ANCOVA

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Subject

SESSION 2020-2022

SUPERVISOR
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)

Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) is mixture of ANOVA and regression is a statistical tool

that analyzes the main and interaction effect of categorical variable on continuous dependent
variable, while controlling the effect of other continuous variable which co-vary with
dependent variable. ANCOVA is mostly used when there is difference between the
experimental groups (Senn, 1994; Overall, 1993), it is also used in pre-test, post-test design.

In current study, the independent variables are gender and residence which are categorical
variable and problem with public school is dependent variable which is continuous variable.

Null Hypothesis

“There will be no significant effect of gender and residence on problem with public schools”

Research Design

Two- Way ANCOVA can be used to study the main effect of categorical variable on
continuous variable.

Dependent Variable

In this study, problem with public schools is the dependent variable which can be measured
with continuous rating scale.

Independent Variable

The independent variables of this study are gender and residence which are categorical
variables and can be measured on likert scale.

Covariate

The current study has no covariate, as it is not compulsory to have covariate in ANCOVA.
Covariate are continuous variables that can impact dependent variable.

Answer to Research Question

The answer to research question is that “residence of participants significantly impact

problem with schools while gender has no significant effect on participants’ problem with
school”.
Possible implications of Social change

 Focus on potential disparities in urban-rural quality of education

 Semi-urban residential people face less issue so it will be good to identify successful
practices from semi-urban areas that can be implemented in urban areas to improve
the educational experience.

Table

Analysis of Covariance for Problem with Public Schools for Gender and Residence

Intervention Group
Male Female
Urban Rural Semi- Urban Rural Semi-
Urban Urban
Problem w Public
Schools
M 7.28 6.88 3.98 6.91 6.76 4.87
SD 5.55 5.16 4.51 5.32 5.11 5.18

Source SS df MS F p
Q101 Hypothesis 74.686 1 74.686 2.725 .099
Error 210160.610 7669 27.404b
URBRUR Hypothesis 834.871 2 417.436 15.233 .001
Error 210160.610 7669 27.404b

ANCOVA was conducted to compare the impact of gender and residence on problem with
public schools. The result indicated that there was significant difference among people in
different residence on problem with public school with F (2, 7671)= 15.23, p<.01. The result
showed that male participants from urban residence (M= 7.28, SD=5.55) perceive more
problem with public school as compare to male participants from rural residence (M=6.89,
SD=5.16) and male from semi- urban residence (M=3.98, SD=4.51). The result also showed
that female participants from urban residence (M= 6.91, SD=5.32) perceive more problem
with public school as compare to female participants from rural residence (M=6.76,
SD=5.11) and female from semi- urban residence (M=4.87, SD=5.18).
Overall the result indicated that residence of participants significantly affect participants’
problem with public school while gender has no significant effect on participants’ problem
with public school.

References

Bonate, P. L. (2000). Analysis of pretest-posttest designs. CRC Press.

Overall, J. E. (1993). the use of inadequate corrections for baseline imbalance remains a
serious problem. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 3(2), 271-276.

Senn, S. (1994). Testing for baseline balance in clinical trials. Statistics in medicine, 13(17),
1715-1726.