Trupti 123

Seminar Report on
LED(Light Emitting Diode)
Submitted by
Trupti Vyankat Lomate
PRN no:-23030331372503
Under the guidance of
Ms. Mohini Mehta
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,Lonere
Lonere-402103
2023-2024
A
Seminar Report on
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Submitted by
TRUPTI VYANKAT LOMATE
(PRN NO. 23030331372503)
Under the Guidance of

Ms. MOHINI MEHTA
Is the partial fulfilment of B.Tech in Electronics & Telecommunication

Engineering of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere(Dist.Raigad) in the academic year 2023-2024
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication EngineeringDr. Babasaheb

Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere.
Lonere-402103
2023 -2024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “LED Light Emitting

Diode” submitted by Trupti Vyankat Lomate (PRN no.
23030331372503) is record of bonafide work carried out by her
under my guidance in the partial fulfilment the requirement for the
award of Degree of B.Tech. in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering course of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological
University, Lorene (Dist. Raigad) in the academic year 2023-2024.
Ms. Mohini Mehta Dr. S.L. Nalbalwar

(Seminar guide) Professor & Head of Department
Department of Electronics and Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Telecommunication Engineering
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
University, Lonere-Raigad Technological University, Lonere-Raigad
Examiners
(1)
DATE:
PLACE: Lonere, Raigad (402103)

ABSTRACT
Light Emitting Diode are semiconductor devices that produce noncoherent
,narrow spectrum light when forward voltage is applied .LEDs range in the
wavelength form the UVC band to infrared IR and available in packages
ranging from milliwatts to more than 10W.The first LED was an IR
emitting devices and was patented in 1961.In 1962 the first practical
spectrum was developed led create light through a semiconductor process
rather than with a superheated element, ionized gas, oran arc discharge as in
traditional light source. The wavelengthof the light emitted is determined by
the materials used to formthe semiconductor junction. LEDs produce more
light per electrical watt than incandescent lamps with the latest devices
rivaling fluorescent tubes in energy efficiency. They are solid-state devices,
which are much more robust than any glass- envelope lamp and contain no
hazardous materials like fluorescent lamps
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to articulate my heartfelt appreciation to all the people who have
completed for a fundamental role in this seminar exploration; without their
involved assistance, the formulation of this case study could not have been
finished within the specified time limit.
I am grateful to our esteemed Guru, Ms. Mohini Mehta for inspiring me to

complete this project with complete focus and attention.
I am also appreciative to my friends who endorsed me throughout this project

withultimate cooperation and persistence and for assisting main doing this project.
TRUPTI VYANKAT LOMATE

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication,
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University,
Lonere-Raigad(402103)
INDEX
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS LED 5-6
CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LED 7-10

3.1 POLARITY OF LED
3.2 FORWARD CURRENT OF LED
3.3 FORWARD VOLTAGE OF LED
3.4. SIMPLE LED CIRCUIT
CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION OF LED 11-12
CHAPTER 5 WORKING OF LED 13-14
CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF LED 15-

6.1 VISIBLE LED
6.2 INVISIBLE LED
6.3 RGB LED
6.4 LED WITH INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
6.5 MINATURE LED
6.6 HIGH POWER LED
6.7 STRIP LED
6.8 ADDRESSABLE LED
6.9 BUILT IN RESISTOR LED
6.10 INFRARED LED
CHAPTER 7 HOW IT WORKS LED
CHAPTER 8 ADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 9 DISADVANTEGES
CHAPTER 10 APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
A Seminar Report on Light Emitting Diode
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE OF FIGURE PAGE
Fig 1.1 Diode 4
Fig 2.1 LED (Light Emitting Diode) 5
Fig 2.2 PN Diodes. 6
Fig 3.1 Polarity Of LED 7
Fig 3.2 Positive Anode Circuit 8
Fig 3.3 Simple LED circuit 10
Fig 4.1 Construction of LED 11
Fig 4.2 12
Fig 4.3 Structure of LED 12
Fig 5.1 Working of LED 13
Fig 5.2 Light emission in LED 14
Fig 6.1 RGB LED 16
Fig 6.2 Miniature LED 17
Fig 6.3 High power LED 17
Fig 6.4 Strip LED 18
Fig 6.5 Addressable LED 19
Fig 7.1 How LED works 20

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere Page 2
LIST OF ABBRIVATIONS
LED. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
PN POSITIVE NEGATIVE JUNCTION
GAAS GALLIUM ARSENIDE
GAASP GALLIUM ARSENIDE
RGB RED GREEN BLUE
SMD SURFACE MOUNTED DEVICE
PCB PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD
UV ULTRAVIOLET

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There are various sources of light, like candles, lamps, etc. Light bulb was
invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. Light Emitting Diodes (LED), electronic
electrical energy can directly convert into light energy. You can find LEDs in
Cars, Bikes, Street Lights, Home Lighting, Office Lighting, Mobile Phones,
Televisions and many more.
Light is an energy which is released by atoms. An LED or a Light Emitting

Diode is a semiconductor device that emits light due to Electroluminescence
effect. An LED is basically a PN Junction Diode, which emits light when
forward biased.
LEDs have become quite popular among a large set of people. LED consists
of a PN Junction Diode and when voltage is applied to the LED, electrons and
holes recombine in the PN Junction and release energy in the form of light
(Photons). The electrical symbol of an LED is similar to that of a PN Junction
Diode. The n-type material should be negatively charged and p-type material
should be positively charged to create an LED.
LED use semiconductors which emit either visible light or invisible infrared
light when forward biased. Electroluminescence is a process energy is released
Fig:1.1 Diode
in the form of light when free electrons in the conduction band recombine with
holes in the valence band in forward bias.

CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS LED ?
LED or a Light Emitting Diode is semiconductor device that emits light due
to Electroluminescence effect. An LED is basically a PN Junction Diode,
which emits light when forward biased.
Light Emitting Diodes are almost everywhere. You can find LEDs in Cars,
Bikes, Street Lights, Home Lighting, Office Lighting, Mobile Phones,
Televisions and many more.
Fig :2:1 LED
mentioned in the introduction, an LED is a semiconductor light source. It

consists of a PN Junction Diode and when voltage is applied to the LED,
electrons and holes recombine in the PN Junction and release energy in the
form of light (Photons).

The light emitted by an LED is usually monochromatic i.e. of single color and
the
Fig 2:2 PN Diode
color is dependent on the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Light Emitting Diodes can be manufactured to emit all the wavelengths of
visible spectrum i.e. from Red (620nm to 750nm) to blue – violet (380nm to
490nm).
The electrical symbol of an LED is similar to that of a PN Junction Diode. The

following image shows a Red LED along with symbols of PN Junction Diode
and LED.

CHAPTER: 3
CHARASTRICS OF LED
Before connecting an LED is a circuit and start using it, there are few
characteristics of LED that are worth knowing (actually, they are very
important). If you refer to any of the datasheets provided by the manufacturer,
you can find a lot specification corresponding to electrical characteristics,
absolute maximum ratings, physical dimensions etc.
I’ll not bore you will all the characteristics but only with three important ones.
They are the Polarity, Forward Voltage and Forward Current
3.1 POLARITY Of LED :–

Polarity is an indication of symmetricity of an electronic component. A Light
Emitting Diode, similar to a PN Junction Diode, is not symmetric i.e. it allows
current to flow only in one direction.
Fig :3.1 Polarity of LED

In an LED, the positive terminal is called as Anode and the negative terminal is called as
Cathode. For the LED to work properly, the Anode of the LED should be at a higher
potential than the Cathode as the current in LED flows from Anode to Cathode.
What happens if we connect the LED in reverse direction? Well, nothing happens as the
LED would not conduct. You can easily identify the Anode terminal of an LED as they
usually have longer leads.
Fig : 3.2

3.2 FORWARD CURRENT OF LED
LEDs are very sensitive devices and the amount of current flowing through an LED
is very important. Also, the brightness of an LED depends on the amount of current
drawn by the LED.
Every LED is rated with a maximum forward current that is safe to pass through it
without burning off the LED. Yes. Allowing current more than the rated current will
actually burn the LED.
For example, most commonly used 5mm LEDs have a current rating of 20mA to 30
mA and the 8mm LEDs have a current rating of 150mA (refer to the datasheet for
exact values).
How to we regulate the current flowing through an LED? In order to control the
current flowing through an LED, we make use of current limiting series resistors.
More information about LEDs and Current Limiting Resistors Simple LED Circuits
.
3.3 FORWARD VOLTAGE OF LED
Light Emitting Diodes are also rated for forward voltage i.e. the amount of voltage
required for the LED to conduct electricity. For example, all 5mm LEDs have a
current rating of 20mA but the forward voltage varies one LED to another.
Red LEDs have a maximum voltage rating of 2.2V, Blue LEDs have a maximum
voltage rating of 3.4V and White LEDs have a maximum voltage rating of 3.6V.

3.4 SIMPLE LED CIRCUIT
The following image shows the circuit of a simple LED Circuit consisting of a 5mm
White LED with a 5V power supply.
Fig :3.3 LED Circuit
Since it is a White LED, the current and voltage ratings are as follows: typical forward
current is 20mA and typical forward voltage is 2V.
So, in order to regulate the current and voltage, we have used a 180 Ω Resister rated
for ¼ Watts of Power Dissipation.

CHAPTER: 4
CONSTRUCTION OF LED
LED is made of three layers i.e. P-type semiconductor layer, N-type semiconductor
layer and active region. The N-layer had the majority of electrons while the P-layer
has a majority of holes. The active region has an equal amount of electrons and holes
therefore there are no majority charge carriers. The active region is also known as the
depletion region. The electrons and holes recombine in this region. As we know that
light emits when an electron and hole combines. The holes are the absence of
electrons. They do not move. The electrons move and combine with holes in the p-
layer. Therefore, the p-layer is designed to be kept at the top of the LED
Fig:4.1 Construction of LED

Fig :4.2 Construction of LED
The layer of P-type material and N-type material is combined together on top
of each other with an active region between them. As the electron-hole
recombination occurs in p region, the p layer is kept at the top and the anode
is deposited at the edge of the p layer to have maximum light emission. While
for the cathode, a gold film is deposited at the bottom of the N-type layer as
shown in the figure.
Fig:4.3 Structure of LED

CHAPTER: 5
Working principle of LED
Just like any normal diode, LED or light Emitting Diode only operates in forward
bias i.e. the anode is kept at a higher voltage as compared to the cathode, or the anode
is connected with the positive terminal and the cathode is connected with the negative
terminal of the battery. The n region has electrons in the majority while the p region
has holes in the majority. Apart from that, the n-type layer is heavily doped as
compared to p-type later.
Fig:5.1 Working of LED
When LED is forward biased, the applied potential starts pushing on the P-layer and
the N-layer. As a result, the depletion region or the active layer starts to shrink.
Therefore electrons from n region and holes from p region start passing through the
junction. It starts to recombine in the active region or depletion region. During its
recombination, the electrons from the higher band (conduction band) fall into the
lower energy band (valance band) by recombining with the holes (absence of an
electron in the valance band) and release the energy in the form of light. After a few
recombination, the width of the depletion region further decreases and the intensity
of the light is increased.
The property of conversion of electricity into light energy is called Electro-

Luminance. Certain semiconductors exhibit such property such as the GaAs, GaAsP,

GaP. Silicon and germanium cannot emit light but only heat. Why these materials
exhibit such property can be understood by using the energy band theory of solids.
Fig:5.2 Light Emission in LED
As we know that the electron can attain energy in discrete form. The energy of
an electron can be determined by its location in the energy bands. When an
electron gains energy it jumps to a higher energy band and when it falls back
to a lower energy band, it releases energy. The valance band has lower energy
than the conduction band. The difference between the conduction band and the
valence band is called the energy gap. According to the energy band theory of
solids, there are two types of semiconductor materials possessing either a
direct band gap or an indirect band gap.

CHAPTER: 6
TYPES OF LED
LEDs are mainly divided into two types
Visible LED
Invisible LED
6.1 VISIBLE LED

Such LEDs emit light that is visible to the naked eye. The light emitted had
wavelength in the visible spectrum i.e. 380nm to 750nm. Such LEDs are used
for illumination, decoration, indication, display in digital devices, etc.
6.2 INVISIBLE LED

Such LED emits light having a wavelength in the infrared spectrum i.e. 700nm
to 1mm. It is invisible to the naked eye. Therefore it is used in Burglar alarms,
optocouplers, remote control, etc.
6.3 RGB LEDs

Red-green-blue LED is a type of LED made from not one but three LEDs. Its
output color is the combination of three basic colors red, green and blue. It
does not produce three different colors but a single color. It enables it to
generate different color light.

Fig:6.1 RGB LED
RGB LED has four terminals i.e. three of them are used to control three colors
red, green and blue while the fourth terminal is the common terminal either
anode or cathode.
6.4 LED With Integrated Circuit

Such types of LEDs had integrated circuits inside them. They are smart LEDs
that do not require a separate controller. It can change color and blink without
an outside controller. Furthermore, it takes very little space thus allowing for
a more compact design.
6.5 MINIATURE LEDs

Miniature or mini LEDs are small size LEDs used for decoration and as indicators in
numerous daily life applications. They are manufactured in different shapes and with
built-in wires connected to their terminals. They are available in SMD (surface-
mounted device), and through-hole technology.
Fig:6.2 Miniature LED
Mini LEDs do not dissipate heat therefore they do not require heat sinks.
6.6 HIGH POWER LED

Such LEDs have very powerful and bright light. These LEDs are available in different
sizes and output power. They are used for illumination in a flashlight, torchlight and
street light, etc
Fig:6.3 High Power LEDs

They dissipate heat due to their large size and power. Therefore it requires large heat
sinks
6.7 STRIP LED

As the name suggests, these LEDs are designed on a flexible PCB strip. The strip had
adhesive on its back side for sticking to any surface. It had colourful LEDs and
produce colourful lights when illuminated. Modern strip LEDs come with RGB LEDs
controlled by a wireless remote.
Fig:6.4 Strip LED
6.8 ADDRESSABLE LED

Addressable LEDs are designed to have a built-in chip that is used to control an
individual LED connected to a strip of LEDs.
Fig:6.5 Addressable LED
6.9 BUILT –IN RESISTOR LED
These LEDs have a built-in current limiting resistor. Therefore it is safe to use without
worrying about the necessary calculation and the need for a separate resistor. It also
takes less space.
6.10 INFRARED LED
Such LEDs emit light that is visible to the naked eye. The light emitted had
wavelength in the visible spectrum i.e., 380nm to 750nm. Such LEDs are used for
illumination, decoration, indication, display in digital devices, etc.
6.11 ULTRAVIOLET LED
Ultraviolet or UV LED emit ultraviolet light. UV radiations are used for special
applications in scientific, forensic and medical applications.
CHAPTER: 7
HOW IT WORKS LED

The LED is a specialized form of PN junction that uses a compound junction.
The semiconductor material used for the junction must be a compound
semiconductor.
The commonly used semiconductor materials including silicon and

germanium are simple elements and junction made from these materials do not
emit light. Instead compound semiconductors including gallium arsenide,
gallium phosphide and indium phosphide are compound semiconductors and
junctions made from these materials do emit light.
These compound semiconductors are classified by the valence bands their

constituents occupy. For gallium arsenide, gallium has a valency of three and
arsenic a valency of five and this is what is termed a group III-V semiconductor
and there are a number of other semiconductors that fit this category. It is also
possible to have semiconductors that are formed from group III-V materials.
Fig:7.1 How LED works
The light emitting diode emits light when it is forward biased. When a voltage is
applied across the junction to make it forward biased, current flows as in the case of
any PN junction. Holes from the p-type region and electrons from the n-type region
enter the junction and recombine like a normal diode to enable the current to flow.
When this occurs energy is released, some of which is in the form of light photons.
CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES OF LED
1.Energy efficiency
2 Extended life
3.cold temperature operation
4.Durability
5. Rugged
6. Environment friendly
7.Controllable
8.Can sustain Over frequent On –off cycle

CHAPTER 9
DISADVANTAGES OF LED
1.Blue hazard
2.Light quality
4.Temperature dependence
5.Blue pollution
6.Voltage sensitivity
7.High initial price
8.Area light source
9. high initial cost per bulb

CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS
1.Smartphone Backlighting.
2.LED displays.
3.Automotive Lighting.
4.Dimming of lights.
5. Very expensive than other lighting technologic.
6. Require accurate voltage and constant current flow

CONCLUSION
A light-emitting diode converts electrical energy into light energy. A light-emitting

diode is a type of special diode whose PN junction is made from a compound
semiconductor. The LED comprises of heavily doped semiconductor and has a very
thin layer of PN junction.
The forward-biased LED enables the electrons in the conduction band to recombine
with the holes in the valence band. In doing so the electrons release the energy in
form of photons/ light. The colour emitted by the photons is dependent on the
semiconductor compound used in the LED and its intensity is dependent on the
forward biasing current.
The wavelength of the emitted colour lies in the visible or invisible light spectrum.
The series resistance is used essentially to avoid damaging the LED(s) and the value
of series resistance requires to be calculated depending on the LED type, number of
LEDs, and their series/ parallel configuration. The LEDs are available in a variety of
colours.
The monochromatic colours are widely used and cheap. Whereas, bi-colour and
multi-colour LEDs are also available but comparatively costly. The LED applications
include, but not limited to, indication purposes, displays, televisions and large
advertisement displays
REFERENCES
Edwards, Kimberly D. "Light Emitting Diodes" (PDF). University of California,

Irvine.
"HJ Round was a pioneer in the development of the LED" www.myledpassion.com.

Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2017.

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Seminar Report on

LED(Light Emitting Diode)

Trupti Vyankat Lomate

Under the guidance of

Ms. Mohini Mehta

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Under the Guidance of

Is the partial fulfilment of B.Tech in Electronics & Telecommunication

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication EngineeringDr. Babasaheb

This is to certify that the Seminar entitled “LED Light Emitting

Ms. Mohini Mehta Dr. S.L. Nalbalwar

PLACE: Lonere, Raigad (402103)

I am grateful to our esteemed Guru, Ms. Mohini Mehta for inspiring me to

I am also appreciative to my friends who endorsed me throughout this project

TRUPTI VYANKAT LOMATE

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS LED 5-6

CHAPTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF LED 7-10

CHAPTER 4 CONSTRUCTION OF LED 11-12

CHAPTER 5 WORKING OF LED 13-14

CHAPTER 6 TYPES OF LED 15-

Fig 1.1 Diode 4

Fig 2.1 LED (Light Emitting Diode) 5

Fig 2.2 PN Diodes. 6

Fig 3.1 Polarity Of LED 7

Fig 3.2 Positive Anode Circuit 8

Fig 3.3 Simple LED circuit 10

Fig 4.1 Construction of LED 11

Fig 4.3 Structure of LED 12

Fig 5.1 Working of LED 13

Fig 5.2 Light emission in LED 14

Fig 6.1 RGB LED 16

Fig 6.2 Miniature LED 17

Fig 6.3 High power LED 17

Fig 6.4 Strip LED 18

Fig 6.5 Addressable LED 19

Fig 7.1 How LED works 20

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

PN POSITIVE NEGATIVE JUNCTION

GAAS GALLIUM ARSENIDE

GAASP GALLIUM ARSENIDE

RGB RED GREEN BLUE

SMD SURFACE MOUNTED DEVICE

PCB PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Light is an energy which is released by atoms. An LED or a Light Emitting

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Fig :2:1 LED

mentioned in the introduction, an LED is a semiconductor light source. It

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Fig 2:2 PN Diode

color is dependent on the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

The electrical symbol of an LED is similar to that of a PN Junction Diode. The

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

3.1 POLARITY Of LED :–

Fig :3.1 Polarity of LED

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

3.2 FORWARD CURRENT OF LED

3.3 FORWARD VOLTAGE OF LED

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

3.4 SIMPLE LED CIRCUIT