Fluida Komplesi

MK OPERASI WORKOVER – 2021

Completion Fluids
This session will cover:
▪ Purpose of completion fluids.
▪ Brine properties and selection.
▪ Alternatives to Brine.
Completion Fluids
• What is completion fluid?
• Fluid that is displaced in to the well before the completion is run.
• Enables the completion to be run in a solids-free fluid.
• Provides overbalance (well control) where the completion is run in to a well that is open
to the reservoir (open hole completion or perforated completion)
• A fluid that is left in the annulus after the completion has been installed
(Packer fluid).
• Kill fluid used during workovers or interventions.
Completion Fluids
What can become completion fluid?
• Brine. Clear, solids free fluid.
• Density controlled by adding salts to water. Different salts are used to obtain
a range of densities up to 21 lb/gall (2.5 sg)
• Additional chemicals can be added to clean and preserve the casing.
Completion Brines
• Completion fluids must be non formation damaging
• Completion brines should always be mixed in freshwater
• Incompatibility can occur when mixing some salts
• Brine density is sensitive to temperature
• Salts may crystallize out at low temperatures and block equipment
• Brine viscosifiers (organic polymers) can be difficult to disperse
Brine Density
Completion Fluids Program
• Working with completion fluids, aspects to be considered are:
• Health and Safety implications of mixing and handling various brines
• Rig equipment and precautions
• Field mixing procedures
• Displacement procedures
• Typical properties of the fluids
• Calculations and formulations tables
Material Safety Datasheet (ZnBr2)
Brine Properties
• Heath and Safety.
• Density – Well Control.
• Crystallization.
• Compatibility.
Brine Density for Well Control
• Brine needs to overbalance formation pressure – usually 200 to 300 psi.

• An exception can be when a well is displaced to underbalanced completion

fluid with a cemented and tested liner and with BOPs on. After installing the
tree, it can be perforated underbalance in a controlled environment
• Temperature and pressure corrections are generally needed for deep wells to
control pressure and avoid excessive overbalance pressures
Brine Density
• Brine density increases with increasing pressure.
• Brine density decreases with increasing temperature.

• To calculate the adjustment.......

 Brine Density Adjustment
1: Calculate average well temperature:
BHT = Bottom Hole Temperature
ST = Surface Temperature
AT = Average temperature.
2: Calculate the average temperature increase over the standard measurement temperature.
API standard is 70 deg F. AT – Std = ATI
Brine CFT
Std = Standard measurement temp (70 deg F API)
NaCl or Kcl 0.0024
ATI = Average temperature increase. CaCl2 0.0027
NaBr or NaBr/NaCl 0.0033
3: Calculate density change due to temperature: ATI x Cft = DL
CaBr2 or CaBr2/CaCl2 0.0033
Cft = Correction factor for temperature (from Table) ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 (< 17.5 lb/gal) 0.0036
ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 (> 17.5 lb/gal) 0.0048
DL = Density Loss
Brine Density Adjustment
4. Calculate average hydrostatic pressure:

SD = Surface density at 70 deg f

AH = Average hydrostatic pressure.
5. Calculate density gain due to pressure: DG = AH x CFp Brine CFP
NaCl or Kcl 0.000019
DG = Density Gain CaCl2 0.000017
CFp = Pressure correction factor - from table. NaBr or NaBr/NaCl 0.000021
CaBr2 or CaBr2/CaCl2 0.000022
6. Calculate average wellbore density: AD=(SD - DL) +DG. ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 (< 17.5 lb/gal) 0.000022
AD = Average well bore density or effective density. ZnBr2/CaBr2/CaCl2 (> 17.5 lb/gal) 0.000031
Example
Calculate Effective density for a 10,000 ft (TVD) well needing a 13ppg CaBr brine
with a bottom hole temperature of 230 deg f.
Answer:
• 13ppg * 0.052 * 10,000 ft = 6750 psi.
• Corrected for temperature and pressure - 12.81 ppg.
• 12.81 ppg * 0.052 * 10,000 ft = 6661 psi. – Loss of 89 psi from overbalance.
Dealing with losses.
• Solids free LCM
• Polymers Bridging particle sizing:
• Estimation based on permeability
• Bridging Solids (rule-
of-thumb)
• Calcium carbonate. Pore space in Micron
• Sized Salt = Square root of permeability in mD
1 Micron (micrometre)
• Cellulose fibres.
= 1/1000 millimetre = 0.000039 in
• Mechanical
K
• Wireline set plugs.
Lost Circulation Material (LCM)
• Solids free LCM
• Brine can be viscosified using HEC polymer.
• Using HEC pills.
• Where possible use filtered brine that meets 2 micron absolute standard.
• Mixing tanks and lines should be cleaned of all potential contaminants.
• Mixing hopper systems should be high shear and tanks should contain an agitation
method other than fluid flow from the hopper. (Air bubble agitation is not an
adequate method.)
• If a reliably clean and high shear mixing system cannot be accomplished, a
dedicated third party mix system should be used.
Lost Circulation Material (LCM) –
Bridging Solids
Calcium Carbonate:
• This is the most common of all the bridging materials.
• Usually made from dolomite or marble, it is acid soluble.
• It is available in a range of sizes or can be made to a particular
specification.
• Particle sizing will depend on the reservoir pore throat size.
• In many cases, the particles will lift off spontaneously when the well is
backflowed. Failing this, carbonate material can be removed with hydrochloric
acid. Formation compatibility testing should be carried out on the acid first.
Lost Circulation Material (LCM) -
Bridging Solids
Sodium Chloride – Sized Salt.
• To prevent the solid salt from being dissolved in the pill, the base fluid must be
saturated with respect to sodium chloride.
• In theory, solution of the salt by formation brine or a low salinity wash should
effectively remove the filter cake. However, in practice, clean up effectiveness is
reduced by the polymers used to keep the salt particles in suspension.
• Polymer breaking enzymes are often run in conjunction with the low salinity wash
to aid in the removal of polymers in the filter cake.
• Formation damage tests should be conducted to ensure that the high salinity fluid
is compatible with the reservoir
Lost Circulation Material (LCM) –
Bridging Solids
Cellulose Fibres
• Cellulose fibres are available in a variety of sizes and can effectively
bridge pores.
• They can be removed by oxidising with sodium hypochlorite, however this
should only be considered after careful evaluation of potential formation
damage and downhole corrosion of tubulars.
• In most cases calcium carbonate is every bit as efficient a bridging
material and is generally more economical in its application
Brine Crystallization
• The crystallization temperature is the second most important
selection criterion for a completion brine
• The crystallization temperature is the temperature at which the
least-soluble salt becomes insoluble and precipitates out
• The crystals can be either solids or freshwater ice
• Crystals and precipitation can lead to a number of
problems:
• The density may be reduced
• Brine viscosity increases with salt crystals,
brine appears to be frozen solid
• Lines are plugged
• Ice plugs form in the riser or the wellhead or
the BOP (where temperatures cold)
• The process needs energy (heat) to reverse the
effects
Brine Compatibility
• Brine must be:
• Compatible with the formation
• Compatible with reservoir fluids.
• Need to understand
• Corrosion mechanisms
• Formation damage mechanisms.
Brine Compatibility
• Brine – formation damage mechanisms.
• Clay swelling.
• Scale formation
• Fines migration
• Wettability changes
• Polymer Invasion
• Emulsions
• pH
Formation Compatibility
• Compatibility with formation clays
• The main concern is with formation clay
compatibility
• The contact with reservoir rock will cause
swelling and / or deflocculating of formation
clay
• To prevent clay swelling a completion fluid
must meet a minimum salinity requirement
( 3% NH4Cl or 2 % KCl )
Formation Compatibility
• Compatibility with formation water needs to be tested
• Incompatibility with formation water can lead to the formation of
scales
• Scales are the result of the deposition of inorganic material
• The scales found in formation water are calcium, iron carbonates,
sulphates and silicate,
• Scales can be formed by mixing incompatible waters
• Example is formation water containing Barium and seawater with sulphates
leading to Barium Sulphate deposition.
Fines Migration
• High rate bullhead could cause blocking of pore
throats because of fines migration. Moderate
rates?

• Nature of fluid could help mobilise fines –

Acids and some surfactants.
• Deflocculant can be used to disperse fines and
help prevent blocking.
Brine compatibility – Wettability change
Polymer Invasion
• Polymers used for:
• LCM
• Hi-viscosity sweeps
• Can block pore space in the
formation.
• Break under reservoir temperature?
Alternatives to Brine
• Where reservoir pressure is very low, water-based completion fluids may
be unpractical.
• Lighter alternatives can be used.
• Nitrogen gas (0.1 – 2.6 ppg) depending on pressure.
• Foams (3.5 – 8.3 ppg)
• Kerosene, diesel or base oil (6.7 – 7.1 ppg)
• 20 API crude (7.8 ppg)
• 30 API crude (7.3 ppg)
Emulsions
• If the well has been drilled with oil-
based mud, emulsion can form with
completion brine.
• If mobile fines are present,
emulsion can become stable
and difficult to break.
Brine additives
• Caustic Soda, Magnesium Oxide – used to increase pH and thus reduce corrosion rate.
High pH (above 9.5) can mobilize reservoir fines
• Corrosion inhibitor – Limits tubular corrosion.
• Lubricant – Circulated in with the brine to reduce tubing to casing friction. Can also be
used with wireline and coil tubing.
• Defoamer – used to prevent foaming in the pits when using surfactants and
corrosion inhibitors.
• Biocide – Used to inhibit bacterial activity in low salinity brines.
• Clay Inhibitors
Any question?