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SHM Physics | Class 11

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 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

# Displacement Equations of SHM : -

force f- kn
Eqn i = -

to
is the
force required for a
particle execute
is obtained
SHM . This type of force when a

block is attached with a

spring isTherefore .

motion
Ci ) se
of
varies
block

between
with
TA
a
spring A
and
always-
SHM .

Ci ) f -
a
graph is a
straight line
passing through
pospiption
a- O or the mean .

-
t KA R - -
kn
1-
- - -
-

'

! no TA
SU
A 0
!
-

-
KA - - -

At a =
IA ,
f -
FKA

Ciii) f -
-

O at a -0 or at the mean
position
④ ) Ift max = KA at a- IA or at the extreme
positions .

d) Fa x -
 K
s

# '
"

A
s + O A
f

N
<

#
-

A
- f O TA

Here f and
,
negative sign implies that direction
of is u

direction
are
alwaysthe opposite or
of force always
towards mean
position .
Hence ,
it is
always
nature
restoring in .

Further , proportional to
magnitude of force is

magnitude of n It means magnitude of force varies

.

linearly with magnitude of u If magnitude af n .

is doubled then

times
magnitude of force will also

become two .

di ) tan O =

slope of f -
n
graph
= -
K
 Acceleration
"

Eg : -

a =

tfm -1ms n= W' n

-

Fkn
'
w -
-

Im a a-

it
w=fIm is called
angular frequency of stem .

is
Angular frequency of SHM similar to
angular
At
speed of uniform
w circular motion .
both
places
f-
we can
find time
period T and
frequency from
W -

w -
-

¥-71
i .
F- at FF ( in stem )

ii ) a- a
graph is a
straight line
parsing through
A- O or the mean
position .
 An

-
t W' A a= - W'x
- - -
-

i.
! -13 TA
' 7
-

A O ,

-
W' A .
- - -

tan B=
Slope = -
w
'
Ata IA ,
a >
IWA
Ciii )a=0 at a- o , or at the mean
position .

Cr ) lat
'
max = w A at KIA or at extreme

positions .

d) aa -
n

to
always opposite
'
direction
of
'
so , a is the

direction
of n

> se

' .
#GEEBaB• ,
A O Ta *A
-

"
'

i
178603006 w f
-

A → a o TA
 towards
or acceleration is
always '
A
the mean

position further magnitude of directly

'
.
,
a

proportional to ( linear variation ) magnitude af '

!
n

velocity Egg : -

v -
a
graph in stem is
given by
V = Iw Fue
Ci ) The
given egg can be written as

'

¥ TEA = A

below in
Therefore ,
V -
n
graph is
NV
an ellipse as shown

WA
+
v=±wf¥n

> N
-

A t A

- WA

Cii) v -
-

O at a IA or at extreme
positions .

iii) v = Ew A or lol max = WA at a- 0, or at the mean

position .
 for
upper half of the
ellipse velocity is

TA)
positive ( when the
bodymoving from A
is -
to

for lower
half of the ellipse velocity is negation
( when is
moving from TA to A )
body
the -

d) At mean
position (or =D velocity a , is tw A when

body is moving towards TA and

velocity
the is

towards
WA when the
body is
moving A
-
-

#
Energy Equations : .

Total mechanical
Energy : -

At position potential energy is minimum

mean

( Uo) This minimum potential Uo

say .

energy may
be
zero positive
,
negative If
or not
given in the .

question then we will take B zero Now .

suppose W is the work done in

displacing
total mechanical
the

body from neo to a- A .

Then ,

is E- Wt Uo Let us start with an

energy now .

example of spring
-
block
system kept at
height h,

so that the block has

already a
potential energy ,
Uo
mgh = at mean
position or natural
length
where A- O
of spring .

K A,
msomsomomr
Fml M D
-

rt
×→
h
¥,# Vo -
-

Mgh #M#
Now , the block is displaced upto sea .
Walls done

( by external
agent) in this displacement ( against
force ku) is Ya KA
'
the w
spring
-
- -

Total mechanical E- Uotw

energy
.

. .

M E -
-
Votyak A' = Uo them w
'
A
'

( as WE km Mk=mwD
i ) In the discussion
Note : -
above ,
Uo is
positive
as the
spring block
system is
kept at some

This value
height . will be
zero if the
system be
is kept on
ground . In some cases , it
may
negative also .
Cii ) In absence dissipative this
of forces
the
any ,

total mechanical remains constant at

energy
and
every point between TA A
-

At extreme
positions , kinetic
energy
is
zero
.
so,

total mechanical
energy is in the
form of potential

§=u=
energy
)
.

Ya KA
'

at
'
'
Oe Vo t Ya MW A

At mean
position potential energy
, is minimum
'

Uo and the kinetic is Kaka or Yamuini

or
energy
Thus , is
Uo is
present every point This
at .

@ f- A'
))
'
initial done ' '
work KA
f Yam a w

which and kinetic

changes
between potential
also called
energies
.
This is
energy of
oscillation .
At mean
position ,
it
completely
converts into kinetic and at extreme
energy
positions it converts into
potential energy .
 Potential
Energy : .

At displacement ( from
a
general a the mean

position) the potential energy

is

U Uo t
spiry potential energy or
-
-

Ya
' '
U =
Uo t Kai =
Uo t Yam w n

kinetic
Energy : -
Here , let us call it T as

we are
using
K for spring constant
af spring .

At displacement
general
a n,

T -
- E -

( ) ( )
'
tk Kai
'
=
Uo t Ya KA
-

Uo

) ( )
'
Yak ( A
'

T - - ri -
Yam w
'
A - si

Note At kinetic
: some
places energy may K
be
-

represented by K and
force constant
by .
 Alternate Method : -

F- Ya mu
'

= Yam ft w ¥23
=

Yam
'
w
( Abc)
→
Graphs : -
The three
egns of total mechanical

energy , potential energy and kinetic

energy
are

Yak A' Ya
' '

E -

Uo t = Uo t mw A

'
Ya kn R2
'
U =
Uo t =
Uo t Yam w

Yak IA ) Yam w (A )
'
W
' '
T -
-
-
n =
-

E and The
is a constant
function .
U -
n
graphs
are
parabolas .

At mean
position ( a- o)
Ya
'
E = Uo t KA
U -
-

Uo =
minimum Value and
'
value
T
Ya KA maximum
-
-
=
.
 At Extreme
positions (n=±A) : .

Ya
'
E -
-
Uo t KA
U -
Uo t Ya KAE maximum value
T -

-
O

and the three

graphs are :

E, U T
,

"
at lb KAZ E
l l

l Ya KA '
u
;
I ,

I ,

I ,

I Vo
,
T
!
#
-

A TA

Eg : -

16cm Is
Maximum acceleration
of
a
particle in SHM

8cm Is
'
is and maximum
velocity is .

find time
period and amplitude of oscillations .

fol !
"
.
amax = W A =
16cm Is -
Cl )

Imax - W A =
8cm Is -
②

solving Egas d) and Cal ,

we
get
A- =
4cm

and W -
- 2radIs
 (a)
Now , T
2=2 s
=
=

or T - 3 Ms
-

( Ans)

Eg : f -
n
egg of a
body in SHM is

f t 4n=O

Here f is newton and in mete

of
,
in u . Mass

the
body is
1kg .
find time
period of oscillations .

Sol ! The be
given egg can written as

f- = -

UN

comparing this
egg with the standard
egg of
Snm or

f- = -
kn

K Nlm
get
we ,
-
-
4

Now ,
T= 2A
IMI k

= 2A (a) s
It Time of
Equations SHM : -

In one dimensional motion ,

if acceleration as

then
a
function of
time is
given t ,
by integrating
a -
t
egg we can make u -

egg By further
.

t
integrating egg make t
v -
we can s - or

at
egg .

of General Sol
Meaningdimensional motion
? .

In one ,
if a = constant then

general son of u -
t
egn es ( which can be

obtained by integrating a -
t
egg )
v -
Ut at

In but and t
this
egg , u and a are constants u

are variables . In
different problems , values
of
these but basic
constants u and a are
different
nature
of all u t
eqns are same Here the
-
.

basic nature linear

is
egg in V and t or

line and t
straight graph between v .
 "

Differential Eq
Standard SHM :
of
-

have that of SHM is

we seen a n
egg
-

a = -
W' u

This
egg can also be written as

Fifa win as
-
-
=

sort of Eq Ci )
"

The es
general
n -
A sin ( wt to) or a- A cos
( wt to )
In these eggs n and t are variables .
But A ,

w and 01 are constants . In

different problems ,

values
of these constants are
different but
basic nature all
eggs will be Here
of
same .

the basic nature is sinusoidal (sine or cosine )

n -
t
egg and at
graph .

By differentiating at egg we can also make

other
eggs for eg. .

,
if
a- A sin ( wittol)
Then ,
v -

date =
WA cos
Gott OD
( wtf d) wise
'
and ,
date
a =
=
-

w A sin = -

( as A sin ( wtf an ]

# Time Period CT) and

frequency (f) : -

In the above
eggs , time
period of oscillations .es

F-
Law
and
frequency of oscillation is

f- =
Yt =L
2T

Phase
Angle at Time t

:@
7=0 for
=
since then , 0=0,
y =L for
0=30
]
Value This
of y depends on the
angle O .

angle
is

and
called the
phase angle In n t, v t at
eggs
-
-

have above that

of stem we seen the
phase
angle is same , Got to) .
This
may
be called the

phase angle of u t, u t and a t

eggs at time t
- -
- .

"

-
I
A
§ ←,sBo•BoAEBos65g
U
,
TA

-w2A_
Az v=tJzwA_
U = + and a =
,

Initial phase Angle :-

In the
phase angle wt to if substitute we

f- 0 then
, the
angle is to This is called .

initial
phase angle with the help of initial .

phase angle we can determine initial values of

my and a.

Dependence of Initial Phase

Angle : -

Initial phase angle depends on

following three

factors
:

C) whether write
egg cosine
egg
we sine or .

(a) Initial value

of n ( at t -
- o )
(3) Initial of
direction
velocity
.
for eg. ,
in
first figure the
body
starts in

ftp.soso.BEI
'

,
y
, old
-

A TA

a
' '

o ¥EFEBEEI + hole

(t O
Ufo) tag with velocity -_T3wA_
from
-
-

,
n -
v
,

2
and the initial
phase angle is suppose of ,

( corresponding to sine egg)

In second
fig ; body starts from the same
point at Az but direction of velocity is
initial
opposite or ve
-53yd and the
phase
angle is
suppose Ola .
( corresponding to sine
egg)
Then , 01 f , Ola .

Similarly ,
if we wish to write cosine
eqns
supposed
'

their
and
'
initial
phase ' angles are
,

and da ,
then 01 , Flo , and Olaf 01L .
 Initial conditions al n
teg x 1-
graph
-
-

7=0 ×
A

+A
→ U - + WA

t.EE x - Asinwt
g
-

A O * A
-

NX

← U= -
WA
TA
BENEGAS U= Afinwt
-

✓
- - - -
- - -

'
th
'

A o of

A
- - -
-

ax

0=0

thetas
#
x -
Acoswt
-

A O

A
-
- - - - -

Xa

U - O
TA

stinks
µ
- -
-
-

X - -

Acoswt
f *
-

A
# Time Equations of SHM : -

(1) see A fin wt

(2) v =
WA cos wt

③ a = -
w
'
A sin wt

(4)
'
Yak A' Yam
'
E =
Uo t = Uo t w A

'
k A' sin wt
'

(5)
'

Ya
'
U = Uo t KA sin wt - bot m w

' ' '

(6) Ya
'
Toe KE = KA cos wt =
If mw A cos
'
wt

Eg Tf : - a SHM is
represented by the
egg n - to

sin
( At tf ) in SI units , then determine

its
amplitude , time
period and maximum
velocity
Umax ?
Sol ?
Comparing ( the
egg with
-

a- A sin wt to) ,
we
get
A- =
Tom

w
-

-
(a) rage and
long
F- Is
.

T=2
-

Uman WA Clot) m/s fans)

-

= -

# Relation between simple Harmonic

Motion and Uniform circular Motion : -

consider a
particle O ,

moving on a circle
ofThe
radius A with constant
angular velocity w .

is
projection of d on a diameter Bc the P .
It

that Q
clear
from the
fig around the
.
as moves

between B and
circle the
projection P oscillates C .

The that the radius 08 makes with the

angle
x-axis is , O -
-
wt -101 .
Here , 10 is the
angle
made by the radius 00 with the x-axis at
time t -

- O . further ,
 010=00 cos O

u =
A cos ( wt to )
This is standard at
egg of SHM . Hence ,
P
executes SHM .
That the

( wt to)
'

V -
-
-
V sin O os ve -
WA sin

a = -
a
'
cos O or a= -
'
w A cos ( wt t OD
v -

velocity of sum of particle P -

date dda
-

[ A coscwtt D= -

WA sin ( wt t

a =
acceleration
of SHM
of particle =

off =
- W'
Acosfottobl
# Methods of
finding Time Period of a

simple Harmonic Motion t

eggs known
Tf f se or a n are then we can
-
-

easily find
for
the time
period of SHM .

egg
.

F- a
eqn.es of type
f- = -
Ka
and time
period in this case is

F- 2A Fm
K

similarly ,
a -
n
eqn is
of type
a = -
corn

w=
I af
.

. .
=

t.an-ffaf-aa-E.in#eenl
,

or

In
angular
SHM we will be
required T O
-

or a -
O
eqns
Now there two methods
, are
following ofand
finding f and
eggs ( O
-
n a n - or E -

o
a -

eggs)
 Method
# Restoring force or
Torque : -

usually followed
The in
following steps are

the method i

find
step Ii the stable
equilibrium position which
- -

usually is also known as the mean position .

Net
force
or
torque on the
particle in this

position is zero Potential .

energy
is minimum .

Step 2 -
: -

Displace the
body from its mean
position
by a small
displacement ( in linear
of
n case a

sum ) or o ( in case
of an
angular sum
)
find
step -
3 : net
force a
torque in this displaced
-

position .

Step -
Ui -

show that this

force or
torque has a

tendency bring the body backto to its mean

position and magnitude of force or

torque is
to
proportional displacement ,
i.e .
 Fa -
n or f = -

kn -
Ci )
or Ta -
O or te -
KO - Ca )

torque restoring
This is also known
force
or as

force restoring torque

or .

find linear
Step si by dividing Egil )
acceleration
- -

by mass m or
angular acceleration by dividing Egil)
by moment of inertia I .
Hence ,

who
-1ms to
a =
.se =
-
wise or a- -

= -

step a
finally w -

¥ a
¥
-

,
.

ate fatal
a - a

TH FOH
i .
it -

-
a. or a'
#
Energy method : -

Repeat steps -
I and step
-

2 as in method -
I .

energy CE )
find the total mechanical in the

displaced position . Since ,

mechanical
energy in stem
remains constant .

d =
O
dt

By differentiating the
energy egg with respect to
time and
substituting date =v ,
off = w,
off =
a,

and
date to step -5 directly
= x we come or we
,

eggs ( at egg )
and O O
get f n The
-
a n
-
.
-

an -

remaining procedure is same .

Note : d) E
usually consists
of following terms in
-

G) Gravitational PE (b) Elastic PE Electrostatic

(e)
PE (d) Rotational KE and (e) Translational KE
(a) for gravitational PE, choose the
reference point
( h o) at mean position
-
-
.
# The simple Pendulum : -

An Snm is the motion

of a
pendulum
eg of
. .

A simple pendulum is
defined as a
particle of
mass m
suspended from a
point O by a
string
length and
of I
of negligible mass .

i÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:
#

to
\
AN
÷%x
when the particle is
pulled aside to B,
position
Oo
so that the
string makes an
angle .
with the

released
vertical OC and pendulum will
then ,
the
'
oscillate between B and the
symmetric position B .

The
oscillatory motion is due to the
tangential
component ft of the weight mg of the particle .

This ft is
'

force maximum at B and B and

at c Thus , write ,
zero .
we can

ft =
-

mg sin 0 .
Here because it is
, minus
sign appears opposite
to the displacement .

A- CA

i. sin O d)
mat
my
= -
-

( ,x=ddh
Here ,
at =L x where

and O oscillations
Sino
for small
-

mk
mgo
i: = -

Since , a es
proportional to -
O .
Hence ,
motion is

simple harmonic .

or a
(g) o a

leaf gt
- -
-
-
-

22¥ 2K¥
i . T -
or T -

Note : that
independent of
-
the
period is the

mass
of the
pendulum
# Energy Method : -

let derive
us
by energy
the same
expression
method Suppose
. be the
angular velocity of w

particle at angular displacement 0 about point

mechanical
energy of particle
O.
Then total ,
in

position A is ,

E -
-

If
I w't
mg ( ha -

)
he

or E -

yscml
'

) w't mglls -

cos OJ
'
E
therefore dd
is constant , ,
= O or O -
-
ml w t

mglsinofdef)
Putting date =
w
,
date =L and since - O, we
get
the

same
expression a =

(f) o
-

T
daffy ) or
Taaffe
-
-
# Spring -
block system : -

Suppose a mais m is attached to the

free end
of a

massless
spring of spring constant K, with its other

end
fixed to a
rigid support
.

mpg.nu-1
innmnm -

¥!
the
If Mars be
displaced through a distance a
,

linear
as shown , a

f- = -

ku
restoring forced ) -
,

starts
actingits on the mars ,
tending to
bring it
back into
original position The .

negative sign
simply indicates that it is directed
oppositely
to the
displacement of the mars .

Eg C) be
"

can written as : -

ma = -
kn

fat
or
Fs
-
-

T 2
Intel or
T=2n¥
.

.
-
-
a-
.
# Method :
Energy .

The time
period of the
spring
-
block
system can

also be obtained by the method let be the

energy u
.

speed of the Mars in

displaced position .
Then

total mechanical the block

energy of spring system
-

is E kinetic the block 't elastic

energy of potential
-

energy
E
Yakut
'

Ya
or -
-

mu t

since ,
E is constant

date
-

-
o or a-
mv(fe¥)tka(d
Substituting ,
daff =v and
date =
a

we hare ,

ma
-

-
-

ku

F-
Qrf 1=2 't
.

. .
Eg
"
f in SHM is
:
neg of a
body of mass a
kg
.
- -

f t8n=O

Here ,
f is in Newton and n in metre . find time

period of oscillations .

Sof ! The can be written f -8k

given egg
-
as -
,

standard
Comparing egg of
with the Snm ,

if = -

ku we have ,

12=8 Nlm

T=2tfIm K

2 a-
FI
-
-

=
(A) S =3 -
l Ys

# Vector Method of
Combining Two or
More Harmonic Motions :
simple .

A harmonic motion
simple produced when is a

force ( called
restoring force) proportional to the
displacement ads on a
particle g . a
particle to
acted two such the resultant
upon by forces
motion of the
particle is a combination
of two

simple harmonic motions .

Suppose the two

individual motions are
represented by ,

ki -
A , sin cot

and ka -
Aa sin (wt t OD
Both harmonic have
the
simple motions same

angular frequency
w .

Az . - - - - -

y.tt

§ ya-
!
BA .

The is
resultant
displacement of the
particle
given by '

zeniths
=
A, sin wt t A- a sin ( cotto)
=
A sin
-
( cotta )
Here , A =
t Att AE t 2A , Aa cos 01
and tan a -_
Aasino
A ,
+ Az cos
of
Thus , we can see that this is similar to

the vector addition The method

of
. same

combination
vector addition can be
applied to the

two harmonic
of more than
simple motions .