Linear Algebra

What is Linear Algebra ?

→ Field
lines in
of mathematics that is concerned with
study of
high -
demienscnal Space .

→ It helps in Solving unknowns within

system of
too equations ◦

Examples : _ -6 the sum of two noes is 25 . one

of them ercceeols
the other Find the Mors
by 9 .
.

"
↑ "
unknowns
vectors :
-

A ^

I 14,5 ) I 015,5 )
-
g -
q•

§
É
•
☒ ( 2,2)

& I 1 I l f A $ ☆ p p p > & I 1 I l f I I $ ☆ p p $ >

= =
=

÷ i

→ A vector is a specific Quantity as like Sego with an

alikehead at one end .

-6 terminal Pto
q•

• -6 initial pto
 is defined by line directions
→ It its
magnitude or the length of a and ite
"

76 A rector is directed
line segment
directimagni
on tude
◦

-
-6 we denote vectors as lower case boldfaced with
_
µ ,
- or without an arrow like at , C ,
d
,

→ beinn initial Pt P and terminal pt -0 ,

. .
a rector can be expressed
on pie •

→ between initial Pt (0,01 .

a rector can be
represented as [ §] •
,

is rector's the poeo rector has

[ %] standard position ◦

initial Pto as 10,01 and terminal Rto as

19,6$ .

Most of the time deal with position hector •

we will
only
Eg :-
between :-P 1%37 and Q & 6; 4.) g What's Pogo rector ?

r= L 6 -2
,
4 -37
=
14,1$
-6 me component
=
[ 4] →
-

,
component y
-

Magnitude of a vector 1- 2

1¥]
r= Ivr =

^ ;
I -

→
14,5 ) =
€52
= :
so, I VP can be
=
tf
E
'

Pythagoras theorem 0

& 1 I l f f 1 A $ ☆ !A $ $ >
found using

= ,
,

÷
Addition of rectors : -

a.
HEY,
+i:
* Scalar -
vector Product :
-

scalar → it's
just an integer •

E-
%::]
c.
•
treemetric view
of this
operation ••
[3) •

[ %] ?
Vector -
Vector Product
it scales your vector

a-:* I
133*1 :] 18 ] by some co
☒

= •
.

Transpose of vector :-

Ñ ?
( ¥2] [ ✗,
=

,
Xs , Xs
• •◦ ✗ on ]

✗
m
↳
make rows from column

Ñ=
13%7-12,34 ]
Strategies for multiplying two vectors : -

* Dot
product :
-

✗ } we can
multiply vectors
using
dot product ◦

I
length of nectar 6
1-6
a• 6=191×161 ✗ cos a
¥ ↳ angle 61W
•←
to
↓ a ✗ b.
it's the magnitude of
a ◦

→ It is about
about much
combining
two vectors
two vectors into a
the same direction
no
single . It tells us
point
in

case : -

when 0=0

^
there dot product is largest
it

%
as
points in same direction )

F. = Irl ✗ till ✗ case 0 )

*
The more two
case 09--1
vector points in
case t when D= 90° Same direction , the larger dot
product will bet

, case 90) 20 ;

* these
calledtype of
nectar are
orthogonal vectors
a • 6=191×161 ✗
=
0
0

.
 A. better to calculate dot product
way
:-

§;) µ;)
=
I =
ii. % = a. bit as
• •
↳ +
as obs

=
% ai bi•

i :O
Cross Product 1-

Properties :
-

"

✗
-
=

we
↳
resulting vector
→ is 1 to both a→Ñ
rat 181 Santos
.

let = ←
Ñ is
◦
-6 a measure of how far
apart
case : when 0 = 90 AF are pointing augmented
by then magnitudes .

Sin la 0°) = r

= rr iii. it
↳ in this case creels product is the largest .

Linear combination :
-

* between noo of vectors linear combination when

any we
multiply
,
each vector
by a scalar and seem it all up !

[) { ] multiply with Some

" =

8 V= when we
,
scalars .

iiif %:] %)
:] : +

-
:
I :] is their
ites
.
commenting
.

is sabot to be a er
-6 A nectar
etc •
r
there
.
combination of air
if exists scalar
s . I M
• •
etc
•

ray 2
•
• • .
, .
,
Ka -1 -1 C2 to ◦ etc
=
yb • .

[ Is ] =
-

1- F) u + or → [ 1) is a tr . combination of
↳ b u ✗ No
↳
a
Linear dependence & Independence : -

* A set of rectors % said to be tree independent if no vector

can be represented as tr .
combination of the
remaining
vectors •

if a rector is said
◦
* to be too dependent if a rector can be

represented as tr .
combination of the victors •

Span :
-

* The set
of all the possible too combination of given group of
rectors is called the span of those rectors .

The vectors Mira, V3 is written as span of { vi. v2 v34

span of ,
.

Eg :-[ ¥ ] is the span of

1- :] and
I :] •

Norms :
-

* 12 Norm : - Euclidean Norms Calculates the diet from.

the
origin ;

F¥
11 ✗ V12 =

* Lt Norm 1- Manhattan distance , calculates the sum of

absolute values ◦

I ✗ 1, ==
É 1%1
8=1
-

* Max Norm t distance by taking out the mane element •

11×110 Marc I ✗
[ §] Max → ☒
=

, it

Orthogonal vectors 1-

Two vectors I assume a ✗ b) are

*
orthogonal , if they are

perpendicular to each other •

ao b = 0
↳ dot product
 Matrices : -
it is a rectangular
array or table of symbols arranged
•
numbers ,
in rows and columns ◦

data Nheich have of rooms and

•• n
,
no .
m . no ◦
of call •

Operations : -

* Scalar -
Matrix Product :
-

t.se
⇐ =L :& ]
] a

* Matrix Addition 1-

:(≈ ; ;) -11:{ 3) =/
a
]
• + • =
" • "
↑ ↑ 486

Properties : -

% Fg É
* Commutative Property :
-

At B = B 1- A

* Associative Property ÷ A -1C Btc) = (ATB ) -1C

* Dimensions should be same ◦

-
 [ 3 ;] 13 ;] :( % ]
a- a-
.
:c

:| } ;]
-144217+1%7 }
n-tiB.es

= it -11: :]
[ 997g ]
=

2×2

d- + B) -1C
↑
CE :] -11%1=19, } ]
Notes we will look into usecases as we go in
depth of M 2°