Mechanical Behavior of Materials

2. Linear Elastic Behavior

Simple tensor notation and operation
Specification of stress at a point
Specification of strain at a point
Elastic stress-strain relations
Elastic constants
Elastic anisotropy
Stress concentrations
Strain Energy
Finite Strain Elasticity

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 2.3. Elastic stress-strain relations

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 x   x   y   z    xz  G xz
E
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 z   z   x   y    xy  G xy
E
1
 y   y   z   x    yz  G yz
E

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 2.3. Elastic stress-strain relations

Calculation of stresses from elastic strain

E
x  y z  
1  2
 x  y  z 

1  
x   x   x   y   z 
E E
E E Lame’s constant :
x  
1 
x 
1  1  2 
 x y z 
E

1   1  2 
and noting that   x  y  z

 x  2G x  

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 2.3. Elastic stress-strain relations

Calculation of stresses from elastic strain

In tensor notation:
E E
 ij    ij   kk  ij
1  1  1  2 
Stresses and strains can be broken into
hydrostatic components :

' E '
 
ij  ij  2G ij'
1 
and deviator component:
E
 ij   ij'  3K ij
1  2
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 2.3. Elastic stress-strain relations

E
2  1
The plane stress (3 = 0) 1     2 
1 
E
2  2
2    1 
1 
The plane strain (3 = 0)
1  3    1   2 
 3   3   1   2    0
E
1
1  1  2   1  1     2 
E
1
 2  1  2   2  1     1 
E
3  0
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2.4. Elastic Constants

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 2.4. Elastic Constants

Symbol Name Other Names

Elastic modulus,
E Youngs modulus
tension modulus
 Poisson ratio
G (or ) Shear modulus Rigidity modulus
Compression
K Bulk modulus
modulus
 Lame’s constant
E 9K 1  2G / 3K
G E 
2 1   1  3K / G 2  2G / 3K

E 3 1  2  K E
K G 
9  3E / G 2 1    1  1  2 
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 2.5. Elastic Anisotropy
•We consider the fact that the elastic constants of a crystal vary
markedly with orientation.
•However first it is important to discus briefly the nature of the elastic
forces between atoms:

For small applied forces the atoms will

find new equilibrium spacing a at
which the external and internal forces
are balanced. The displacement of
atoms is u=a-a0. Force is the derivative
of potential energy with distance:
Energy-distance diagram

d   u   d 2  is curvature of the energy-distance

P  2  u 2
du  du 0 d  curve at u=a0. Since it is independent of
 2  u the coefficient is constant and P=ku
 du 0 which is Hook’s law in it original form.

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 2.5. Elastic Anisotropy
In generalized case Hooke’s law may be expressed as

 ij  Sijkl kl
 ij  Cijkl  kl
Sijkl Compliance tensor (fourth-rank tensor quantities)
Cijkl Elastic stiffness tensor (often called elastic constants)

If we expanded equations we would get nine equation each with nine

terms, 81 constants in all.
However, both ij and ij are symmetric tensors which immediately
leads to appreciable simplification.
 kl   lk Sijkl  Sijlk

 ij   ji Sijkl  S jikl
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 2.5. Elastic Anisotropy

Because of the symmetry of the stress and strain tensor, only 36 of

the components of the compliance tensor are independent and
distinct terms. The same is true of the elastic stiffness tensor:

In general Cij  C ji Sij  Sij Therefore for the general anisotropic

linear elastic solid there are 30/2+6=21
independent elastic constants.
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 2.5. Elastic Anisotropy
As a result of symmetry conditions found in different crystal
structure the number of independent elastic constants can be
reduced still further

Crystal structure Rotation symmetry Number of independent

elastic constants
Triclinic None 21
Monoclinic 1 twofold 13
Orthorhombic 2 perpend. Twofold rotation 9
Tetragonal 1 fourfold rotation 6
Hexagonal 1 Sixfold rotation 5
Cubic 4 threefold rotation 3
Isotropic 2

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 2.6. Stress Concentrations

At some region near the discontinuity the stress will be higher than
the average stress at distances removed from the discontinuity.

Thus, a stress concentration occurs at the discontinuity or stress

raiser.

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2.6. Stress Concentrations

 c
 max   1  2 
 d
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2.6. Stress Concentrations

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2.6. Stress Concentrations

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2.6. Stress Concentrations

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2.6. Stress Concentrations

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2.6. Stress Concentrations

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 2.7. Strain Energy

Ideal work of deformation

The work of deformation is considered ideal when a
homogeneous material is deformed uniformly, internally and
externally and also there is no effects of friction or tool
geometry on the deformation process
The ideal work per unit volume
or specific energy can be __
ex _
presented in terms of principal ui    de  Y ex
components as: 0

dui   x dex   y de y   z dez

ex _
ui    de  Y ex
0
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2.7. Strain Energy

1
U  P
2

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2.7. Strain Energy

The elastic strain energy U

1 1 1
dU  Pdu  ( x A)   x dx    x x  Adx 
2 2 2

The strain-energy density

1 1  x2 1 2
U 0   x x   x E
2 2 E 2

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 2.7. Strain Energy

Strain Energy in Pure Shear:

2
1 
1 xy
1 2
U 0   xy xy    xy G
2 2 G 2

Strain Energy in Bending:

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2.8. Finite element method

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2.8. Finite element method

 P1   k11 k12  U1 

    
 P2   k21 k22  U 2 
 P1   k11 k12 0  U1 
    
 P2    k21 k22  k22 k23  U 2 
P   0 k32 k33  U 3 
 3 

P    K U 
    D  B u
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2.8. Finite element method

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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

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