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 Division / Angiospermae Chordata Angiospermae
CHP. 1: The Living World Phylum
1. Mountains, boulders and sand mounds - Class Dicotyledonae Reptilia Monocotyledonae
Sub-class Polypetalae Diapsida
extrinsic growth Series Thalamiflorae -----------
Order Malvales Squamata Poales
2. Asexual spores- fungi Family Malvaceae Elapidae Poaceae
3. Budding- lower organisms like yeast Genus Hibiscus Naja Triticum
Scientific Hibiscus rosa- Naja naja Triticum
and hydra name sinensis aestivum
4. True regeneration – Planaria UNIT II
5. Fragmentation –fungi, filamentous CHP. 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
algae, protonema of mosses. 1. Intercalary meristem – base of the
6. Unicellular organisms like bacteria, node (as in Mint) or base of the
unicellular algae or Amoeba - internode (as in Grasses and Wheat)
reproduction is synonymous with 2. Stone cells - fruit pulp of guava,
growth pear and sapota (Chikoo), seed coats
7. Do not reproduce e.g. mules, of legume and leaves of tea
8. Sterile worker bees, infertile human 3. Primary phloem fibres used for
couples making ropes and rough cloth (Jute,
9. Ipomoea batatas - sweet potato (in Flax and Hemp)
English), Shakarkand (in Hindi), 4. Hadrocentric vascular bundle –
Meetha Aalu (in Assamese and Meristeles of fern
Bengali), Kandmul (in Telugu), Ratalu 5. Leptocentric vascular bundle –
(in Marathi) and Jenasu (in Kannada) Dracaena stem, Rumex, Begonia
10.Corn is wheat in England, Oats in CHP. 7: Structural Organisation in
Scotland and Ireland, and Maize in Animals
Category American Frog Earthworm
U.S.A. Cockroach
11.Sunflower – Helianthus annuus Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Division / Arthropoda Chordata Annelida Annelida
12.Neem – Azadirachta indica Phylum
13.Tamarind – Tamarindus indicus Class
Sub-class
Insecta Amphibia Clitellata
Oligochaeta
Clitellata
Oligochaeta
14.Maize – Zea mays Order Blattodea Anura Haplotaxida Haplotaxida
Family Blattidae Dicroglossidae Megascolecidae Lumbricidae
15.Jowar (sorghum) – Sorghum vulgare Genus Periplaneta Haplobatrachus Pheretima Lumbricus
Scientific americana tigrinus posthuma terrestris
16.Suitable liquid preservatives like name
formaldehyde, acetic alcohol UNIT III
17.Biggest herbarium in India – Central CHP. 8: Cell: The Unit of Life
national herbarium, Kolkata 1. Robert Hooke discovered cells
18.Famous botanical gardens – Kew observing cork – cell walls
(England), Indian Botanical Garden, 2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek - found
Howrah, Kolkata (India), National unicellular structures like bacteria, red
Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow blood cells, sperms etc.
(India) 3. Shapes of bacteria: (i) Cocci: Spherical/
19.International Association Of Botanical Oval (ii) Vibrios: Comma (iii) Bacilli:
Garden – Est. 1962 Rod (iv) Spirilla: Long spirally twisted
Category Man House-Fly Mango
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae 4. Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycans
Division /
Phylum
Chordata Arthropoda Angiospermae or murein in Eubacteria and pseudo-
Class Mammalia Insecta Dicotyledonae peptidoglycans in Archaebacteria
Order Chordata Diptera Sapindales
Family Hominidae Muscidae Anacardiaceae 5. Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria:
Genus
Scientific
Homo
Homo
Musca
Musca
Mangifera
Mangifera
bacteriochlorophylls,
name sapiens domestica indica bacteriophaeophytin and carotenoids
Category Hibiscus Cobra Wheat
Kingdom Plantae Animalia 6. Examples of cell inclusions:
a. Organic: Cyanophycean starch granules and Catalase (ii) Glyoxysomes found
and Glycogen granules (energy usually in fat rich plant cells
reserves) 20.Chromatin is stained by basic dyes
b. Inorganic: Phosphates and Sulphur 21.Binucleate cells: Paramoecium
granules 22.C-shaped nucleus: Vorticella
c. Gas vacuoles: blue green and purple 23.Nuclear pores discovered in nuclei of
and green photosynthetic bacteria amphibian oocytes
7. Svedberg unit - measure of particle size 24.Fibrous lamina discovered in Amoeba
- depends upon the speed at which the proteus
particle sediments in ultracentrifuge 25.Large sized nucleoli, e.g., oocytes,
8. Composition of cell wall: neurons and secretory cells
a. Higher plants - polysaccharides, such 26.Smaller or no nucleoli: sperm cells,
as cellulose, pectin, lignin, blastomeres, muscles cells
hemicellulose, cutin and suberin. 27.All chromosomes in onion root tip cells
b. Algae - cellulose, galactans, mannans are metacentric.
and minerals like calcium carbonate. 28.Polytene chromosomes found in
c. Other plants - cellulose, salivary glands of Drosophila
hemicellulose, pectins and proteins melanogaster
9. Secondary lysosomes = digestive 29.In Drosophila, Chromonemata of puff
vacuoles = phagolysosomes = give out many series of loops laterally.
heterophagosomes As these loops appear as rings, they are
10.Autophagosomes = autophagic called Balbiani rings
lysosomes = autophagic vacuole = CHP. 9: Biomolecules
autophagosomes Secondary Metabolites
11.Lysosomes contain enzymes such as Pigments Carotenoids,
acid phosphatase, sulphatases, Anthocyanins, etc.
Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, etc.
proteases, nucleases, lipases, Terpenoides Monoterpenes,
glycosidases. Diterpenes etc.
12.During metamorphosis of insects and Essential oils Lemon grass oil, etc.
amphibians, unwanted tissues of gills Toxins Abrin, Ricin
and tail are digested by lysosomes. Lectins Concanavalin A
13.During fertilization lysosomes help in Drugs Vinblastin, curcumin, etc.
penetration of sperm into the egg by Polymeric Rubber, gums, cellulose
substances
dissolving the egg membrane with the
help of enzyme in the lysosome present
in acrosome (hyaluronidase).
14.Microfilaments can carry out cellular
movements including gliding,
Protein Functions
contraction, formation and retraction of CollagenIntercellular ground substance
pseudopodia and cytokinesis. Trypsin Enzyme
15.Microfilaments made up of actin. Insulin Hormone
16.Microtubules made up of tubulin. AntibodyFights infectious agents
17.Cross bridges made up of dynein. ReceptorSensory reception (smell, taste,
18.Sphaerosomes seen mostly in plant hormone, etc.)
cells GLUT– 4 Enables glucose transport into
cells
19.Microbodies types: (i) Peroxisomes
1. Collagen - most animal abundant
containing two main enzymes: Oxidase
protein
2. Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase- 5-pentose C5H10O5 Xylose, Arabinose, Xylulose,
Ribose, Ribulose
Oxygenase – RuBisCO - most abundant Deoxyribose
6-hexose C6H12O6 Glucose, Fructose
protein in the whole of the biosphere Galactose
3. R group amino acids: a hydrogen 7-heptose C7H14O7 Sedo-heptose Sedo-
heptulose
(glycine), a methyl group (alanine),
hydroxy methyl (serine) 16.Nucleosides: Adenosine, guanosine,
4. Amino acids: acidic (e.g., glutamic thymidine, uridine and cytidine are
acid), basic (lysine) and neutral (valine) nucleosides.
amino acids, aromatic amino acids 17.Nucleotides: Adenylic acid, thymidylic
(tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan) acid, guanylic acid, uridylic acid and
5. Essential amino acids: Eg: Tryptophan cytidylic acid
(a precursor for the synthesis of 18.Thermostable enzyme: Taq polymerase
Melatonin and Serotonin), Methionine, 19.Competitive inhibition: inhibition of
Phenyl alanine, etc. (PV TILL PM AH) succinic dehydrogenase by malonate
6. Semi-essential amino acids: E.g. 20.Non-competitive inhibition: Cyanide
Oxidoreductases/ NAD oxido-reductase, cytochrome
Histidine, Asparagine dehydrogenases oxidase
7. Simple proteins- Eg. Histones, zein Transferases hexokinaes, transaminase, etc
Hydrolase choline esterase, alkaline
from maize phosphatase, etc.
8. Conjugate proteins- Eg. Lipoprotein= Lyase aldolase, fumarase, etc
protein + lipid, Nucleoprotein = Isomerase triose phospho-isomerase,
phospho-hexose isomerase,etc
proteins + nucleic acid, Glycoproteins = Ligase Acetyl CoA carboxylase,
proteins + carbohydrates, Chromo succinate thiokinase, etc.
proteins = proteins + pigment –Chl with 21.Co-enzymes: nicotinamide adenine
Mg, Hb with Fe dinucleotide (NAD), NADP – vit. (B3)
9. Some compounds have same empirical niacin; flavin adenine dinucleotide
formula like carbohydrates even though (FAD) – vit. Riboflavin (B2)
they are not carbohydrates - 22.Fatty Acids: CH3 − (CH2 )14 – COOH
Formaldehyde (HCHO), Lactic acid (Palmitic acid: C = 16 = 15+1)
(CH3CHOH.COOH) 23.Arachidonic acid: 20 carbons (19+1)
10.Some carbohydrates do not follow the 24.Saturated Fatty Acids: Palmitic acid,
empirical formula: Rhamnose stearic acid
(C6H12O5), Digitoxose (C6H12O4), 25.Unsaturated fatty acids: oleic, linoleic,
Deoxyribose (C5H10O4) linolenic, palmitoleic acid
11.sucrose= glucose + fructose 26.Phospholipid: E.g. Lecithin
12.lactose =glucose + galactose 27.Steroids: E.g. Cholesterol, bile salts-
13.maltose=glucose + glucose cholic acid, male and female sex
14.Examples of homopolysaccharides: hormones like testosterone and
Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen, Inulin oestrogen
(polymer of fructose), Chitin (made 28.Carotenoids: E.g. α and β carotene,
from N-acetyl glucosamine). xanthophylls etc.
15.Hetero-polysaccharides: E.g., CHP. 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine, 1. Amitosis: Meganucleus of paramecium,
etc. = Hyaluronic acid foetal cells, endosperm cells
CARBON Empirical ALDOSES KETOSES 2. Lampbrush chromosomes in
ATOMS formula
3 -triose C 3 H 6 O3 Glyceraldehyde Di-hydroxy amphibians: Decondensed diplotene
acetone chromosomes
4-tetrose C 4 H 8 O4 Erythrose Erythrulose
3. Oocytes of vertebrates: diplotene for
months
UNIT IV
CHP. 12: Mineral Nutrition
1. Frequently remobilized ions: N, P, K, S
2. Usually immobilized element: Ca
3. Critical elements: N, P, K
4. Hydroponics successfully commercially
used for growth of: Tomato, spinach,
seedless cucumber, lettuce
5. Some plant species accumulate
selenium, some others gold, while some
plants growing near nuclear test sites
take up radioactive strontium
6. Beneficial elements: Si, Se, Co, Na
7. Macronutrients: C, H, O, P, N, K, Ca,
S, Mg (PK ka mug konsa?)
8. Micronutrients: Cu, Zn, Mn, B, Mo, Cl,
Fe, Ni (Man FeCoNiCuZin + Mobile
call)
9. Mg2+ - an activator for both RUBisCO
and PEPCase; Zn2+ - an activator of
alcohol dehydrogenase; Mo activator of
nitrogenase during nitrogen metabolism
10.K+ plays an important role in the
opening and closing of stomata
11.Deficiency diseases of Mn – Grey
speck of oat, marsh spot disease of pea
12.Deficiency diseases of B –Heart rot of
beet, brown heart of turnip
13.Deficiency diseases of Cu –Dieback of
citrus, reclamation disease of cereal-
legumes
14.Deficiency diseases of Mo – Whiptail
in cauliflower
15.Mn toxicity = Deficiency of Fe, Mg, Ca
16.Ammonia to nitrite: Nitrosomonas and
Nitrococcus
17.Nitrite to nitrate: Nitrobacterium
18.Denitrification by Pseudomonas
denitrificans and Thiobacillus
19.Types of N2 fixers:
 Free-living nitrogen-fixing aerobic:
Azotobacter and Beijernickia
 Free-living anaerobic: Clostridium
 Anaerobic: Rhodospirillum
 Free-living Cyanobacteria: Anabaena,
Aulosira and Nostoc
 Free living chemosynthetic N2 fixers:
Desulphovibrio
 Free living chemosynthetic N2 fixers:
Chlorobium, Rhodopseudomonas
20.Symbiotic: 1. Rhizobium with alfalfa,
sweet clover, sweet pea, lentils, garden
pea, broad bean, clover beans
(leguminous) 2. Frankia with Alnus
(non-leguminous)
21.Important amides in transamination:
Asparagine and glutamine
22.Ureides: E.g. in Soyabean
CHP. 13: Photosynthesis in Higher
Plants
1. Englemann: used Cladophora with
suspension of aerobic bacteria
2. Robert Hill: used spinach leaves and
Fe3+ as H+ acceptor
3. Calvin discovery using: Chlorella and
Scenedesmus
4. Calvin cycle: technique of paper
chromatography was used to separate
the intermediates formed and the
technique of radio-autography was
used to find out compounds with 14CO2.
5. C-4 plants: maize, sugarcane, jowar,
Amaranthus, etc.
6. CAM plants: Kalanchoe, Bryophyllum,
Sedum, Kleinia, Opuntia, Crassula,
Agave, Aloe, Euphorbiasps, Pineapple,
Welwitschia (Gymnosperm)
7. Inhibitors: (A) DCMU (Diuron/
Dichlorophenyl Dimethyl Urea), CMU
(Monuron), PAN inhibit the
photosynthesis by blocking PS – II
They stop e-flow between P-680 & PQ.
(B) In cyclic ETS diquat, paraquat
(Viologen dyes) inhibit e-flow between
P-700 & Fd.
CHP. 14: Respiration in Plants
1. Pyruvate decarboxylase: Coenzyme
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and the
cofactor Zn++
2. Micro-organisms for fermentation are
Yeast, Lactobacillus, etc
3. R.Q. measured by Ganong’s
respirometer
CHP. 15: Plant Growth and
Development
UNIT VI
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
(Excluding MOFP and Value chart)
1. Spores: lower organisms like Monera,
Fungi, Protista, lower plants like algae
and animals. (i) Motile spores like
Zoospores are produced by Algae
(Chlamydomonas) (ii) Non-motile
spores like conidia by Penicillium
2. Binary Fission: E.g.: Amoeba, Bacterial
cells, Paramoecium, etc.
3. Budding: Yeast, Hydra
4. Gemmules: Fresh water sponges - by
aggregation of archeocytes. A layer of
amoebocytes secrete hard, chitinous
membrane around these archeocytes -
to overcome unfavourable conditions.
On return of favourable conditions
gemmules hatch and develop into new
individuals e.g. Spongilla, Ephydatia.
5. Turions: fleshy buds in hydrophytes
6. Stem Cuttings: Sugarcane, Rose
7. Budding: Rose, Mulberry
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
1. Definition of Reproductive health by
WHO
2. Popular Condom: Nirodh
3. Spermicidal Jelly: Nim-76
4. Spermicidal chemicals: ZnSO4,
KMnO4, Boric acid, Lactic acid, citric
acid etc.
5. Initial IUCD was made of Ag by
Graffenberg
6. Non-medicated IUDs: Lippe’s loop
7. Copper releasing IUDs: CuT, Cu7,
Multiload 375
8. Hormone releasing IUDs: Progestasert,
LNG-20
9. Pill Mala –D and Mala-N are taken
daily.
10.Saheli – a non-steroidal preparation –
‘once a week’ pill with very few side
effects and high contraceptive value -
developed by scientists at Central Drug
Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow,
India.
11.Synthetic oestrogen- Ethynyl estradiol
12.Synthetic progesterone- norethisterone
acetate
13.Injections-DMPA-Depot medroxy
progesterone acetate
14.Implants made in Germany, Mexico
and China
15.STDs – Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital
herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts,
trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B
16.Non-curable STDs – hepatitis-B,
genital herpes and HIV
17.1st test tube baby in the world is Louise
Joy Brown
18.1st test tube baby in India is Durga
UNIT VII
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and
Variation
1. Well known Indian cow breed: Sahiwal
cows in Punjab
2. Traits selected by Mendel:
i. Seed shape – Round - Wrinkled
ii. Flower color – Coloured - White
iii. Seed (Cotyledon colour) – Yellow -
Green
iv. Pod shape – Inflated - Constricted
v. Unripe pod color – Green - Yellow
vi. Flower location – Axial - Terminal
vii. Plant height. – Tall - Dwarf
3. Incomplete Dominance: 4 O’ Clock
(Mirabilis jalapa), Snapdragon or Dog
flower (Antirrhinum majus) (Red-Pink-
White), Andalusian fowl (Black-Blue-
White), Starch content in pea
4. Co-dominance: Coat colour in cattle
(Red-roan-white)
5. Multiples alleles: Wings in Drosophila,
Human blood group
6. Pleitropism: Sickle cell anaemia, Starch
synthesis+Seed shape in Pea, Flower
colour+Seed coat colour in Pea
7. Polygenic Inheritance: Wheat Kernel
Colour, Human Skin Colour
8. Recessive epistasis: Coat colour in Swyer’s syndrome = Person with
mouse, Colour of Chloam grain karyotype 46XY = Externally female
9. Dominant epistasis/ Supplementary with streak gonads
genes: Fruit colour in Squash, Sorghum 29.Chromosomal Autosomal disorders:
10.Complementary genes: Flower colour Down’s syndrome, Edward’s
in Sweet Pea syndrome, Patau’s syndrome, Cat cry
11.Additive genes: Fruit shape in squash syndrome
12.Duplicative genes: Fruit shape in 30.Sex chromosomal disorders:
Shepherd’s purse Klinefelter’s, Turner’s syndrome,
13.Inhibitory genes: Feather colour in Jacob’s Syndrome
Fowls Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of
14.Incomplete sex linked disorders: Total Inheritance
colour blindness, Retinitis pigmentosa, 1. Griffith experiment: Streptococcus
Nephritis, etc. pneumoniae, Diplococcus penumoniae
15.Complete sex linkage: Red green colour 2. Start codon: AUG (Methionine) or
blindness, Haemophilia, Myopia, etc. rarely GUG (f-methionine)
16.Environmental sex determination: 3. Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA
Association with females: Bonellia (selenocysteine)
17.Environmental sex determination: Egg 4. Loops in t-RNA: DHU (dihydrouridine)
size: Sea worm Dinophilus loop, TψC (T=ribothymine, ψ=
18.Environmental sex determination: pseudouridine) loop, Anticodon loop
Incubation temperature: Turtles & 5. Experimental proof for semi-
Crocodiles conservative DNA replication by
19.Autosomic sex determination: Maize & Messelson and Stahlin: E. coli
chlamydomonas 6. Experimental proof for semi-
SPECIES FEMALE MALE conservative DNA replication by
20. Mammals, XX XY Taylor: faba beans (Vicia faba)
drosophila
21. Roundworms, XX XO 7. Beadle and Tatum experiment:
bugs, Neurospora crassa
grasshoppers, 8. Capping: Addtion of methyl guanosine
cockroaches
triphosphate at 5’ end
22. Birds, reptiles ZW ZZ
23. Butterflies and ZO ZZ 9. Tailing: Adding of 200-300 adenylate
moths residues
24. Honeybees, Diploid Haploid n=16 by 10.RNA polymerase I: r-RNA (28S, 18S,
ants, wasps 2n=32 parthenogenesis/ 5.8S)
Arrhenotoky
25.Autosomal recessive: Thalassemia, 11.RNA polymerase II: hnRNA
Sickle cell anaemia, Phenylketonuria, 12.RNA polymerase III: t-RNA, 5S-rRNA,
Gaucher’s disease, Alkaptonuria snRNA
26.Autosomal dominant: Myotonic 13.Ribozyme: 23S rRNA
dystrophy, Huntington’s chorea 14.Enzyme for peptide bond formation:
27.Y-linked disorder: Hypertrichosis, peptidyl transferase
Swyer’s syndrome 15.Examples of operons: lac (negative), trp
28.TDF (testis determining factor)/ SRY (positive), ara, his, val
(sex determining region) found on Y Chapter 7: Evolution
chromosome which initiates sex UNIT VIII
determination in males, found in Chapter 8: Human Health and Disease
therians. Misfunctioning in this gene –
1. Study of scientific cause of disease -
Etiology and study of classification of
diseases – Nosology
2. Communicable Contagious diseases:
e.g. Conjunctivitis, Chickenpox
3. Communicable Non-Contagious
diseases: e.g. by vector- Malaria, or
fomite-AIDS etc.
4. Non-communicable diseases:
a. Cancer
b. Allergies
c. Degenerative disorders- cataract,
arthritis
d. Deficiency diseases- rickets, night
blindness
e. Chromosomal aberrations- due to non
disjunction of chromosomes
f. Gene mutations- colour blindness,
haemophilia
(Note: Examples from some common
diseases is in separate chart)
5. Examples of physical/ anatomical
barriers: Skin (exposed surface is dead
and keratinized called Stratum
corneum), Mucous membranes
6. Examples of physiological barriers: pH,
temperature, lysozymes
7. Examples of cellular barriers:
a. Phagocytic cells – e.g.(i) Neutrophils
and monocytes (blood) (ii) Free
macrophages (tissues) - large
irregular- shaped cells (iii) Kupffers
cells (liver) (iv) Clara cells (lungs) (v)
Glial cells (CNS)
b. Non-phagocytic cells: (eg: Natural
Killer cells)
8. Cytokine Barriers: Interferons –
produce Translation Inhibiting Protein
(TIP)
9. Inflammation characterized by:
Redness (Rubor/ Erythema), Heat
(Calor), Swelling (Tumour/ Oedema),
Pain (Dolor)
10.Sources of Artificial acquired passive
immunity: e.g. antibodies obtained from
hyper immunised horses are injected to
humans against rabies pathogens,
snake anti-venoms, tetanus toxoid etc.
11.Types of B cells: Plasma cells, Memory
cells
12.Types of T cells: T-Helper T-cells,
Killer /Cytotoxic T-cells, Suppressor T-
cells, Memory T-cells
13.Helper T cells secrete - lymphokine
known as Macrophage Migration
Inhibitory Factor (MMIF)
14.Antigen representing cells (APC):
macrophages (monocytes as blood
macrophages and histiocytes as tissue
macrophages), B cells, and dendritic
cells (Langerhan’s cells in epithelial
lining such as vagina and in the skin).
15.Antigen binding site (in antibody) =
Paratope
16.Binding side of antigen/ Antigenic
determinant = Epitope
17.Methods of destroying antigens -
Neutralization, Agglutination,
Opsonization, Precipitation and Lysis
18.Hepatitis B vaccine produced from –
Yeast
19.Antibodies acting against bacteria and
viruses – IgG
20.Antibodies providing passive immunity
to new born (by crossing placenta) –
IgG
21.Antibody which is pentamer and
activates B cells – IgM
22.Antibody present in serum which
protects the mucus membrane from the
inhaled and ingested pathogen – IgA
23.Antibody present in colostrum – IgA
24.Antibody present serum albumin,
present in the intestinal fluids of the
normal person – IgD
25.Antibodies associated with allergies –
IgE
26.Common allergens – mites in dust,
pollens, animal dander etc.
27.Allergy dues to chemicals – histamine
and serotonin – from mast cells
28.Anti-allergic chemicals – anti-
histamine, adrenalin and steroids
29. Primary Lymphoid organs – Bone 3. Blood proteins: Erythropoietin; Factors
marrow and thymus VII, VIII, IX; Tissue plasminogen
30.Secondary lymphoid organs – spleen, activator; Urokinase (TUFE)
lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches of 4. Human Hormones: Epidermal growth
small intestine and appendix, MALT factor; Follicle stimulating hormone;
31.AIDS also known as – Slim Disease Insulin; Nerve growth factor; Relaxin;
32.AIDS caused by – Human Somatotropin (FSH)
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or 5. Immune modulators: α-Interferon; β-
HTLV III, a member of a lentivirus interferon; Colony stimulating factor;
group of viruses called retrovirus Lysozyme; Tumor necrosis factor (αβ
33.AIDS first reported in – South America TLC)
34.HIV found in - saliva, tears, nervous 6. Vaccines: Cytomegalovirus; Hepatitis
system tissue and spinal fluid, blood, B; Measles; Rabies
semen (including pre-seminal fluid, 7. Example of exonuclease – Hind I
which is the liquid that comes out 8. Examples of type II endonucleases type
before ejaculation), vaginal fluid, and II:
breast milk REN Source Type of
35.Common media for transmission of ends
AIDS - blood, semen, vaginal BamH Bacillus Sticky
secretions, and breast milk I amyloliquefaciens
36.Example of antiretroviral therapy: EcoR Escherichia coli RY Sticky
highly active antiretroviral therapy I 13
(HAART) Hind Haemophilus Blunt
37.Well-known case of AIDS - Chandi II influenza Rd
brothers who were expelled from four Hind Sticky
different schools because their parents III
died of AIDS Sal I Streptomyces albus Sticky
38.Diagnostic tests for AIDS – (i) ELISA- Sma I Serratia marcescens Blunt
Enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay Pst I Providencia stuarti Sticky
(ii) Western Blot-confirmatory test Hae Haemophilus Blunt
39.Major types of Cancers: III aegyptius
Type Infected organs
Carcinomas Epithelial cells of ectodermal,
Hpa II Haemophilus Sticky
(85%) endodermal origin parainfluenza
Sarcomas Mesodermal tissues Pvu I Proteus vulgaris Sticky
Lymphomas Lymph nodes & tissues of Cla I Caryophanone Sticky
immune system e.g. Spleen
Leukemia, Bone marrow (begin) and lactum
blood cancer accumulate in blood stream 9. Recognition sequence and site of
Adenomas Glandular tissues cleavage: (Imp one’s)
(Notes: Drugs examples – Separate chart) EcoRI G↓AATTC
UNIT IX CTTAA↑G
Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles BamHI G↓GATCC
and Processes CCTAG↑G
1. Herbert and Boyer Experiment – Hind II GTC↓GAC
native plasmid of – Salmonella CAG↑CTG
typhimurium 10.RENs require for cleavage – Mg++
2. Herbert and Boyer Experiment – host 11.Stain for gel electrophoresis – Ethidium
cell of – Escherichia coli bromide
12.After staining, DNA fragments are
exposed to – UV Radiation
13.Vectors:
Bacteria Plasmids, cosmids, λ phage, BAC
Yeast YAC
Insects Baculoviruses
Plants Ti Plasmid
Human Retrovirus
14.First transposons discovered in Maize
(Zea mays)
15.Transposons in primates (including
humans) – Alu
16.Mechanism of retro-transposons – Copy
and paste
17.Mechanism of DNA transposons – Cut
and paste
18.Examples of organisms in which
Plasmids are found – Bacteria, yeast
and occasionally in plants and animal
cells
19.Examples of plasmids: pBR 322
(discovered by Boliver and Rodriguez)
and pUC (discovered at University at
California)
20.Commonly used bacteriophages as
cloning vectors – M13 (ssDNA) and λ
phage (infect E. coli)
21.Examples of antibiotics (resistance genes
used as selectable markers) – ampicillin,
chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin
22.Example of gene as selectable marker by
insertional inactivation – β galactosidase
23.Ti plasmid from – Agrobacterium
tumifaciens – gene responsible for tumour
– T DNA
24.Biolistics or gene gun method useful for –
plants
25.In gene gun method – elements coated
with DNA – Gold or tungsten
26.Degradation of membranes – lysozyme
(bacteria), cellulose (plants), chitinase
(fungus)
27.Thermostable enzyme – Taq polymerase –
extracted from Thermus aquaticus
28.Rotenone – broad spectrum pesticide from
roots of certain members of family
fabaceae
29.Green manure obtained from Crotolaria
juncea
30.Griseofulvin – extracted from P.
griseofulvum – ringworm treatment
31.Rennet – substance that improves texture
and reduces bitterness
32.Withania somnifera – anti-cancerous and
reduces blood sugar level
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its
Applications
1. Bt crops: Bt cotton, Bt corn, Bt tomato,
Bt potato, Bt soyabean, etc.
2. Bt gene extracted from: Bacillus
thurigiensis
3. Lepidopterans: Tobacco budworm,
armyworm
4. Coleopterans: Beetles
5. Dipterans: Flies, mosquitoes
6. Controlling Cotton Bollworms: CryIAc,
CryIIAb
7. Controlling Corn borers: CryIAb
8. Nematode affecting roots of tobacco
plants: Meloidegyne incognitia
9. Sources of complementary RNA for
RNAi: Viruses having RNA genomes,
mobile genetic elements (transposons)
10.Cell wall degrading enzyme in tomato:
polygalactouranase
11.Tomato having longer shelf life: Flavr
savr tomato
12.Polypeptide chain only found in pro-
insulin: C peptide
13.First gene therapy to 4 year old girl
suffering from: ADA (adenosine
deaminase) deficiency
14.Examples of gene therapy:
 Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) used to
prevent or reverse blood clots.
 Human Growth Hormone producer gene to
treat pituitary dwarfism.
 Tissue Growth Factor– Beta (TGF-B)
promotes new blood vessels and epidermal
growth. Useful in wound healing and burns.
 Human Blood Clotting Factor VIII to treat
hemophiliacs.
 Human Insulin (HUMULIN) to treat insulin
dependent diabetics.
 DNAse to treat cystic fibrosis.
 Bovine Growth Hormone to increase cattle
and diary yields.
 Recombinant Vaccines for prophylaxis of
human and animal viral diseases (hepatitis B)
15.Techniques in molecular diagnostics:
recombinant technology, polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme
linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA)
16.Diseases studied using transgenic
animals: Cancer, cystic fibrosis,
rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s
(CCAR)
17.Human protein used to treat
emphysema: α-1-antitrypsin
18.Similar attempts used to treat:
phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic
fibrosis
19.First transgenic cow – Rosie
20.Milk of Rosie had high levels of human
protein – α-lactalbumin
21.First transgenic mokey – Andie
22.First transgenic dog – Dogie
23.American company producing
recombinant insulin – Eli Lilly
24.Example of adjuvant – Alum
25.Organisation for biotechnology control
in India set up by GoI – GEAC
(Genetic Engineering Approval
Committee)
26.Texamati was patented by American
company – through US (TEXAS)
Patent and Trademark Office
27.Indian traditional herbal medicines to
be patented – Turmeric, Neem
(Margosa)
28.Indian Parliament recently cleared –
Second amendment of Indian Patents
Bill
29.Bioweapons – Bacillus anthracis,
Vibrio cholera, small pox virus
Pasteurella/Yersinia pestis, Botulinum
toxin, etc.
30.HGP was mainly co-ordinated by –
U.S. Department of Energy and
National Institute of Health
31.Genome also coded for – Bacteria,
yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans (a free
non-pathogenic nematode), Drosophila
(fruit fly), plants (Rice and
Arabidopsis)
32.Longest known human gene –
Dystrophin
33._____ were used as genetic markers by
Alec Jeffreys – VNTRs
34.VNTRs first isolated at – University of
Utah
35.Dr. Lalji Singh used – Radioactive
probe from Y-chromosome of female
banded krait (female – XY, male – YY)
i.e. BKM DNA
36.Southern blotting – for DNA
37.Northern blotting – for RNA
38.Western blotting – for proteins (E.g. as
in AIDS)
39.Southern blotting done on – Nylon
membrane (nitrocellulose paper)
UNIT X
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
1. Major biomes of India : (a) Tropical
rain forest; (b) Deciduous forest; (c)
Desert; (d) Sea coast
2. Thermoconformers: shrews and
humming birds
3. Migration example: Every winter the
famous Keolado National Park
(Bharatpur) in Rajasthan host thousands
of migratory birds coming from Siberia
4. Organisms breed only once in their
lifetime: Pacific salmon fish, bamboo
5. Organisms breed many times during
their lifetime: most birds and mammals
6. Organisms producing a large number of
small-sized offspring: Oysters, pelagic
fishes (also known as r-selected spp.)
7. Organisms produce a small number of
large-sized offspring: birds, mammals
8. In the rocky intertidal communities of
the American Pacific Coast the starfish
Pisaster is an important predator
9. Examples of techniques developed to
avoid predation:
a. Some spp. of insects and frogs – Camouflage/
Poisonous
b. The Monarch butterfly is highly distasteful to
its predator (bird) because of a special
chemical present in its body. Interestingly,
the butterfly acquires this chemical during its
 caterpillar stage by feeding on a poisonous
weed.
c. Thorns (Acacia, Cactus) are the most
common morphological means of defense in
plants.
d. Many plants produce and store chemicals that
make the herbivore sick when they are eaten,
inhibit feeding or digestion, disrupt its
reproduction or even kill it.
e. Weed Calotropis growing in abandoned
fields. The plant produces highly poisonous
cardiac glycosides and that is why you never
see any cattle or goats browsing on this plant.
f. nicotine, caffeine, quinine, strychnine, opium,
etc. are produced by plants actually as
defences against grazers and browsers.
10.Connell’s elegant field experiments
showed that on the rocky sea coasts of
Scotland, the larger and competitively
superior barnacle Balanus dominates
the intertidal area, and excludes the
smaller barnacle Chathamalus from that
zone.
11.MacArthur showed that five closely
related species of warblers living on the
same tree were able to avoid
competition and co-exist due to
behavioural differences in their
foraging activities.
12.Example of brood parasitism: Cuckoo
eggs in crow nest
13.Commensalism:
a. Orchid, bromeliads growing as
epiphytes on a mango branch
b. Barnacles growing on theback of a
whale
c. Cattle egret and grazing cattle
d. sea anemone that has stinging tentacles
and the clown fish
14.Mutualism:
a. Mycorrhizae
b. Lichens
c. Wasp – Fig
d. Sea anemone (Adamsia pallicata) is
habitually found fastened by
characteristically lobed pedal disc to
snell’s shail used as portable home by
hermit crab (Eupagurus prideauxi).
Anemone protects crab, get bits of food.
15.The Mediterranean orchid Ophrys
employs ‘sexual deceit’ to get
pollination done by a species of bee
16.Proto-cooperation: Pluvianus aegyptius
enters open mouth of crocodile and rids
latter of leeches
17.Ammensalism: Antibiotics secretion by
one organism harms the other
(bacterium)
Chapter 14: Ecosystem
1. Natural terrestrial ecosystem: Forest,
grassland and desert
2. Natural aquatic ecosystem: pond, lake,
wetland, river and estuary
3. Man-made terrestrial ecosystem: Farm
4. Man-made aquatic ecosystem:
Aquarium
5. Detritivores: Earthworms
6. Detritus: Decomposition rate is slower
if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin,
and quicker, if detritus is rich in
nitrogen and water-soluble substances
like sugars
7. Most important climatic factors that
affect rate of decomposition:
Temperature and soil moisture
8. Warm and moist environment favour
decomposition whereas low
temperature and anaerobiosis inhibit
decomposition resulting in build-up of
organic materials
9. Pioneers in hydrarch: Phytoplankton
10.Stages in Hydrarch: Plankton, rooted
submerged, rooted floating, free
floating, Reed swamp, Marsh/ sedge
meadow, Woodland, climax forest
11.Pioneers in xerarch: Lichen
12.Stages in Xerarch: Crustose lichen,
foliose lichen, moss stage, herb, shrub,
forest
13.Natural reservoir for phosphorus: Rock
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and
Conservation
1. Genetic variation shown by Rauwolfia
vomitoria growing in Himalayan ranges
in terms of potency and concentration
of active chemical Reserpine
2. Western Ghats have more amphibian
spp. diversity than Eastern Ghats
3. India has greater ecological diversity
than Scandinavian country like Norway
4. Some recent extinctions: dodo
(Mauritius), quagga (Africa), thylacine
(Australia), Steller’s Sea Cow (Russia)
and three subspecies (Bali, Javan,
Caspian) of tiger
5. Amazon forest are being cut for
cultivating soya beans or for conversion
to grasslands for raising cattle
6. Extinctions due to over-exploitation in
last 500 years: Steller’s sea cow,
passenger pigeon
7. Extinctions due to Alien species
invasion:
a. Nile Perch introduced in Lake Victoria
in East Africa – extinctions of
ecologically unique assemblage of
more than 200 spp. of cichlid fish
b. Invasive weed spp. – Carrot grass
(Parthenium), Lantana, Water
hyacinth (Eicchornia)
c. Illegal introduction of African catfish
Clarias gariepinus for aquaculture =
threat to indigenous catfishes in our
rivers
8. IUCN (International Union of
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources) (Now WCU – World
conservation Union) maintains red data
book
9. Critically endangered species: Pigmy
Hog
10.Vulnerable species: Clouded leopard
11.Endangered species: Lion tailed
Macaque
12.Biodiversity hotspots in India: (i)
Western Ghats and Sri Lanka (ii) Indo-
Burma (iii) Himalaya
13.Locations of Sacred groves: Khasi and
Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, Aravalli
Hills of Rajasthan, Western Ghat
regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra
and the Sarguja, Chanda and Bastar
areas of Madhya Pradesh
14.In-situ conversations: E.g. Biodiversity
hotspots, National parks, Sanctuaries,
Biosphere reserves, Sacred groves
15.Ex-situ conservation: Botanical
gardens, Zoological parks, Wildlife
safari parks, Arboreta, Gene banks
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
1. Scrubber used for removing: SO2
2. Catalytic converters: Unburnt
hydrocarbons are converted into carbon
dioxide and water, and carbon
monoxide and nitric oxide are changed
to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas
3. 150 db or more generated by take-off of
a jet plane or rocket may damage ear
drums thus permanently impairing
hearing ability
4. Chronic exposure to a relatively lower
noise level of cities may permanently
damage hearing abilities of humans.
Noise also causes sleeplessness,
increased heartbeat, altered breathing
pattern, thus considerably stressing
humans.
5. A substantial fall in CO2 and SO2 level
has been found in Delhi between 1997
and 2005.
6.
7.