Mai 2018

Accepted manuscript doi:
10.1680/jstbu.18.00014
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10.1680/jstbu.18.00014
Submitted: 08 January 2018
Published online in ‘accepted manuscript’ format: 06 June 2018
Manuscript title: Assessment of historic stone arch bridges characterization: experiments
and numerical model
Authors: Khai Quang Mai1, Sung-Min Lee2 and Kihak Lee1
Affiliations: 1Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea and
2
Korea Construction Quality Research Center, Seoul, Korea
Corresponding author: Kihak Lee, Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong
University, Seoul, Korea. Tel.: (82-2) 3408-3286; Fax: (82-2) 3408-3671.
E-mail: kihaklee@sejong.ac.kr
10.1680/jstbu.18.00014
Abstract
The importance of historic stone arch bridges in Korea based on their very long period of use, and their ability to
change the landscape. The inherent variations in a bridge’s constituent material, its deterioration over time and
other damages, directly affect the structural response of these heritage structures. In order to characterize the
structural components and behavior of a masonry arch bridge in Korea, a series of full-scale experiments
including dynamic measurement, non-destructive tests and advanced geomatics techniques were conducted.
Three-dimensional models of the Hyongye-gyo bridge were created using commercial finite element software
(ANSYS 17.1) and various modifications were also made to enhance the computer model. Using experimental
and numerical results, obtained with advanced technologies, a rational definition of the material properties and
structural geometry were simulated with a three-dimensional finite element model. It is found that despite the
complexity of the masonry stone arch bridge, a reasonable assumption set of material properties and the friction
angle between the voussoir’s interfaces enable a good prediction of the actual performance of the bridge with a
margin of 12%.
Keywords: Bridge; Dynamics; Maintenance & inspection
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1. Introduction
Heritage structures provide a tangible connection to the past which allows people to engage
with personal and cultural memories. These structures, which have been standing for decades,
and have been used for a number of generations, continue to play an important role in today’s
society. Because of their age, these historic structures undergo progressive deterioration over
time due to the combined effect of factors like material deterioration, damage or deformation.
This makes it important to assess structural behaviors and identify limits in order to
determine whether and when maintenance or repair and strengthening is necessary.
Masonry arched bridges which consist of large stones are considered to be one of the most
important types of heritage structures. These structures provide a crucial linking element in
road and waterway infrastructures around the world, especially in Europe. For example, there
are thousands of masonry arch bridges in Italy, while in the UK there are three times as many
(Costa et al. 2015). Most of them are aged over 100 years, but they are still intact and are
valued as local historic structures.
Determining the heritage bridges’ reliability and status is challenging because knowledge
about the conditions of these bridges is lacking, and there are no comprehensive analysis
procedures. The first of these difficulties can never totally be solved, but those issues are
somewhat less important than the detectable issues such as the stone material, or geometric
configuration (Fanning and Thomas 2001a). Several geomatics techniques, including
photogrammetry or laser scanning, have been employed for decades to capture the physical
properties and geometry of masonry arch bridges, and provide invaluable information about
the bridge measurements (Riveiro et al. 2011a; Riveiro et al. 2011b). The case of Cernadela
Bridge, which is approximately 60 m long and crosses the Tea River in Galicia of Spain, is a
typical example of how these advanced techniques have been used for bridge evaluation
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(Carr et al. 2013). However, the analysis procedures developed over the last 20 years, such as
nonlinear incremental techniques, usually involve bi-dimensional arches, or other approaches
which neglect the arch-fill interaction, or classical approaches (MEXE), and do not provide a
proper assessment of the masonry bridges (Fairfield and Ponniah 1996, Brencich and Donato
2008). Three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) models partly overcome these
limitations by allowing an entire description of the masonry bridges and detailed constitutive
models. The drawback of this method is the large number of factors, such as elastic modulus,
Poisson’s ratios and so on, which need to be properly identified. Fanning et al. 2001b;
Frunzio et al. 2001; Sevim et al. 2011, 2016; Altunisik et al. 2015a, 2015b; Bayraktar et al.
2015; and other researchers (Domede et al. 2013; Costa et al. 2016; Karaton et al. 2017)
conducted 3D FEM modelling using the commercial software ANSYS (2017) and another FE
software (Ng. et al. 1999; Hughes et al. 2002; Drosopoulos et al. 2006; Aoki et al. 2007),
with continuous solid elements for the analysis of masonry bridges. They all implied the
potential of three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis in predicting behavior of
bridge under earthquake response as well as evaluating capacity of the arch bridges.
In line with previous studies, this paper presents the results of full-scale ambient vibration
tests on a typical stone arch bridge in Korea. The stone’s material properties as well as the
geometric configuration of the bridge were also measured by using the advanced techniques
mentioned above. A three-dimensional nonlinear FE model of the arch bridge was generated
based on the tested parameters. A good correlation was attained between the full-scale test
and numerical results, which shows that the structural performance of historic arch bridges
can be predictable.
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2. Hongye-gyo bridge and stone arch bridge in Korea
More than 1,500 historic stone structures still exist in Korea, but only a few of them are stone
arch bridges. Based on Korean heritage, the stone bridge in Korea was constructed as far
back as AD 413, and represents the earliest advanced bridge construction technology in
Korea. Therefore, the role of heritage bridges needs to be respected, and preservation
conducted to protect both their beauty and structural stability. In 2003, the Korea government
began the Cheonggycheon restoration project, which rehabilitated several old bridges in the
northern half of Seoul (Hong et al. 2009).
Fig. 1a exhibits details of a typical masonry arch bridge in Korea. In general, it consists of a
stone arch (with a semi-circular shape using long granite voussoirs from 30 to 70 cm thick,
which seems easy to handle), spandrel wall (with rough face using rectangular granite) and
fill material (using coarse gravel or rushed rock or etc). Originally, mortar was not used to
link stones in the arch or to link the arch and spandrel, but for restoration process, lime or
cement mortar is often used.
Hongye-gyo bridge, the case in this study, was built in 1790 in Byeongyeong-myeon,
Jeollanam-do of Korea, and is 11.38 m long, 3.09 m wide and 5 m high. The bridge consists
of a single arch of about 6.8 m span using long granite voussoirs as shown in Fig. 1d. A total
of 26 rows of granite voussoirs were used to form the arch, which contains a dragon with a
bead in the center of the bridge. As a typical traditional masonry arch bridge in Korea, coarse
gravel, crushed rock or soil were used to form the fill of the bridge, and the properties of this
fill is generally variable and unknown. Two sides of the arch bridge are designed with strong
abutments of some form of stone, with unknown depth, and can be considered partially rigid.
In general, the bridge was in good condition for pedestrian traffic at the time of the ambient
vibration testing.
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3. Dynamic experiment
To estimate the physical and mechanical parameters of the Hongye-gyo stone arch bridge,
vibration measurements were carried out. The main test variables are highlighted below.
3.1. Test setup
The measurement device adopted for the ambient testing is exhibited in Fig. 2. This device is
the standard model of The BlastMate Series III, which offers four recording channels with a
standard transducer. The BlastMate III has been widely used for evaluating dynamic
properties, such as natural frequencies, mode shapes, or damping ratios with many national
frequency analysis standard and variable sample rates. Table. 1 summarizes the specifications
of the BlastMate III.
Several dynamic testing procedures can be conducted on a bridge to assess its dynamic
performance, such as a walking test, sand bag drop test, and impact hammer test which have
been widely applied for historic structure as well as for modern structures (Quang et al. 2015;
Mai-Quang et al. 2017; Mai et al. 2018). For simplicity’s sake and to avoid affecting the
safety of the bridge, the walking load test was chosen in this study. The seismic excitation
was induced by an approximately 75kg man walking at a normal pace across the stone arched
bridge. Because forces applied in the test will vary from person to person, and the ability to
match the frequency will vary. This procedure was widely known as human movement. The
free vibration caused by vehicles passing on the nearby national road was also measured.
However, the very low levels of vibration caused by natural forces was recognized. This is
particularly true for this masonry structures, which was located in rural area.
The transducer was attached on the middle-top surface of the Hongye-gyo bridge to measure
the induced vibration (Fig. 3). The locations of the sensor are determined depending on the
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number of modes to be obtained. In general, the reading taken from the midspan point clearly
provided frequency responses and the natural frequency of the bridge was not significantly
different from measuring point to point. For all tests, the sampling rate was set to 1024 Hz,
which corresponds to a bandwidth of frequency ranging from 2 to 300Hz. The time history
signal obtained from the transducer was converted into a data file using the Excel program,
and then the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method and curve fitting method were applied to
estimate the important modal parameters.
3.2. Identification of Modal Parameters
The first three natural frequencies (13.875, 21.25, 32.68 Hz) of the entire bridge obtained
during the walking test are presented in Fig. 4. For typical 1 span bridges with moment
resisting support and composite decks, the fundamental frequency ranges between 10 to 30
Hz. This research found a similar 1 span bridge had been measured by Cristina Costa et al.
(2015) which was about 11.2 m long, 5.9 m wide and 11 m high. This masonry railway
bridge consisted of a single arch of about 8 m span with regular voussoirs 0.6 m thick. The
first two natural frequencies were 12.75, and 19.75 Hz.
The results also fit well with a large amount of data obtained by the authors by measuring the
fundamental frequencies of 18 other bridges in Korea. In addition, it is worth noting that
Hongye-gyo bridge is a masonry cultural heritage structure, so the Korean Government only
allows people to walk on this bridge. The fact is that walking resonance will happen at a
frequency between 1.6 and 2.4 Hz, and vertical modes above 5 Hz are unlikely to be excited.
For that reason, this bridge is safe for walking, without generating a resonant frequency.
From the test results, the first natural frequency for vertical vibration was 13.9 Hz, while for
the horizontal vibration the first mode was 7.31 Hz. The mode shape of the arch bridge was
identified through three-dimension FEA models. The attenuation coefficient (the
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phenomenon of wave amplitude decreasing (He et al. 2005)) as measured under the condition
of free vibration was 0.207 dB/m. This coefficient was very high, since the attenuation ratio
of most arch bridges is under 0.1 dB/m (Sung-min et al. 2001).
4. Numerical model
After the Hongye-gyo bridge which was experimentally investigated, the commercial
program ANSYS was then utilized to generate a finite element model of the bridge. The
structural elements in the bridge were individualized, such as the stone arch barrel and fill
material. These elements were modeled with a three-dimensional eight nodes structural solid,
Solid185, which is defined by eight nodes having three degrees of freedom at each node and
is capable of large deformation and cracking in three orthogonal directions (Ansys version
17.1).
Hongye-gyo bridge is a masonry cultural heritage structure, so the use of accurate geometry
also plays a dominant role in the numerical analysis. Recently, advanced geomatics
techniques have been created to capture digital renderings of structures to aid in their
assessment (for example digital photogrammetry or laser scanning). In this study, the
specification and shape of the basic structure was based on the results of a 3-D scanner
measurement, which was simplified and idealized for convenience as shown in Fig. 5. It is
noted that Hongye bridge is composed of boulder, gravel, other fill materials, etc. It has been
reported that a discontinuous structure can be safely assumed to be a continuous structure,
because the discontinuous structure with many members behaves like a continuous structure
(Como et al. 1992). Table. 2 shows the natural frequency measurements for the masonry
cultural heritage structures in various locations in Korea.
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The approximate material properties for the FE model were determined based on field data,
and consultation with literature on masonry bridges in Korea. The relational equation
between modulus of elasticity, E, and shear modulus of elasticity, G, is expressed in equation
(1). The average modulus of elasticity for Hongye-gyo was calculated by considering the
range of values of shear modulus of elasticity determined from other Korean heritage
structures. A non-destructive ultrasonic probing test (Fig. 6) was also conducted on the
masonry bridge to measure the average speed of its elastic wave (2,259.41m/sec).
E
G (1)
2(1   )
E (1   )
p  (2)
 (1   )(1  2 )
 (1   )(1  2 )
E   p2  (3)
1 
The modulus of elasticity, E, is computed using equations (2) and (3) using the speed of the
elastic wave, p. Based on the theoretical background discussed above, the stone arch barrel
was modeled using equivalent mechanical properties of stone material to represent the
properties of the stone blocks. The unit weight of the stone arch was considered to be equal to
2600 kg/m3, and the elastic modulus was taken as 10 Gpa. In the upper zones, the backfill
contained smooth faced small stones which were strongly bonded by cement mortar and soil.
Therefore, the elastic modulus was assumed to be 1.55 Gpa and the material density was
considered to be 2000 kg/m3. The Poisson’s ratio of the arch and filler material considered in
the analysis are shown in Table 3.
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Appropriate modeling of the boundary conditions plays a crucial role in determining the
behaviors of stone arched bridges. In this study, rigid supports were used to block possible
movements of the FE mesh which were located at the bottom of the arch foundations. The
outer edges of the fill material were restrained in the span direction, while in the transverse
direction the free edges were not restrained. The three-dimensional finite elements of the
Hongye-gyo stone bridge with real scale are shown in Fig. 7.
4.1. The influence of contact friction
In most historic arched structures in Korea, the stone voussoir are not connected with each
other by mortar or other adhesives, but only by bonding between the blocks, which increases
with compression, and carry no tension. The self-weight of the fill above the stone arch not
only induces additional compression in the arch, but also smoothly distributes the
concentrated loads over the stone bridge. As a result, strong friction forces are generated
between the interfaces of the stones and affect the behavior of the stone arch bridge. The
performance of such bridges is also related to the stone arch and fill material interface. The
fill material tended to hang from the surrounding arch barrel and generated significant local
stresses which lead to convergence problem. For that reason, the behavior of the arch-fill
interaction was model by a surface-to-surface method which is available in ANSYS (2017).
The contact element, CONTAC174, was chosen with a coefficient of fiction being 0.4 to 0.5.
In order to avoid the local intrusion, the penalty contact algorithm was specified in this
numerical.
The friction angle was initially chosen to be equal to 5 degrees, and then increased until the
coefficient reached 1. The incremental iterative of the Newton – Raphson method was
adopted for the FE solution and the results are indicated in Fig. 8. The natural frequency of a
stone bridge ranged from 13.375 to 14.05 Hz with the variation in friction coefficient ranging
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from 0.1 to 1, respectively. It clearly showed that with the effect of the fill material, the stone
arch is mainly subjected to compression, so there is little change in its natural frequency.
Therefore, the coefficient of friction was determined to minimize the differences between the
numerical and experimental evaluations. This value should be high enough to prevent sliding.
In this case, for further analysis the chosen coefficient of friction between the granite
voussoirs was equal to 0.5, with frequencies of error for mode 1, mode 2, and mode 3 of
0.52%, 11.6%, and 3.5%, respectively.
The modal analysis generated the first three vibration mode shapes which are exhibited in
Fig. 9. The arch bridge generally has two main types of vibration modes, the flexural
(primarily in the lateral direction), which cause transverse movements of the desk and
torsional modes. The observation from mode 1 to 3 allows the detection of symmetry of the
bridge deformed configurations. The numerical analysis did not provide results consistent
with the experimental modal test, especially for the higher modes. This differences between
experimental and numerical analysis can be explained by dissimilarities between the real
bridge structure and the idealized analytical models. There are many parameters in the actual
structural properties that analytical models may not accurately reflect, for example, the
material properties or the boundary condition of the stone arch bridge. While some important
parameters were carefully considered in this paper, more research on material properties,
geometrical specifications of the bridge and force-transferring mechanisms between the stone
arch needed to be carried out to develop a realistic and accurate numerical analysis model.
4.2. The influence of fill and voussoir material properties
The material properties of the masonry arch were obtained by experimental measurements,
therefore, they remained unchanged in the updated model analysis. However, it can be
concluded that changing the strength of the masonry arch does not significantly affect the
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natural frequency, compared with changes in the strength of the fill material. The natural
frequency will be affected by how many stones compose the masonry arch. It has been
reported that the natural frequencies are much lower in bridges which are composed of
numerous voussoir, such as in the masonry arches of Danhong – gyo bridge or in the case of
Ssanghong – gyo bridge (on Jindo Island). In those arch bridges, a large number of small
stones were used to form the arch, which leads to a very low natural frequency in the range of
2 to 4 Hz.
The coefficient of friction for the next analysis model was also fixed at 0.5. The fill material
properties were varied to examine the response of the arch bridge. The modulus of elasticity
of the fill material was initially chosen to be equal to 1x109 (N/m2) and it was then increased
until the modulus reached 2x109 (N/m2). The results for the first vibration mode of the
Hongye-gyo stone arch bridge are exhibited in Table. 4. Apparently, the behavior of the fill
material, which increases the self-weight of the bridge and then induces additional
compression in the arch, plays an important part in the response of the masonry arch bridge.
Therefore, if mechanical material properties are experimentally available, more accurate data
may result in the numerical analysis.
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5. Conclusion
The primary purpose of this research was to develop a comprehensive procedure for
clarifying the structural characteristics of a historic stone arch bridge in Korea. The three
main areas of this research involved the characterization of the bridge materials, dynamic
tests and construction of a realistic bridge model using FEM. The following conclusions are
drawn from the investigation results.
Different techniques recently developed to determine material properties can provide a basis
for global bridge analysis. With accurate experimental data, a three-dimensional model can
be implemented using commercial software (ANSYS 17.1) to predict the behavior of a
heritage bridge. A good correlation was observed between the vibration test data and three-
dimensional models, rendering the natural frequencies within a reasonable margin of 12%. A
more accurate evaluation can be expected if experimental estimations of the spandrels and
backfill material, which have substantial influence on bridge behavior, are available.
Despite the complexity of the stone surfaces in a masonry arch bridge, a reasonable
assumption can be applied to produce an explicit numerical analysis model. From the analysis
results, the friction angle between the voussoir’s interfaces defined in ANSYS program
should be high enough to obtain a good result. However, it is likely that further research
needs to be carried out to have a full understanding of the interaction between backfill and
arch.
Finally, it is worth emphasizing that most of the old heritage bridges in Korea are only used
for people (pedestrian bridges), so bridge serviceability should be addressed instead of
assessing load carrying capacity. Accordingly, ambient vibration measurement is an attractive
method of obtaining invaluable information in masonry arch bridge measurements.
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Acknowledgement
This research was supported by a grant (2016R1A2B4014186) from National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF).
NOTATION.
E Modulus of elasticity
G Shear modulus
 Poisson’s ratio
 Speed of the elastic wave (m/s)
The mass density of the material
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Table. 1 Specifications of the measuring equipment

Equipment BlastMate III
Measurement range 0.127mm/sec ~ 254mm/sec
Frequency range 2Hz ~ 300Hz
Sample rate 1,024 to 16,384 S/s per channel
Record modes Histogram and Instantel histogram combo
Recording interval 2, 5 or 15 seconds; 1, 5 or 15 minutes
Operating temperature -10 to 500C
Maker Blastmate Inc. of Canada
Table 2. Modal results of measured masonry cultural heritage structures
First natural Shear coefficient

Name of elasticity Infill material
frequency (Hz)
(kg/cm2)
Sand or Sand –
Castle at Nakaneup 26 ~ 41 2.1x103 ~ 8.9x103
gravel
Castle at 6.4x103 ~ Sand-gravel or
40 ~ 51
Gochangeup 13.6x103 gravel
2.3x103 ~
Castle at Haemieup 17 ~ 52 Sand or gravel
19.6x103
Table 3. Material properties for Hongye-gyo bridge.

Modulus of
Density
Material Poisson’s ratio elasticity
(kg/m3)
(N/m2)
Stone arches 2600 0.3 10.0E9
Backfill 2000 0.25 1.55E9
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Table 4. Natural frequency based on fill material.
Modulus of
elasticity 1.0x109 1.5x109 1.55x109 2.0x109
(N/m2)
First natural 12.1 Hz 13.6 Hz 13.9 Hz 15.4 Hz
frequency
LIST OF FIGURE.
Fig 1. Typical historical masonry arch bridge in Korea.
Fig 2. BlastMate III monitors and transducer.
Fig 3. Instrument location.
Fig 4. Dynamic results for the Hongye-gyo bridge.
Fig 5. Actual image and idealized image of Hongye-gyo bridge.
Fig 6. Material inspection of Hongyeo bridge.
Fig 7. Geometry and meshing of Hongye-gyo arch bridge.
Fig 8. Frequency with change in Coefficient of friction.
Fig 9. First three identified mode shapes.
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Keywords: Bridge; Dynamics; Maintenance & inspection

determine whether and when maintenance or repair and strengthening is necessary.

valued as local historic structures.

configuration (Fanning and Thomas 2001a). Several geomatics techniques, including

nonlinear incremental techniques, usually involve bi-dimensional arches, or other approaches

potential of three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis in predicting behavior of

northern half of Seoul (Hong et al. 2009).

cement mortar is often used.

3.1. Test setup

of the BlastMate III.

estimate the important modal parameters.

3.2. Identification of Modal Parameters

first two natural frequencies were 12.75, and 19.75 Hz.

fundamental frequencies of 18 other bridges in Korea. In addition, it is worth noting that

identified through three-dimension FEA models. The attenuation coefficient (the

of most arch bridges is under 0.1 dB/m (Sung-min et al. 2001).

reported that a discontinuous structure can be safely assumed to be a continuous structure,

cultural heritage structures in various locations in Korea.

between modulus of elasticity, E, and shear modulus of elasticity, G, is expressed in equation

the analysis are shown in Table 3.

Hongye-gyo stone bridge with real scale are shown in Fig. 7.

4.1. The influence of contact friction

interaction was model by a surface-to-surface method which is available in ANSYS (2017).

0.52%, 11.6%, and 3.5%, respectively.

4.2. The influence of fill and voussoir material properties

may result in the numerical analysis.

drawn from the investigation results.

be implemented using commercial software (ANSYS 17.1) to predict the behavior of a

for people (pedestrian bridges), so bridge serviceability should be addressed instead of

assessing load carrying capacity. Accordingly, ambient vibration measurement is an attractive

method of obtaining invaluable information in masonry arch bridge measurements.

This research was supported by a grant (2016R1A2B4014186) from National Research

Foundation of Korea (NRF).

 Speed of the elastic wave (m/s)

The mass density of the material

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