Matter and its properties

By, Mr. Vishwajeet S. Ghorpade

M.Pharm. (P’ceutics), R.Ph.
 States of Matter
States of Matter

Primary Secondary

Solid Liquid Gas Speculative State Plasma

 States of matter
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Speculative
State
Changes in states of matter
 Latent heat
The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a 
substance undergoing a change of state, such
as ice changing to water or water to steam, at 
constant temperature and pressure. Also
called heat of transformation.
Latent heat
Sublimation

Sublimation
 Sublimation
Melting point of a solid is usually measured at 1 atmosphere.

Triple point pressure

Triple1 point
below atm pressure
above 1 atm
 Critical point
•The point on vaporization curve
at which gas and liquid cannot
be distinguished from each
other.

•Physical changes do not take

place above or below CP.

•At CP, enthalpy of vaporization

and entropy of vaporization
are zero.
 Eutectic mixture
•Definition: The composition of
two or more compounds that
exhibit a melting temperature
lower than that of any other
mixture of the compounds

•Components are completely

miscible in liquid state and
completely immiscible in solid
state

•Examples: Salol-Thymol, Salol-

Camphor, Aspirin-Acetaminophen
Eutectic mixture
 Eutectic mixture
•The lowest temperature at which a liquid phase can exist in the salol–
thymol system is 13°C, and this occurs in a mixture containing 34%
thymol in salol. This point on the phase diagram is known as
the eutectic point.

•At the eutectic point, three phases (liquid, solid salol, and solid thymol)
coexist.

•The solid phase is an intimate mixture of fine crystals of the two

compounds.

•The intimacy of the mixture gives rise to the phenomenon of “contact

melting,” which results in the lowest melting temperature over a
composition range.
 Relative humidity
•Relative humidity (φ) of an air-water mixture is defined as ratio of
partial vapour pressure of water (ew) in the mixture to the saturated
vapour pressure of water (e*w) at prescribed temperature.

•It is expressed as percentage (%)

ew
  100
e *w
• e*w can be calculated from psychrometric charts if ‘dry bulb
temperature’ and ‘wet bulb temperature’ are known.
 Relative humidity
Significance of RH

• Comfortability:
• RH < 25% = dryness
• RH > 60% = wetness

• Pharmaceutical industry:
• When temp. is high and RH is low – Fast drying, fracture of
protective coating etc.

• When temp. is high and RH is high – Slow drying,

condensation, degradation of drugs.
 Liquid crystalline state
• Also known as mesophase
•Intermediate between solid and liquid state
•Organic
•Elongated and rectilinear
•Rigid and possess strong dipoles

•Cholesteric mesophase: Seen in atheroschlerosis

 Liquid crystalline state
• Semectic Nematic

Molecules rotate about one Molecules rotate about one

axis and mobile in two axis and mobile in three
directions directions
Have pharmaceutical Thread like, rigid and possess
significance strong dipole
Composed of ternary mixture
of surfactant, water and non-
polar additive (weakly
amphiphilic)
 Liquid crystalline state
• Prepared by
-Heating of solids (Thermotropic LCs)
-Solvent treatment to the solids (Lyotropic LCs)
•Properties:
-Liquid property: Flow
-Solid property: Birefringence

•Significance:
- Detection of elevated temperature under skin
- Display systems
- Solubilization of insoluble materials
- Physical stability of emulsions
- Study of biological membranes
- Solubilization of cholesterol from gallstones
- As drug delivery system
 Liquid complexes
• Solute + Special Entity in a solvent = Liquid structure

•Caffeine + Benzocaine solution = Decrease in hydrolysis rate of

benzocaine

•Saccharin + Chlorpromazine HCl solution = Increase in light stability of

drug

•Different salts of same drug exhibit different stability in solution.

•2nd entity creates an ionic environment that forms protective

overcoat/atmosphere complex around the drug that leads to stability.
 Glassy state
• Glass is a non conducting, transparent solid

•Atoms are arranged in highly disordered manner (similar to polymer)

•On heating it liquefies but has no specific m.p.

 Glassy state
• Glass forming agent does not undergo large drop in volume on cooling
as that of super-cooled liquids

•Atoms are arranged in highly disordered manner (similar to polymer)

•Structure: Polyhedral molecules linked together.

 Glassy state
• During cooling a highly viscous structure is formed which inhibits
formation of highly ordered structure.

•For some materials, faster cooling leads to formation of glassy state

(e.g. steel)
 Solids
• High degree of order (metals and minerals)
 Crystalline solids
• Stability and rate of crystal formation depends on
-Solvent
-Temperature
-Pressure
-Crystalline array pattern
-Salts (If insoluble salts precipitate out during
crystalliza’n)
Crystalline solids