Assessment of Different Concepts For Prestressing Glass Beams With Iron Based Shape Memory Alloy Elements

Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
Assessment of different concepts for

pre-stressing glass beams with iron-
based shape memory alloy elements
Vlad SILVESTRU, Zhikang DENG, Andreas TARAS

ETH Zürich | Institute of Structural Engineering
Contents Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
• Background
− Reinforced & post-tensioned glass beams
− Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA)
• Feasibility study
− Proposed innovation
− Medium-scale four-point bending tests
• Finite element simulations

− Model characteristics & validation
− Assessment of alternative concepts
• Conclusions & Outlook
Institute of Structural Engineering | Steel and Composite Structures | Vlad Silvestru 16-Jun-23 2
Background Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
Reinforced & post-tensioned glass beams

• Laminated glass beams are mostly used as structural elements to support transparent facades or roofs
Glass beams (fins) for a transparent shop façade in Abu Dhabi Glass beams (15 m long) supporting a glass roof in downtown Montreal
[source: Vlad Silvestru] [source: sidlee architecture - https://sidleearchitecture.com]
Tampere, Finland
Reinforced & post-tensioned glass beams

• Laminated glass beams show a low residual load-bearing capacity
• Ductile tendons allow to increase the initial cracking resistance & improve the post-cracking behaviour
residual load-bearing
F
Fcr
residual load-bearing
Force [kN]
initial crack
initial crack
Fcr F
Reinforced or post-tensioned
laminated glass beams
Laminated glass beams
umax umax
Displacement [mm]
Tampere, Finland
Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA)

• Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials that are able to remember their shape after two phase
transformations – first one triggered by deforming and second one by heating the material
(source: re-fer – strengthening solutions | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9ha3_hGcIk)
Tampere, Finland
Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA)

• memory®-steel was developed by Empa and re-fer AG especially for construction applications
e.g. strengthening of existing concrete and steel structures.
Strengthening of a concrete slab with re-plate in Switzerland (left) and of a steel-concrete composite bridge with re-bar in Czech Republic (right)
(source: www.re-fer.eu)
Feasibility study Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
Proposed innovation
• Reinforcing & post-tensioning laminated glass beams with adhesively bonded Fe-SMA strips
Bonding Post-tensioning with 2-sided bonded tendons

Fe-SMA strips
(a) to laminated
glass beams
Fe-SMA laminated glass adhesive
Heating
Fe-SMA strips
(b) to target
temperature Post-tensioning with 1-sided bonded tendons
anchorage activation area anchorage
Cooling
post-tensioned
(c) beam to ambient
temperature
Tampere, Finland
Medium-scale four-point bending tests

• Medium-scale glass beams tested in four-point bending
load application horizontal out-

allowing in-plane of-plane LVDT
rotations
aluminium
blocks for load
additional load
distribution
cells (50 kN)
test specimen
horizontal,
vertical &
vertical &
fork support
fork support
support vertical in-

construction plane LVDTs
Tampere, Finland

• Medium-scale glass beams tested in four-point bending
without Fe-SMA tendons | with non-activated Fe-SMA tendons | with activated Fe-SMA tendons
• Laminated glass made of annealed glass (6-10-6 mm) with 1.52 mm thick SentryGlas interlayers
• Fe-SMA strips adhesively bonded with 1.5 mm thick joints along the glass edges (SikaPower-1277)
Tampere, Finland

• Activation of the Fe-SMA by electrical resistive heating  post-tensioning
copper clamps for strain gauges thermocouples copper clamp for

current introduction current diversion
& current discharge
PTFE plates test specimen Support made of timber
Tampere, Finland

• The temperatures and strains were monitored over a time of 2 hours after activation
• After cooling back to ambient temperature, a compressive pre-stress of 7 MPa is reached in the glass
Tampere, Finland

• Laminated glass beams without Fe-SMA tendons
Tampere, Finland

• Laminated glass beams with activated Fe-SMA tendons
Tampere, Finland

• Laminated glass beams without Fe-SMA tendons | (average values)
− Force at initial glass crack: 8.3 kN Corr. glass tensile stress: 43.3 MPa
− Max. force after initial crack: 2.8 kN Displacement at ultimate failure: 14.0 mm
Laminated glass beam – force vs. displacement behaviour Laminated glass beam – initial glass crack
Laminated glass beam – residual load-carrying capacity & ultimate failure
Tampere, Finland

• Laminated glass beams with non-activated Fe-SMA tendons | (average values)
− Force at initial glass crack: 15.1 kN (+82%) Corr. glass tensile stress: 58.6 MPa (+35%)
− Max. force after initial crack: 17.2 kN (+514%) Displacement at ultimate failure: 99.0 mm (+607%)
Fe-SMA reinforced glass beam – force vs. displacement behaviour Fe-SMA reinforced glass beam – initial glass crack
Fe-SMA reinforced glass beam – residual load-carrying capacity & ultimate failure
Tampere, Finland

• Laminated glass beams with activated Fe-SMA tendons | (average values)
− Force at initial glass crack: 18.1 kN (+118%) Corr. glass tensile stress: 71.8 MPa (+66%)
− Max. force after initial crack: 17.8 kN (+536%) Displacement at ultimate failure: 99.7 mm (+612%)
Fe-SMA pre-stressed glass beam – force vs. displacement behaviour Fe-SMA pre-stressed glass beam – initial glass crack
Fe-SMA pre-stressed glass beam – residual load-carrying capacity & ultimate failure
Finite element simulations Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
Model characteristics & validation

• Finite element model – simulations with Abaqus Explicit
Tampere, Finland

• Finite element model – material characteristics
Glass elastic E = 70,000 N/mm2 brittle cracking model in Abaqus
Interlayer elastic-plastic E = 493 N/mm2 σy,true = 20 N/mm2 εpl,true = 0
Adhesive elastic-plastic E = 1,800 N/mm2 σy,true = 28 N/mm2 εpl,true = 0
Fe-SMA elastic-plastic E = 170,000 N/mm2 several true stress / true plastic strain pairs
• Brittle cracking • Brittle shear • Brittle failure

− Failure stress based on test − Post-cracking shear modulus: − Cracking failure
results: 𝜎𝜎𝑡𝑡 = 70 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2  ck
emm 
p
displacement:
− Mode I fracture energy from
β( )
enn = 1 − ck
ck
emax
 , ( )
Gc= G ⋅ β enn
ck
2 ⋅ Gf
 
literature: 𝐺𝐺𝑓𝑓 = 3 𝐽𝐽/𝑚𝑚2 uck = = 13.3 ⋅ 10−5 mm
− 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.005 , 𝑝𝑝 = 5 σt
• Interactions glass – interlayer , glass – adhesive and Fe-SMA – adhesive with tie constraints
Tampere, Finland

• Finite element model and simulation approach – validated against experimental results
Tampere, Finland
Assessment of alternative concepts

• Alternative concepts with 2-sided or 1-sided strips | adhesive anchorage | mechanical anchorage
steel block bolts with glass beam

isolation tubes
isolation layers injection mortar Fe-SMA strips
Tampere, Finland

• Performance of alternative concepts with 2-sided Fe-SMA strips – activation (cooling Fe-SMA by 90°C)
PTGB-2-a | adhesive bonding

σxx = -7.4 N/mm2
σxx = -8.3 N/mm2

σmises, Fe-SMA = 218.6 N/mm2
PTGB-2-b | adhesive anchorage
σxx = -5.8 N/mm2
σxx = -5.9 N/mm2

PTGB-2-c | mechanical anchorage
σxx = -3.3 N/mm2
σxx = -4.0 N/mm2

Tampere, Finland

• Performance of alternative concepts with 1-sided Fe-SMA strips – activation (cooling Fe-SMA by 90°C)
PTGB-1-a | adhesive bonding

σxx = 5.4 N/mm2
σxx = -13.9 N/mm2

PTGB-1-b | adhesive anchorage
σxx = 5.2 N/mm2
σxx = -11.2 N/mm2

PTGB-1-c | mechanical anchorage
σxx = 3.0 N/mm2
σxx = -6.4 N/mm2

Tampere, Finland

• Performance of alternative concepts with 2-sided Fe-SMA strips – four-point bending
σt = 70 N/mm2
σt = 45 N/mm2
Tampere, Finland

σt = 70 N/mm2
σt = 45 N/mm2
Tampere, Finland

PTGB-2-a
adhesive bonding
v = 100
initial mm
60crack
mm
PTGB-2-b
adhesive anchorage
v = 100
initial mm
60crack
mm
PTGB-2-c
mechanical anchorage
v = 100
initial mm
60crack
mm
Conclusions & Outlook Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
• Conclusions
Post-tensioned laminated glass beams with full-length adhesively bonded Fe-SMA strips
− allow a significant increase of the initial glass fracture force
− exhibit a ductile failure mode with a high residual load-bearing capacity
Mechanical anchorage or adhesive bonding only for anchorage

− allow only a smaller increase of the initial glass fracture force
− exhibit a ductile failure with a residual load-bearing capacity similar to the initial fracture force
• Outlook
− Further concepts could be assessed by finite element simulations
− Consideration of initial geometric imperfections and buckling in the simulations
− Validation of selected concepts by experimental investigations
Glass Performance Days 2023
Tampere, Finland
Thank you for your attention!
Vlad SILVESTRU | silvestru@ibk.baug.ethz.ch

ETH Zürich | Institute of Structural Engineering
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Assessment of Different Concepts For Prestressing Glass Beams With Iron Based Shape Memory Alloy Elements

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Glass Performance Days 2023

Assessment of different concepts for

Vlad SILVESTRU, Zhikang DENG, Andreas TARAS

• Finite element simulations

• Conclusions & Outlook

Reinforced & post-tensioned glass beams

Reinforced & post-tensioned glass beams

Laminated glass beams

Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA)

(source: re-fer – strengthening solutions | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9ha3_hGcIk)

Iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA)

Bonding Post-tensioning with 2-sided bonded tendons

Fe-SMA laminated glass adhesive

anchorage activation area anchorage

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

load application horizontal out-

support vertical in-

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

copper clamps for strain gauges thermocouples copper clamp for

PTFE plates test specimen Support made of timber

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Laminated glass beam – residual load-carrying capacity & ultimate failure

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Medium-scale four-point bending tests

Model characteristics & validation

Model characteristics & validation

Glass elastic E = 70,000 N/mm2 brittle cracking model in Abaqus

Interlayer elastic-plastic E = 493 N/mm2 σy,true = 20 N/mm2 εpl,true = 0

Adhesive elastic-plastic E = 1,800 N/mm2 σy,true = 28 N/mm2 εpl,true = 0

• Brittle cracking • Brittle shear • Brittle failure

Model characteristics & validation

Assessment of alternative concepts

steel block bolts with glass beam

isolation layers injection mortar Fe-SMA strips

Assessment of alternative concepts

PTGB-2-a | adhesive bonding

σxx = -8.3 N/mm2

σxx = -5.9 N/mm2

σxx = -4.0 N/mm2

Assessment of alternative concepts

PTGB-1-a | adhesive bonding

σxx = -13.9 N/mm2

σxx = -11.2 N/mm2

σxx = -6.4 N/mm2

Assessment of alternative concepts

Assessment of alternative concepts

Assessment of alternative concepts

Mechanical anchorage or adhesive bonding only for anchorage

Thank you for your attention!

Vlad SILVESTRU | silvestru@ibk.baug.ethz.ch

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