Parking

On street parking can narrow the effective width of a roadway, resulting in speed reduction and reduced crash severity. However, it
also may increase collisions associated with vehicles attempting to pull in or out of parking spaces.

Design safety strategies for on-street parking are provided in the table below.

eto po, palagay sa ppt: (TABLE)

Sign Posts and Roadside Hardware

Design safety strategies for vertical roadside utility poles, light poles, and street signs in urban areas are provided in the table below.
PALAGAY PO SA PPT (TABLE)

PASAMA PO NG MGA PICTS SA PPT:

WOOD POSTS:

 Wood posts are used in a number of states for permanent or temporary signs. These posts usually come in sizes from 4x4
inches to 6x8 inches, with larger box beam sizes made of laminated plywood used for larger guide signs.
 All posts above 4x6 inch nominal size must be drilled perpendicular to traffic flow to allow the post to break away when
struck by a motor vehicle, yet still maintain rigidity against wind forces and other non-impact loads.
 Permanent wood sign posts are made of redwood or pressure-treated softwoods. Temporary sign posts can be made of non-
treated wood.
STEEL POSTS:

 There are four primary types of steel shapes used for sign supports:
 U-Channel: This post type is often preferred for maintenance and light construction applications, since it is easy to directly
drive into the ground and assemble, and has low cost. Sizes are defined by weight per foot; i.e. "3 lb/ft post".
 Disadvantages of U-channel include its lower loading capacity and the inability to mount signs at right angles on the same
post.
 No more than 3 U-channel posts should be used for a single sign without addition of a breakaway feature.

SQUARE TUBE:

 Square Tube: This post type is characterized by a square shape, sometimes perforated by mounting holes at 1 inch spacings.
Sizes are defined by outside square dimensions. Standard sizes range from 1 1/2 inches to 2 1/2 inches in 1/4 inch
increments.
 A square tube post can be made much stronger or spliced by inserting another smaller square tube post inside. This is called
creating a "telescoping" post.

 The advantages of square tube posts are excellent flexibility in mounting options, greater loading capacity over U-channel,
the ability to mount signs on 4 sides of the post, and the ability to quickly replace damaged posts by pulling the old post out
of the foundation and inserting a new post.
 Disadvantages include a moderately higher cost per installation over U-channel.
 Some sizes and combinations of square tube posts may require the use of slip bases or other breakaway features to meet
crashworthiness criteria.

TUBULAR STEEL:

 Tubular Steel: This post type is characterized by a round steel tube or pipe shape. Sizes are defined by nominal steel tube
diameters. The sign panels are either bolted directly through the post or clamped to the outside of the post.
 The advantages of tubular steel posts are low cost, the ability to use commonly available steel pipe, and the ability to mount
signs at any desired angle.
 Disadvantages include the need to field-drill the post or use special clamps to attach signs, and the requirement to use special
proprietary breakaway hardware for larger post sizes if installed in the clear zone.
 There are variants on tubular posts offered by vendors that use a different shape and cross-section for the post, but share
many of the same characteristics as standard tubular posts.

BREAKAWAY:

 Breakaway: This post type is characterized by an I-beam type shape. Sizes are defined by standard AISC beam designations.
The upper portions of steel breakaway posts are often "coped" or diagonally cut away to reduce the total weight of the post
system.
 The advantages of large steel I-beam posts are the ability to support very large sign panels, and the ability to quickly replace
damaged posts by bolting a new post onto the existing breakaway foundation.
 Disadvantages include a difficulty in breaking away safely except in a single direction, unless special proprietary hardware is
used.
OVERHEAD SIGNS:

 Whenever reasonably feasible, existing structures such as overpasses should be used for support of overhead signs. This
reduces cost and improves safety by minimizing the number of separate structures needed.
 There are two major types of overhead signs:

 cantilever: Cantilever signs are used to place a single sign or multiple smaller signs over one side of a highway. Different
styles of cantilever signs include tapered steel tube, single steel tubular, and truss type construction.

 Sign Bridge: Sign bridges are used to place single or multiple signs over specific lanes or portions of a highway. Different
styles of sign bridges include tapered steel tube, single steel tubular, and truss type construction.

Noise Reduction

In an era defined by urbanization and connectivity, the challenge of noise pollution has emerged as a significant concern affecting our
daily lives.

Noise barrier for highway and railway is an effective noise reduction product which can be used in various places such as highways,
railways, airports, shopping malls etc. In addition, Noise barriers are erected alongside railway lines that go through or are near
residential areas in order to reduce the noise pollution caused by passing trains. These then increase the acceptance of rail for both
passenger and freight services.

Examples of Noise Barriers: D2, PASAMA LANG PO NG NAME NG BARRIER AND TABLE:
1. Steel Noise Barrier

 Acoustic Excellence: Steel's dense nature and excellent vibration dampening properties make it an ideal material for noise
attenuation. By effectively absorbing and reflecting sound waves, steel noise barriers significantly reduce the propagation of
noise.

 Design Versatility: Steel noise barriers offer versatility in design. They can be customized to align with different architectural
styles, ensuring seamless integration with their surroundings while retaining their noise reduction capabilities.

 Corrosion Resistance: steel noise barriers are treated with advanced coatings that enhance their resistance to corrosion,
making them suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications, even in harsh environments.

 Low Maintenance: The durability of steel translates to minimal maintenance requirements. This longevity ensures that your
noise barrier investment remains effective and visually appealing over time.

2. Aluminum Noise Barrier

 3. Glass Noise Barrier

The benefits of glass noise barriers extend beyond their visual appeal:
 Transparency Options: Glass noise barriers come in various options, from clear glass for unobstructed views to frosted glass
for a balance between transparency and privacy.
 Aesthetic Integration: These barriers seamlessly blend with their surroundings, enhancing architectural aesthetics while
effectively mitigating noise pollution.
 Reduced Glare and Heat: Tinted glass options not only provide noise reduction but also reduce glare and heat, enhancing
comfort in outdoor spaces.
 Minimal Maintenance: Glass noise barriers are easy to clean and maintain, contributing to their long-lasting effectiveness.

Concrete Noise Barriers

 Concrete noise barriers stand as monuments to resilience and durability. Crafted from high-quality concrete, these barriers
epitomize solid construction, delivering unwavering noise reduction while enduring the challenges of different climates.

 Sound Absorption: Concrete's dense nature and textured surfaces contribute to effective sound absorption, making these
barriers adept at reducing noise levels.
 Weather Resistance: Concrete noise barriers are designed to withstand diverse weather conditions, ensuring their longevity
and sustained noise reduction capabilities.
 Structural Integrity: These barriers offer a solid and unyielding physical barrier against noise, creating a reliable defense for
communities against intrusive sounds.
 Customizable Finishes: Concrete noise barriers can be customized with various finishes to align with different architectural
styles and aesthetic preferences.