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Abstract: The prevalent disparity and divergence in the identification of safety-climate dimensions in the academia cause general confusion
and inconvenience to both construction researchers and practitioners in terms of safety-climate measurement. Existing review studies
identified several key dimensions or common features of safety climate, but only in a qualitative way. Whether these common features
fit the reality and reflect the essence of construction safety climate is still to be verified by empirical studies. This research defined the
core dimension and specific dimension of safety climate, identified the four most commonly used dimensions, and built a core dimension
structure of safety climate accordingly. Empirical data collected from 21 Chinese construction enterprises were analyzed by means of struc-
tural equation modeling. The proposed core dimension structure and the corresponding measurement scale were validated rigorously by
structural equation modeling approaches. Furthermore, two specific subgroups of the enterprises were analyzed to prove that the core di-
mension structure also applies to specific construction enterprise types, such as building contractors and specialty trade contractors. It is
concluded that the proposed core dimension structure of safety climate is applicable in construction practices, especially to building enter-
prises. Practical implications of the safety-climate core dimension research are discussed in detail. This study contributes to the construction
safety-climate study primarily by depicting relationships among the common dimensions as well as relationships between common dimen-
sions and specific dimensions, which have rarely been involved or interpreted deeply in the past research. This can in turn facilitate the
standardization of construction safety-climate measurement by providing a unified criterion (core dimension structure of safety climate) for
both researchers and practitioners. It is a valid starting point to design specific measurement scales in different settings. DOI: 10.1061/
(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000996. © 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Construction safety; Safety climate; Core dimensions; Structural equation modeling; Labor and personnel issues.
Core dimension
layer (s) identification, and risk attitudes. Working pressure consists of
working paces and working load. Competence is the employees’
perceptions of their own aptitudes, workmanship, and capabilities
(Gadd 2002). Flin et al. (2000) further pointed out that regulations
Specific dimension layer (s)
and rules are of equal importance to the above five dimensions. It is
also one of the most frequently occurring dimensions discovered in
the reviewing study of Guldenmund (2000). It refers to the employ-
Observable indicator layer (s) ees’ perceptions of safety rules as well as observance/violation of
safety regulations, and also is relevant to risk-taking behavior, since
taking risks, in most cases, means safety regulation violation.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for the definitions of core dimensions and Zohar (2010) provided reflections and possible future directions
specific dimensions of safety climate for safety-climate research after 30 years since this construct was
firstly defined and measured. He proposed that safety-climate per-
ceptions should focus on the nature of relationships among safety
policies, procedures, and practices. He further pointed out that the
enterprises, leading to different kinds of safety management issues.
However, due to the similar processes of construction, construction overall level of safety climate represents the shared perceptions of
enterprises may share the common safety climate factors, or the core the priority of safety compared to other competing priorities. Safety
dimensions. The goal of this research is to discover those core policies embody and convey safety priorities of the management,
dimensions of construction safety climate, which serve as the foun- and safety practices involve such aspects of the safety system as
dation for developing comprehensive safety-climate scales. Core safety training, safety supervision, and safety involvement.
dimensions and specific dimensions can serve as important “organi- Based on the above review studies of safety climate, more
zational process assets” [Project Management Institute (PMI) 2008], than 30 technical papers which studied safety-climate dimensions
namely the organizational guideline to design safety-climate mea- were further reviewed to generate safety-climate core dimensions,
sures and achieve safety performance improvement. To achieve including those studies reviewed above in the “Safety-Climate
the objective of establishing core dimensions of safety climate, Dimensions” subsection. Other typical dimensions include impor-
(1) core dimensions in the safety climate factor structures of different tance of safety training programs, management attitudes toward
construction enterprises should be identified, and (2) a core dimen- safety, effects of safety conduct on promotion, status of safety of-
sion structure embodying interrelationships among different core ficer, effects of safety conduct on social status, status of safety
dimensions should be built and validated. committee (Zohar 1980); communication and support, adequacy
and procedures, personal protective equipment, relationships, work
pressure, safety rules (Glendon and Litherland 2001); safety atti-
Literature Review: Developing the Safety-Climate tude and management commitment, safety consultation and safety
Core Dimension Structure training, risk-taking behavior, improper safety procedure, workers’
involvement (Fang et al. 2006).
The identification of construction safety climate core dimensions Fig. 2 presents those dimensions which have an occurrence fre-
started from summarizing the existing related research results and quency of more than 30%. Based on the classifications in the liter-
finding out the common characteristics for extraction. According to ature review, those dimensions which have different names but bear
Jones and James (1979) and Guldenmund (2000), every researcher the same or similar attributes with one another were categorized
of safety climate has considerable freedom to label his or her into one core dimension.
dimensions, and there is not much correspondence among them. The following are preliminarily identified core dimensions of
To solve this problem, a renaming and grouping exercise is con- safety climate of construction enterprises. The percentage behind
ducted (Guldenmund 2000); that is, one could define a small set of the dimension names is the frequency of occurrence as it appears
common denominators (i.e., core dimensions) to classify compa- in previous studies. The four core dimensions listed below have
rable dimensions. much higher occurrence frequencies than others, which to some
Identification of core dimensions may naturally depend on the extent validate the dimensions chosen in this research. Relation-
importance and frequencies of occurrences of various dimensions ships between the four core dimensions and those dimensions iden-
in the existing literature. Just as Guldenmund (2000) argued, when tified by major review studies are also discussed.
the number of times a dimension is found is taken into account, it Safety priority (85%): It means the importance of safety com-
will become obvious that certain dimensions are mentioned more pared with other organizational goals (such as production, sched-
often than others. However, it is not reliable or convincing enough ule, and cost) perceived by both employers and employees. In
to simply calculate frequencies of occurrences while ignoring the the existing literature, there is close correlation between safety pri-
existing theoretical evidence. The identification of core dimensions ority and management commitment, but here this dimension also
depends on the working pressure of the staff. Therefore, it involves SEM requires a concise factor structure of the construct, the pre-
both management and working pressure. liminary theoretical framework is suitable for further analysis.
Safety rules and procedures (70%): This dimension is related
to observance/violation of safety rules, perceptions of safety pro-
cedures, and risk-taking behavior. SEM Research Methodology
Safety supervision, training, and communication (90%): This
Based on the above theoretical analysis and previous literature, a
dimension mainly explains the safety system, and also covers the
SEM research model was built, and a questionnaire-based survey in
most common indicators related to safety system in the existing lit-
the Chinese construction industry was designed to collect data to
erature. Safety system is a professional term and an indirect ap-
test the validity and reliability of the research model. Various ap-
proach that the managers use to show their safety commitment, or proaches and indices were used to guarantee the objectivity and
the exchange of ideas between the managers and workers on the high model construction quality of the research.
issue of safety. The structural equation model consists of the measurement
Safety involvement (85%): The idea of “total safety manage- model and the structural model (Byrne 2013). The former one links
ment (TSM)” (Herrero et al. 2002) has popular support and the model and the reality, and addresses the issue of measuring the
endorsement in the academia. Favorable safety culture and climate latent variable (dimension). The latter one aims to describe the re-
need the involvement of the whole staff. Safety involvement is re- lationships among different dimensions.
lated to management, safety system, and competence. It puts more
emphasis on subjective initiatives of human beings, other than ob-
Research Model
jective conducive or adverse factors.
Based on the previous research, correlative links among the core
dimensions are also identified. The dimensions and their links con- Structural Model
stitute the core dimension structure of safety climate, as shown The structural model is equivalent to what Fig. 3 shows. As the
in Fig. 3. paths between exogenous dimensions (nodes where arrows start,
SEM is then adopted to validate the preliminary core dimension like safety priority) and endogenous dimensions (nodes where
arrows end, like safety involvement) have residuals, each of the
structure of safety climate of construction enterprises (Fig. 3). Since
endogenous dimensions in the structural model should have one
residual variable.
The hypothesized links among core dimensions include
(1) safety priority predicts safety supervision, training, and commu-
nication positively and directly; (2) safety priority predicts safety
rules and procedures positively and directly; (3) safety priority pre-
dicts safety involvement positively and directly; (4) safety super-
vision, training, and communication predict safety involvement
positively and directly; and (5) safety rules and procedures predict
safety involvement positively and directly. All of these relation-
ships will be validated later in this study.
Measurement Model
The measurement model consists of the dimensions and their re-
spective manifest variables (observable indicators) which are also
the measurement items in the questionnaire. The details of scale
items are shown in Table 1. This questionnaire was developed
based on the questionnaire adopted by Zohar and Luria (2005), and
also referred to Mohamed (2002) and Fang et al. (2006), both being
exploratory studies of safety climate in the construction industry. It
Fig. 3. Preliminary core dimension structure of construction safety
was further modified based on the features of the Chinese construc-
climate based on literature review
tion industry, especially the perception modes and language habits
SC14 Frequently discussing with employees at all levels in your company about safety issues
SC15 Taking safety into account when setting long-term and short-term goals
SC16 Offering to workers as much safety instruction and training as possible
SC17 Organizing regular safety lectures and training to the management (not merely safety managers)
Safety rules and SC2 Probably cutting down safety investment when funding of your company or project is insufficient
procedures SC3 Not always coming to the site immediately for investigation when informed of significant safety hazards
SC10 Generally not considering their previous safety performance when determining subordinates
SC18 The power and authority given to site safety supervisors cannot fully meet the demands of site safety management
Safety involvement SC7 Probably lowering safety requirements to workers for sake of schedule
SC8 Still rewarding those who report accidents and hazards when funding of your company or project is limited
SC9 Generally not informing all staff of safety investigation results
of the Chinese construction personnel. All items describe percep- regarded as the measurement errors in the measurement model.
tions or behaviors of organizational top management. e19 to e21 are the residual variables of endogenous dimensions
in the structural model. w1 to w19 are the path coefficients (AMOS
Whole Research Model automatically sets one of the path coefficients between every latent
Based on Fig. 3 and Table 1, the whole structure of safety-climate variable and its manifest variables as one). v1 to v19 are the
core dimensions of construction enterprises was developed, as variances to their corresponding variables. The one-way straight
shown in Fig. 4, which was generated by AMOS 7.0. AMOS, short arrows indicate one-way direct effects. Nodes where arrows start
for Analysis of Moment Structures, is one of the most widely used are antecedents. Nodes where arrows end are consequences. For
software tools for SEM (Arbuckle 1995). F1, F2, F3, and F4 stand example, SC1, as an observable indicator of F1, is affected by both
for safety priority; safety supervision, training and communication; F1 and residual variable e4. In other words, in the measurement, the
safety rules and procedures; and safety involvement, respectively. score of SC1 is decided by its high-order variable F1 and e4
SC1 to SC18 stand for the observable indicators (questionnaire (which represents other unmeasurable factors). Thus, there is an
items) to measure the four latent variables (dimensions). e1 to e18 arrow going from F1 to SC1, and another one going from e4
are the residual variables of observable indicators, and can be to SC1.
e5 e6 V7
e7 V8 e8 V9 e9 V10 e10 V11
e11 V12
V6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
V5 F2 1 e19 V20
e4 1
SC1 V17
W8 W1 W5 1 e16
V4 V1 1 SC8
e3 1
SC4 W7
W4 W18
V18
W6 F1 F4 SC9
1 e17
V3 1
e2 SC5 W19
V19
1 W2 W3 1 e18
V2 1 1
SC7
e1 SC6
1
e21
F3
V22
W17
e20
V21
W16 1
W15
Fig. 4. Preliminary structural equation model of safety-climate core dimensions constructed by AMOS 7.0
ferent core businesses and operating areas. The potential participant among different core dimensions.
enterprises should have stable business operations and healthy In AMOS 7.0, the featured function of “variable grouping” can
project contracting modes; i.e., they should undertake business ac- make a specific group analysis; that is, it can group respondents by
tivities in the industry for more than 10 years and have no commer- their “types of enterprise,” which can help verify whether the
cial litigation record. Invitation letters were distributed to more than safety-climate core dimension structure is applicable to specific
40 qualified construction enterprises, and 21 responded. Table 2 groups. Details of the statistical analysis will be further illustrated
shows the basic information of these enterprises. One important in the “Results” section.
attribute of the samples is type of enterprise, e.g., building contrac-
tors (i.e., contractors for the construction of buildings), specialty
trade contractors, and labor service contractors. This attribute will Results
be used as the grouping variable in the specific-group analysis later.
The main project management personnel with over five years’
working experience in the construction industry were invited as Reliability of the Questionnaire
respondents. In particular, project safety managers and worksite Reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated. In the reliability test,
supervisors were emphasized because they are directly responsible special attention should be paid to internal consistency reliability
for the safety performance of projects, have frequent contact with which reflects correlations among questionnaire items belonging
both workers and top managers, and also tend to have good educa- to one dimension (Flynn et al. 1994). When one questionnaire con-
tional backgrounds (which qualify them to give accurate and high- tains more than one dimension, the internal consistency of each
quality questionnaire responses). dimension should be tested individually.
There were a total of 623 respondents. All the questionnaire sur- Cronbach’s α, as a measure of internal consistency reliability, is
veys were undertaken face to face to minimize potential bias. Out of 0.880 for the whole questionnaire. The α value is 0.727 for the
623 answered questionnaires, 613 were considered valid. The other items belonging to the core dimension of safety priority. The α
values of safety supervision, training, and communication; safety
Table 2. Participant Construction Enterprises rules and procedures; and safety involvement are 0.809, 0.685, and
0.634, respectively. Since 0.6 is generally accepted as the bottom
Codes of
participant Number of Sizes of line of the desired value of internal consistency, i.e., α values lower
enterprises respondents Types of enterprises enterprisesa than 0.6 indicate unreliable questionnaire designs (Flynn et al.
1994), the questionnaire can be seen as reliable, both as a whole
1 64 Specialty trade contractors Medium
2 7 House building contractors Medium
and from a single dimension’s perspective.
3 28 House building contractors Large
4 30 House building contractors Medium
5 33 House building contractors Large
SEM Analysis
6 7 Specialty trade contractors Small The software of AMOS 7.0 is applied to undertake SEM analysis.
7 13 Labor service contractors Medium The significance level is set as 0.05. Various goodness-of-fit indices
8 57 Specialty trade contractors Medium are used to test the fitness of the a priori research model deriving
9 9 House building contractors Medium
10 14 House building contractors Medium
from literature review (Hooper et al. 2008). Goodness-of-fit indices
11 50 House building contractors Large evaluate whether the assumed model fits the empirical data, so they
12 5 Specialty trade contractors Medium are significant indicators of the validity and reliability of the model.
13 11 Labor service contractors Small The system of goodness-of-fit indices consists of three parts,
14 28 House building contractors Large including basic fit indices, overall model fit indices, and internal
15 18 House building contractors Medium structural model fit indices. The basic goodness-of-fit is the precon-
16 29 House building contractors Large dition for the other two kinds of goodness-of-fit as well as the con-
17 15 Labor service contractors Small
structing quality. Overall model indices validate the external quality
18 75 House building contractors Medium
19 15 House building contractors Small
of the model. It can be further divided into three parts, including
20 21 Specialty trade contractors Medium absolute fit indices, incremental fit indices, and parsimonious fit
21 41 Labor service contractors Small indices (Hair et al. 1998). Internal structural model fit indices val-
a idate the internal quality of the model. Goodness-of-fit tests should
Sizes of enterprises are based on the Chinese classification standard for
construction enterprises: large enterprises have annual revenues of over comprehensively cover the whole index system, rather than part
300 million RMB, medium enterprises have annual revenues of 30– of it. All the criteria in the following tests are based on the work
300 million RMB, and small enterprises have annual revenues of below of Bagozzi and Yi (1988), Hair et al. (1998), and Bollen (1989),
30 million RMB. unless specified otherwise.
Secondly, all error variances should be significant. In the model, larger the sample size, the higher the value of chi-square and the
all 22 exogenous variables, including one dimension variable F1 lower the p-value (Bearden et al. 1982). However, in this study,
and 21 error variables (i.e., e1 to e21 in Fig. 4), have significant based on the computation of the overall index system, the model
variances, which meets the above criteria. shown in Fig. 4 has a high external quality.
Thirdly, the absolute values of correlation coefficients among
estimated parameters should not be too close to 1. Through calcu- Internal Structure Fit Test
lation, the average of the absolute values is 0.303, and the maxi- The internal structure fit test is essentially the significance test of the
mum is 0.589, so it is convincing that no outliers exist in the model. paths between one dimension and its observable indicators (internal
Fourthly, no extremely high or extremely low standard errors quality of the model). The column of p-value in Table 3 shows that
should exist. Analysis results show that the level of standard errors all factor loadings are significant in the significance level of 0.05,
in the model is favorable. indicating a good internal structure fitness of the model.
Lastly, standardized regression weights of all links in the model
are suggested to lie in the range between 0.50 and 0.95. SEM analy- Preliminary Test of the Construction Quality of the Core
sis results show that two links, F2 → F4 and F1 → F4, do not sat- Dimension Structure
isfy this criterion, with standardized regression weights of −0.234 To some extent, a model with high goodness of fit can be deemed as
and 0.440, respectively. A basic fit test of the model invalidates the being successfully constructed as it fits the specific environment.
hypothesized links F2 → F4 and F1 → F4, and thus the two links However, goodness of fit is essentially the consistency between the
are removed from the structural model shown in Fig. 4. assumed model and the empirical data, and thus can be largely af-
The following analysis will be based on the model without the fected by the construction quality of the measurement model.
two invalid links. Table 3 shows the regression analysis results by Therefore, only the conclusions of the above sections may not com-
SEM after the removal of two invalid links. pletely validate the high quality of the structural model, i.e., internal
validity of core dimension structure. This section was aimed at the
Overall Fit Test preliminary test of the construction quality of the whole core di-
As mentioned above, overall goodness of fit includes absolute mension structure. A high construction quality indicates that the
goodness of fit, incremental goodness of fit, and parsimonious structural model is successfully constructed. In other words, the
core dimensions and their interrelationships are proven to be valid
Table 3. Results of the Regression Analysis by SEM and well founded (Bollen 1989).
According to the first three rows (except the title) of Table 3,
Unstandardized Standardized
all regression weights among core dimensions are significant (all
regression regression Standard Critical
Links weight weight error ratio p Label p-values are under 0.05), so there exists a significant correlation
among different dimensions. The total impacting effects (standard-
F1 → F3 0.297 0.653 0.056 5.311 a
W2 ized values) between dimensions are as follows: F1 → F3 0.653,
F1 → F2 0.408 0.893 0.05 8.12 a
W1
F1 → F2 0.893, F1 → F4 0.581, F3 → F4 0.889. These coeffi-
F3 → F4 2.305 0.889 0.416 5.535 a
W3
F1 → SC6 1 0.674 — — — — cients can prove the strong correlation among core dimensions.
F1 → SC5 0.887 0.710 0.06 14.857 a
W6 The interpretation of the above total impacting effects is as follows:
F1 → SC4 0.752 0.598 0.059 12.841 a
W7 one unit variation in safety priority can lead to 0.653 unit variation
F1 → SC1 0.673 0.604 0.052 12.848 a
W8 in safety rules and procedures, 0.893 unit in safety supervision,
F2 → SC11 1 0.367 — — — — training, and communication, and 0.581 unit in safety involvement;
F2 → SC12 2.158 0.719 0.252 8.56 a
W9 one unit variation in safety rules and procedures can cause 0.889
F2 → SC13 1.949 0.712 0.227 8.566 a
W10 unit variation in safety involvement. The high and significant path
F2 → SC14 2.197 0.751 0.254 8.66 a
W11 coefficients are the evidence of high construction quality of the
F2 → SC15 1.592 0.678 0.188 8.482 a
W12
model (Bollen 1989).
F2 → SC16 2.097 0.765 0.241 8.704 a
W13
F2 → SC17 1.726 0.665 0.206 8.366 a
W14
F3 → SC18 1 0.254 — — — — Revalidation of the Safety-Climate Core Dimensions
F3 → SC10 2 0.601 0.371 5.397 a
W15 The above analysis results confirm the core dimension structure of
F3 → SC3 2.137 0.596 0.396 5.392 a
W16 construction safety climate. The empirical data in the study were
F3 → SC2 2.151 0.638 0.393 5.476 a
W17 obtained from 21 Chinese construction enterprises as a whole but
F4 → SC8 1 0.746 — — — — the differences among different enterprises were not distinguished.
F4 → SC9 0.738 0.582 0.058 12.672 a
W18 The core dimensions were identified and validated using all the data
F4 → SC7 0.993 0.769 0.061 16.413 a
W19 from 21 enterprises due to the requirement of sample size, but
a
If the value of p < 0.001, it is denoted by footnote “a”; otherwise, it will whether these dimensions are applicable to one specific enterprise
show the exact numeral. type remains to be validated.
It has been mentioned above that in AMOS 7.0, specific-group indicators, the sample size should be at least 75. Rigdon (1995)
analysis can be taken by means of the variable grouping function. thought that the smallest sample size is 150. In this study, consid-
Those enterprises with the same attribute were grouped into one ering the number of observable indicators and over 600 sample
subgroup, and SEM was used to test the applicability of the core individuals, the smallest specific-group sample size should be 100.
dimension structure to each specific subgroup. The attribute types Twelve building contractors were categorized into one spe-
of enterprise serves as the grouping variable in the specific-group cific group, and five specialty trade contractors were categorized
analysis. into another specific group (Table 2). By means of SEM, the con-
Many researchers proposed the sample size requirement for structed safety-climate core dimension structure was revalidated.
SEM. Schumacker and Lomax (1996) discovered that most SEM The statistical results of the specific-group analysis are shown in
sample sizes are above 200. Kline (1998) pointed out that if the Tables 5 and 6.
SEM sample size is lower than 100, researchers cannot get reliable Table 5 indicates that the two specific subgroups show a favor-
results. Huang (2004) suggested that if there are 15 observable able goodness of fit, though some indices become inferior to those
F1 → SC1 0.635 a
0.582 a
contractors, because the former has a higher goodness of fit than
F2 → SC11 0.252 — 0.520 — the latter. One reason lies in the generation of the a priori theoretical
F2 → SC12 0.783 a
0.754 a
framework. The existing research in the literature review is mostly
F2 → SC13 0.702 a
0.712 a
F2 → SC14 0.696 a
0.830 a undertaken in building projects or enterprise. Dimensions and their
F2 → SC15 0.621 a
0.780 a indicators are mostly derived from building environments, so the
F2 → SC16 0.736 a
0.831 a core dimensions structure has a more favorable goodness of fit in
F2 → SC17 0.625 a
0.671 a
building contractors. The other reason is the homogeneity of the
F3 → SC18 0.303 — 0.186 — selected specific subgroups. The 12 building contractors have sim-
F3 → SC10 0.611 a
0.567 0.052 ilar core businesses, management systems, organizational process
F3 → SC3 0.577 a
0.698 0.049 assets, and environmental factors. In other words, sample data in
F3 → SC2 0.643 a
0.591 0.048
the building contractors group have high homogeneity, and thus
F4 → SC8 0.742 — 0.792 —
F4 → SC9 0.674 a
0.478 a have high convergence in the development of safety climate. In
F4 → SC7 0.799 a
0.763 a contrast, the five specialty trade contractors have different specialty
trades such as installment, decoration and machinery manufactur-
a
If the value of p < 0.001, it is denoted by footnote “a”; otherwise, it will
ing, etc. They have different core businesses, which decreases the
show the exact numeral.
convergence of sample data.
The purpose of the study is to assist in more valid and effective
of the whole group in Table 4. About 64.7% of indicators in the designing of construction safety-climate scales by providing a
building contractors group and 58.82% of indices in the specialty standardized basis and criterion. Core dimensions and their indica-
trade contractors group can well satisfy the fit criteria. Moreover, tors in the study can be directly applied in practice and also trans-
two key indices, namely, the chi-square and chi-square divided by formed into specific dimensions based on the specific contexts.
DOF, improve much and are very close to 1. It should be noted that The generation of specific dimensions is not only the flexible ap-
the decline of goodness of fit in specific-group analysis can be plication of the theoretical core dimension structure, but also the
attributed to the significant shrink of the sample size. enrichment and expansion of its content and scope, as well as the
Table 6 shows that the standardized regression weights of the improvement of its feasibility.
two subgroups mostly lie between 0.50 and 0.95. For building con- This study established correlative links among different core di-
tractors and specialty trade contractors, 100 and 88.9% of weight mensions of safety climate. Safety priority, which also can also be
coefficients are significant, respectively. Thus, the observable partly regarded as management commitment to safety, has direct
indicators can be explained by core dimensions, and the relation- predictive relationships to both safety supervision, training, and
ships among core dimensions are strong. However, it should be communication and safety rules and procedures. It also has indirect
noted that for the specialty trade contractors, the relationships predictive effects on safety involvement, which is mediated by
among a few variables are insignificant. According to Table 6, it safety rules and procedures. Management commitment is proven
is concluded that goodness of fit of specialty trade contractors is to be closely associated with safety leadership, and of paramount
inferior to that of building contractors. importance for the development of safety policy as well as the al-
The internal consistency reliability indices of safety-climate location of resources to safety (Mohamed 2002; Lu and Yang 2010;
core dimensions of specific subgroups are also examined. As to the Fang and Wu 2013). With the higher priority of safety over other
building contractors group, the internal consistency reliability in- organizational and project goals, safety supervision will be rein-
dices of the four dimensions from F1 to F4 are 0.7781, 0.8899, forced to reduce safety risk levels as low as possible. Constant and
0.5976, and 0.7257, respectively. As to the specialty trade contrac- effective safety training will be provided to the whole staff, and
tors group, the indices of the four dimensions are 0.7219, 0.8287, safety communication will be facilitated among the whole organi-
0.6202, and 0.7834, respectively. zation, driven by strong safety leadership (Dingsdag et al. 2006).
In conclusion, the model has a favorable goodness of fit, high
Safety commitment of the management can also enhance the ob-
internal quality, and acceptable reliability in the specific-group
servance of safety rules and procedures, and reduce risk-taking
analysis. Therefore, it was constructed successfully.
behaviors of the employees as much as possible. In turn, voluntary
safety involvement of the staff can be promoted after violations of
Discussion of the Results safety rules are minimized and the whole organization benefits
from the safe environment (Fang et al. 2006). As follows, more
By means of SEM, this research established a safety-climate core details of the essence and practical implications of the four core
dimension structure for construction enterprises. Based on the dimensions are discussed and interpreted in order to offer guidance
findings of previous studies in this area, the model contains four for the application of the core dimension structure, including the
dimensions and three correlative links in between. This simplicity generation of observable indicators and specific dimensions.
climate construct. It is flexible and can be transformed or give Fang, D., and Wu, H. (2013). “Development of a safety culture interaction
rise to specific dimensions in specific contexts. In other words, (SCI) model for construction projects.” Saf. Sci., 57, 138–149.
core dimensions and their indicators in the study can be not Fang, D., Yang, C., and Wong, L. (2006). “Safety climate in construction
only directly applied in practice and other studies, but also industry: A case study in Hong Kong.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage.,
transformed into specific dimensions based on the specific 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:6(573), 573–584.
contexts. Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2007).
3. Core dimensions and their mutual relationships also have “Safety management system: Development and validation of a multi-
dimensional scale.” J. Loss Prev. Process Ind., 20(1), 52–68.
abundant practical implications, which are specified in detail
Flin, R., Mearns, K., O’Connor, P., and Bryden, R. (2000). “Measuring
in the paper, so as to offer guidance for the application of the
safety climate: Identifying the common features.” Saf. Sci., 34(1–3),
core dimension structure, including the generation of observa- 177–192.
ble indicators and specific dimensions. Core dimensions and Flynn, B. B., Schroeder, R. G., and Sakakibara, S. (1994). “A framework
their relationships together are the actual kernel of safety man- for quality management research and an associated measurement instru-
agement systems, and can offer guidance to effective construc- ment.” J. Oper. Manage., 11(4), 339–366.
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