PA 204 - Theory and Practice of Public Administration

1. e-Government
e-Governance can be defined as the application of information and communication
technology (ICT) for providing government services, exchange of information,
transactions, integration of previously existing services and information portals.
E-government is the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to promote
more efficient and costeffective government, more convenient government services,
greater public access to information, and more government accountability to citizens.
What are the 4 types of e-government?
There are four types of E-government services: Government-to-Citizen
(G2C). Government-to-Business (G2B). Government-to-Employee
(G2E). Government-to-Government (G2G).
he e-government has a wide range of objectives including better delivery of public
services to people, enhancing business and industry collaborations, citizen
empowerment through access to information, or more effective governance.
2. Issues on GO and NGO collaboration
What is the relationship between government and NGO?
The relationship between the government and NGOs in the area of development
cooperation is essentially a partnership, as technical expertise and overseas aid
allocation move their interaction away from divisive domestic politics.
This partnership, seamless in a time of crisis, was not always this strong. NGOs and
governments are different. We have different goals, different mandates, and different
constraints. But we need one another: NGOs can be nimble and flexible and can try things that
governments can't afford to do, whether financially or politically. And while NGOs can take risks
and fail, NGOs need governments to scale, especially in fields like health care and education.
Governments set national policies and funding, which provide scale and sustainability. And
governments can leverage the support of NGOs to innovate and enhance accountability.
3. CSC
The Civil Service Commission (CSC) is the central personnel agency of the Philippine
government responsible for the policies, plans, and programs concerning all civil service
employees. It has 16 regional offices throughout the country.
Civil service is a service provided by the government to all citizens. It is performed by civil
servants, highly skilled individuals who achieved their positions for merit, who operate in the
interest of the general public.
Paying pensions and benefits;
• Running and managing prisons;
• Issuing driving licenses;
• Representing the government in international organizations and in foreign
countries; and
• Managing employment services.

4. Eligibility
As a general rule, the CES eligibility is the appropriate eligibility requirement for appointment to
a CES position. While a CESO or a CES eligible shall be given priority in an appointment to a
CES position, the President of the Republic of the Philippines, in exceptional cases, is authorized
to appoint any person to a CES position, provided that such appointee subsequently takes the
required CES eligibility examination.
 Career Service Examination (Professional and Sub-Professional)
 Career Service Examination for Foreign Service Officer (CSE-FSO)
 Fire Officer Examination (FOE)
 Penology Officer Examination (POE)
 Basic Competency on Local Treasury Examination (BCLTE)
 Intermediate Competency on Local Treasury Examination (ICLTE)
 Pre-employment Test
 Promotional Test
Ethics-Oriented Personality Test (EOPT)
 Bar/Board Eligibility (RA1080)
 Barangay Health Worker Eligibility (RA7883)
 Barangay Nutrition Scholar Eligibility (PD1569)
 Barangay Official Eligibility (RA 7160)
 Electronic Data Processing Specialist Eligibility (CSC Res. 90-083)
 Foreign School Honor Graduate Eligibility (CSC Res. 1302714)
 Honor Graduate Eligibility (PD907)
 Sanggunian Member Eligibility (RA 10156)
 Scientific and Technological Specialist Eligibility (PD 997)
 Skills Eligibility - Category II (CSC MC 11, s. 1996, as Amended)
 Veteran Preference Rating (EO 132/790)

5. e-Commerce
What do you mean by e-commerce?
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services,
or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the
internet
Regardless of the difficulties resulting in addressing and counteracting these issues,
governments have the sole responsibility to subscribe to the improvement of efficiency and
productivity. Since government spending of most western governments accounts for half or
more of their gross national product, efficient reengineering of their business processes could
lead to substantial increase in productivity.
Section 1. Declaration of Policy. - The State recognizes the vital role of information and communications
technology (ICT) in nation-building; the need to create an information-friendly environment which
supports and ensures the availability, diversity and affordability of ICT products and services; the
primary responsibility of the private sector in contributing investments and services in ICT; the need to
develop, with appropriate training programs and institutional policy changes, human resources for the
information age, a labor force skilled in the use of ICT and a population capable of operating and utilizing
electronic appliances and computers; its obligation to facilitate the transfer and promotion of
technology; to ensure network security, connectivity and neutrality of technology for the national
benefit; and the need to marshal, organize and deploy national information infrastructures, comprising
in both communications network and strategic information services, including their interconnection to
the global information networks, with the necessary and appropriate legal, financial, diplomatic and
technical framework, systems and facilities.

6. MCW
he Magna Carta of Women is comprehensive women's human rights law that seeks to
eliminate discrimination against women by recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and
promoting the rights of Filipino women, especially those in marginalized sector.
What is the legal basis of gender and development?
The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act No. 9710) defines Gender and
Development Program (GAD) as the development perspective and process that is
participatory and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of
human rights, supportive of self-determination and actualization of human potentials.

7. EO 265
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 265 - APPROVING AND ADOPTING THE GOVERNMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS PLAN (GISP) AS FRAMEWORK AND GUIDE FOR ALL
COMPUTERIZATION EFFORTS IN GOVERNMENT

WHEREAS, the government is committed to carry out, in pursuance of “Angat Pinoy 2004”,
or the Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan, 1999-2004, wide-ranging administrative
reforms to enhance government efficiency and effectiveness in government operations and
in the delivery of basic services to the public;

WHEREAS, these reforms are being pursued particularly in fiscal and financial management,
procurement, education and manpower development, personnel welfare, organizational
effectiveness, and service delivery;

WHEREAS, the wider use and application of information and communications technology
offer tremendous opportunities for government to ensure the success of these reforms;

8. PSSD
The goal of the Philippine strategy for sustainable development (PSSD) is to
achieve economic growth with adequate protection of the country's biological resources
and its diversity, vital ecosystem functions, and overall environmental quality. The
PSSD has for its core a number of implementing strategies.

 What is sustainability in public administration?

-Sustainability involves three systems: environmental, economic, and political/social
systems. The challenge of governance, and thus of public administration, is to sustain each of
these systems on its own while maintaining an appropriate balance among them.
 How does sustainable development help the economy?
-The benefits of Sustainable Economic Development impact more than just those in poverty. For
example, reducing energy use and expanding public transit options leads to less air
pollution, which can improve asthma and heart conditions. Efficient homes and businesses
will be more comfortable and safer.

9. Dimensions of Sustainable Development

  What is Sustainable Development?
- Sustainable Development is “developments that meets the need of the present, without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. But sustainable
development is about more than just the environment.
 Importance of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development always encourages us to conserve and enhance our

resources, by gradually changing the manners in which we develop and use technologies.
All Countries should meet their basic needs of employment, food, energy, water, and
sanitation.
 The main features of sustainable development are as follows:
-It improves the quality of human life.
-It minimizes the depletion of natural resources.
-It teaches us to respect and care for all the life forms.
-Checking the pollution levels.
-Making arrangements so that the future generation are able to meet their own demands.

10. Decentralization
- WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR TYPES OF DECENTRALIZATION PROCESSES?
. Shift from National to Local
2. Shift to Public Private Partnership (PPP)
3. Shift from State to Civil Society

DECENTRALIZATION
- a state or condition in a governmental
system where there is dispersal of power
or authority from the center.
- 2 FEATURES:
1. Political decentralization
- referred to as a real approach to decentralization
- focuses on the delegation of power and authority to LGU
2. Administrative decentralization
- focuses on deconcentration of functions

CENTRALIZATION
- the condition where power and decision making are concentrated in the center
3 forms
1. Deconcentration
 2. Delegation
3. Devolution

11. Powers of the President

 Article VII, of the 1987 Constitution

Section 2, provides QUALIFICATIONS of being a President
1. Natural born Filipino
2. A registered voter
3. Must be able to read and write
4. at least 40 years old at the day of the election
5. Must have resided in the Philippines 10 years before the election

A PRESIDENT CAN . . .

 make treaties with the approval of the Senate.

 veto bills and sign bills.
 represent our nation in talks with foreign countries.
 enforce the laws that Congress passes.
 act as Commander-in-Chief during a war.
 call out troops to protect our nation against an attack.
 make suggestions about things that should be new laws.
 lead his political party.
 entertain foreign guests.
 recognize foreign countries.
 grant pardons.
 nominate Cabinet members and Supreme Court Justices and other high officials.
 appoint ambassadors.
 talk directly to the people about problems.
 represent the best interest of all the people

A PRESIDENT CANNOT . . .

 make laws.
 declare war.
 decide how federal money will be spent.
 interpret laws.
 choose Cabinet members or Supreme Court Justices without Senate approval.
 Cannot hold any other office or employment, practice any other profession;
 Cannot appoint his/her spouse and relatives to a cabinet post

12. Branches of Government

  Legistative power is vested in the CONGRESS OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Consist of :
1. Senate – 24 Senators
2. House of Representative – not more than 250 (unless fixed by law), 20 % must be
Party-list representatives
 Passes laws
 Defines and punished crimes against the state
 Determines the taxes people should pay
 Budgets the money to be spent for public purposes
 Creates and abolish courts except the Supreme Court
 it is only Congress which has the power to declare war

 Art. VIII. Sec 1 of the 1987 Constitution, Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court
and the lower courts. Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights which are
legally demandable and enforceable (Art. VIII Sec 1(2)

 Includes the power to hear and settle disputes:

 Private person vs. Private person
 Private person vs. Government
 Government Agency vs. Government Agency

13. What is the impact of “Accountability and Ethics” in the delivery public service?
In the absence of public ethics and accountability, corruption and malpractice are able to
thrive. The prioritization of public ethics and accountability can help curb the worst excesses of
power and encourage more responsible and fairer decision-making by local authorities.
ETHICS-In general, it is identified as “the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right
and wrong in human affairs”.
ACCOUNTABILITY- Implies responsibility and public trust. The contemporary emphasis is on
everybody’s assuming responsibility and being accountable.

o A public servant who does not spend all paid hours in official work is already stealing
from the Filipino people.
o Someone who does not report an anomalous transaction may have just allowed something
worse to happen.
o Sexual harassment in the workplace is also unethical and wrong.

14. DBM
DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT

➢Review of estimates and fiscal policy studies in close consultation with the national economic
development authority.

➢Accountable for carrying out the president’s responsibility of preparing the budget.

➢Formulate and implement the national budget and ensuring the efficient and sound utilization
of government resources to achieve the country’s development objectives.

15. GOCC
PD No. 2029
“A government-owned or controlled corporation is a stock or a non-stock corporation,
whether performing governmental or proprietary functions, which is directly chartered by a
special law or if organized under the general corporation law is owned or controlled by the
government directly, or indirectly through a parent corporation or subsidiary corporation, to the
extent of at least a majority of its outstanding capital stock or of its outstanding voting capital
stock.”
Executive Order No. 64 of 1993 expanded the definition of GOCC as follows: “... a corporation
created by special law or incorporated and organized under the Corporation Code and in which
government, directly or indirect, has ownership of the majority of the capital stock.”
Government-owned and-controlled corporations were initially created as solutions to market
failures and correct imperfections.
GOCCs are important sources of income for the national government (NG). Under Section 3 of
Republic Act 7656, all GOCCS are required to declare and remit at least 50 percent of their
annual net earnings as cash, stock or property dividends to the national government.
16. “Bahala na” Attitude
Bahala na or Pagbabahala - Bahala or its action-correlate, pagbabahala means responsibility.
Filipinos expect that relationships must not be defined as purely social transactions but also
as moral obligations actors have to one another. Many conflicts occur when the
pagbabahala is lost in interpersonal and intergroup relations.

17. Mañana Habit

Mañana Habit is the regular tendency or practice of putting off until tomorrow
what can be done today. It tends to occur subconsciously, like most of our
procrastination problems. It is a way of thinking and doing acquired through previous
repetition of task-avoidance experiences.
18. Crab Mentality
Crab mentality involves pulling down anyone who achieves or is about to achieve
success greater than yours. This behavior takes its name from how crabs scramble to
get out of a boiling pot by clambering on top of the others
19. “Filipino Time”
What is a Filipino time?
“Filipino time” originally describes the Filipinos' penchant for starting, or arriving
at, events some 15 to 30 minutes later than the set time. It has become a notorious
habit that, unknown to many, pulls back the country in terms of lost productivity

20. Amor Propio 21. Hiya

FILIPINO VALUES
. Hiya, “amor propio – it is use to define how one should behave in public and in
relation to others. Hiya has often been defined as shame, embarrassment, timidity,
shyness.

22. Barangay, Municipality, City, Province

Republic Act 11683, which lapsed into law on April 10, 2022, is based on Senate Bill 255
filed by Lacson in July 2019, as well as on House Bill 8207.the new law amends Section
450 of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, exempting a municipality from
the land and population requirements if it generates at least P100 million for two
consecutive years.

Lacson noted it would be unfair to residents of municipalities to be denied cityhood

because their town is smaller than 100 square kilometers or has a population of less
than 150,000.

 province is composed of component cities and municipalities, over which it

exercises supervisory authority.
  Each province is headed by a governor and vice governor. Its legislative body is the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan.
 Municipality consists of a number of barangays, and serves primarily as a general
purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic,
regular, and direct services within its jurisdiction.
 The elected officials of the municipal government are the Mayor who is the chief
executive, the Vice-Mayor, and the Sangguniang Bayan members.
 The barangay is the basic political unit of the government.
 Each barangay is headed by a Barangay Captain. Its local legislative body is the
Sangguniang Barangay.
 The primary requisite for the creation of a barangay is a population of at least
2,000. But for highly urbanized cities, a minimum of 5,000 inhabitants is required.
 As of 2021, there are 42,046 barangays in the Philippines
 A City is similar to a municipality, but is more urbanized and better developed.
 Cities in the Philippines are classified into
 Highly urbanized cities (HUCs) - thirty-three (33) cities
 Component cities - One hundred-eight (108) cities
 Independent component cities -five (5) cities
 The elected officials of the city government are the Mayor who is the chief
executive, the Vice-Mayor, and the Sangguniang Panlungsod members.


23. Give 1 significant issue or challenge of the New Public Administration? Discuss briefly.
1. INCREASED DIGITAL GOVERNANCE-The complications of the COVID-19 pandemic
have ushered in the next generation of government digitization. For many public agencies,
digital transformation went from "good to have" to "must-have."

5 GLOBAL TRENDS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Evolving Political Climate
2. Public Health Policy Changes
3. Rapidly Advancing Technology
4. Grassroots Advocacy
5. Sustainability

 2. IMPROVED DATA MANAGEMENT

- Within and beyond government, data is becoming increasingly important. Public agencies are
developing new ways to maximize the value of the data they have, including sharing it correctly
and ethically.
ANTICIPATORY PUBLIC SERVICES
- Committing to entirely digital services.
- Constructing infrastructure to enable such seamless services.
- Establishing proactive services based on life events.
 . Comprehensive Cyber security Measures
With government agencies investing more in digitization – including more efforts in using data
and anticipatory services – cybercriminals now have more potential targets in the public sector.
Improving the nation’s overall cybersecurity is a national priority, as a single cyber-attack on
one government target can pose a danger to a whole industry or sector.
 DIVERSITY, EQUITY AND INCLUSION
 Another concern related to increased digitization and data usage is ensuring that
government agencies also prioritize diversity, equity and inclusion. Responsible
organizations are now concentrating more on the underlying causes of systemic
inequalities and examining how their policies are produced, implemented and reviewed.
Some of the approaches being used are:

- Accessible design of government services.
- Co-creation and citizen engagement.
- Data sovereignty and equity.
- Equitable access to public goods.
 . FLEXIBLE AND REMOTE WORKPLACES
 This direction coincides with the rise of flexible and remote workplaces, including
methods for managing a distributed workforce and providing high-quality citizen services
remotely.
 7. AGILE ADMINISTRATION
 Government entities must be able to make quick judgments and move ahead with
confidence, especially during emergencies. Policymaking, legislation, procurement and
the workforce are all examples of where this is needed.
 Rebuilding Government Trust
 One of the keys to rebuilding this trust is understanding that “the government” is not one
entity; it’s composed of many different agencies that fulfill different roles and offer
different services.
24. POSDCORB

POSDCORB stands for?

It was the American political scientist Luther Gulick and the British
management consultant Lyndall Urwick who elaborated Henri
Fayol‘s management ideas in their management paper Notes on theory of
Organisations, which they published in 1937.
What is the meaning of posdcorb? POSDCORB stands for

Their result was the acronym POSDCORB, which stands for Planning,
Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting.
In doing so, they built on Fayol’s previous 14 management principles.
Planning

It is the task of managers not only to decide what to do, but also to
plan this in the agenda. Planning has to do with foresight.
Planning determines the direction of the organisation.

Organising

Managers not only have the task of assigning activities, but also have
the task of allocating these tasks to their respective departments and
employees. To achieve an end result, the manager needs the
necessary resources, including budget, raw materials, personnel and
their expertise, technology and machines.

Staffing

This section relates to the personnel policy and all related activities
within an organisation. Based on this, job profiles are drawn up and
personnel can be recruited.

Directing

Direction, of course, lies in the hands of the manager; he / she is the

person with final responsibility and is held accountable for this. In
practice, this means that the manager maintains control over all
functions.

Coordinating

With this concept, it is the task of the manager to connect different

sections and to achieve cooperation.

Reporting

Without reporting, there is no evidence. A clear report keeps

communication open throughout the entire organisation.

Reporting provides insight into the progress and agreements can also
be recorded in this way. Other essential information—such as
problems with employees, new processes, performances interviews
and sales figures—is also made transparent through reporting.
Involved parties can also quickly find archived reports.

Budgeting

Finance is the lifeblood of any organisation. The manager is

responsible for the management, expenditure and control of the
department’s budget and also has to keep an eye on tax details.

25. Abraham H. Maslow

Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who developed a hierarchy
of needs to explain human motivation. His theory suggested that people
have a number of basic needs that must be met before people move up the
hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-actualizing needs
According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love,
esteem, and self-actualization

26. Max Weber

he Max Weber Theory of Bureaucracy proposes that all business tasks must be
divided among the employees. The basis for the division of tasks should be
competencies and functional specializations. In this way, the workers will be well aware
of their role and worth in the organization and what is expected of them.

Max Weber, a German scientist, defines bureaucracy as a highly structured,

formalized, and also an impersonal organization. He also instituted the belief that an
organization must have a defined hierarchical structure and clear rules, regulations, and
lines of authority which govern it.
27. Management Theories
MANAGEMENT
ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND POLITICS
JENNICA T. PORRAS
-
isdefinedasanactofmanagingpeopleandtheirwork,forachievingacommongoalbyusingtheorganiza
tion’sresources.
JENNICA T. PORRAS
MANAGEMENT VS. MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION
ADMINISTRATIONBASI
S FOR
COMPARISON
Authority Middle and Lower Top level
Level
Concerned with Policy Implementation Policy Formulation
Area of operation It works under It has full control over
administration. the activities of the
organization.
Applicable to Profit making Government offices,
organizations, i.e. military, clubs,
business business enterprises,
organizations. hospitals, religious
and educational
 organizations.
Decides Who will do the work? What should be
And How will it be done? And When is
done? should be done?

Work Putting plans and Formulation of plans,

policies into actions. framing policies and
setting objectives

Focus on Managing work Making best possible

allocation of limited
resources.

Key person Manager Administrator

Represents Employees, who work Owners, who get a

for remuneration return on the capital
invested by them.

Function Executive and Legislative and

Governing Determinative

28. Woodrow Wilson

WoodrowWilson-FATHER OF PUBLIC ADMIN
publicadministrationisadetailedandsystematicapplicationoflaw.Onecanalsosaythatpublicadmini
strationisnothingbutthepolicies,practices,rulesandregulationetc,inaction.
He believed that the practice of political appointments standard in his day and the
patronage system it encouraged were antithetical to the aims of good public
administration. Instead, he advocated for a well-educated, committed body of civil
servants who advanced due to merit.

29. Private Vs Public Administration

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
-
isafieldofstudythatisconcernedwiththesystematicapplicationofpublicpoliciesandprogramsformu
latedbythestate.
-Itrelatestotheadministrativefunctionscarriedoutbythegovernment.
PRIVATE ADMINISTRATION
-isdefinedasmanagementandorganizationofprivatebusinessenterprises.
-Itisanadministrativefunctioncarriedout

Parameters of Public Administration Private Administration

Comparison
Setup Public Administration Private Administration
is set up by the is not set up by the
government government instead,

Approach Public Administration
follows a bureaucratic
approach.
Decision Making Public Administration
follows a Pluralistic
Approach while
decision making
Motive/Vision Public administration
has a service and
welfare motive.
Parameters of Public Administration
Comparison
Accountability Public Administration
is accountable to the
public within their
jurisdiction
Source of Revenue Public Administration
earns revenue through
taxes, fines, fees, etc.
Remuneration of Administrators of a
Administrators public administration
are paid salaries
Type of Activity It is a political activity.
they are set up by a
group of individuals.
Private Administration
follows an Egalitarian
approach.
Private administration
follows a monopolistic
approach while
decision making.
Private administration
is profit-oriented
hence, its motive is to
maximiseprofits.
Private Administration
Private Administration
is accountable to its
employees.
Private Administration
earns revenue through
profits.
Administrators of a
Private administration
earn their
remuneration through
profits
It is a business activity.

30. Why do we study Public Administration?

Todaypublicadministrationisoftenregardedasincludingalsosomeresponsibilityfordeterminingthe
policiesandprogramsofgovernments.Specifically,itistheplanning,organizing,directing,coordinati
ng,andcontrollingofgovernmentoperations.

Public administration is the implementation of government policies. Today it includes

some responsibility for accomplishment of the policies and programs of governments. It
is focused on the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of
government actions. Public administrators make decisions to help to transform their
cities into a better and more comfortable place to live. If you are thinking about
studying Public Administration you should know some advantages of this program.

PA 210 – Project Evaluation and Impact Management

1. Project Evaluation
Project evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment of an ongoing or
completed project. 1 The aim is to determine the relevance and level of achievement
of project objectives, development effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability.
 The main types of evaluation are process, impact, outcome and summative
evaluation. Before you are able to measure the effectiveness of your project, you need
to determine if the project is being run as intended and if it is reaching the intended
audience.
1. Develop program logic and review needs. ...
2. Develop the evaluation brief. ...
3. Commission the evaluation project. ...
4. Manage development of the evaluation design. ...
5. Manage development of the evaluation workplan. ...
6. Manage implementation of the workplan, including production of the report(s)
7. Disseminate report and support use of the evaluation

2. Project Monitoring

➢ The third and the fourth phase of the project management go hand in hand in the process
of project management. During this phase the Project is monitored proactively in order
to know whether the project is going as per the planning, it will also help to know
whether the Project is not going over budget and whether the quality of the Project
executed till now is up to the mark.
➢ These are some of the things that the project manager would be aware of if the Project
is continuously monitored and will help the Project manager decide the further course of
action.

2. Organizing the Project

Why is it important to organize in a project?
You can increase your productivity. By keeping organized, you will save time
looking for things and will have more time to work on important tasks. As
organization can improve the flow of communication between you and your team,
you can also make your team more productive.
STEPS
1. Review plans and objectives. ...
2. Determine the work activities necessary to accomplish objectives. ...
3. Classify and group the necessary work activities into manageable units. ...
4. Assign activities and delegate authority. ...
5. Design a hierarchy of relationships

6.
4. Project Implementation
Project Implementation (or project execution) is the phase where visions and plans become
reality. This is the logical conclusion, after evaluating, deciding, visioning, planning, applying
for funds and finding the financial resources of a project. Technical implementation is one part of
executing a project.

5. Project Manager

➢ The person of authority who supervises the whole project is called the Project Manager.

➢ The Project Managers uses different techniques, methodologies, skills, and they have
the required knowledge which will help the Project achieve the objective as per the
criterion which has been agreed upon by all the parties.
6. Project Monitoring
7. Project Evaluation
 First, they should train the right people and develop the appropriate systems for
conducting these evaluations.
 Second, governments must develop benchmark databases that collect cost information
on both public and PPP infrastructure projects.
 Third, governments need to develop standardized methodologies for making these
assessments and identify a source of common key assumptions, such as what the
financing costs would look like under a public-sector approach versus a private-sector
approach.

8. What can a “Project

The Implementation
implementation Plan” do
phase involves to contribute
putting to the
the project outcome
plan of a project?
into action. It’s
here that the project manager will coordinate and direct project resources to

meet the objectives of the project plan.

9. Project Implementation Approach

Step 1. Create a project plan
The first step to staying organized is getting organized. It may be tempting to
push ahead, intending to organize things as you go, but good planning is
essential. To lay the groundwork for a successful, organized project, invest the
necessary time into making a good project plan.

Step 2. Create a project schedule

The project schedule is an important part of the plan and incorporates
information from the budget, goals, and deliverables in addition to the timeline.

Step 3. Work with deadlines

Set due dates not only for high-level goals but also for individual action
items.

Step 4. Define priorities

A to-do list ordered without priorities is of no use.

Step 5. Start using project management software

According to one survey, just 16% of companies are making use of
appropriate project management software.

Step 6. Communicate well

According to the Project Management Institute, 20 percent of project
failures are caused by poor communication. Communication and organization go
hand in hand.

Step 7. Utilize digital kanban boards

One extremely helpful tool is the kanban board, a visual system for
organizing workflows.

Step 8. Measure progress regularly

 There’s no way to know if you’re staying organized and on time if you aren’t
measuring your project progress.

Step 9. Be agile
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘agile’ as “marked by ready ability to
move with quick, easy grace.” In project management, Agile is a methodology, “an
iterative and incremental approach to delivering requirements throughout the
project life cycle,” according to the Association for Project Management.

10. Phases of Project Life Cycle

 The PMI (Project Management Institute) have defined common five

phases which come together to form the project management
lifecycle:
 Initiating: Defining what needs to be done
 Planning: Defining how to do what needs to be done
 Executing: Making a project happen
 Monitoring & Controlling: Keeping a project on track
 Closing: Ending a project
11. Market Analysis
 A market analysis is an assessment, which allows you to determine how suitable a
particular market is for your industry.
What goes into a Business Plan Market Analysis?

Target Market. Include demographic information on the group you’re targeting, including age,
gender and income level.
 Market Need. This is where you can briefly introduce the competitive edge you have,
although you’ll get into that in more depth in following sections.
 Market Growth. While no one can predict the future, it’s important to get a possible
idea of what business may be like down the road and make sales projections.
 Market Trends. You need to take a look at trends the same way you look at population
and demographics.
 Market Research Testing. Talk about what kind of testing and information gathering
you’ve done to figure out where you stand in the market.
 Competitive Analysis. There’s no way to succeed unless you’ve examined your
competition.
 Barriers to Entry. Lenders and investors need to have a reasonable assurance they’ll be
paid back, so they’ll want to know what would stop someone else from swooping in,
doing what you do, and grabbing half the available business.
 Regulations. Cover regulations as a barrier to entry.
12. Financial Analysis
 Financial analysis is the examination of financial information to reach business
decisions. This analysis typically involves an examination of both historical and projected
profitability, cash flows, and risk. It may result in the reallocation of resources to or from
a business or a specific internal operation.

13. Liquidity
What is project liquidity? The project liquidity position (or cash flow position) is
simply the sum of all job related cash receipts, less the sum of all project cash
disbursements
What is liquidity and why is it important?
Why is liquidity important? Liquidity is the ability to pay debts when they are due.
Liquidity is an indicator of the financial health of a business. Every organization or an
entity that is profitable will find itself in a position of bankruptcy, and it fails to meet its
financial obligations to short term creditors

14. Project Identification

 The purpose of project identification is to develop a preliminary proposal for the most
appropriate set of interventions and course of action, within specific time and budget
frames, to address a specific development goal in a particular region or setting.
 Major Steps in Identification are follows:
 review of the national and sectoral analyses, plans and priorities of both the government
and the potential financing agency;
 social analysis;
 stakeholder analysis;
 diagnosis and preliminary assessments of technical, institutional or socio-economic
constraints and opportunities;
 the definition of clear project objectives and related metrics is important to focus the
discussion;
 review of alternative possible solutions or development strategies;
 review and assessment of relevant past and current development efforts and projects.

15. Project Prioritization

 Project prioritization enables the government to choose the right alternatives when there
are numerous economically and technically feasible projects to address the public needs.
 The main objective is to ensure that public funds are well spent and produce the highest
benefit for society — even if there is a restriction in the budget or in users’ capacity to
pay. Prioritization may require the government to abandon a project for the time being, or
move it to later in the program.
 What is sustainable? What Is unsustainable? 16.

Exploitation of resources
Preservation of natural
Environmental sustainability faster than the planet can
resources
handle and replenish

Economic sustainability
Long-term economic
growth without Not quantifying ecosystem
negatively impacting services at and increased
our environment or vulnerability to crises
society

Racism, labor laws, human

Social sustainability
Equality, diversity,
rights, gender inequality, and
social cohesion, and
poor treatment of indigenous
democracy
peoples

Service Vs Products
 A product is a tangible item that is put on the market for acquisition, attention, or
consumption.While Service is an intangible item, which arises from the output of one or
more individuals.
 Productivity increases when more output is produced without increasing the input.
the same output is produced with less input.
 A service is an "(intangible) act or use for which a consumer, firm, or government is
willing to pay." Examples include work done by barbers, doctors, lawyers, mechanics,
banks, insurance companies, and so on.
Business Services- Social Services- Personal Services-
17. Sustainable Vs Non-Sustainable
Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we also need social and
economic resources. Sustainability is not just environmental
Sustainability is important for many reasons including: Environmental Quality – In order to
have healthy communities, we need clean air, natural resources, and a nontoxic environment.
Growth.
NON-SUSTAINABILITY.The state in which human consumption or activities exceeds the
ability of the ecosystem to replenish over time, thus markedly harming the ecosystem (by
depressing biodiversity and productivity, depleting natural resources) and the future generations

18. Tangible Vs Intangibles

 19. Categories for Project Classification
 schedule.
 budget.
 complexity.
 business value.
 service type.
 framework used.

here are many ways to classify a project such as:

 By size (cost, duration, team, business value, number of departments

affected, and so on)
 By type (new, maintenance, upgrade, strategic, tactical, operational)
 By application (software development, new product development,
equipment installation, and so on)
 By complexity and uncertainty (

20. Project Elements

 summarize the key elements of the project plan including:
 A. The project's hierarchy of objectives.
 B. Strengths of the Logical Framework Approach
 C. Weaknesses of the Logical Framework Approach

21. National Projects

22. Community Organizing
 The various definitions of community organizing highlight it as a process of problem
identification and solving through collective mobilization of people and resources. The
ultimate goal/objective of community organizing is to effect changes in socioeconomic
and environmental institutions so that people can direct their own lives.
 First Step : Entry in the Community
 Second Step : Integration with the people
 Third Step : Community Study or Situation Analysis
 Fourth Step : Identifying and Developing Potential Community
Leaders
 Fifth Step : Core Group Formation
  Sixth Step : Setting up the Organization (Developing
Organizational Structures)
 Seventh Step : Strengthening the Organization

23. Why is Community Organizing important today?

1. Community organizing helps to bring out the voices to add collective power and
strength to an issue.
2. Communizing is a key part of an overall strategy to make changes in a community
that are widely felt, and that reflect the wishes of the people.

24. How can Community Organizing empower less-privileged communities?

Community organizing can bring about social change for disadvantaged groups,
improve community decision-making, reduce crime, improve safety and public
health, spur local economies, and more. Risks can range from burnout and
feelings of powerlessness to harassment and legal or corporal punishment.
The purpose of community organizing is to advance the causes of those who are
impacted by socio-economic or political circumstances. Whether that means
cleaning up a local park or achieving equal rights for minorities, organizing is
about harnessing collective action toward making real changes. The number one
upside of community organizing, then, is achieving the sought-after social
change.
25. Participatory Development
1) Understand why the project was initiated
2) Define the key objectives of the project
3) Outline the project statement of work
4) Identify major deliverables
5) Select key milestones
6) Identify major constraints
7) List scope exclusions
8. Obtain sign-off
26. Why is it important to define Project Scope?
Project scope is critical because without it project managers would have no clue what time,
cost or labor was involved in a project. It forms the basis for every decision a project manager
will make on a job and when it needs to change, proper communication will ensure success every
step of the way.

27. Project Management

 ➢ Project Management, in a simple term, it means managing a project from end to end. It
is how a person of authority sets up and supervises the resources that are available in
order to finish a project they have taken.

28. Project
The project planning helps in streamline the process of the Project. Planning helps in the
smooth running of the Project as every aspect of the project is taken into consideration, and the
required solution is also provided in the project planning phase.

5 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT

1) Specific
2) Measurable
3) Achievable
4) Relevant
5) Time Bound
29. Causes of Low Productivity in Projects?
LACK OF TIME

➢ Time runs short on projects for two reasons. First, because of poor estimating of the
time required to carry out project tasks, and second, because of faulty performance in
carrying out programmed tasks.
In both situations, it's the project professional's responsibility to correct matters
LACK OF INFO

➢ The accelerating waves of technological advances make it increasingly difficult for

project personnel to keep up-to-date on technologies. Missing bits of administrative
information also set project productivity back.
LACK OF IDEAS

➢ Good ideas may be scarce due to lack of “gray matter” in the heads of those who do
the thinking, or more commonly, because of a non-creative atmosphere that provides
little stimulus for bright ideas to bloom.
If gray matter is lacking, the solution is to recruit or borrow more qualified thinkers.
INCORRECT PREMISE

➢ One of the worst errors in project management happens when the wrong premise is used
to outline plans or to make decisions. Lack of upfront premise screening causes project
decisions and plans to be built on sandy foundations.

BAD HABITS

➢ In project work, some habits work in favour of meeting projected goals. When those
habits involve creativity and solid methodologies, then the project benefits.
 Habits need constant questioning to ensure that project goals are met.
POOR ATTITUDE

➢ We can't get better results because they won't let us.” (“They” refers to upper
management, the client, the Government, in other words, others). This attitude places a
drain on project productivity.

➢ The opposite stance, on the other hand, boosts productivity: “Let's see how we can get
the job done, in spite of the obstacles.” This upbeat approach, coupled with solid
planning, organization, direction and control, sets the tone for successful projects.
30. Initiative Vs Referendum