1-Histoire Generalites 23

$52
/¶RUGLQDWHXU
+LVWRLUHHWSUpVHQWDWLRQJpQpUDOH
%DVpVXUOHFRXUVGXSURI(6DQFKH]
HWOHFRXUV$63GXSURI06WDUNLHU
5RPXDOG0RVTXHURQ
$UFKLWHFWXUHGHVRUGLQDWHXUV &31504

&RXUV$63
%5Ê9(+,672,5('(6
25',1$7(856

,QIRUPDWLTXH
3HWLW5REHUW
6FLHQFHGXWUDLWHPHQWGHO LQIRUPDWLRQHQVHPEOHGH
WHFKQLTXHVGHODFROOHFWHGXWULGHODPLVHHQ
PpPRLUHGXVWRFNDJHGHODWUDQVPLVVLRQHWGH
O XWLOLVDWLRQGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVWUDLWpHV
DXWRPDWLTXHPHQWjO DLGHGHSURJUDPPHVPLVHQ
RHXYUH VXURUGLQDWHXUV
Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ
6\VWqPHLQIRUPDWLTXH
8QV\VWqPHLQIRUPDWLTXHHVWXQHQVHPEOHGH
FRPSRVDQWVGHW\SHORJLFLHO software HWPDWpULHO
hardware PLVHQVHPEOHSRXUFROODERUHUGDQV
O H[pFXWLRQG XQHDSSOLFDWLRQ
/HSULQFLSDOFRPSRVDQWPDWpULHOHVWO¶RUGLQDWHXU
8QLQIRUPDWLFLHQGRLWFRPSUHQGUHOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW
GHWRXVOHVFRPSRVDQWVG¶XQV\VWqPHVDQVVH
OLPLWHUDXORJLFLHO(QHIIHWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGX
PDWpULHODJLVVHQWVXUODMXVWHVVHHWODSHUIRUPDQFH
GHVSURJUDPPHV
8QHERQQHFRQQDLVVDQFHGXPDWpULHOSHUPHWG¶pYLWHU
GHVHUUHXUVHWG DXJPHQWHUODSHUIRUPDQFHHQ
RSWLPLVDQWOHVSURJUDPPHV

'pILQLWLRQGHO¶RUGLQDWHXU
>/DURXVVH@0DFKLQHDXWRPDWLTXHGHWUDLWHPHQW
GHO LQIRUPDWLRQREpLVVDQWjGHVSURJUDPPHV
IRUPpVSDUGHVVXLWHVG RSpUDWLRQVDULWKPpWLTXHV
HWORJLTXHV
>:LNLSHGLD@8QRUGLQDWHXUHVWXQHPDFKLQH
pOHFWURQLTXHTXLIRQFWLRQQHSDUODOHFWXUH
VpTXHQWLHOOHG XQHQVHPEOHG LQVWUXFWLRQVTXLOXL
IRQWH[pFXWHUGHVRSpUDWLRQVORJLTXHVHW
DULWKPpWLTXHVVXUGHVFKLIIUHVELQDLUHV
&RPSXWHUVRQHZKRFDOFXODWHVDJHQW
QRXQIURPFRPSXWH Y 0HDQLQJFDOFXODWLQJ
PDFKLQH RIDQ\W\SH LVIURP

&KURQRORJLH
0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
a
ERXOLHU
""«

0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
Boulier ou abaque (~700)
Asie
Europe

&KURQRORJLH
0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
a
ERXOLHU
""«

3DVFDO

0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
“Pascaline” (Pascal, 1642)
KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y K+$-:Q98 W V


&KURQRORJLH
0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
a
ERXOLHU /HLEQL]

3DVFDO

0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU
“Reckoner” (Leibniz, 1673)
KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y D:':L4+2&+Z

&KURQRORJLH
0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU

3DVFDO %DEEDJH

/HLEQL]

&KDUOHV%DEEDJH
0DWKpPDWLFLHQDQJODLVQpHQ
$GPLVjO¶8QLYHUVLWpGH&DPEULGJHHQ
0HPEUHGHOD5R\DO6RFLHW\

'LIIHUHQFH(QJLQH
(Charles Babbage, 1833)
6FLHQFHPXVHXP/RQGUHV
KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y %WPIF2JO
KWWSVHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL'LIIHUHQFHBHQJLQH
$UFKLWHFWXUHGHVV\VWqPHVjSURFHVVHXU065

$GD/RYHODFH
$GD/RYHODFH
6NHWFKRIWKH$QDO\WLFDO
(QJLQH
&DOFXOGHVQRPEUHVGH
%HUQRXOOL !SUHPLHU
SURJUDPPHLQIRUPDWLTXH"
&RQVLGpUpFRPPHOHSUHPLHU
SURJUDPPHXU

&KURQRORJLH
0DFKLQHVjFDOFXOHU

7KH
/HLEQL] 0RQLDF

%DEEDJH

7KH021,$&
E
D
DE

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV
5HJOHV
jFDOFXO

0DFKLQHj
FDOFXOHU

5qJOH jFDOFXO

6\VWqPHG¶DUFKLYDJH
0DFKLQHjFDOFXOHU
&DUWHSHUIRUpH

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV

5HJOHV j +DUYDUG
FDOFXO 0DUN,

0DFKLQH
jFDOFXOHU

&RPSXWHUV
³&RPSXWHU´HQDQJODLVGpVLJQDLWXQPpWLHU
MXVTX¶DX[DQQpHV,OV¶DJLVVDLWG¶XQH
SHUVRQQHTXLUpDOLVDLWGHVFDOFXOHV
PDWKpPDWLTXHV
/DWUDMHFWRLUHGXFRPqWH+DOOH\DpWpFDOFXOpSDU
XQHpTXLSHGH³FRPSXWHUV´HQ
3HQGDQWOD6HFRQGH*XHUUHPRQGLDOHGHV
IHPPHVPDWKpPDWLFLHQQHVRQWpWpHQJDJpHV
FRPPH³FRPSXWHUV´GDQVOHSURMHW0DQKDWWDQ

+DUYDUG0DUN,

,%0$XWRPDWLF
6HTXHQFH
&RQWUROOHG
&DOFXODWRU
6LWHKLVWRLUHLQIR

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV

0DFKLQH
jFDOFXOHU (1,$&

+DUYDUG
0DUN,

(OHFWURQLF1XPHULFDO,QWHJUDWRUDQG
&RPSXWHU (1,$&

-RKQ:0DXFKO\

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV

+DUYDUG
0DUN, ('9$&

(1,$&

(OHFWURQLF'LVFUHWH9DULDEOH
$XWRPDWLF&RPSXWHU ('9$&
±
-3UHVSHU
(FNHUW
-RKQ:LOOLDP
0DXFKO\

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV

(1,$& 81,9$&

('9$&

81,9$& 8QLYHUVDO$XWRPDWLF
&RPSXWHU

-3UHVSHU(FNHUW
-RKQ0DXFKO\

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV
('9$& 75$',&
81,9$&

75$',& 75$QVLVWRU ',JLWDO &RPSXWHU
75$',&SUHPLHURUGLQDWHXUjWUDQVLVWRUV
,OFRPSRUWDLWWUDQVLVWRUVHW
GLRGHV
,ODpWpPLVHQVHUYLFHHQGDQV
OHV ODERUDWRLUHV%HOO jODGHPDQGHGH
O 86$LU)RUFH

&KURQRORJLH
2UGLQDWHXUV
('9$& &UD\
81,9$&

&UD\

6H\PRXU&UD\
$YRLU/HPXVpH
%ROR jO (3)/

+LVWRULTXH

3XLV 3HUIRU 5DSSRUW
7DLOOH VDQFH PDQFHV 0pP 3UL[ 3HUIRU
$QQpH 1RP P : DGGV .R 3UL[
(1,$& ¶ | ¶
,%06
3'3
&UD\
,%03&
+3

3& | |
9RLUSRVWHU
5pYROXWLRQPDWpULHO3&GH± HQ$

+LVWRULTXH

$5&+,7(&785(*e1e5$/(
'¶8125',1$7(85

$UFKLWHFWXUHJpQpUDOH
2QSHXWYRLUJUDQGHVSDUWLHVGDQVXQRUGLQDWHXU
GLVSRVLWLIV GLVSRVLWLIV
SURFHVVHXU PpPRLUH
G䇻HQWUpH GHVRUWLH
EXV
8QRUGLQDWHXUHVWXQHPDFKLQHpOHFWURQLTXHFRPSRVpH
GHSOXVLHXUVSDUWLHVLQWHUFRQQHFWpHVSDUGHVILOV EXV
$WRXWPRPHQWWRXWILOGDQVO RUGLQDWHXUVHWURXYHjXQ
YROWDJHKDXWRXEDV/DYDOHXUUpHOOHQ LQWpUHVVHSDV
F¶HVWVHXOHPHQWXQRXXQ
$UFKLWHFWXUH9RQ1HXPDQQ
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQVHWOHV
0pPRLUHVGH
GRQQpHVVRQWUHJURXSpHV
SURJUDPPH
GDQVODPrPHPpPRLUHj
0pPRLUHGH GHVDGUHVVHVGLIIpUHQWHV
GRQQpHV
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQVHWOHV
%XVGHGRQQpHV
GRQQpHVHPSUXQWHQWOH
%XVG DGUHVVHV
PrPHEXV
$XVVLDSSHOp© SURFHVVHXU ª

HQDQJODLV&38
&HQWUDO3URFHVVLQJ 8QLW
8QLWpGHFRQWU{OHHW
GHWUDLWHPHQW

$UFKLWHFWXUH9RQ1HXPDQQDYHF
HQWUpHVVRUWLHV
0pPRLUHVGH
SURJUDPPH
0pPRLUHGH (QWUpHV 6RUWLHV
GRQQpHV
%XVGHGRQQpHV
%XVG DGUHVVHV
(QWUpHVSDUH[HPSOHOH
FODYLHURXODVRXULV
&38 6RUWLHVSDUH[HPSOH
3URFHVVHXU O¶pFUDQRXOHVRQ

$UFKLWHFWXUHGHYRQ1HXPDQQ
/HSURFHVVHXU HVW FRPSRVp GHGHX[ SDUWLHVO¶XQLWp

GHWUDLWHPHQWTXLFRQWLHQW O¶HQVHPEOH G¶RSpUDWHXUV
DULWKPpWLTXHV HWORJLTXHVJURXSpV DXWRXU G¶XQH
RX SOXVLHXUV $/8V $ULWKPHWLFDQG/RJLF8QLW HW
O¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH TXLFRRUGRQQH OHVGLIIpUHQWHV
DFWLYLWpV GXSURFHVVHXU
/HVGRQQpHV jWUDLWHU HWOHVLQVWUXFWLRQVVRQW
VWRFNpHV GDQV ODPrPH PpPRLUH
SURFHVVHXU
XQLWpGHWUDLWHPHQW
XQLWp PpPRLUH
GH EXV
FRQWU{OH
$/8
UHJLVWUHV

3RXUOLUHXQH GRQQpH RX XQH LQVWUXFWLRQOH
SURFHVVHXU GRLW HQYR\HU XQH DGUHVVH jOD
PpPRLUH SDUOHELDLV GXEXVG DGUHVVHV
/DPpPRLUH UpSRQG HQ HQYR\DQW O LQIRUPDWLRQ
GHPDQGpH SDUOHELDLV GXEXVGHGRQQpHV
EXVG DGUHVVHV
EXVGHFRQWU{OH
SURFHVVHXU PpPRLUH
EXVGHGRQQpHV

$UFKLWHFWXUH+DUYDUG
8QHPpPRLUH
0pPRLUHLQVWUXFWLRQV 0pPRLUHGRQQpHV SRXUOHV
LQVWUXFWLRQVHW
%XVGHGRQQpHV
%XVGHGRQQpHV
XQHSRXUOHV
%XVG DGUHVVHV
%XVG DGUHVVHV
GRQQpHV
$YDQWDJH
DFFqV
VLPXOWDQpDX[
LQVWUXFWLRQVHW
8QLWpGHFRQWU{OHHWGHWUDLWHPHQW DX[GRQQpHV

$UFKLWHFWXUH+DUYDUGDYHF
HQWUpHVVRUWLHV
(QWUpHV
0pPRLUH 0pPRLUH
G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ GHGRQQpH 6RUWLHV
%XVGHGRQQpHV
%XVG DGUHVVHV
/HVHQWUpHVVRUWLHVVRQW
FRQQHFWpHVDXEXVGHOD
&38 PpPRLUHGHGRQQpH
3URFHVVHXU

25',1$7(850e02,5((7
352&(66(85

2UGLQDWHXUHWPpPRLUH
8QSURJUDPPHHVWXQHVXLWH
G¶LQVWUXFWLRQVVWRFNpVGDQVXQHPpPRLUH
/HVRSpUDWLRQVDULWKPpWLTXHVHWORJLTXHV
VRQWH[pFXWpHV>HQIRQFWLRQGX
SURJUDPPH@VXUGHVGRQQpHVVWRFNpHVHQ
PpPRLUH
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQVRXOHVGRQQpHVVRQW
VWRFNpHVVRXVIRUPHGHPRWVELQDLUH

/DPpPRLUH
/DPpPRLUHHVWXQGLVSRVLWLI>pOHFWURQLTXH@
VHUYDQWjVWRFNHUGHVPRWVELQDLUHV
&KDTXHPRWjXQHDGUHVVHXQLTXH
'RQQpH
$GUHVVH 0(02,5(
,QVWUXFWLRQ
&RQWU{OH

+LpUDUFKLH GHVPpPRLUHV
EXVG DGUHVVHV
FDFKH
PpPRLUH
EXVGHGRQQpHV 5$0
UHJLVWUHV
FDFKH
SURFHVVHXU
GLVTXH
GXU
'9'

&HOOXOHGHEDVHGHPpPRLUH
([HPSOHGHPpPRLUH[ELWXQHFHOOXOHGH
EDVHSHXWrWUHUpDOLVpHDYHFXQUHJLVWUH
$GU
'pFRGDJH
DGUHVVH
ĺ
$GUHVVH
ELWV
$GU [
,PDJHZZZRSDPSHOHFWURQLFVFRP

6WUXFWXUHG¶XQH5$0VWDWLTXH
&RQVWUXFWLRQ
PDWULFLHOOHPHLOOHXUH
XWLOLVDWLRQGHOD
VXUIDFHG¶XQHSXFH
,&FLUFXLWLQWpJUp
ĠĐŽĚĞƵƌĚĞůŝŐŶĞ
5$0ELWV
PDWULFH[
$UFKLWHFWXUHGHVRUGLQDWHXUV &31504 S

6WUXFWXUHG¶XQH5$0VWDWLTXH
/¶LQIRUPDWLRQHVWPpPRULVpHGDQVXQODWFK
6WUXFWXUHG¶XQHFHOOXOH
PpPRULVDWLRQGH'LVL:U <L;LDFWLI
OHFWXUHODWFK VL;LDFWLI

0RWVHWWDLOOHPpPRLUH
8QHPpPRLUHHVWRUJDQLVpHSDUPRWVELQDLUHHQ
JpQpUDOPXOWLSOHVGH
RFWHWE\WH PRWVGHELWV
PRWVGH
/DWDLOOHG¶XQHPpPRLUHHVWGRQQpHHQE\WH
.LORE\WH .% E\WHV E\WHV
0HJDE\WH 0% E\WHV .%
¶¶E\WHV
*LJDE\WH *% E\WHV 0%
¶¶.%
¶¶¶0%

$GUHVVDJHPpPRLUH
PRWV PRWV
E\WH DGUHVVH
8QHPpPRLUH ELWV ELWV
0000
G¶RUGLQDWHXUHVWWRXMRXUV DGU
0001
DGUHVVpSDUE\WHV ""
0000 0002
DGU
0003
""
0000 0004
6LXQHGRQQpHFRQWLHQW DGU
0005
SOXVG XQE\WHO¶DGUHVVH ""
0004 0006
GHODGRQQpHFRUUHVSRQG 0007
jFHOOHGXSUHPLHUE\WH 0008
DGU
0009
""
0008 0010
DGU
/HVPRWVVRQWWRXMRXUV 0011
""
DOLJQpVGDQVODPpPRLUH
0008 0012
DGU
0013
$GU 1[QEBE\WHV PRW
""
0012 0014
1HVWHQWLHU 0015

5DSSHO/LWWOH HQGLDQ ELJ HQGLDQ
ELJ HQGLDQ
OHE\WH GHSRLGVIRUWHVWPLVjO DGUHVVH
LQIpULHXUH OHPRWFRPPHQFHSDUOHE\WH GH
SRLGVIRUW
OLWWOH HQGLDQ
OHE\WH GHSRLGVIDLEOHHVWPLVjO DGUHVVH
LQIpULHXUH OHPRWFRPPHQFHSDUOHE\WH GH
SRLGVIDLEOH

5DSSHO/LWWOHHQGLDQELJHQGLDQ
([HPSOH
8QHYDULDEOHWRWRHVWVWRFNpHjO DGUHVVH[
F HVWjGLUH WRWR [
/DYDOHXUGHODYDULDEOHWRWRHVW[
ELJHQGLDQ 0x100 0x101 0x102 0x103

01 23 45 67
OLWWOHHQGLDQ 0x100 0x101 0x102 0x103

67 45 23 01

2UGLQDWHXUHWSURFHVVHXU
3URFHVVHXUGpILQLWLRQV
8QSURFHVVHXU RXXQLWpFHQWUDOHGHWUDLWHPHQW8&7
HQDQJODLVFHQWUDOSURFHVVLQJ XQLW&38 HVWXQ
FRPSRVDQWSUpVHQWGDQVGHQRPEUHX[GLVSRVLWLIV
pOHFWURQLTXHV LQIRUPDWLTXH TXLH[pFXWHOHV
LQVWUXFWLRQVPDFKLQHGHVSURJUDPPHVLQIRUPDWLTXHV
&¶HVWODSLqFHPDvWUHVVHGHO¶RUGLQDWHXU6RQEXWHVWGH
FRQWU{OHUHWGHWUDLWHUO¶HQVHPEOHGHVUHTXrWHVpPLVHV
SDUO¶XWLOLVDWHXURXSDUOHVSLqFHVGHO¶RUGLQDWHXUDILQ
TXHFKDFXQHSXLVVHH[pFXWHUVDWkFKHORUVTXH
QpFHVVDLUH

2UGLQDWHXUHWSURFHVVHXU
/HSURFHVVHXU GLULJHOHWUDLWHPHQWGHO LQIRUPDWLRQHW

UpDOLVHFHWUDLWHPHQW
'LULJHUF HVWGpFLGHUTXHOOHWkFKHH[pFXWHUHWGDQV
TXHORUGUHFRQWU{OHUWRXWHVOHVDXWUHVSDUWLHV

$UFKLWHFWXUHGXSURFHVVHXU
8QLWpGHFRQWU{OH
'pURXOHPHQWGX
&383URFHVVHXU SURJUDPPH
XQLWpGHWUDLWHPHQW &RQWU{OHXQLWpGH
WUDLWHPHQW
XQLWp
GH
FRQWU{OH
8QLWpGHWUDLWHPHQW
/¶$/8 $ULWKPHWLF
DQG/RJLF 8QLW
$/8 UHJLVWUHV
/HVUHJLVWUHV
pOpPHQWVPpPRLUH

3URFHVVHXUV,QWHO

ELWVPLFURSURFHVVRU
WUDQVLVWRUVPLFURQV
6RXUFHKWWSVSKRWREXFNHWFRP

ELWV
SXLV
,QWHO

3URFHVVHXUV,QWHO
ELWVPLFURSURFHVVRU

HU GHODVpULH[

¶WUDQVLVWRUV
PLFURQV
6RXUFHKWWSFRGHJRRJOHFRPSISJD[SURFHVVRUZLNL$UFKLWHFWXUH
,QWHO

&HWWHpYROXWLRQDpWpSHUPLVH
SDUO pYROXWLRQGHOD
WHFKQRORJLHTXLDSHUPLVXQH
PLQLDWXULVDWLRQFURLVVDQWHGHV
GLVSRVLWLIVpOHFWURQLTXHV OH
WUDQVLVWRU

/RLGH0RRUH
(QDYULODQVDSUqVO¶LQYHQWLRQGXFLUFXLWLQWpJUp
*RUGRQ0RRUHFRIRQGDWHXUG¶,QWHODQVSOXVWDUGDIDLW
XQHSUpGLFWLRQFRQQXHSOXVWDUGFRPPHla loi de Moore
OHQRPEUHGHWUDQVLVWRUVG¶XQFLUFXLWLQWpJUpGRXEOHUD
FKDTXHDQQpH
$FHPRPHQWO¶pTXLSHGH0RRUHWUDYDLOODLWjOD
FRQFHSWLRQG¶XQFLUFXLWjWUDQVLVWRUV
(Q0RRUHDIDLWSDVVHUjDQVODGXUpHGXF\FOH
'qVODILQGHVDQQpHVODGXUpHGXF\FOHHVWGH
PRLV(WODORLHVWDSSOLTXpHjWRXVOHVSDUDPqWUHVGHOD
WHFKQRORJLHQRWDPPHQWYLWHVVHHWSHUIRUPDQFH
$UFKLWHFWXUHGHVRUGLQDWHXUV
&31504
/RLGH0RRUH

aµµµWUDQVLVWRUV#*+]
aµWUDQVLVWRUV#.+]
&31504
7HFKQRORJLHpYROXWLRQ
QRPEUHGHWUDQVLVWRUV
!PLOOLDUGV

7HFKQRORJLHpYROXWLRQ&026
5RDGPDS7RVKLED
KWWSZZZWRVKLEDFRPSRQHQWVFRPDVLF7HFKQRORJ\KWPO

(YROXWLRQGHVSURFHVVHXUV
'DWH 'HVFULSWLRQ 7UDQVLVWRUV

,QWHO&38ELWV .+] ¶
$GUHVVDJH%\WHV0LSV ȝP
0RWRUROD&38ELWV0+] ¶
$GUHVVDJH0%0LSV ȝP
0RWRUROD&38ELWV0+] PLOOLRQ
$GUHVVDJH*%008)380LSV ȝP
3HQWLXP,,,&38ELWV0+] PLOOLRQ
$GUHVVDJH*%008/FDFKH.% ȝP
3HQWLXP'&38ELWV'XDOFRUHV*+] PLOOLRQ
ȝP
&RUH L %ORRPILHOG &38ELWVFRUHV*+] PLOOLRQ
ȝP

&HTXLHVWYUDLF¶HVWTX¶,QWHOLQWURGXLWXQ
QRXYHDXSURFHVVXVGHIDEULFDWLRQWRXVOHV
DQV
P
QP
QP
QP
QP
QP 6DQG\EULGJH
QP ,Y\EULGJHGH,QWHO
QP 'WUDQVLVWRUV
QP 3URFHVVHXUV &RUH0GH,QWHO
&31504 4
&31504
(;(&87,21 '¶81
352*5$00(

3URJUDPPH
8QSURJUDPPHHVWXQHVXLWHG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV
VWRFNpVGDQVXQHPpPRLUH
/HVRSpUDWLRQVDULWKPpWLTXHVHWORJLTXHVVRQW
H[pFXWpHV>HQIRQFWLRQGXSURJUDPPH@VXUGHV
GRQQpHVVWRFNpHVHQPpPRLUH
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQVRXOHVGRQQpHVVRQWVWRFNpHV
VRXVIRUPHGHPRWVELQDLUH

/DSURJUDPPDWLRQ
'pFRGDJH
([pFXWLRQ
8QDOJRULWKPH HVWXQHQVHPEOH
G LQVWUXFWLRQVTXLH[pFXWpHVGDQVOD
ERQQHVpTXHQFHUpVROYHQWXQ
SUREOqPHGDQVXQWHPSVILQL8QH
UHFHWWHGHFXLVLQHHVWXQH[HPSOH
5HFHWWH G DOJRULWKPH
SURJUDPPHLQIRUPDWLTXH
VpTXHQFHG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV 8QSURJUDPPH HVWXQDOJRULWKPHpFULW
SRXUH[pFXWLRQGDQVXQRUGLQDWHXU
/RJLFLHO H[HPSOHHQ&
int data = 0x123456;
YDULDEOHV
int result = 0;
int mask = 1;
int count = 0;
int temp;
data: 0x123456
while (count < 32) {
temp = data & mask; result: 0
result = result + temp;
data = data >> 1; mask: 1
count = count + 1;
}; count: 0
/* result = 9 */ temp: undef
RSpUDWLRQVHWDIIHFWDWLRQV
FRQWU{OH
&RPSLODWLRQHWDVVHPEODJHGH
O¶H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQWHQ&
MOV r0, #0x123456

int data = 0x123456;
int result = 0;
MOV r1, 0
int mask = 1; MOV r2, #1
int count = 0; MOV r3, 0
int temp;
loop:
while (count < 32) {
temp = data & mask; AND r4, r0, r2
result = result + temp;
ADD r1, r1, r4
data = data >> 1;
LSR r0, r0, #1
count = count + 1;
}; ADD r3, r3, #1

BNE r3, #32, loop
fin:
/DQJDJHGHKDXW /DQJDJH /DQJDJH

QLYHDX DVVHPEOHXU PDFKLQH
FRPSLODWLRQ DVVHPEODJH

&RGHDVVHPEOHXU DSUqVFRPSLODWLRQ
GHO¶H[HPSOH SUpFpGHQW HQ&
RSpUDWLRQV HWDIIHFWDWLRQV
0 Æ MOV r0, 0x123456 # r0 Ù data
1 Æ MOV r1, 0 # r1 Ù result
2 Æ MOV r2, 1 # r2 Ù mask
3 Æ MOV r3, 0 # r3 Ù count
4 Æ loop: AND r4, r0, r2 # r4 = r0 & r2

5 Æ ADD r1, r1, r4 # r1 = r1 + r4
6 Æ LSR r0, r0, 1 # r0 = r0 >> 1
7 Æ ADD r3, r3, 1 # r3 = r3 + 1
8 Æ BNE r3, #32, loop # r3 != 32 Æ loop
9 Æ fin:
FRQWU{OH YDULDEOHV
2SpUDWLRQDULWKPpWLTXH
DGGLWLRQ± $''UUU
5HJLVWUHV
$
: $/8
% 2S
5: :U 5$ 5%
5 Æ ADD r1, r1, r4
r1 r1
+
'1' r4

2SpUDWLRQDULWKPpWLTXH
DGGLWLRQ± $''UUU
r1 r1
+
'1' r4
ORJLTXHGHFRQWU{OH
ADD r1, r1, r4
FRPSWHXU GH 'RXW
' SURJUDPPH 3& 4 $
PpPRLUH
G LQVWUXFWLRQ

&31504

2SpUDWLRQGHFRQWU{OH
VDXWFRQGLWLRQQHO± %1(UORRS
true
- '0' r3 32 !=
ORJLTXH GHFRQWU{OH
4 ‘1’(branch) BNE r3, 32, loop
FRPSWHXU GH 'RXW
0X[
'
SURJUDPPH 3& 4 $
PpPRLUH
G LQVWUXFWLRQ

&2'('¶,16758&7,21(7
75$,7(0(17

7\SHVG¶LQVWUXFWLRQ
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQVG¶XQ&38SHXYHQWrWUHFODVVpHV
HQWURLVFDWpJRULHV
LQVWUXFWLRQVGHFDOFXOWUDLWHPHQW
DULWKPpWLTXHHWORJLTXH
LQVWUXFWLRQVGHWUDQVIHUWGHGRQQpH
z LQWHUQH LQWHUQHLQWHUQH H[WHUQH
LQVWUXFWLRQVGHEUDQFKHPHQW VDXW

-HXG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV
&KDTXH SURFHVVHXU jXQMHX G¶LQVWUXFWLRQVTXL

FRPSRUWH O¶HQVHPEOH G¶RSpUDWLRQV TXHOH
SURFHVVHXU SHXW H[pFXWHU
&KDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQHVW LGHQWLILpH DYHFXQFRGH
DSSHOOp RSFRGH HJ HWDYHFXQ
PQpPRQLTXH HJ$''68%
8QH VXLWHG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV G¶XQSURFHVVHXU
GRQQH OLHXjXQSURJUDPPH HQ ODQJDJH
PDFKLQH

)RUPDWG¶XQHLQVWUXFWLRQ
/HFRGHFRQWLHQWSOXVLHXUVchamps
/HFKDPS©RSFRGHªHVWO¶LGHQWLILFDWHXUGHO¶LQVWUXFWLRQ
/HVFKDPSVRSpUDQGHVVSpFLILHQWODGHVWLQDWLRQHWOHV
GHX[RSpUDQGHVSRXUOHWUDLWHPHQW
z /HQRPEUHG¶RSpUDQGHVSHXWYDULHUGHj
z &LGHVVRXVH[HPSOHDYHFOHFDVJpQpUDO
3URFHVVHXU$50
FRGHG¶LQVWUXFWLRQELWV $507KXPE
RSpUDQGH RSpUDQGH
RSFRGH RSpUDQGH

)RUPDWG¶XQHLQVWUXFWLRQ
,QVWUXFWLRQVjRSpUDQGHV
([HPSOH$''UUU !U UU
RSFRGH RSpUDQGH RSpUDQGH RSpUDQGH
,QVWUXFWLRQVjRSpUDQGHV
([HPSOH$''UU !U UU
RSFRGH RSpUDQGH RSpUDQGH
,QVWUXFWLRQVjRSpUDQGH
([HPSOH,1&U !U U
RSFRGH RSpUDQGH

'LYLVLRQH[HPSOHGHFRGH
DVVHPEOHXU
'LYLVLRQGHGHX[GRQQpHVVWRFNpHVHQPpPRLUH
FKDUJHUXQUHJLVWUHDYHFODSUHPLqUHGRQQpH/'5
FKDUJHUXQDXWUHUHJLVWUHDYHFODGHX[LqPHGRQQpH /'5
VLODGHX[LqPHYDOHXUHVW]pURDOOHUDXSDV%(4
GLYLVHUOHVFRQWHQXVGHVGHX[UHJLVWUHVHWVWRFNHUOHUpVXOWDWGDQVX
WURLVLqPHUHJLVWUH6',9
VDXYHUOHUpVXOWDWGDQVXQHSRVLWLRQGHPpPRLUH675
DUUrWHU
/'5 50>@ 5m 0>@

/'5 50>@ 5m 0>@
%(4 ]pUR VL DOOHU j
6',9 555 5m 55
675 0>@5 0>@m 5
6723

&RGHVG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV
RSFRGH DGUHVVH GHODPpPRLUH
LDR 0000
DGUHVVH GXUHJLVWUH
RSFRGH DGUHVVHGHODPpPRLUH
STR 0001
DGUHVVHGXUHJLVWUH
RSFRGH DGUHVVH GHVDXW
BEQ 0010
FRQGLWLRQ &31504

&RGHVG¶LQVWUXFWLRQV
UHJLVWUH
RSFRGH VRXUFH
SDIV 0011
UHJLVWUH UHJLVWUH
GHVWLQDWLRQ VRXUFH
RSFRGH
STOP 0100

'LYLVLRQFRGHVKH[DGpFLPDX[
Mnémoniques Codes hexadécimaux
1 LDR R0,M[0] 0000

2 LDR R1,M[1] 0101
3 BEQ zéro,6 2006
4 SDIV R2,R0,R1 3201
5 STR M[2],R2 1202
6 STOP 4000

7UDLWHPHQW
/HWUDLWHPHQW GHVGRQQpHV HVW HIIHFWXp j
O LQWpULHXU GXSURFHVVHXU SDUO¶$/8TXLSHXW IDLUH
GHVRSpUDWLRQV DULWKPpWLTXHV HWORJLTXHV GH
EDVHHQWUHGHX[ RSpUDQGHV DGGLWLRQ
VRXVWUDFWLRQHWRXGpFDODJHHWF
/HVGHX[ RSpUDQGHV GHO $/8 HWVRQUpVXOWDW
VRQW VWRFNpV GDQV OHVUHJLVWUHV LQWHUQHVGX
SURFHVVHXU
5
5
5
5
$/8 5
UHJLVWUHV

/ DFFqV DXUHJLVWUHV HVW SOXVUDSLGH TX j ODPpPRLUH

0DLV OHVUHJLVWUHV VRQW SHX QRPEUHX[ SDUH[HPSOH
GDQV OHFDV GHO¶DUFKLWHFWXUH 0,36
&RPPH OHVGRQQpHV VHWURXYHQW LQLWLDOHPHQW GDQV OD
PpPRLUHLO IDXW XQH LQVWUXFWLRQSRXUOHVUDPHQHU GDQV
OHVUHJLVWUHVF HVW O LQVWUXFWLRQ /2$'
/ LQVWUXFWLRQ /2$' XWLOLVH GHX[ SDUDPqWUHVO DGUHVVH GH
ODPpPRLUH TXHO RQ YHXW OLUHHWOHQXPpUR GXUHJLVWUH
([HPSOHVL ODGRQQpH WRWR VHWURXYH jODSRVLWLRQGH
ODPpPRLUH HWQRXVYRXORQV ODVWRFNHUGDQV OHUHJLVWUH
GXSURFHVVHXULO IDXW H[pFXWHU O LQVWUXFWLRQ
/2$'5

([HPSOHVL QRXVYRXORQV DGGLWLRQQHU OHV
YDULDEOHVtoto HWtitiTXLVHWURXYHQW GDQV
OHVSRVLWLRQV DGUHVVHV HWGHOD
PpPRLUHLO IDXW G DERUG OHVUDPHQHU GDQV OHV
UHJLVWUHV LQWHUQHVGXSURFHVVHXU
/HVLQVWUXFWLRQV
LOAD R4, 20
LOAD R5, 21
UDPqQHQW toto HWtiti GDQV OHVUHJLVWUHV HW
GXSURFHVVHXUUHVSHFWLYHPHQW

8QH IRLV GDQV OHVUHJLVWUHV LQWHUQHVOHSURFHVVHXU

SHXW GRQQHUO RUGUH jO $/8 G HIIHFWXHU O DGGLWLRQ
F HVW O LQVWUXFWLRQ $''
/ LQVWUXFWLRQ $'' XWLOLVH WURLV SDUDPqWUHVOHVGHX[
UHJLVWUHV VRXUFHHWOHUHJLVWUH GHVWLQDWLRQR OH
UpVXOWDW GHO DGGLWLRQ VHUDVDXYHJDUGp
3DUH[HPSOHO LQVWUXFWLRQ
$''555
UpDOLVH O DGGLWLRQ GH5 DYHF5 HWVWRFNH OHUpVXOWDW
GDQV 5

6LO RSpUDWLRQ YRXOXH pWDLW
toto = toto + titi
LO IDXW pFULUH OHFRQWHQX GXUHJLVWUH R0 OHUpVXOWDW GHO DGGLWLRQ
GDQV ODSRVLWLRQGHODPpPRLUH
/ LQVWUXFWLRQ STORE PRGLILH XQH SRVLWLRQGHPpPRLUH DYHFOH
FRQWHQX G XQUHJLVWUH
1RWUHSURJUDPPH FRPSOHW HVW PDLQWHQDQW
LOAD R4, 20
LOAD R5, 21
ADD R0, R4, R5
STORE 20, R0

([HPSOHG¶XQHDUFKLWHFWXUHGH
SURFHVVHXU0,36

7UDLWHPHQWG XQHLQVWUXFWLRQ
/HWUDLWHPHQWV¶HIIHFWXHHQSOXVLHXUVSKDVHV
)(7&+ recherche de l'instruction) O¶DGUHVVH GH O¶LQVWUXFWLRQ j
H[pFXWHU HVW IRXUQLH j OD PpPRLUH G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ /D PpPRLUH UHWRXUQH OH
FRGH GH O¶LQVWUXFWLRQ
'(&2'( (décodage de l'instruction) FKDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQ HVW LGHQWLILpH

JUkFH j XQ FRGH opcode (Q IRQFWLRQ GH FH FRGH OH SURFHVVHXU
FKRLVLW OD WkFKH j H[pFXWHU
(;(&87( exécution de l'instruction XQH RSpUDWLRQ DULWKPpWLTXH RX

ORJLTXH HVW HIIHFWXpH
0(025< accès mémoire XQH GRQQpH HVW OXH RX pFULWH GDQV OD

PpPRLUH
:5,7( %$&. OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQH RSpUDWLRQ RX OD YDOHXU OXH HQ PpPRLUH

VRQW pFULWV GDQV XQ UHJLVWUH
/¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH G¶XQSURFHVVHXU
/¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH GRLW JpUHU O¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV

RSpUDWLRQV GHEDVHGXSURFHVVHXU F¶HVW jGLUHGXMHX
G¶LQVWUXFWLRQV
&KDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQGXSURFHVVHXU HVW H[pFXWpH HQ
SOXVLHXUV SKDVHVSUHQDQW SOXVLHXUV F\FOHV
G¶KRUORJH
&KDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQHVW G¶DERUG FKHUFKpH GDQV OD
PpPRLUH GHO¶RUGLQDWHXU IHWFK DSUqVHOOH HVW
GpFRGpH GHFRGH HWHQILQ H[pFXWpH H[HFXWH
/DSKDVHH[HFXWHSHXW SUHQGUH SOXVLHXUV F\FOHV
G¶KRUORJH HJODPXOWLSOLFDWLRQVpTXHQWLHOOH

([HPSOH G¶H[pFXWLRQ G¶XQH
LQVWUXFWLRQ
$''555 H[HFXWH
IHWFK GHFRGH
$/86UF$ 5 5HJ'VW 5
$/86UF% 5 5HJ:ULWH µ¶
$/8RS µ¶

1-Histoire Generalites 23

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1-Histoire Generalites 23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

$52

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

“Pascaline” (Pascal, 1642)

KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y K+$-:Q98 W V

“Reckoner” (Leibniz, 1673)

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

$XVVLDSSHOp© SURFHVVHXU ª

 /HSURFHVVHXU HVW FRPSRVp GHGHX[ SDUWLHVO¶XQLWp

ELJHQGLDQ 0x100 0x101 0x102 0x103

OLWWOHHQGLDQ 0x100 0x101 0x102 0x103

 /HSURFHVVHXU GLULJHOHWUDLWHPHQWGHO LQIRUPDWLRQHW

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

'DWH 'HVFULSWLRQ 7UDQVLVWRUV

Architecture des ordinateurs 2 - CPN / RMQ

MOV r0, #0x123456

/DQJDJHGHKDXW /DQJDJH /DQJDJH

4 Æ loop: AND r4, r0, r2 # r4 = r0 & r2

5 Æ ADD r1, r1, r4

4 ‘1’(branch) BNE r3, 32, loop

 &KDTXH SURFHVVHXU jXQMHX G¶LQVWUXFWLRQVTXL

 /'5 50>@ 5m 0>@

RSFRGH DGUHVVH GHVDXW

Mnémoniques Codes hexadécimaux

1 LDR R0,M[0] 0000

 / DFFqV DXUHJLVWUHV HVW SOXVUDSLGH TX j ODPpPRLUH

 8QH IRLV GDQV OHVUHJLVWUHV LQWHUQHVOHSURFHVVHXU

 '(&2'( (décodage de l'instruction) FKDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQ HVW LGHQWLILpH

 (;(&87( exécution de l'instruction  XQH RSpUDWLRQ DULWKPpWLTXH RX

 0(025< accès mémoire  XQH GRQQpH HVW OXH RX pFULWH GDQV OD

 :5,7( %$&.  OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQH RSpUDWLRQ RX OD YDOHXU OXH HQ PpPRLUH

/¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH G¶XQSURFHVVHXU

 /¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH GRLW JpUHU O¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV

You might also like

$52

KWWSVZZZ\RXWXEHFRPZDWFK"Y K+$-:Q98 W V

$XVVLDSSHOp© SURFHVVHXU ª

/HSURFHVVHXU HVW FRPSRVp GHGHX[ SDUWLHVO¶XQLWp

/HSURFHVVHXU GLULJHOHWUDLWHPHQWGHO LQIRUPDWLRQHW

&KDTXH SURFHVVHXU jXQMHX G¶LQVWUXFWLRQVTXL

/'5 50>@ 5m 0>@

/ DFFqV DXUHJLVWUHV HVW SOXVUDSLGH TX j ODPpPRLUH

8QH IRLV GDQV OHVUHJLVWUHV LQWHUQHVOHSURFHVVHXU

'(&2'( (décodage de l'instruction) FKDTXH LQVWUXFWLRQ HVW LGHQWLILpH

(;(&87( exécution de l'instruction XQH RSpUDWLRQ DULWKPpWLTXH RX

0(025< accès mémoire XQH GRQQpH HVW OXH RX pFULWH GDQV OD

:5,7( %$&. OH UpVXOWDW G¶XQH RSpUDWLRQ RX OD YDOHXU OXH HQ PpPRLUH

/¶XQLWp GHFRQWU{OH GRLW JpUHU O¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV