Bituminous Materials –

Modelling (2)
Creep
deformation that occurs over period of time
when a material is subjected to a constant
stress (at constant temperature)
 Consider a material placed under a
weight. A constant stress is applied,
and we measure how the strain (∆h/h)
changes with time F

∆ h

O r ig in a l
h
C o m p re ss e d
 Elastic Material
force removed

F
∆h ∆h
Instantaneous Instantaneous
elastic elastic
Or i g i n a l deformation recovery
h
Co m p r e s s e d

force applied
Time
 Creep – the continuous strain that occurs in
plastic when subjected to a continuous
mechanical load. The magnitude of the creep is
affected by many factors, including
environmental.
 Stress Relaxation – the gradual reduction in
stress level after a prolonged constant strain.
 Creep Rupture – the catastrophic failure of a
stress bearing member after an extended period
of continued stress and preceded by some per
cent of deformation (creep).
 Creep: Response when Stress is kept constant with time
Relaxation: Response when Strain is kept constant with time

RESPONSE OF A SPRING

  0 E   E 0

 

t t
CREEP RELAXATION
RESPONSE OF A DASHPOT

CREEP
d
   

 or dt
/

or
 

0 d  0  dt 
or

   0t  t
RESPONSE OF A DASHPOT

RELAXATION

 0
/
Therefore

t
Mechanical Element Analogs
Mechanical elements provide a means to construct potential
viscoelastic material models.

Elastic Element – Stress is
proportional to strain.
E   E


Viscous Element – Stress is
proportional to strain rate. d
    
The proportionality dt
constant is called viscosity

due to its similarity to a
Newtonian fluid.
 Maxwell Model
 The Maxwell model uses a Derivation of Governing Equation
spring and dashpot in series.
   E 1
 It predicts a linear change in   2
stress versus time for the E 1
creep response. 
 Units are
 2 E seconds
Combining yields  
  
  1   2   E
0 0 1
    E
  t 
E 
  1  2
 1 Instantaneous

2 Viscous and slow

If we pull the model, the stress will

decrease due to viscosity (dash pot)

If we pull and fix the model

   0 Initial stress
0 = Initial deformation
 t

t  0 e 

E
 

 

t t
CREEP
RELAXATION

Kelvin Model
The Kelvin model uses a Derivation of Governing Equation

spring and dashpot in parallel. 

1 2
 1  E
 It doesn’t exhibit time  2  
dependent relaxation.
E     
1 2

 Spring can not deform 

instantaneously 
 E

 Same amount of deformation 1 

   
 
 Stresses are different
 d
   1   2  E  
dt
  
t

0 

 
 (t )  
n
1 e E

E 


 

t t
CREEP
RELAXATION
Standard Linear Solid – Governing Equations
 The Standard Linear Derivation of Governing Equation
Solid model is a three- 
parameter model that
1 2   1   2
contains a Maxwell Arm
in parallel with an elastic Elastic Arm  1  Er 
Em
arm.  2 2
Er Maxwell Arm   

 Laplace transforms will  Em
be used to develop Characteristic Time
relaxation and creep 
constitutive equations. 
 Em
 Viscoelatic Material

force removed
F retarded
∆h deformation Instantaneous
(creep) elastic
recovery
h
Or i g i n a l ∆h
Co m p r e s s e d retarded
recovery
Instantaneous
elastic
deformation permanent deformation

force applied

Time
 Elastic Material: stress increases immediately
with strain remains constant
 Newtonian Fluid: stresses increases with
application of strain, quickly declines to zero
 Viscoelastic material: stress increases
immediately, declines gradually over time.
 viscoelatic solid-decline is gradual and levels off at
e
 viscoelatic liquid, stress declines rapidly and goes
to zero
Four Element Model
 Burger model: Kelvin element in series
with a Maxwell element
 Simplest model that exhibits all features
of viscoelasticity
Burger model
 1
Long Time Viscous Flow

Recovery E1

St r ai n
Ret arded Elast ic 2
E2
Behavior

Inst ant aneous E1

Response

T im e