Question # 1: Flow Area Computations for different structures?

Answer:
The flow area computations for different structures depend on the geometry of the
structure and the flow regime (whether it's laminar or turbulent). Here are some common
equations for calculating flow area for various structures:
1. Circular Pipe (for flow inside a pipe):
 For laminar flow (Reynolds number < 2000);
Flow area (A) can be calculated using the formula:
2
πd
A=
4
Where;
A is the flow area.
π (pi) is a constant approximately equal to 3.14159.
d is the diameter of the pipe.

 For turbulent flow (Reynolds number > 4000);

Flow area (A) is the same as the cross-sectional area of the pipe, which is;
2
πd
A=
4

2.

Rectangular Duct (for flow inside a rectangular duct):

The flow area (A) for a rectangular duct is calculated as;
A=W⋅H
Where;
A is the flow area.
 W is the width of the duct.
H is the height of the duct.

3. Triangle (for flow inside a triangular duct or channel):

The flow area (A) for a triangular duct can be calculated as;
B.H
A=
2

Where;
A is the flow area.
B is the base width of the
triangle.
H is the height of the
triangle.

4. Annular (Ring) Cross-Section (e.g., in annular pipes or pipe sections):

For the flow area of an annular cross-section, you need to subtract the inner area from the
outer area;
A=π⋅ (R 2 2 −R 1 2 )
Where;
 A is the flow area.
π (pi) is a constant approximately equal to 3.14159.

R2 is the outer radius.

R1 is the inner radius.

Question # 2: Schematic Representation of Heat Transfer Resistances in a

double pipe Heat Exchanger?
Answer:
Question # 3: Selection Factor for the Heat Exchangers?
Answer:
The selection of a heat exchanger for a specific application involves considering several
factors to ensure optimal performance and efficiency. One of the critical factors in the selection
process is the "Selection Factor" or "Selection Criteria," which helps in comparing different heat
exchangers and making an informed decision. The selection factor varies depending on the
application and specific requirements but generally includes the following considerations:
1) Heat Transfer Rate (Q):
The heat transfer rate, measured in units like watts or British thermal units per hour
(BTU/hr), is a fundamental parameter. It represents the amount of heat energy that the
heat exchanger can transfer between the hot and cold fluids within a given time frame.
The desired Q depends on the heating or cooling needs of the process.
2) Temperature Difference (ΔT or ΔTLM):
The temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids, often represented as ΔT, is a
critical factor in heat exchanger selection. It affects the rate of heat transfer. The Log
 Mean Temperature Difference (ΔTLM) is commonly used for heat exchanger
calculations.
3) Fluid Properties:
The properties of the hot and cold fluids, such as their specific heat capacities, thermal
conductivities, densities, and viscosities, influence heat exchanger performance.
Compatibility with the fluids is essential.
4) Flow Rates (ṁ):
The flow rates of the hot and cold fluids, represented as ṁ (mass flow rate) or volumetric
flow rate, impact the heat transfer rate and the overall design of the heat exchanger.
Balanced flow rates are often preferred for efficient heat transfer.
5) Pressure Drop:
The pressure drop in the heat exchanger, caused by the resistance of the fluid flow
through the heat exchanger, can affect the efficiency of the entire system. Low-pressure
drop is usually desired, especially in situations with limited pumping capacity.
6) Material Compatibility:
The choice of materials for the heat exchanger construction must be compatible with the
fluids being processed. Materials should resist corrosion and erosion, and they should
meet industry standards and codes.
7) Size and Space Constraints:
The available space for installing the heat exchanger and the size constraints of the
facility may dictate the physical dimensions and layout of the heat exchanger.
8) Cost:
The cost of purchasing, installing, and maintaining the heat exchanger, as well as its
energy efficiency, must be considered to determine the cost-effectiveness of the unit.
9) Environmental Considerations:
Compliance with environmental regulations and sustainability goals may influence heat
exchanger selection. Energy efficiency and emissions reduction can be significant factors.
10) Maintenance Requirements:
The ease of maintenance, cleaning, and inspection is crucial for long-term reliability and
performance.
11) Specific Application Requirements:
Special considerations, such as the need for phase change (e.g., condensing or
evaporating fluids), fouling mitigation strategies, and safety requirements, can also
influence heat exchanger selection.

Question # 4: Temperature Profiles for different kind of Heat Exchangers.

Answer:
I. Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger:
Hot Fluid Inlet Temperature (Hin): High temperature.
Cold Fluid Inlet Temperature (Cin): Low temperature.
Hot Fluid Outlet Temperature (Hout): Lower than Hin but higher than Cout.
Cold Fluid Outlet Temperature (Cout): Higher than Cin but lower than Hin.
Temperature profiles for both the hot and cold fluids decrease gradually along the
length of the exchanger, converging towards the outlet temperatures.
II. Counterflow Heat Exchanger:
 Hot Fluid Inlet Temperature (Hin): High temperature.
Cold Fluid Inlet Temperature (Cin): Low temperature.
Hot Fluid Outlet Temperature (Hout): Lower than Hin but higher than Cout.
Cold Fluid Outlet Temperature (Cout): Higher than Cin but lower than Hin.
In a counterflow heat exchanger, the hot fluid's temperature decreases while the cold
fluid's temperature increases as they move through the exchanger. The temperature
profiles show a significant temperature change, with the two fluids approaching each
other's outlet temperatures.

III. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger:

Hot Fluid Inlet Temperature (Hin): High temperature.

Cold Fluid Inlet Temperature (Cin): Low temperature.
Hot Fluid Outlet Temperature (Hout): Lower than Hin but higher than Cout.
Cold Fluid Outlet Temperature (Cout): Higher than Cin but lower than Hin. In
a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the temperature profile for the hot fluid within the
tubes decreases gradually. Meanwhile, the temperature profile for the cold fluid in the
shell increases as it absorbs heat from the hot fluid through the tube walls.