States of Matter

Part : 4
BY: Dr. Haithem N.
Abed
 Solid state
•

solvate
polymorphs
 Liquid crystals (mesophases)
• Liquid Crystals are intermediate state between
solid and liquid state
• Liquid crystals(LCs) substances that flow like
liquids but maintain some of the ordered
structure of crystalline solids
• The liquid crystals result from the heating of
solids (thermotropic liquid crystals) or from the
action of certain solvents on solids (lyotropic
liquid crystals)
liquid crystals
 Properties of molecules that form
mesophase
Properties of molecules that form mesophase
• Nature :Organic (hydrocarbon) and regid
• Have strong dipole–dipole or dipole–induced
dipole interactions, hydrogen bonds, or some
combination of both and easily polarized groups
•
 Smectic type LCs
• the two main types of liquid crystals are:
smectic (soap like or grease like) or
nematic (threadlike).
 Smectic LCs
• Most pharmaceutical significance
because its formed in ternary mixtures
(water +surfactant+oils (emulsion).
 Applications
• Some liquid crystals show consistent
color changes with temperature so used
to detect areas of elevated temperature
under the skin that may be due to a
disease process.
• solubilization of water-insoluble materials
• enhanced physical stability owing to their
highly viscous nature
 The Supercritical Fluid State
 Supercritical fluids
• 5th state of matter with properties that are
intermediate between those of liquids and gases.
• at 1,013 bars or 1atm and a temperature of 15°C,
CO2 exists in a gaseous state.
• when the temperature and pressure of the gas is
above critical points) for CO2 CT = 31.1° C and a
critical pressure of 73.8 bar or 72.84atm), SCFs
formed.
 The Supercritical Fluid State
• This stage is characterized by the inability
to distinguish whether the matter is a liquid
or a gas, as a result, Supercritical fluids
(SCF) do not have a definite phase.
• CO2 becomes a liquid while possessing the
physical and chemical properties of a gas
 The Supercritical Fluid State
• having better ability to permeate solid substances(high
Diffusivity ) due to its low viscosity (gaslike) and having
high densities that can be regulated by pressure so can
dissolve compounds (liquid like).
• High density of the SCF make its possible to be used as
solvent for dissolving many substances , addition of
other gases or cosolvents increase the dissolving ability
of SCFs
• Due to Its low viscosity and high Diffusivity so used in
extraction.
 Advantages of SCFs in extraction

 Low toxicity
• since CO2 is relatively safe
• no need for use of toxic solvents and no
residual solvent
 Selectivity in extraction
 Low temperature extraction
• Volatility at low temperature
1psi=
0.068 59atm 98.6 296
atm atm atm
Carbon dioxide Decaffeination
 Differential Scanning Calorimeter
(DSC)
DSC is a technique measure heat flow into and
out of the system
DSC used in the following:
• Determine melting point of the drugs thus used
for identification and purity determination.
• Determine of heat of fusion.
• Physical forms (polymorphs,amorphous) DSC or
XRPD
• Excipient compatibility.
DSC
figure
Thank you