], the Mean Value Theorem is
7
verified. For the value of 𝑐 = 3 the function 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.
6. Examine the applicability of Mean Value Theorem for all three functions
Ans. Mean Value Theorem is applicable to function 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → 𝑅 the following two
conditions of Mean Value Theorem is satisfied.
(i) Function 𝑓 is continuous in closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
(ii) Function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5,9]

The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [5,9] nor
differentiable in open interval (5,9).
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [5,9].
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]

The greatest integer function 𝑓 is neither continuous in close interval [−2,2] nor
differentiable in open interval (2,2).
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] for 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2].
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1,2]

The function 𝑓 is polynomial function, so it is continuous in closed interval [1,2]. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2𝑥, hence, the function 𝑓 is differentiable in open interval (1,2).
Hence, Mean Value Theorem is not applicable to the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1,2].
Hence, the Mean Value Theorem is applicable to 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1 for 𝑥 ∈ [1,2].
Miscellaneous
1. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝒙 the function

(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓)𝟗
Ans. Given function is (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)9

Let 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)9 , therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 9(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 ⋅ (3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5) = 9(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 ⋅ (6𝑥 − 9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 27(3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5)8 ⋅ (2𝑥 − 3)

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔 𝒙
Ans. Given function is sin3 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 + cos6 𝑥, therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 3sin2 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 6cos 5 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 3sin2 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 + 6cos 5 𝑥 ⋅ (−sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 3sin 𝑥cos 𝑥(sin 𝑥 − 2cos 4 𝑥)
3. (𝟓𝒙)𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
Ans. Let 𝑦 = (5𝑥)3cos 2𝑥

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
log 𝑦 = 3cos 2𝑥log 5𝑥
Differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we obtain
= 3 [log 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 2𝑥) + cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (log 5𝑥)]
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 [log 5𝑥(−sin 2𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥) + cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (5𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦 cos 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 [−2sin 2𝑥log 5𝑥 + ]
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3cos 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 [ − 6sin 2𝑥log 5𝑥]
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3cos 2𝑥
∴ = (5𝑥)3cos 2𝑥 [ − 6sin 2𝑥log 5𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4. 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒙√𝒙), 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Ans. Let 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥√𝑥)

Using chain rule, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 (𝑥√𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
= × 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥√𝑥)
√1−(𝑥√𝑥)2
3
1 𝑑
= √1−𝑥3 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )
1
1 3
= √1−𝑥3 × 2 ⋅ 𝑥 2
3√𝑥
=
2√1−𝑥3
3 𝑥
= √
2 1 − 𝑥3
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏𝟐
, −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟐.
√𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕
𝑥
−1
cos 2
Ans. Given function is , −2 < 𝑥 < 2
√2𝑥+7
𝑥
cos−1
Let 𝑦 = 2
, therefore,
√2𝑥+7
𝑥
𝑥 𝑑 𝑑 −1
𝑑𝑦 cos−1 ⋅ √2𝑥+7−√2𝑥+7𝑑𝑥cos 2
2 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 (√2𝑥+7)2
𝑥 1 −1 1
[cos−1 ⋅ ⋅2]−√2𝑥+7 ⋅
22
2 2√2𝑥+7 𝑥
√1−( )
2
=
2𝑥+7
√𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+√𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝝅
6. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝒙 the function 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 [ ],𝟎 <𝒙<
√𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+√𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟐
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 𝜋
Ans. Given function is cot −1 [ ],0 < 𝑥 <
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥 2
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = cot −1
[ ], therefore,
√1+sin 𝑥+√1−sin 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√cos2 2+sin2 2+2sin 2cos 2+√cos2 2+sin2 2−2sin 2cos 2
−1
𝑦 = cot [ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
]
√cos2 2+sin2 2+2sin 2cos 2−√cos2 2+sin2 2−2sin 2cos 2
2 2
√(cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥) +√(cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥)
−1 2 2 2 2
= cot [ 2 2
√(cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥) −√(cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥) ]
2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos +sin +cos −sin 2cos 𝑥 𝑥
−1 −1
= cot [ 2
𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 ] = cot [ 2
𝑥 ] = cot −1 [cot 2] = 2
cos +sin −cos +sin 2sin
2 2 2 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Therefore, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
7. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝒙 the function (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙)𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 , 𝒙 > 𝟏
= 3cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 5𝑥 + log 5𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 3cos 2𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
Ans. ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [3cos 2𝑥 ⋅ 5𝑥 ⋅ 5 + log 5𝑥 ⋅ 3(−sin 2𝑥) ⋅ 2]
𝑑𝑦 cos 2𝑥−2sin 2𝑥log 5𝑥
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 3(5𝑥)3cos 2𝑥 [ ]
𝑥
8. Differentiate w.r.t. 𝒙 the function 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙), for some constant 𝒂 and 𝒃.
Ans. Given function is cos (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥)

Let 𝑦 = cos (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥), therefore,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= −sin (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= −sin (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥)(−𝑎sin 𝑥 + 𝑏cos 𝑥)
= sin (𝑎cos 𝑥 + 𝑏sin 𝑥)(𝑎sin 𝑥 − 𝑏cos 𝑥)

𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) , 𝟒 < 𝒙 < 𝟒
𝜋 3𝜋
Ans. Given function is (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) , 4 < 𝑥 < 4
Let 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) , taking log on both sides
log 𝑦 = log (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) ⋅ log (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
Therefore,
= (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) + log (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 [(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥) ⋅ (sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) + log (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)]
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)(sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥) (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)[1 + log (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)]
Given function is (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 1

Let 𝑦 = (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 , taking log on both sides
log 𝑦 = log (log 𝑥)log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 ⋅ log (log 𝑥)
Therefore,
= log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log (log 𝑥) + log (log 𝑥) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 1
cos−1 ⋅ +√2𝑥+7 𝑥
2 √2𝑥+7
√4−(𝑥)2 cos
−1
2 ⋅√4−𝑥 2 +2𝑥+7
= =
2𝑥+7 (2𝑥+7)√2𝑥+7√4−𝑥2
10. 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒙𝒂 + 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒂 , for some fixed 𝒂 > 𝟎 and 𝒙 > 𝟎
Ans. Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎
Also, let 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑢, 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑣, 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑤, and 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑠
∴𝑦 =𝑢+𝑣+𝑤+𝑠
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑠
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(1)
𝑢 = 𝑥𝑥
⇒ log 𝑢 = log 𝑥 𝑥
⇒ log 𝑢 = 𝑥log 𝑥
= log 𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥) + 𝑥 ⋅ (log 𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
⇒ = 𝑢 [log 𝑥 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 ⋅ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 [log 𝑥 + 1] = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) …(2)
𝑣 = 𝑥𝑎
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑎
∴ = (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 …(3)
𝑤 = 𝑎𝑥
⇒ log 𝑤 = log 𝑎 𝑥
⇒ log 𝑤 = 𝑥log 𝑎

1 𝑑𝑤 𝑑
⋅ = log 𝑎 ⋅ (𝑥)
𝑤 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤
⇒ = 𝑤log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑤
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎 …(4)
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑎
Since 𝑎 is constant, 𝑎𝑎 is also a constant.
𝑑𝑠
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 …(5)
From (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎 + 0
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝟐 −𝟑 𝟐
11. 𝒙𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝒙 , for 𝒙 > 𝟑
2 2
Ans. Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 −3 + (𝑥 − 3)𝑥
2 2
Also, let 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 −3 and 𝑣 = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥
∴𝑦 =𝑢+𝑣
= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 …(1)
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑥 −3
2
∴ log 𝑢 = log (𝑥 𝑥 −3 )
log 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 3)log 𝑥
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we obtain

⋅ = log 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 3) + (𝑥 2 − 3) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢 1
⇒ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑥 ⋅ 2𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 3) ⋅ 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 2 −3 𝑥 2 −3
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 ⋅[ + 2𝑥log 𝑥]
𝑥
Also,
2
𝑣 = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥
2
∴ log 𝑣 = log (𝑥 − 3)𝑥
⇒ log 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 log (𝑥 − 3)

⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = log (𝑥 − 3) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 [log (𝑥 − 3)]
𝑣
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = log (𝑥 − 3) ⋅ 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ⋅ 𝑥−3 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 3)
𝑑𝑣 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 [2𝑥log (𝑥 − 3) + 𝑥−3 ⋅ 1]
𝑑𝑣 2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 [𝑥−3 + 2𝑥log (𝑥 − 3)]
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Substituting the expressions of 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 in equation (1), we obtain
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑥2 − 3 2 𝑥2
= 𝑥 𝑥 −3 [ + 2𝑥log 𝑥] + (𝑥 − 3)𝑥 [ + 2𝑥log (𝑥 − 3)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
12. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if 𝑦 = 12(1 − cos 𝑡), 𝑥 = 10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡), − 2 < 𝑡 < 2
Ans. It is given that, 𝑦 = 12(1 − cos 𝑡), 𝑥 = 10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
∴ = 𝑑𝑡 [10(𝑡 − sin 𝑡)] = 10 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡 − sin 𝑡) = 10(1 − cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑡 [12(1 − cos 𝑡)] = 12 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (1 − cos 𝑡) = 12 ⋅ [0 − (−sin 𝑡)] = 12sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 ( ) 12sin 𝑡 12⋅2sin ⋅cos 6 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 2
∴ = 𝑑𝑥 = = 𝑡 = cot
𝑑𝑥 ( ) 10(1−cos 𝑡) 10⋅2sin2 5 2
𝑑𝑡 2
𝒅𝒚
13. Find 𝒅𝒙, if 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏
Ans. It is given that, 𝑦 = sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 [sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 ]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥) + 𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 + 2
⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (√1 − 𝑥 2 )
√1−(√1−𝑥2 )
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1 𝑑
⇒ = + ⋅ ⋅ (1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ = + (−2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 1 1
⇒ = −
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
∴ =0
𝑑𝑥
14. If 𝒙√𝟏 + 𝒚 + 𝒚√𝟏 + 𝒙 = 𝟎, for, −𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟏, prove that

𝒅𝒚 𝟏
= − (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
Ans. It is given that,

𝑥√1 + 𝑦 + 𝑦√1 + 𝑥 = 0
⇒ 𝑥√1 + 𝑦 = −𝑦√1 + 𝑥
Squaring both sides, we obtain

𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥)
⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 − 𝑥)
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −𝑥𝑦
⇒ (1 + 𝑥)𝑦 = −𝑥
−𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = (1+𝑥)

−𝑥
𝑦 = (1+𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑥) (𝑥)−𝑥 (1+𝑥) (1+𝑥)−𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=− =− = − (1+𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 (1+𝑥)2
𝟑
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
[𝟏+( ) ]
𝒅𝒙
15. If (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 , for some 𝒄 > 𝟎, prove that 𝒅𝟐 𝒚
is a constant
𝒅𝒙𝟐
independent of a and 𝒃.
Ans. It is given that, (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑐 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ] + [(𝑦 − 𝑏)2 ] = (𝑐 2 )
𝑑 𝑑
⇒ 2(𝑥 − 𝑎) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 0
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 2(𝑥 − 𝑎) ⋅ 1 + 2(𝑦 − 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 −(𝑥−𝑎)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = …(1)
𝑦−𝑏
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 −(𝑥 − 𝑎)
∴ 2= [ ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑏
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦−𝑏)⋅ (𝑥−𝑎)−(𝑥−𝑎)⋅ (𝑦−𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −[ ]
(𝑦−𝑏)2
𝑑𝑦
(𝑦−𝑏)−(𝑥−𝑎)⋅
𝑑𝑥
= −[ ]
(𝑦−𝑏)2
−(𝑥−𝑎)
(𝑦−𝑏)−(𝑥−𝑎)⋅{ }
𝑦−𝑏
= −[ ] [𝑈sing (1)]
(𝑦−𝑏)2
(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑥−𝑎)2
= −[ ]
(𝑦−𝑏)3
3 3 3
𝑑𝑦 2 2 (𝑥−𝑎)2 2 (𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑥−𝑎)2 2
1+( ) [1+ ] [ ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦−𝑏)2 (𝑦−𝑏)2
∴[ 𝑑2 𝑦
] = (𝑦−𝑏) +(𝑥−𝑎)2
2 = (𝑦−𝑏) +(𝑥−𝑎)2
2
−[ ] −[ ]
𝑑𝑥2 (𝑦−𝑏)3 (𝑦−𝑏)3
3
𝑐2 2 𝑐3
[ ]
(𝑦−𝑏)2 (𝑦−𝑏)3
= 𝑐2
= 𝑐2
− −
(𝑦−𝑏)3 (𝑦−𝑏)3
= −𝑐, which is constant and is independent of 𝑎 and 𝑏

Hence, proved.
𝒅𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 (𝒂+𝒚)
16. If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚 = 𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒂 + 𝒚), with 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂 ≠ ±𝟏, prove that 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂
Ans. It is given that, cos 𝑦 = 𝑥cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)

𝑑 𝑑
∴ 𝑑𝑥 [cos 𝑦] = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑥cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ −sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cos (𝑎 + 𝑦) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 [cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ −sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cos (𝑎 + 𝑦) + 𝑥 ⋅ [−sin (𝑎 + 𝑦)] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ [𝑥sin (𝑎 + 𝑦) − sin 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = cos (𝑎 + 𝑦) ….(1)
cos 𝑦
Since cos 𝑦 = 𝑥cos (𝑎 + 𝑦), 𝑥 =
cos (𝑎+𝑦)
Then, equation (1) reduces to
cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
[cos (𝑎+𝑦) ⋅ sin (𝑎 + 𝑦) − sin 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 = cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ [cos 𝑦 ⋅ sin (𝑎 + 𝑦) − sin 𝑦 ⋅ cos (𝑎 + 𝑦)] ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 = cos2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
⇒ sin (𝑎 + 𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = cos2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑦 cos2 (𝑎+𝑏)
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎
Hence, proved.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
17. If 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝒕𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕) and 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 − 𝒕𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕), find 𝒅𝒙𝟐
Ans. It is given that, 𝑥 = 𝑎(cos 𝑡 + 𝑡sin 𝑡) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(sin 𝑡 − 𝑡cos 𝑡)

𝑑𝑥 𝑑
∴ = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (cos 𝑡 + 𝑡sin 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎 [−sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (sin 𝑡)]
= 𝑎[−sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + 𝑡cos 𝑡] = 𝑎𝑡cos 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (sin 𝑡 − 𝑡cos 𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑎 [cos 𝑡 − {cos 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (𝑡) + 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑡 (cos 𝑡)}]
= 𝑎[cos 𝑡 − {cos 𝑡 − 𝑡sin 𝑡}] = 𝑎𝑡sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑎𝑡sin 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡cos 𝑡 = tan 𝑡
( )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
Then, 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (tan 𝑡) = sec 2 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 1
= sec 2 𝑡 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡cos 𝑡 [ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡cos 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡cos 𝑡]
sec3 𝑡 𝜋
= ,0 < 𝑡 <
𝑎𝑡 2
18. If 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|𝟑 , show that 𝒇′′ (𝒙) exists for all real 𝒙, and find it.
𝑥, if 𝑥 ≥ 0
Ans. It is known that, |𝑥| = {
−𝑥, if 𝑥 < 0
Therefore, when 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 = 𝑥 3
In this case, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 and hence, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥
When 𝑥 < 0, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 = (−𝑥)3 = −𝑥 3
In this case, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 and hence, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −6𝑥
Thus, for 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) exists for all real xand is given by,
6𝑥, if 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = {
−6𝑥, if 𝑥 < 0
𝒅
19. Using mathematical induction prove that 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 for all positive integers 𝒏.
𝑑
Ans. To prove: P(𝑛): 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 for all positive integers 𝑛
For 𝑛 = 1,
𝑑
P(1): (𝑥) = 1 = 1 ⋅ 𝑥1−1
𝑑𝑥
∴ P(𝑛) is true for 𝑛 = 1
Let P(𝑘) is true for some positive integer 𝑘.
𝑑
That is, P(𝑘): 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘 ) = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘−1
It has to be proved that 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is also true.
𝑑 𝑑
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘+1 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑘 )
𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑘 ) [By applying product rule]
= 𝑥 𝑘 ⋅ 1 + 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑘−1
= 𝑥 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑥 𝑘
= (𝑘 + 1) ⋅ 𝑥 𝑘
= (𝑘 + 1) ⋅ 𝑥 (𝑘+1)−1
Thus, 𝑃(𝑘 + 1) is true whenever 𝑃(𝑘) is true.

Therefore, by the principle of mathematical induction, the statement P(𝑛) is true for
every positive integer 𝑛.
Hence, proved.
20. Using the fact that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 and the differentiation,
obtain the sum formula for cosines.
Ans. sin (𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴sin 𝐵

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[sin (𝐴 + 𝐵)] = 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝐴cos 𝐵) + 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝐴sin 𝐵)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
⇒ cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐵 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (sin 𝐴) + sin 𝐴 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝐵)
𝑑 𝑑
+sin 𝐵 ⋅ (cos 𝐴) + cos 𝐴 ⋅ (sin 𝐵)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
⇒ cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐵 ⋅ cos 𝐴 𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝐴(−sin 𝐵) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
+sin 𝐵(−sin 𝐴) ⋅ + cos 𝐴cos 𝐵
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐵
⇒ cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) ⋅ [𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ] = (cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴sin 𝐵) ⋅ [𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 ]
∴ cos (𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴sin 𝐵
21. Does there exist a function which is continuous everywhere but not differentiable
at exactly two points? Justify your answer.
Ans. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|

𝑓 is continuous everywhere but it is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒈′ (𝒙) 𝒉′ (𝒙)

𝒅𝒚
22. If 𝑦 = | 𝒍 𝒎 𝒏 |,Prove that 𝒅𝒙 = | 𝒍 𝒎 𝒏 |
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)

Ans. 𝑦 = | 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥) ℎ′ (𝑥)
′ ′
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) ℎ(𝑥)
=| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 | + | 0 0 0 | + | 0 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 0 0 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) ℎ′ (𝑥)
=| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |+0+0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑔′ (𝑥) ℎ′ (𝑥)
=| 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Hence proved
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
23. If 𝐲 = 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏𝐱 , −𝟏 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟏, show that (𝟏 − 𝐱 𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝐚𝟐 𝐲 = 𝟎
−1
Ans. It is given that, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎cos 𝑥
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain
log 𝑦 = 𝑎cos−1 𝑥log 𝑒
log 𝑦 = 𝑎cos−1 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 −1
= 𝑎 × √1−𝑥 2
𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 −𝑎𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2
By squaring both the sides, we obtain
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑎2 𝑦 2
(𝑑𝑥 ) = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 2
(1 − 𝑥 2 ) ( ) = 𝑎2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
Again differentiating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we obtain

𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑
(𝑑𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑥 2 ) + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) × [(𝑑𝑥 ) ] = 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑑𝑥 ) (−2𝑥) + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) × 2 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 ⋅ 2𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (𝑑𝑥 ) (−2𝑥) + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) × 2 𝑑𝑥 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 ⋅ 2𝑦 ⋅ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 ⋅ 𝑦 [𝑑𝑥 ≠ 0]
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0
Hence, proved.

Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability - 57988765 Fe40 4100 Acf7 3d5b6bee942d

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Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability - 57988765 Fe40 4100 Acf7 3d5b6bee942d

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CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3

At 𝑥 = −3, 𝑓(−3) = 5 × (−3) − 3 = −18

2. Examine the continuity of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 at 𝒙 = 𝟑.

Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1

3. Examine the following functions for continuity.

Ans. (a) The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5 − 𝑥) = 5 − 𝑐

Therefore, fis continuous at all real numbers less than 5 .

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (5 − 𝑥) = (5 − 5) = 0

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 − 5) = 𝑐 − 5

4. Prove that the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒏 is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝒏, where 𝒏 is a positive integer.

Ans. The given function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑛)

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑛, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.

5. Is the function fdefined by

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0)

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (5) = 5

Therefore, 𝑓 is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(2)

6. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑐 + 3

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < 2

Case (ii) > 2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑐 − 3

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (2𝑥 + 3) = 2 × 2 + 3 = 7

The right hand limit of fat 𝑥 = 2 is,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (2𝑥 − 3) = 2 × 2 − 3 = 1

7. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < −3

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−𝑥 + 3) = −(−3) + 3 = 6

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−2𝑥) = −2 × 3 = −6

The right hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 3 is,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (6𝑥 + 2) = 6 × 3 + 2 = 20

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

8. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

If 𝑐 < 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = −1

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥 < 0

lim𝑥→0− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑥→0− (−1) = −1

The right hand limit of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 0 is,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (1) = 1

If 𝑐 > 0, then 𝑓(𝑐) = 1

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 0

Let 𝑐 be any real number. Then, lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (−1) = −1

10. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑐 + 1

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 1

11. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < 2

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥 3 − 3) = 23 − 3 = 5

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 2

12. Find all points of discontinuity of 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (𝑥10 − 1) = 110 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0

The right hand limit of fat 𝑥 = 1 is,

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ (𝑥 2 ) = 12 = 1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim (𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐 2

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 > 1

∴ lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at all points 𝑥, such that 𝑥 < 1

14. Discuss the continuity of the function 𝒇, where 𝒇 is defined by

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− (3) = 3