SFS2133

ELECTROMAGNETIC SFS2133

ACADEMIC SESSION 2022/2023

EXPLORING HOW THE LORENTZ FORCE CONTRIBUTES TO

AURORAL ACTIVITY IN EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE

PREPARED FOR:

DR ATHIRAH BINTI TAIB

PREPARED BY:

NAME MATRICS NO.

MISHKAH AZZAHIRAH BINTI SUWANDI 1211084
AHMAD FADHLULLAH BIN AHMAD ZAHER 1211091
NUUR DINA ASIRAH BINTI MOHD SALEH 1211096
NUR ADHLIN NAJWA BINTI MOHD NAZAR 1211100
NORSHAMIMI QISTINA BINTI AHMAD SHAHIR 1211122

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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 What is Electric Fields? ............................................................................................................ 5

1.2 What Is Magnetic Fields? ......................................................................................................... 6

2.0 LORENTZ FORCE DERIVATION............................................................................................ 7

2.1 Charged Particle ....................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Continuous Charged Distribution............................................................................................ 8

2.3 Equation in cgs units ................................................................................................................. 9

3.0 LORENTZ FORCE IN ISLAMIC VIEW ................................................................................. 10

4.0 LORENTZ FORCE RELATIONSHIP WITH AURORA PHENOMENEON ...................... 13

4.1 Science Explanation Of Aurora ............................................................................................. 14

4.2 The Effect of Aurora on Humanism ...................................................................................... 16

5.0 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 18

6.0 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................ 20

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The electromagnetic fields exert a combined electric and magnetic force on a point charge, known as
the Lorentz force. When a charged particle, q, travels through space at speed v through electric field E
and magnetic.

𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝐸 + 𝑣 × 𝐵 ) (𝟏)

The total electromagnetic force, denoted by the letter F, exerted on the charged particle is referred to
as the Lorentz force. From equation (1), multiply each of the terms by q. Here, there are two distinct
terms emerged from that:

𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑞𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ (𝟐)

where,

The stronger the electric field, the stronger the force of q particle. The direction of the force, F in the
same direction as the field lines.

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As the figure below, if the q particle is moving relative to the magnetic field, then it can be
experiencing a force. This where the vector, 𝑣⃗ comes into play where it represents velocity of q
particle. Then, the magnetic field exerts a force (into screen) on q particle.

The cross product of v and b is a vector that is perpendicular to both v and b. Its magnitude is
⃗⃗ . This indicates
given by the formula| 𝑣⃗ × 𝐵| = |𝑣⃗ ||𝐵| Sin(𝜃), where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑣⃗ and 𝐵
that the angle between the velocity vector and the magnetic field vector determines the magnetic force's
direction and amplitude. The force is zero if the particle is travelling perpendicular to the magnetic field.
If the particle is travelling perpendicular to the magnetic field, there is no force. Maximum force exists
when the velocity vector is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The lorentz force is responsible for the
deflection of charged particles in an electric and magnetic field, and it is the basis for many applications
such as particle accelerators, electromagnetic generators, and motors.

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1.1 What is Electric Fields?

The magnetic field E explains the interaction between the electric charges. In physics, it is generally
accepted that electric lines begin with positive charges to negative ones. These field lines indicate the
force that would be exerted on positively charged tiny particles if they were placed in an electric field.

Naturally, light charges repel, so a small positive charge (q) will be repelled by a big positive charge.
Opposite charges, however, attract, so a positive charge will be drawn to a negative charge. An electric
field is also known as a vector field, and each point in the region of space can be assigned a vector.

The magnitude of each vector is proportional to the force experienced by the small positive charge (q),
while the vector's direction indicates the force's application.

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1.2 What Is Magnetic Fields?

The magnetic field has the same understanding as the electric field. The magnetic field emanates from
the North pole and is absorbed by the South pole. However, magnetic field lines are more complicated
than electric field lines because they may contain magnetic field lines inside the magnetic field. From
the figure below, the magnetic field lines represent what would happen to a small North pole if placed
in the magnetic field. The small North pole is repelled away from the North pole of the bar magnet and
opposite pole will attract so it will be attracted to the South pole.

Obviously, both the north and the pole must coexist. Moreover, magnetic field is a form of vector
field that can assign a vector to every point in space.

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2.0 LORENTZ FORCE DERIVATION

2.1 Charged Particle

Due to an external electric field E and magnetic field B, the force F acting on a particle with electric
charge q and instantaneous velocity v can be expressed as:
𝐹 = 𝑞 (𝐸 + 𝑣 × 𝐵 )

In a general sense, the electric and magnetic fields are functions of the position and the time at
which they are measured. Because of this, the Lorentz force can be expressed categorically as described
in the following:

𝐅(𝐫(𝑡), 𝐫̇ (𝑡), 𝑡, q) = q[𝐄(𝐫, 𝑡 + 𝐫̇ (𝑡) × 𝐁(𝐫, 𝑡)]

where r is the charged particle's position vector, t represents time, and the overdot is a time derivative.

According to the right-hand rule, an electrically charged particle that is positive will experience
acceleration in the same linear orientation as the E field, but it will curve in a direction that is
perpendicular to both the instantaneous velocity of vector v and the B field. Moreover, in more detail,
if the right hand’s finger is extended to the point in the direction of v and then curled to point in the
direction of B, the thumb will point towards the direction of F.

The rate at which linear momentum is transmitted from the electromagnetic field to the charged
particle is referred to as the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force is a force that is exerted on the charged
particle by the electromagnetic field. Power, which is the rate at which energy is moved from the
electromagnetic field to the particle, is connected to it. This rate determines how quickly energy may
be transferred. This power comes from:

v ∙ F = qv ∙ E

Here we can understand that the particle's magnetic force is always perpendicular to its motion,
hence the magnetic field does not contribute to the power.

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2.2 Continuous Charged Distribution

The Lorentz force equation can be written as follows when the charge distribution is continuous,
and the charge is moving:

𝑑𝐅 = d𝑞 (𝐄 + 𝐯 × 𝐁)

where, d𝑭 is the force acting on a relatively small fraction of the charge distribution with the charge,
d𝑞. Both sides of this equation can be simplified by dividing by the volume of this small region of the
charge distribution, denoted by d𝑉:

𝐟 = 𝜌(𝐄 + 𝐯 × 𝐁)

From the equation, f is the force density (𝑁⁄ 3 ) and 𝜌 is the charge density (𝐶⁄ 3 ). Following this,
𝑚 𝑚
the current density that is associated with the flow of the charge continuum is:

𝐉 = 𝜌𝐯

Therefore, the equation can be represented by the continuous analogue, which is:

𝐟 = 𝜌𝐄 + 𝐉 × 𝐁

From the equation, the total force is the volume integral over the charge distribution, where:

𝐅 = ∭(𝜌𝐄 + 𝐉 × 𝐁) d𝑉

Then, eliminate 𝜌 and 𝐉 using Maxwell’s equation. This form of the equation can be manipulated with
the theorems of vector calculus to generate the Maxwell stress tensor 𝝈, which can then be combined
with the Poynting vector 𝐒 to obtain the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor 𝐓, which is then employed
in general relativity. Lorentz force (per unit volume) also can be written in terms of 𝝈 and 𝐒:
1 𝜕𝑺
f = ∇∙ 𝝈−
𝑐 2 𝜕𝑡

in which c is the speed of light and ∇ ∙ is the tensor field divergence. This equation links the energy
flux (flow of energy per unit time per unit distance) in electric and magnetic fields to the force exerted
on a charge distribution, as opposed to the amount of charge and its velocity in the fields.

We may calculate the density of the Lorentz force by dividing the total charge and total current into the
free and bound components of each of these quantities:

𝜕𝐏
𝐟 = (𝜌𝑓 − ∇ ∙ 𝐏)𝐄 + (𝐉𝑓 + ∇ × 𝐌 + )×𝐁
𝜕𝑡

where 𝜌𝑓 represents the density of the free charge, P represents the polarisation density, 𝐉𝑓 represents
the density of the free current, and M represents the magnetization density.

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The torque that is applied to a permanent magnet by a magnetic field can be understood with the help
of the Lorentz force in this manner. The associated power at a given density is as follows:

𝜕𝐏
(𝐉𝑓 + ∇ × 𝐌 + )∙𝐄
𝜕𝑡

2.3 Equation in cgs units

With comparison, in older CGS-Gaussian units, which are considerably more prevalent
among some theoretical physicists and condensed matter experimentalists, one has instead:
𝐯
𝐅 = 𝑞𝐺 (𝐄𝐺 + × 𝐁𝐺 )
𝑐

Despite the fact that these equations appear to be significantly different from one another, they are
equivalent given the following relations:
𝑞𝑆𝐼 1
𝑞𝐺 = , 𝐄𝐺 = √4𝜋𝜀0 𝐄𝑆𝐼 , 𝐁𝐺 = √4𝜋⁄𝜇0 𝐁𝑆𝐼 , 𝑐=
√4𝜋𝜀0 √𝜀0 𝜇0

Here, 𝜀0 represents vacuum permittivity and 𝜇0 the vacuum permeability.

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3.0 LORENTZ FORCE IN ISLAMIC VIEW

The Quran is considered a religious text and it primarily focuses on providing guidance for the
spiritual and moral development of humanity. It does not include scientific concepts or discoveries such
as the Lorentz force.
However, the Quran encourages the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the natural
world such as aurora. In many verses, the Quran emphasizes the importance of seeking knowledge and
understanding. For example, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

“Whoever follows a path to seek knowledge, Allah will make the path to Jannah (Paradise) easy for
them.”
[Sahih Muslim 2699; Sunan Tirmidhi 2945].

This hadith encourages Muslims to acquire knowledge because it is very much demanded by the Prophet
Muhammad. Muslims, and especially those studying science, are encouraged to pursue Allah's infinite
knowledge for the sake of advancing technology and bettering the lives of future generations. Another
verse that emphasizes the importance of knowledge is Surah Al- ‘Alaq verse 1-5:

َ َ َ َ ۡ ۡ َ َّ َ َ َ ۡ َّ َّ َۡۡ َ ۡ ۡ َ َ ۡ ۡ ‫﴾ َخ َل َق‬1﴿ ۚ‫اسم َ ب َك َّالذ ۡى َخ َل َق‬

ۡ َۡ ۡ
﴾5﴿ ‫ان َما ل ۡم َي ۡعل ۡم‬ ِ ‫﴾ علم‬4﴿ ‫﴾ ال ِذ ۡى َعل َم ِبالقل ِم‬3﴿ ‫﴾ ِاق َرا َو َر ُّبك اۡلك َرم‬2﴿ ۚ‫اۡلن َسان ِم ۡن َعلق‬
‫اۡلنس‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫ِاقرا ِب ِ ر‬

"Read in the name of your Lord who created. He created man from a clot. Read, and your Lord is the
most Generous. Who taught by the pen. Taught man what he did not know."

[Al- ‘Alaq, 96:1-5]

This verse encourages the Muslims to seek knowledge and education, and it is considered as the first
revelation of the Quran to the prophet Muhammad. In addition, there are many other verses that
encourage Muslims to seek knowledge and understanding, and to use their intellect to contemplate
and reflect on the wonders of the natural world. Muslims believe that the pursuit of knowledge and
understanding of the natural world is a way to connect with and praise Allah.

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َ ٰ ْ ٓ َّ ‫َو َج َع ْل َنا ٱ‬
﴾32﴿‫وظا ۖ َوه ْم َع ْن َء َايـ ِت َها م ْع ِرضون‬ ْ
ًۭ ‫لس َما َء َسق ًۭفا َّمحف‬

And We made the sky a protected ceiling, but they, from its signs, are turning away.
[Al-Anbiya 21: 32]

Next, another meaning of “We made the sky a protected ceiling” is “And We made the heaven
a roof over the earth, keeping it from collapsing like a roof on a home”. As we know, the purpose of
aurora is when some of the energy and small particles produced by a solar storm that is headed our way
can flow into Earth's atmosphere along the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles. The
particles there combine with gases in our atmosphere, creating stunning skylight displays, which are
called auroras.

We have seen the way Allah said that He made the sky as a protected ceiling, the meaning
behind it is our earth is surrounded by a magnetic field. Earth and the other planets with active
magnetosphere can reduce or block the impacts of cosmic radiation or solar radiation, protecting all
living things from potentially harmful and dangerous repercussions. During the solar storm, the solar
wind's charged particles, which would otherwise strip away the ozone layer protecting the Earth from
damaging UV radiation, are largely deflected by the magnetic field of the earth.

We could see from this verse, Allah only said sky as a protected ceiling to human, but the Tafsir
behind the verse, there are many things that God created to protect His servants but in the naked eye,
humans only understand and see the sky as a roof only, but do not understand that the nature of God's
love for His servants is revealed. How negligent and weak we are as a servant to our creator.
َ ٰ َّ َ ََ َ ‫الس َم ٓا َء ب َن ٓاء َّو‬
َّ ‫ض َق َرارا َّو‬ َ ۡ َ َ َ َ ۡ َّ ‫َ ه‬
‫ص َّو َرك ۡم فا ۡح َس َن ص َو َرك ۡم َو َر َزقك ۡم ِم َن الط ِي ٰب ِت ذ ِلكم هّللَا َر ُّبك ۡم ۖۚ ف َت ٰب َـر َك هّللَا َر ُّب‬ ِ
َ ‫اۡل ۡر‬ ‫ّللَا ال ِذى جعل لـكم‬
َ ۡ
﴾64﴿ ‫ال ٰعل ِم ۡي َن‬

It is Allah who made for you the earth a place of settlement and the sky a structure [i.e., ceiling] and
formed you and perfected your forms and provided you with good things. That is Allah, your Lord;
then blessed is Allah, Lord of the worlds.

[Ghafir 40: 64]

Based on the verse above, we could see the interpretation behind every word is very amazing. The first
one “earth a place of settlement”. According to Tafsir Ibnu Katheer, for you to live on it and move
around in it, Allah created it sturdy and spread it out for you. He fortified it with the mountains so that
it does not tremble under your weight.

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The second one is “sky a structure”, or in other word as sky as canopy, the Tafsir behind it is
that due to Allah’s mercy, He made the sky as roof covering and protecting the world. From a science
perspective, the sky is a magnetic field that surround the earth. Meaning of sky is a roof. the word ‫سقفا‬
‫ محفوظا‬means a protected shield, can you guess what is the things that Allah try to tell us? It is the
atmosphere itself is protected. If Allah said in Quran, the word ,‫ سقفا حافظا‬it will give meaning of the
atmosphere protect us, then what makes in this verse use the word “protected shield”?

It’s all start with mars planet, from the interpretation of verse above, it said that all planets have
the active magnetosphere. Mars had an atmosphere, but because it lacked a magnetic field, it lost it.
However, this invisible magnetic field shields the atmosphere of earth. Since this atmosphere (the
visible shield) is also being protected, the verse refers to it as “protected shield". Therefore, back to our
focus, Allah create sky as roof covering and protecting the world. As a physic student, we know the real
reason and purpose behind His creation, Allah want to save us from solar wind or solar storm. How
kind and loving is Allah protects His servant in secret way. Which of Allah's favours do we want to
deny?

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4.0 LORENTZ FORCE RELATIONSHIP WITH AURORA PHENOMENEON

The Lorentz force plays a key role in the formation of auroras, also known as the northern and
southern lights. Auroras are caused by the interaction of charged particles from the Sun, known as solar
wind, with the Earth's magnetic field.

As the solar wind approaches the Earth, it encounters the Earth's magnetic field and some of
the charged particles in the solar wind, primarily electrons and protons, are trapped in the magnetic
field. These trapped particles are then guided by the magnetic field lines towards the Earth's poles,
where they collide with atoms and molecules in the Earth's upper atmosphere.

When these collisions occur, the energy from the charged particles is transferred to the atoms
and molecules in the upper atmosphere, causing them to emit light. The light emitted is in the form of
auroras, which are typically seen in the polar regions and appear as colourful displays in the night sky.

The Lorentz force is the force that acts on charged particles in a magnetic field. It is the
combination of the force due to the charge of the particle, and the force due to the magnetic field. It
causes the charged particles to move along the magnetic field lines and eventually collide with atoms
in the upper atmosphere, leading to the auroras.

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4.1 Science Explanation of Aurora

A planet's magnetic field and charged particles from the Sun interact to create an aurora.
Auroras are dazzling displays of natural light that can be seen in the night sky. Lights in the shades of
blue, red, yellow, green, and orange move and shape-change gently, like softly flowing curtains.
Auroras are only visible during the night, and more often than not, they are only seen in the lower polar
regions. Near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are located approximately 66.5 degrees north and
south of the Equator, auroras can be seen virtually every night. The spectacle is known as the aurora
borealis, or northern lights, in the north. It is referred to as the southern lights, or aurora australis, in the
south (Boudreau, D., et. al., 2022).

As mentioned above, Sun is where the activity that causes auroras starts. The Sun has a space-
extending atmosphere and its magnetic field. Hydrogen, which is composed of protons and electrons at
the subatomic level, is found in the Sun's atmosphere. These particles continuously steam off the Sun
and shoot outward at incredibly high speeds. Not only that, Sun also constantly sending heat and light
to earth, other kinds of energy and small electrified particles. The term "solar wind" refers to the
magnetic field and particles have been produced by the Sun. However, the Sun occasionally has large
outbursts and sends more material into space than usual. This phenomenon called as “Solar Storm”. As
solar wind approaches the Earth, it collides with the magnetic field.

Before that, a few details regarding the space surrounding our planet are necessary to
understand how auroras occurred. The air we breathe, or our atmosphere, is one thing. It consists of a
variety of gases, primarily nitrogen and oxygen with traces of hydrogen, helium, and other molecules.
Another component that surrounds the Earth that we cannot see is its magnetic field. Deep inside the
Earth's core is the "magnet." Around the magnetic poles of the Earth, the field lines enter and exit the
planet. The strength of the field increases as the distance between the lines decreases. It is weaker where
they are farthest apart. A plasma composed of many charged particles is a third invisible object in the
space surrounding the Earth.

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As solar wind approaches the Earth, it collides with its magnetic field. The magnetic field of
the Earth experiences constant pressure from this wind, altering its shape. On the dayside, where the
solar wind passes over it, the Earth's field is compressed. The magnetosphere is what we name this
compressed field that surrounds the earth. The magnetotail, which extends into a long tail and points
away from the Sun like the wake of a ship, is another feature of it. Thus, the magnetosphere of the Earth
is being squeezed by the solar wind, and charged particles are dispersed across the field. No matter how
swiftly a charged particle is moving or how powerful the magnetic field is, the magnetic force is
negligible if the charged particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field lines, regardless of the speed
of the charged particle or the strength of the magnetic field. That is the directional information contained
in the cross product, which is displayed in the Lorentz force's factor sin. Some cosmic rays, for instance,
travel along the lines of the Earth's magnetic field, entering the atmosphere close to the magnetic poles
and ionising atmospheric molecules to produce the southern or northern lights. When particles approach
middle latitudes, many of them are blocked from entering the atmosphere because they must traverse
magnetic field lines. Since cosmic rays are a form of background radiation, their radiation dose is larger
at the poles than at the equator. The Lorentz force may be complex, but it also produces some lovely
effects, like as the Aurora near the Earth's poles.

The colours of the aurora change with altitude and the type of atoms involved. When ions
collide with oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere, they produce a red glow. The most common aurora
display, a green-yellow hue, occurs when ions strike oxygen at lower altitudes. Ions striking nitrogen
atoms produce the reddish and bluish light seen in the lower fringes of auroras. Although our eyes can
rarely detect this part of the electromagnetic spectrum, ions striking hydrogen and helium atoms can
produce blue and purple auroras (Boudreau, D., et. al., 2022).

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4.2 The Effect of Aurora on Humanism

The auroras are beautiful dancing waves of light that have enthralled people for millennia.
Despite its beauty, however, this spectacular light show is a rather violent event. The formation of
aurora occurs so high in the earth's atmosphere that it poses no danger to humans who observe it from
the ground, but it can have a negative impact on infrastructure and technology. This is due to the
presence of negatively charged particles in the aurora, which can conduct electric current to the ground.
When the electric current flowing is high, it can disrupt power lines, oil and gas pipelines, computer
and communication networks. To overcome various adverse effects, scientists must periodically
monitor the activity of the Sun in order to prepare, predict, and reduce the risks that exist.

The magnetosphere is critical in protecting the Earth from the dangers of solar activity. This is
because solar storms, which carry plasma and dangerous high-speed particles, are constantly spreading
out into space and will collide with any object in their path. Solar storms put life on Earth at risk of
genetic mutation or skin burns. The existence of the earth's magnetosphere, however, protects life on
Earth from this threat. This solar storm will collide with the Earth's magnetosphere and be deflected in
a different direction.

Fortunately, we are given a natural magnet to repel these high-energy particles as in the Qur'an,
Surah al-Anbiya',32:
َ ٰ ْ ٓ َّ ‫َو َج َع ْل َنا ٱ‬
﴾32﴿‫وظا ۖ َوه ْم َع ْن َء َايـ ِت َها م ْع ِرضون‬ ْ
ًۭ ‫لس َما َء َسق ًۭفا َّمحف‬

And We have made the sky a well-protected canopy, still they turn away from its signs.

[Al – Anbiya’, 21:32]

Based on the sentences above, it was proven that our earth has been protected by a natural
power which is magnetic field. This field is important for everyday life because it protects the planet
from solar particles, serves as a foundation for navigation, and may have played a role in the evolution
of life on Earth. As a result, the sky is safe from unpleasant events. However, what if the Earth's
magnetic field vanished tomorrow? A greater number of charged solar particles would bombard the
Earth, disrupting power grids and satellites and increasing human exposure to cancer-causing ultraviolet
radiation. According to scientists, if it were not for the beautiful polar lights, every living creature on
Earth would be burned! Having said that, God Almighty swears by the aurora in the Holy Qur'an,
emphasising its significance:

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َّ ‫َف ََل أ ْقسم ب‬

﴾16﴿‫الش َف ِق‬ ِ ِ

So, I swear by the Sunset afterglow.

[Al-Inshiqaq, 84:16].

This begs the question: Isn't this a profound example of the Qur'an's miraculous nature? If we take the
aurora for granted today, how could any human being 14 centuries ago, during the time of the Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him), have recognised and appreciated its significance?

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5.0 CONCLUSION

This natural light show, known as the aurora, is best viewed from the poles, as it occurs high in
Earth's atmosphere. In the high atmosphere, charged particles, primarily electrons, collide with atoms
and molecules, producing the aurora. When a charged particle is surrounded by a magnetic field, it
experiences a force known as the Lorentz force. Both the particle's velocity and the orientation of the
magnetic field are perpendicular to the direction of the force.

The Lorentz force has a significant influence in the motion of the charged particles that create
the aurora. As charged particles pass through the Earth's magnetic field, they are acted upon by the
force, which sends them hurtling along the field lines and into collisions with molecules and atoms high
above. Light, in the form of aurora, is created by the impacts.

For the most part, charged particles' motion in a magnetic field is governed by the Lorentz
force, making it the fundamental force responsible for the aurora. Beautiful light shows are produced
in the polar areas due to the interaction of charged particles with the Earth's magnetic field.

The aurora phenomenon can be seen as a reminder of Allah's love and compassion for His
creations. The Earth's magnetic field, which is responsible for protecting the Earth from the solar wind
and allowing for the formation of auroras, can be seen as an example of God's protection and care for
the Earth and all living things on it.

In the Quran, the concept of God's love and compassion is emphasized in many verses. For
example, Quran 2:143 says:
َ ََ َ
ًۭ ‫اس َو َيكون ٱ َّلرسول عل ْيك ْم ش ِه‬
)‫(إلى اخر اآلية‬........ ۗ ‫يدا‬ َّ َ َ َ ٓ َ َ ۟ َ َ َ َّ ْ ٰ َ ْ َ َ َ َٰ َ َ
ِ ‫وكذ ِلك جعلنـكم أم ًۭة وس ًۭطا ِلتكونوا شهداء على ٱلن‬

"Thus, We have made you a just community that you will be witnesses over the people and the
Messenger will be a witness over you."

[Al-Baqarah,2:143]

If there was no magnetic field on Earth, the solar wind would directly impact the Earth's
atmosphere. The solar wind is a stream of charged particles that are constantly flowing out from the
Sun. These particles are composed primarily of protons and electrons, and they carry a significant
amount of energy. Additionally, without the Earth's magnetic field to deflect the solar wind, these
charged particles would collide directly with the atoms and molecules in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
This would lead to a number of negative effects, including loss of the Earth's atmosphere, increased
radiation and disruption of communications and navigation systems.

Similarly, the aurora can be seen as a reminder of the balance and harmony in the natural world,
which is created by Allah. The aurora is a result of the complex interaction between the Earth's magnetic

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field and the solar wind, which is a reminder of the intricate balance that exists in the natural world.
Furthermore, the aurora can also be seen as a reminder of the beauty and majesty of God's creations.
The vibrant colours and dynamic shapes of the aurora are a visual representation of the wonder and
beauty of the natural world and can serve as a reminder of the greatness of God.

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6.0 REFERENCES

Casimir, H. B. G. (1983). Zeeman, Lorentz & the electron. Zeeman, Lorentz & the Electron.
Retrieved January 16, 2023, from https://www.ilorentz.org/history/lorentz/lorentz.html

Griffiths, D. J. (2019). Introduction to electrodynamics. Cambridge University Press.

Diane, B. et al. (2022) Aurora, National Geographic Society. Retrieved January 10, 2023
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aurora

McElroy, M. B. (2012, August 20). Ionosphere and magnetosphere. Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/science/ionosphere-and-
magnetosphere

n.a. How did Mars lose its atmosphere? (n.d.). BBC Science Focus Magazine from
https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/how-did-mars-lose-its-atmosphere/

n.a. Auroras: What makes them happen? (n.d.). Retrieved January 11, 2023.
https://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/auroras/happen.html

n.a. Scientists can now replicate natural aurora borealis through recent discovery of manipulating
light (2020). News 18. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/scientists-can-now-replicate-natural-aurora-borealis-
through-recent-discovery-of-manipulating-light-2879753.html

n.a. Phys102: Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: Examples and applications (n.d.) Saylor
Academy. Retrieved January 11, 2023, https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=35465

n.a. Phys102: Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: Examples and applications (n.d.) Saylor
Academy. Retrieved January 11, 2023 https://learn.saylor.org/mod/page/view.php?id=35465

Parth,G. This Equation Explains Electricity (and Other Electromagnetic Phenomena) - Parth
G Electromagnetism. (2021). YouTube. Retrieved December 1, 2022, from
https://youtu.be/gSI3PuHQO9A

Waldek, S. (2022) Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis): What they are & how to see them, Space.com.
Retrieved January 12, 2023. https://www.space.com/15139-northern-lights-auroras-earth-facts-
sdcmp.html

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