GENDER AND SOCIETY

Individual Research Report

Outline of a Research Report or Article

Most reports of research follow a format similar to that described below, but perhaps
with minor deviations. A good description of the format can be found in the chapter
one of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed.,
Washington, D.C.). On-line sources to APA style can be found
at http://www.psychwww.com/resource/apacrib.htm

Typically research reports and published research articles will have the following
components:

1. Title
2. Abstract
3. Introduction
4. Literature Review
5. Research Questions or Hypotheses
6. Method, which consists of:

 Participants
 Design
 Materials/Apparatus
 Procedure

7. Results
8. Discussion/Conclusion
9. References

1. Title

The title should be short and clearly identify the topic researched.

2. Abstract

This section is usually one paragraph and provides a summary of the research.

3. Introduction
In this section, the writer introduces the reader to the topic investigated in the study
and makes clear the importance of the topic. If this section is present, then one is
likely to find a problem statement here. For more on the introduction and problem
statement, see Problem Statements.

4. Literature Review (at least five cited articles)

In this section of the report or article, the writer provides, in essence, a brief historical
overview of the research and explains to the reader how the current research fits
within the theory of the topic. In this section, the writer is telling the story of the
research and explaining why the research is important. More on literature reviews can
be found in Literature Review.

5. Research Questions or Hypotheses

In this section, the writer presents the specific questions that will be addressed by the
current research. Research questions and hypotheses are explained in more detail
in Research Questions and Hypotheses.

Sometimes the Introduction, Literature Review, and Research Questions or

Hypotheses are not treated as separate sections. Rather, many writers and journals
prefer that all three be combined into one, seamless section. Most prominent journals
in education today follow the one section format (e.g., American Educational
Research Journal, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Journal of Educational
Psychology, Journal of Experimental Education, Contemporary Educational
Psychology).

6. Method

In this section of the report, the writer provides a detail presentation of the people,
materials, and procedures used to investigate the research question. The Method
section usually contains several subsections.

Participants This subsection describes in some detail the people who participated in
the study, how they were selected for the study, and various characteristics of the
participants. More on this can be found in Sampling.

Design This subsection is usually found only in experimental studies. In this section,
the experimental designed used to investigate the problem is described. Some
experimental designs are presented in Experimental Research.
Materials/Apparatus Here the writer explains those materials/apparatuses used in the
study. These typically include a description of surveys or measuring instruments,
specific tools (e.g., books, tape recorders, electrical shocking devices ha ha, etc.), and
whatnot. Some discussion of instruments/surveys and issues related to validity and
reliability, concepts that must be addressed in each study, can be found
in Measurement: Instrument/Test Validity and Measurement: Instrument/Test
Reliability.

Procedure In this section the writer provides a step-by-step outline of how the data
were collected. Enough detail should be presented here to ensure that someone
unfamiliar with the study could replicate the study.

7. Results

In this section is information that describes how the data were analyzed to address the
research questions or hypotheses, and what was found after analyzing the data.
Methods of data analysis for quantitative research is discussed in Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics.

8. Discussion/Conclusion

This section is one of the more important in the report. In this section the author
explains how the results of the current study fit with previous research and with
relevant theory. Presenting such ties is difficult for many and requires a strong
understanding of the relevant literature and theories. The importance of the current
research is highlighted in this section, and often the writer will offer suggestions for
follow-up research and related future research.

9. References

The References section is simply a list of all work, essay, articles, etc. that were cited
in the report.