SHS STEM - BIOLOGY 1

Quarter 1 – Module 2
CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
General Biology – Grade 11
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Cell Structure and Functions

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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITER: Mariane Tyche O. Lorenzana

REVIEWERS/EDITORS: Rowena D. Manaog

Ma. Lota C. Monte
Freddierick C. Apuli
Jade Alberto

LAYOUT ARTISTS: Jay Mark Base

Jonathan Roda
Jessica De Ocampo
“Describe the structure and functions of major and
subcellular organelles”
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2

Cell Theory
 From the first module, you learn about the principles of cell theory; which include
statements that all living organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of life and all cells come from pre-existing cells only. The function of an organism
as a whole is the result of the activities and interactions of constituents of the cell.
In this module, you will discover that not all cells are the same. Although cells are the
basic units of life, there are many different kinds of cells that make up multicellular organisms.
Some cells have specialized jobs that allow them to work with one another to perform an
organism’s biological functions.

In this module you will learn to describe the structure and functions of major and
subcellular organelles.
Specifically, you will learn to:

o identify the parts of the cell;

o describe and label the structures of a cell;

o determine the functions of cell organelles.

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Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a primary function of a cell wall?
A. Filling space between cell organelles
B. Protecting organelles
C. DNA replication
D. Protein synthesis
For item number 2 and 3, use the figure shown on the right.
2. Which structure is represented by letter B?
A. Cell membrane
B. Cytosol
C. Ribosome
D. Cell wall
3. Which structure represents the cell membrane?
A. Structure A C. Structure C
B. Structure B D. Structure B and C

4. What do cilia and flagella have in common?

A. They give the cell it’s shape.
B. They regulate the transport of material into the cell.
C. They help cells move.
D. They store genetic material.

5. If the cell membrane of an animal cell is damaged due to a bacterial infection,

what function is most immediately affected by the damage?
A. Transport of the materials into and out of the cell.
B. Protein synthesis
C. ATP synthesis
D. Storage of genetic material

Hi! How did you find the test? Don’t worry if you got a low
score, this just means that there are more things that you can
learn from this module. So, hop in and get ready with your
journey.

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 Cell – basic unit of living things
Organelle – specialized cell structure that performs a specific function
Archaebacteria – any of the microorganisms comprising the archaea which were
originally classified with the bacteria.
Eukaryote – Cells that contain nuclei and have membrane surrounded components
called organelles which have specialized functions.
Prokaryotes - are cells that do not have membrane bound nuclei
Hydrolaze - a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that
use water to break a chemical bond.

Amyloplast - a colorless plastid that forms and stores starch

Right now your body is doing a million things at once. It’s sending electrical impulses,
pumping blood, filtering urine, digesting food, making protein, storing fat, and that’s just the
stuff you’re not thinking about! You can do all this because you are made of cells — tiny units
of life that are like specialized factories, full of machinery designed to accomplish the business
of life.
Cells make up every living thing; from blue whales to the archaebacteria that live inside
volcanos. Just like the organisms they make up cells that come in all shapes and sizes. Nerve
cells in giant squids can reach up to 12m [39 ft] in length, while human eggs (the largest human
cells) are about 0.1mm across.
Plant cells have protective walls made of cellulose (which also makes up the strings in
celery that make it so hard to eat) while fungal cell walls are made from the same stuff as
lobster shells. However, despite this vast range in size, shape, and function, all these little
factories have the same basic machinery.
There are two main types of cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are cells
that do not have membrane bound nuclei, whereas eukaryotes do. But, we are not going to
discuss further about the difference of the two main types of cells because it will be discussed
thoroughly on the third module.
Now, let us identify the common cell organelles by performing the practice task.

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A. In or Out?
Directions. Determine the organelle which can be found in all cells. Check the column
YES if it can be found in all cells and NO if Not.

Found in all
Organelle/Sub organelle Structure Cells?
YES NO
Supports/protects cell;
1. Cell Membrane separates cell from its
environment
Stiff, rigid structure that
2. Cell Wall surrounds the cell membrane
to support the cell
Clear, thick jelly-like substance
3. Cytoplasm inside the cell membrane that
contains the other organelles
Small bodies floating in
4. Ribosome cytoplasm ( or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum)
Membranous sacs with inner
5. Mitochondria partitions
Hair like projections attached
6. Cilia and flagella to basal bodies beneath cell
membrane

7. Golgi Body/Golgi Group of flattened,

Apparatus membranous sacs

Membranous sac; a sphere full

8. Lysosomes of enzymes ready to hydrolyze
Has an inner and outer
9. Chloroplast membrane with an empty
intermediate space in
between.
Porous double membrane that
10. Nuclear Membrane separates nuclear contents
from cytoplasm
Smooth More tubular; lack ribosomes,
11. Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth in appearance
Spherical organelle
12. Peroxisome responsible for fatty acid
breakdown

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 Looks like a series of canals
13. Rough Endoplasmic near the nucleus;
Reticulum its surface is studded with
ribosomes; rough in
appearance
14. Vacuole Storage bubbles found in cells
15. Microtubules/Centrosome Small tubes made from the
protein tubulin

B. Name It!
Directions. Name the parts of a cell, select the organelles found on the box. You may also
color the box according to the color of the identified part. (This is if the module is in colored, if
not just ignore it.

Cell Membrane Ribosome Mitochondria

Cytoplasm Golgi Body Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nucleolus Vacuole Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Nuclear Membrane Chloroplast Cell Wall

Centrosome Nucleus Amylosplast

www.sciencewithme.com

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 I guess you’ve already realized that not all cells are the same, thus
some organelles cannot be found in other cell like prokaryotic cell.
What kind of eukaryotic cell have you just labelled? If your answer
is plant cell, you are correct. Because a plant cell has chloroplast,
vacuole and cell wall which an animal cell do not have.
Now, read the text below to understand more the structure and
functions of major and subcellular organelles.

Structure and Function of Major and Subcellular Organelles

1. Endoplasmic Reticulum - network of interconnected membranes consisting of sacs
and canals. Transport materials within the cell; provides attachment for ribosomes.
It is the site of protein synthesis.
2. Mitochondria – Membranous sac with inner partitions. Site where energy released
from food molecules and transformed into usable form.
3. Nucleolus – Dense, non-membranous body composed of protein and RNA.
Contains materials to form ribosomes.
4. Ribosomes - Particles composed of protein and RNA.
Function: Bodies where proteins are synthesized.
5. Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm is a semifluid substance representing the foundation
of the cell. Within the cytoplasm are a number of microscopic bodies called
organelles ("little organs"). Various cellular functions occur within these organelles.
An example of an organelle is the endoplasmic reticulum.
6. Centrosome - No membranous structure composed of two rod like centrioles.
Function: Helps distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell reproduction
and initiates formation of cilia.
7. Cilia and Flagella - Hair like projections attached to basal bodies beneath cell
membrane.
Function: Propel fluids over cellular surface and enable certain cells to move.
8. Nucleus - Composed primarily of histone protein and deoxyribonucleic acid, or
DNA. With the exception of red blood cells, all cells have a nucleus in the human
body. The nucleus of human cells is surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear
envelope. The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane structure consisting of two
layers of phosphide similar to the plasma membrane. Pores in the nuclear

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 membrane allow the internal nuclear environment to communicate with the
cytoplasm of the cell. Within the nucleus are two or more dense masses referred
to as nucleoli (singular nucleolus). The nucleolus contains RNA, or ribonucleic acid.
This nucleic acid is used to construct the subunits of organelles called ribosomes.
The subunits are later assembled into ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
9. Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus - Group of flattened, membranous sacs.
Function: Packages protein molecules for secretion; origin of lysosomes.
10. Lysosomes - Membranous sacs. Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion.

Hey, guys, can you remember the parts of the cell which are
mentioned in the cell theory rap? Those are some of the major cell
organelles.
Can you now determine the functions of the cell organelles? If
yes, then perform the next activity.

“Kafunction”

Directions. Match the cell organelle with its corresponding function. Write the letter

inside the answer box. The table below displays the cell organelle and its function.

Answer Cell Organelle Functions

1. Golgi Body/Golgi A. Protect, boundary, allows passage into

Apparatus and out of the cell

2. Cytoskeleton B. Provides structure and support

C. Holds the internal components of cells in
3. Cell Membrane place and protects them from damage.

4. Cell wall D. Make proteins and convert genetic code

into an amino acid sequence

5. Mitochondria E. Creates and supplies energy in cell

respiration (ATP)

6. Ribosome F. Protein framework to build cell on

G. It is responsible for packing proteins from
7. Cilia and Flagella the rough endoplasmic reticulum into
membrane-bound vesicles (tiny
compartments of lipid bilayer that store

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 molecules) which then translocate to the
cell membrane.

8. Nucleus H. Filled with enzymes for intracellular

digestion (breakdown/recycling)

9. Lysosomes I. Where photosynthesis occur

J. Controls the activities of the cell; holds
10. Chloroplast DNA and genetic information (chromatin)
K. Makes lipids and steroids, instead of being
11. Vacuoles involved in protein synthesis; responsible
for detoxifying the cell
L. It protects the cell from reactive oxygen
12. Cytoplasm species (ROS) molecule which could
seriously damage the cell.
M. The molecules in charge of protein
13. Smooth production, proteins made in the rough
Endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum as destined to
Reticulum either be a part of a membrane, or to be
secreted from the cell membrane out of the
cell.
14. Rough Endoplasmic N. Storage for cells; store food, water and
Reticulum waste material
15. Peroxisome O. Propel fluids over cellular surface and
enable certain cells to move.

What’s up guys! How did you find the activity? Did you get the correct function of
the cell organelles? Now, let us strengthen your knowledge by answering the guide
questions provided below.

Questions to Ponder:
Directions. Read and understand each question, then answer it briefly, justify if necessary.
1. Are cell wall and cell membrane the same thing? _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Do all cells contain genetic information? ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What are some benefits of having distinctive organelles in a eukaryotic cell? _______
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Which organelle is not membrane bound? _________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. Where are most of the proteins involved in ATP generation located? _____________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

6. What kind of proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum? _______________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. What happens to proteins that are not folded properly? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

8. Can misfolded proteins be “fixed”? ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9. What happens with deficiency of specific acid hydrolases in lysosomes? __________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10. Why do ribosomes represent an important target of antibiotics? _________________
___________________________________________________________________

Now, that you are proficient to identify the different functions of cell organelles,

let us compare it to a factory. Think about what a factory needs in order to function

effectively. At its most basic, a factory needs a building, a product, and a way to make

that product. All cells have membranes (the building), DNA (the various blueprints),

and ribosomes (the production line), and so are able to make proteins (the product -

let’s say we’re making toys).

An image shown represents the cell as a factory. The cell membrane is

represented as the "factory walls." The nucleus of the cell is represented as the "blueprint

room." The ribosome is represented as the "production room" and the final protein made by

the ribosome is represented as the "product."

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 https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ed/f5/2d/edf52d9028a98657d59884bbb0d00f25.jpg

Cell Analogy: Cell Factory

Directions. Using the image shown above, determine the functions of the cell organelle and
its equivalent to a factory part. (The first item is done for you.)

Cell Organelle Function Factory Part

Nucleus DNA storage Room where the blueprints

are kept

Cell Membrane

Mitochondrion

Smooth Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

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 Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Note: You may also visit this link for better understanding of Cell Factory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVNSIRg3TN4

Good job! Congratulations, you’re almost done with the

activity. Had you realized the similarities of the functions of the cell
organelle to a factory? If yes, then you have recognized that cells
carry on similar functions and work together to perform task such as
extracting energy from food to sustain life.
To reinforce more your learnings, try to perform the next
activity.

Directions. Read the text below then match the parts of the city (underlined) with the
parts of the cell.

Cell City Analogy

Adapted from http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/cell-analogy.html

In a faraway city called Grant City, the main export and

production product is the steel widget. Everyone in the town has
something to do with steel widget making and the entire town designed
to build and export widgets. The town hall has the instructions for
widget making, widgets come in all shapes and sizes and any citizen
of Grant can get the instructions and begin making their own widgets.
Widgets are generally produced in small shop around the city, these
small shops can be built by the carpenter’s union (whose headquarters are in town hall).
After the widget is constructed, they are placed on special carts which can deliver the
widget anywhere in the city. In order for a widget to be exported, the carts take the widget to
the postal office, where the widgets are packaged and labeled for export. Sometimes widgets
don't turn out right, and the "rejects" are sent to the scrap yard where they are broken down
for parts or destroyed altogether. The town powers the widget shops and carts from a hydraulic

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dam that is in the city. The entire city is enclosed by a large wooden fence, only the postal
trucks (and citizens with proper passports) are allowed outside the city.

Parts of the Cell Parts of the City Parts of the Cell Parts of the City
1. Mitochondria 6. Nucleolus
2. Ribosome 7. Protein
3. Nucleus 8. Cell
Membrane
4. Golgi 9. Lysosome
Apparatus
5. Endoplasmic
Reticulum

To apply what you have learned in this module, perform the

following additional task.

Directions. Create your own analogy of the cell using a different model. Some ideas might
be: a school, a house, a factory, or anything you can imagine. Use the rubric below to guide
you in your task.
RUBRIC

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1

The story The story The story The story

clearly communicates indirectly does not
communicates some of the communicates sufficiently
Clarity the similarities similarities of the similarities communicates
of the model the model of the model the similarities
parts to the parts to the parts to the of the model
parts of the parts of the parts of the parts to the
cell. cell. cell.. parts of the
cell..
All of the parts
of the model Most of the Some of the The parts of
are properly parts of the parts of the the model are
Creativity identified and model are model are not identified
and other reflect an slightly slightly and the ideas
required exceptional identified and identified but were copied
elements degree of reflect student the ideas were from the
student ingenuity in copied from design of
their creation. others.

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 ingenuity in the design of
their creation. others.

The concept of Most of the Some of the The concepts

Accuracy the cell concept of the concept of the of the cell
and analogy are cell analogy cell analogy analogy are
Relevance of accurate and are accurate are accurate neither
the Content related to the and related to and related to accurate nor
cell function. the cell the cell related to the
function. function. cell function.

Congratulations for a job well done! This time share your final
insight by completing the following sentence prompts.

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Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which structure represents a ribosome?
A. Structure A C. Structure C
B. Structure B D. Structure D

2. Which substance fills the space between organelles?

A. Cell Membrane C. Cytosol
B. Cell Wall D. Ribosome

3. Which of the following is a mismatched?

A. Mitochondria – create and supply energy
B. Lysosome – storage for cells
C. Nucleus – controls the activities of the cell
D. Ribosome – make proteins

4. What do flagella and cilia have in common?

A. They help cells move
B. They regulate transport of materials into the cell
C. They give the cell its shape
D. They protect the organelle

5. A pesticide kills insect by disabling the ribosomes in their cells. Which of the following
function would be most immediately inhibited in the insects’ cell?

A. Protein synthesis C. Photosynthesis

B. DNA replication D. Cell division

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 1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. A

Elicit
A. In or Out?

Found in all
Organelle/Sub organelle Structure Cells?
YES NO
Supports/protects cell;
1. Cell Membrane separates cell from its ✓
environment
Stiff, rigid structure that
2. Cell Wall surrounds the cell membrane ✓
to support the cell
Clear, thick jelly-like substance
3. Cytoplasm inside the cell membrane that ✓
contains the other organelles
Small bodies floating in
4. Ribosome cytoplasm ( or attached to the ✓
endoplasmic reticulum)
Membranous sacs with inner
5. Mitochondria partitions ✓
Hair like projections attached
6. Cilia and flagella to basal bodies beneath cell ✓
membrane

7. Golgi Body/Golgi Group of flattened, ✓

Apparatus membranous sacs
Membranous sacs; a spheres
8. Lysosomes full of enzymes ready to ✓
hydrolyze
Has an inner and outer
9. Chloroplast membrane with an empty
intermediate space in ✓
between.

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 Porous double membrane that
10. Nuclear Membrane separates nuclear contents ✓
from cytoplasm
Smooth More tubular; lack ribosomes, ✓
11. Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth in appearance
Spherical organelle
12. Peroxisome responsible for fatty acid ✓
breakdown
Looks like a series of canals
13. Rough Endoplasmic near the nucleus;
Reticulum its surface is studded with ✓
ribosomes; rough in
appearance
14. Vacuole Storage bubbles found in cells ✓
15. Microtubules/Centrosome Small tubes made from the
protein tubulin ✓

Engage
B. Name It!

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Explore – “Kafunction”
Answer Cell Organelle
G 1. Golgi Body/Golgi
Apparatus
F 2. Cytoskeleton
A 3. Cell Membrane
B 4. Cell wall
E 5. Mitochondria
D 6. Ribosome
7. Cilia and Flagella
O membrane-bound
J 8. Nucleus
H 9. Lysosomes
I 10. Chloroplast
N 11. Vacuoles
C 12. Cytoplasm
13. Smooth
K Endoplasmic
Reticulum
14. Rough
M Endoplasmic
Reticulum
15. Peroxisome
L enable certain cells to move.
Functions
A. Protect, boundary, allows passage into
and out of the cell
B. Provides structure and support
C. Holds the internal components of cells in
place and protects them from damage.
D. Make proteins and convert genetic code
into an amino acid sequence
E. Creates and supplies energy in cell
respiration (ATP)
F. Protein framework to build cell on
G. It is responsible for packing proteins from
the rough endoplasmic reticulum into
vesicles (tiny
compartments of lipid bilayer that store
molecules) which then translocate to the
cell membrane.
H. Filled with enzymes for intracellular
digestion (breakdown/recycling)
I. Where photosynthesis occur
J. Controls the activities of the cell; holds
DNA and genetic information (chromatin)
K. Makes lipids and steroids, instead of being
involved in protein synthesis; responsible
for detoxifying the cell
L. It protects the cell from reactive oxygen
species (ROS) molecules which could
seriously damage the cell.
M. The molecules in charge of protein
production, proteins made in the rough
endoplasmic reticulum as destined to
either be a part of a membrane, or to be
secreted from the cell membrane out of the
cell.
N. Storage for cells; store food, water and
waste material
O. Propel fluids over cellular surface and
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Answers to Questions to Ponder:
Direction. Read and understand each question, then answer it briefly, justify it if necessary.
1. The cell wall and cell membrane are not the same thing. All cells have a cell membrane,
but not all cells have a cell wall.
2. All cells contain genetic information. All living things must have a genetic information
that provides instructions for cellular activities. Some cells keep this genetic information
in a nucleus, while others store it differently.
3. Membrane-bound spaces permit the segregation of functions within the cell and the
concentration of specific functions- organization of protein movement through the cell.
Both facilitate increasing levels of complexity found in eukaryotes. Another key function
is to facilitate degradation of worn-out cell components in the longer-lived eukaryotes.
The same degradative system can be modified to process extracellular material.
4. Ribosomes is a macromolecular complex.
5. The inner mitochondrial membrane (which is folded into christae) contains the
proteins of the electron transport system and the enzyme ATP synthase.
6. Secreted proteins and proteins that become associated with the membranes of the cell
surface or other organelles.
7. Enzymes that recognize features of poorly folded proteins conjugate these proteins
with ubiquitin. Such tagged proteins are delivered to proteasomes.
8. There are “chaperone proteins” that can aid in refolding by their interaction with the
misfiled protein. This often does not work and the protein needs to be recycled.
9. There is accumulation of the product that can’t be broken down (and often cell
death).
10. Prokaryotes (such as bacteria) have different ribosomal subunits which can be
targeted by specific chemicals (killing the bacteria and not damaging the eukaryotic
cell).

Explain

Cell Analogy: Cell Factory

Cell Organelle Function Factory Part

Nucleus DNA storage Room where the blueprints

are kept

Cell Membrane Holds the internal Guarded gate or entry point

components of cells in place

Mitochondrion Energy production Powerplant

Smooth Endoplasmic Lipid production; Accessory production -

Reticulum Detoxification makes decorations for the

toy, etc.

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 Rough Endoplasmic Protein production; in Primary production line -

Reticulum particular for export out of makes the toys

the cell

Golgi Apparatus Lipid Destruction; contains Security and waste removal

oxidative enzymes

Lysosome Protein destruction Recycling and security

Elaborate
Cell City Analogy
Parts of the Cell Parts of the City Parts of the Cell Parts of the City
1. Mitochondria Hydraulic dam 6. Nucleolus Small shop
2. Ribosome Carpenters’ union 7. Protein Steel Widget
3. Nucleus Town hall 8. Cell Fence
Membrane
4. Golgi Special cart 9. Lysosome Scrap yard
Apparatus
5. Endoplasmic Postal truck
Reticulum

1. D
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. A

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Cover Photo: Retrieved from https://slideplayer.com/slide/6277871/
Cover Photo of plant cell. www.sciencewithme.com. Retrieved from
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=P%2FmwRQNy&id=BE49814CD
AC62A5AEB853F761CCAEF41072D6CEB&thid=OIP.P_mwRQNy-
ClZYuQNCVRNPAHaFs&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.pinimg.com%2Foriginals%2Fdd%2Ff0%
2F0b%2Fddf00b6e63c9ee069a71c8967ed36815.jpg&exph=444&expw=578&q=image+of+a+
plants+cells+with+its+parts&simid=608020713033240550&ck=D8F9EDE86EEF1EDC06CA2E9
D497B6211&selectedindex=5&form=IRPRST&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&sim=11&first=1&scenario=I
mageBasicHover
Cover photo of cell analogy. Retrieved from:
https://i.pinimg.com/736x/ed/f5/2d/edf52d9028a98657d59884bbb0d00f25.jpg

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-basic-cell-
structures/v/introduction-to-the-cell

Cellular organelles and structure Retrieved from Cellular organelles and structure
Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-
cells/a/organelles-article

Cell City Analogy. Cell Theory and Cell Organelles by: Christopher Meisler Science
Methods. Retrieved from
https://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-
units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf

Additional information on cell theory. Link for video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVNSIRg3TN4

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