reference frames

Non inertial

reference frames
· inertial

3
does notaccelerate or rotate
· coordinate system definition

· Newton's law valid

·
non inertial reference frames

I
·
coord. System thataccelerate definition
e.g. translating
·

coord.
rotating
or
Systems

·
e.g. bike, cars, trains, eth

rector
· Reference frame, relative position

I E r
= +

I =F - R

· Inertial reference frame

·
Frame S'moving at
velocity away from frame S

->
·
I is constant

·offset
between two frames: act):Ro+t
·THUS even is frames is
stagnant, due to +",
=

Iwill appear to be
moving
·
velocity a a- the
=

I
-

-
 differentvelocities in differentframes,
·
thus

even if one the

of velocities is zero

->

·accelerations I Y- dt =

where
* 0
=
since It
-
is constant

·
thUS a =a, and accelerations

ofboth frames will be identical,

and thus Newton's law (E ma)

=

are identical (identical forces (

If
one ofthese reference frame is an inertial frame,
One it, which an isolated body moves const. Vel
at

then any frame moving with const. Vel to firstframe

will also be an inertial frame

↳ can transfer from one inertial frame

to the other

· Non-inertial reference frame

-
of
Frames' moving at
velocity away from frame s

·
Itis notconstants' has acceleration a relative

+O S

->
X
=a -
A

·
E =ma
->

I ma -
mA
->
->

:Fanysical +
Ffictitious
in differentframes, thus differen
·
different acceleration

Newton's laws
·
Fictitious/apparentforce (in non-inertial reference
frame)
·

Exictitious -- me

artifact ofnon-inertial coordinate system, notto be identifiable

interaction
With any actual, real physical

fictitious force corioics

· examples of ->
centrifugal
and

Chatypt rotating
non-inertial coordinate system)

·
period -
where gett: A
geftinstead
·

of
just9 (effective acc.)
grav.
·

Rotating frame reference

of and resulting fictitious forces

(basis and
↳ definition, rigidbody
motions rect. retain of length
remain
mutually orthogonall
·
Newton's second law (in non-inertial reforce frame)

ma=mao-me x
mx
·

-
m x(x).
e ne
->
-> en
F

centrifugal
Fitstrial
E:the fictitious forces
· "real force

->

Foriolis:Coriolis
·

force

-
5

Fcentrifugal:centrifugal force

Enertial:"transverse force
I
·

usually 0
=

Inertial, translating, rotating system

inertial

translating

rotating system
 Angular velocity

· I
r
=

⑩ e >I counterclockwise

, C10ckwise

Angular velocity i i
=

· direction determined using

of righthand rule

Angular acceleration a =
* a(*)
=

·andis in the same direction -> rotation speeds up

->
rotation down
· a and is in opposite direction
-> slows

· Relation between I, and I

=°@°
·
Rate of
Change ofvector ina
rotating coordinatesystem

where A

Change of position in a rotating coordinate system

 resulting fictitious forces
and
Rotating frame reference
·
of

and
motions (basis of length
rigidbody
rect. retain
↳ definition,

remain mutually orthogonall

⑱
Two disks on turntable, fictitious force causes unattached disk to fly off turntable.

Ground frame G - any frame of reference appearing to be standing still ‘

Frame T - any coordinate frame appearing to be stationary while standing on the turntable

Velocity of the stationary vector is zero on the G frame, but velocity is rotating in the T frame
 In general, any object moving on "
velocity the turntable will have a velocity
that can be defined in the T frame.
T frame The velocity in the G frame can be
TP 0
=

found s the sum of the velocity in

the T frame, and the velocity that
arises due to the rotation of the T '
frame with respect to the G frame.
G frame I =Y +
x

"
->

for any vector

x
'
x =

Holds if the T frame is rotating but not translating with respect to the G frame

acceleration

T 3
8
-

T frame a =

a frame -

Velocity and acceleration of the disk are zero in the T frame of reference, turntable turns with a constant
angular velocity, thus acceleration is

G frame is inertial, thus no effects of the fictitious forces. The string imparts a tension force on the disk, which gives
the centripetal rotation needed for the disk to rotate with the turntable.
 Coriolis effect

a Definition

Cause of coriolis effect: the motion of the ball observed from the ground frame is a rather straight line along the initial
trajectory

Even though it is the turntable itself moving on a circular path, the ball is perceived as curving

The velocity of the turntable is constant, it’s time derivative and the acceleration is zero

Hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere

As air moves to the low pressure zone, air moving from the south veers to the right due to the coriolis effect, and air from
the north veers to the left of the low pressure zone. At the same time, air is constantly pulled in to the low pressure zone.
This results in a counter clockwise rotating air