RENEWABLE ENERGY

MARINE ENGINEERING AND NAVEL ARCHITECTURE

Course title: M.P.P - NAM 241

Level 2 (Fall)

Prof. Dr. Mohamed M Elgohary

Name: ID:

Kenzi Yasser Hassan Abdel Fattah 19017366

Fatma Wasim Helal 18011237

Fatma Al-Zahra Labib Abdel Rahma 18011228

Mohamed Baher Belal 19016323

Ahmed Naser Gomaa Attia 18010258

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Introduction

What Is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes that are
constantly replenished. For example, sunlight or wind keep shining and blowing even if their availability
depends on time and weather.

While renewable energy is often thought of as a new technology, harnessing nature’s power has long been used
for heating, transportation, lighting, and more. Wind has powered boats to sail the seas and windmills to grind
grain, the sun has provided warmth during the day and helped kindle fires to last into the evening. But over the
past 500 years or so, humans increasingly turned to cheaper, dirtier energy sources such as coal and fracked gas.

Now that we have increasingly innovative and less-expensive ways to capture and retain wind and solar energy,
renewables are becoming a more important power source. The expansion in renewables is also happening at
scales large and small, from rooftop solar panels on homes that can sell power back to the grid to giant offshore
wind farms.
As renewable use continues to grow a key goal will be to modernize electricity grid making it smarter, more
secure, and better integrated across regions.

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Types of Renewable Energy Sources

Figure-1(Renewable Energy sources)

Solar Energy
Solar, or photovoltaic (PV), cells are made from silicon or other materials that transform sunlight directly into
electricity. Distributed solar systems generate electricity locally for homes and businesses, either through
rooftop panels or community projects that power entire neighborhoods. Solar farms can generate power for
thousands of homes, using mirrors to concentrate sunlight across acres of solar cells. Floating solar farms—or
“floatovoltaics”—can be an effective use of wastewater facilities and bodies of water that aren’t ecologically
sensitive. nearly a third of all new generating capacity came from solar in 2017 second only to natural gas.

Solar energy systems don’t produce air pollutants or greenhouse gases and as long as they are responsibly sited
most solar panels have few environmental impacts beyond the manufacturing process.

Solar Technologies
There are three main ways to harness solar energy: photovoltaics, solar heating & cooling, and concentrating
solar power. Photovoltaics generate electricity directly from sunlight via an electronic process and can be used
to power anything from small electronics such as calculators and road signs up to homes and large commercial
businesses. Solar heating & cooling (SHC) and concentrating solar power (CSP) applications both use the heat
generated by the sun to provide space or water heating in the case of SHC systems, or to run traditional
electricity-generating turbines in the case of CSP power plants.

Solar energy is a very flexible energy technology: it can be built as distributed generation (located at or near the
point of use) or as a central-station, utility-scale solar power plant (similar to traditional power plants). Both of
these methods can also store the energy they produce for distribution after the sun sets, using cutting edge solar
+ storage technologies.

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Wind Energy
turbines as tall as skyscrapers, with turbines nearly as wide in diameter stand at attention around the world.
Wind energy turns a turbine’s blades, which feeds an electric generator and produces electricity.

Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind, King Hammurabi's mentioned
windmills for generating mechanical energy, Wind-powered machines used to grind grain and pump water, the
windmill and wind pump, were developed in what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan by the 9th century.
Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later requiring
sources of fuel. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in arid regions such as the
American mid-west, outback wind pumps provided water for livestock.

There are three main types of wind energy:

• Utility-scale wind: Wind turbines that range in size from 100 kilowatts to several megawatts, where the
electricity is delivered to the power grid and distributed to the end user by electric utilities or power
system operators.
• Distributed or "small" wind: Single small wind turbines below 100 kilowatts that are used to directly
power a home, farm or small business and are not connected to the grid.
• Offshore wind: Wind turbines that are erected in large bodies of water, usually on the continental shelf.
Offshore wind turbines are larger than land-based turbines and can generate more power.

Figure-2(wind Energy)

How wind turbines work

When the wind blows past a wind turbine, its blades capture the wind’s kinetic energy and rotate, turning it into
mechanical energy. This rotation turns an internal shaft connected to a gearbox, which increases the speed of
rotation by a factor of 100. That spins a generator that produces electricity.

Typically standing at least 80 meters (262 feet) tall, tubular steel towers support a hub with three attached
blades and a “nacelle,” which houses the shaft, gearbox, generator, and controls. Wind measurements are
collected, which direct the turbine to rotate and face the strongest wind, and the angle or "pitch" of its blades is
optimized to capture energy.
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A typical modern turbine will start to generate electricity when wind speeds reach six to nine miles per hour
(mph), known as the cut-in speed. Turbines will shut down if the wind is blowing too hard (roughly 55 miles an
hour) to prevent equipment damage.

Over the course of a year, modern turbines can generate usable amounts of electricity over 90 percent of the
time. For example, if the wind at a turbine reaches the cut-in speed of six to nine mph, the turbine will start
generating electricity. As wind speeds increase so does electricity production.

Another common measure of wind energy production is called capacity factor. This measures the amount of
electricity a wind turbine produces in a given time period (typically a year) relative to its maximum potential.
wind farm
Oftentimes a large number of wind turbines are built close together, which is referred to as a wind project or
wind farm. A wind farm functions as a single power plant and sends electricity to the grid.

Hydro energy
As a renewable energy resource, hydro power is one of the most commercially developed. By building a dam or
barrier, a large reservoir can be used to create a controlled flow of water that will drive a turbine, generating
electricity. This energy source can often be more reliable than solar or wind power “especially if it's tidal rather
than river” and also allows electricity to be stored for use when demand reaches a peak. Like wind energy, in
certain situations hydro can be more viable as a commercial energy source dependant on type and compared to
other sources of energy, but depending very much on the type of property it can be used for domestic ‘off-grid’
generation.

How Hydropower Works

Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity. Water constantly moves through a vast
global cycle, evaporating from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or snow, then flowing
back down to the ocean. The energy of this water cycle, which is driven by the sun, can be tapped to produce
electricity or for mechanical tasks like grinding grain. Hydropower uses a fuel water that is not reduced or used
up in the process. Because the water cycle is an endless, constantly recharging system, hydropower is
considered a renewable energy.

When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity, it is called hydroelectric power or hydropower.
There are several types of hydroelectric facilities; they are all powered by the kinetic energy of flowing water as
it moves downstream. Turbines and generators convert the energy into electricity, which is then fed into the
electrical grid to be used in homes, businesses, and by industry.

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There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower turbine selected for a
project is based on the height of standing water referred to as "head" and the flow, or volume of water, at the
site. Other deciding factors include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.

• IMPULSE TURBINE

The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric
pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. There is no suction on the down side of the turbine,
and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after hitting the runner. An impulse turbine is
generally suitable for high head, low flow applications.

• REACTION TURBINE

A reaction turbine develops power from the combined action of pressure and moving water. The runner is
placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each individually. Reaction
turbines are generally used for sites with lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.

OTHER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES:

• Biomass Energy
• Geothermal Energy

Biomass Energy
Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and includes crops, waste wood, and trees.
When biomass is burned, the chemical energy is released as heat and can generate electricity with a steam
turbine.

Biomass feed stocks can be used to create 3 types of energy:

1. Heat
2. Electricity
3. Biofuels, such as biodiesel

Some biomass plants are multi-taskers, creating both heat and electricity. These are known as CHP (Combined
Heat and Power) plants.

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How can biomass generate electricity?
Biomass can generate electricity in a number of ways – but the most common is ‘direct combustion’. This
means burning the agricultural waste or wood to heat water. This produces steam, which spins turbines.

There are many other ways to generate electricity using biomass. Some scientists are even exploring the
possibility of using what we’ll politely call ‘human waste’ to power homes!

Figure-3(cycle of biomass energy)

The advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy

• Biomass is always available. Humans and animals will always create waste, and plants will always grow

• Using waste to create energy means that less of it goes into the landfill. That’s a win for the environment

• Burning biomass doesn’t release sulfur or mercury, and it releases less nitrogen than burning coal

• It’s cheap, you wouldn’t charge someone for taking out the trash.

• You can produce biomass energy in your own home.

• Bio-oils can also be used in things like plastics and medicines

• Crops grown in order to be burnt for energy take up a lot of land. That land could be used for other
things like conservation, housing, or growing crops for food

• The burning process releases CO2, which contributes to the climate crisis

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• It also releases carbon monoxide, which adds to air pollution

• When trees are cut down specifically to create energy, this is, overall, worse for the environment – more
on this below

Geothermal Energy
The earth’s core is about as hot as the sun’s surface, due to the slow decay of radioactive particles in rocks at the
center of the planet. Drilling deep wells brings very hot underground water to the surface as a hydrothermal
resource, which is then pumped through a turbine to create electricity. Geothermal plants typically have low
emissions if they pump the steam and water they use back into the reservoir. There are ways to create
geothermal plants where there are not underground reservoirs, but there are concerns that they may increase the
risk of an earthquake in areas already considered geological hot spots.

First used in Italy in 1904, geothermal has been a consistent – and expanding – source of energy in recent years.
According to the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA), geothermal energy has grown steadily from
around 10GW worldwide in 2010 to 13.3GW in 2018.

Figure-4(Geothermal energy)

Geothermal energy is the heat that comes from the sub-surface of the earth. It is contained in the rocks and
fluids beneath the earth’s crust and can be found as far down to the earth’s hot molten rock, magma.

To produce power from geothermal energy, wells are dug a mile deep into underground reservoirs to access the
steam and hot water there, which can then be used to drive turbines connected to electricity generators. There
are three types of geothermal power plants; dry steam, flash and binary.

Dry steam is the oldest form of geothermal technology and takes steam out of the ground and uses it to directly
drive a turbine. Flash plants use high-pressure hot water into cool, low-pressure water whilst binary plants pass
hot water through a secondary liquid with a lower boiling point, which turns to vapour to drive the turbine.

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Figure-5(Renewable Energy-Nonrenewable energy)

What isn’t a renewable energy source?

Nonrenewable energy resources include coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy. Once these resources are used
up, they cannot be replaced, there are four major types of nonrenewable resources: oil, natural gas, coal, and
nuclear energy. Oil, natural gas, and coal are collectively called fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are not a renewable source of energy because they are not infinite. Plus, they release carbon dioxide
into our atmosphere which contributes to climate change and global warming.

Burning wood instead of coal is slightly better but it’s complex. On the one hand, wood is a renewable resource
provided it comes from sustainably managed forests. Wood pellets and compressed briquettes are made from
by-products of the wood processing industry and so arguably it’s recycling waste.

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Types of Non-Renewable Energy
• Coal
Coal comes from the remains of plants that died hundreds of millions of years ago. It has the highest level of
carbon of all fossil fuels.

• Oil

Oil – also known as petroleum – can be extracted and refined in order to make products such as gasoline, diesel,
and jet fuel.

• Natural Gas

Natural gas was formed from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals that died millions of years ago. It is
mainly composed of methane.

• Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is released when atoms' nuclei are fused together (fusion) or split apart (fission). Nuclear power
plants produce electricity through nuclear fission.

The future of renewable energy

As world population rises, so does the demand for energy in order to power our homes, businesses and
communities. Innovation and expansion of renewable sources of energy is key to maintaining a sustainable level
of energy and protect our planet from climate change.

Renewable energy sources make up 26% of the world’s electricity today, but according to the International
Energy Agency (IEA) its share is expected to reach 30% by 2024.

In the future, it’s expected that the number of renewable energy sources will continue to increase, This will
drive down the price of renewables, great for the planet.

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Table of contents

Topic Page

Introduction 2
Types of Renewable Energy Sources
3

3
Solar Energy

Wind Energy 4
Hydro energy
5
Biomass Energy
6-7
Geothermal Energy
8
Non-Renewable Energy
9
Types of Non-Renewable Energy
10
The future of renewable energy
10

Table of figures

Figure-1(Renewable Energy sources) 3

Figure-2(wind energy) 4
Figure-3(cycle of biomass energy) 7

Figure-4(Geothermal energy) 8
Figure-5 (Renewable Energy-Nonrenewable energy)
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References
 Renewable Energy: A Very Short Introduction - Nick Jelley, Oxford University
 Solar Energy by Kazim marfatiya - India
 Solar Energy: The Physics and Engineering of Photovoltaic Conversion, Technologies and Systems 
Solar Electricity Handbook – 2019 Edition
 Wind Energy Engineering: A Handbook for Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines
 Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment, Second Edition

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