“Analysis Design of Structure using Composite Members and Conventional Members along with their

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Fig. 3.1 Values of kdef factor

2. Structures comprising members, components and connections having different

creep behaviour :-
In these situations, the creep behaviour will affect the stiffness and stress
distribution and the linear relationship between the instantaneous and the creep deflection
referred to in Eq. 3.1 will not apply.
For structures or members complying with the above conditions, the final
deformation, ufin, will be obtained from,

ufin = u(inst+creep)

Where,
u(inst+creep) = The deformation derived from a linear elastic analysis of the structure
subjected to the instantaneous loading condition and based on the reduced
stiffness properties.

3.3 Stress–strain Relations (EC5, 3.1.2)

Although the actual stress–strain relationship for timber and wood-related

products when loaded to failure is generally non-linear, the characteristic strengths of
structural timbers and wood products are derived assuming that a linear relationship

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exists. Consequently, when calculating the design stress in a section, e.g. flexural, axial,
shear, etc., it is to be assumed that elastic behaviour will apply up to the failure condition.
Where EC5 considers that plastic behaviour can be taken into account to enhance member
strength, this is incorporated into the relevant strength validation rules given in the code.

3.4 Check for Flexural Members

Table 3.1 Main Design Requirements for Flexural Members and the Associated EC5
Limit States

Design or displacement effect EC5 limit states

Retention of static equilibrium (sliding, uplift) ULS
Bending stress and the prevention of lateral torsional instability ULS
Shear stress ULS
Bearing stress ULS
Torsion stress (where relevant) ULS
Deflection SLS
Vibration SLS

3.5 Check for Axially Loaded Members

Table 3.2 Main design requirements for axially loaded members and the associated
EC5 limit states

Design or displacement effect EC5 limit states

Retention of static equilibrium (sliding, overturning, uplift) ULS

Axial stress, including the effect of lateral instability ULS
Deflection SLS

3.6 Modeling In STAAD Pro-Conventional Type Frame

As per IS 800, the analysis and design of the light framed structures made up of
conventional type steel members shall be done using a simulated mathematical model of
linear elastic properties.

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The model for static analysis shall contain the following information:

1) Geometry: The structure shall be modeled as a three dimensional space frame

consisting of columns, beams, rafters and purlins. The nodes in the model has six degree
of freedom, i.e. three translational and three rotational.

2) Support condition: The superstructure is rested on RCC support foundation, hence

supports considered as partially fixed. Hence, bearing pressure on the concrete under base
plate is determined by static load from structure.

3) Material constant: Young’s modulus for steel shall be computed as per IS 800 as, E =
200 GPa for static analysis. Poisson’s ratio µ is 0.3.
The Young’s Modulus of concrete for static analysis as per IS 456:2000 shall be
computed by using 5000√fck.

4) Damping: Damping is a phenomenon of energy dissipation that opposes free

vibrations of a system. Like the restoring forces, the damping forces oppose the motion,
but the energy dissipated through damping cannot be recovered. A characteristic feature
of damping forces is that they lag the displacement and are out of phase with the motion.
Damping suggested as per IS 800 is 3% of critical damping.

Fig. 3.2 Space Model in STAAD

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3.7 Modeling In SCIA - Composite Type Frame

As per EC5, the analysis and design of the light framed structures made up of
steel timber composite shall be done using a simulated mathematical model of linear
elastic properties.

The model for static analysis shall contain the following information:

1) Geometry: The structure shall be modeled as a three dimensional space frame

consisting of columns, beams, rafters and purlins. All these elements have configuration
of steel timber composite sections. The nodes in the model has six degree of freedom, i.e.
three translational and three rotational.

2) Support condition: The superstructure is rested on RCC support foundation, hence

supports considered as partially fixed. Hence, bearing pressure on the concrete under base
plate is determined by static load from structure.

3) Material constant: Young’s modulus for steel shall be computed as per IS 800 as, E =
200 KN/mm2 for static analysis. Poisson’s ratio µ is 0.3.
The Young’s Modulus of timber is E=17 KN/mm2 as per EN338:2003.

4) Damping: Damping is a phenomenon of energy dissipation that opposes free

vibrations of a system. Like the restoring forces, the damping forces oppose the motion,
but the energy dissipated through damping cannot be recovered. A characteristic feature
of damping forces is that they lag the displacement and are out of phase with the motion.
Damping suggested as per IS 800 is 3% of critical damping.

3.8 Primary Loads and Load Combinations

Table 3.1 Primary Load Cases

Name Description Action type Load type Direction Duration

LC1 Self Weight Permanent Self weight -Z

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LC2 DL Permanent Standard

LC3 LL Variable Static Short

LC4 WL Variable Static Short

LC5 WL upp Variable Static Short

LC6 WL Torsion1 Variable Static Short

LC7 WL Torsion2 Variable Static Short

3.9 Load Combinations

Table 3.2 Load Combination Table

Coeff.
Name Type Load cases
[-]

LC1 - Self Weight 1.50

1.5DL+1.5LL Linear - ultimate LC2 - DL 1.50

LC3 - LL 1.50

LC1 - Self Weight 1.50

LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50

LC4 - WL 1.50

LC1 - Self Weight 1.50

LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL upp Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50

LC5 - WL upp 1.50

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LC1 - Self Weight 1.50

LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Torsion1 Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50

LC6 - WL Torsion1 1.50

LC1 - Self Weight 1.50

LC2 - DL 1.50
1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5WL Torsion2 Linear - ultimate
LC3 - LL 1.50

LC7 - WL Torsion2 1.50

LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

DL+LL Linear - serviceability LC2 - DL 1.00

LC3 - LL 1.00

LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

LC4 - WL 1.00

LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL upp Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

LC5 - WL upp 1.00

LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Torsion1 Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

LC6 - WL Torsion1 1.00

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LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

LC2 - DL 1.00
DL+LL+WL Torsion2 Linear - serviceability
LC3 - LL 1.00

LC7 - WL Torsion2 1.00

LC1 - Self Weight 1.00

DL Linear - serviceability
LC2 - DL 1.00

3.10 Methods Of Analysis

Here, two option for concept design of light framed structures. First option will
base on purely wooden structure framing design. Check the overall feasibility/stability by
considering the limit state of strength and for limit strength of serviceability of
superstructure for various loading condition as mention above. If the purely wooden
member will satisfy the requirement base on various codal provisions then it will be
possible to use purely wooden member only, if not then the type 2 will proposed.

Type 2, will based on composite/sandwich type of framing. It is suggested to use

steel plate in between the two wooden members. By doing this it will increase the
strength of wooden member for strength and for serviceability. By considering composite
effect in design cross section size of member may reduced.

Here, we use simplified procedure for connection by assuming all secondary

member connection will be pinned connection. We try to avoid fixed type of connection,
because practically from erecting point of view it will take more time, and theoretically
we will not get 100% fixity in practice as well.

To make all superstructures as simple and feasible for erecting and design point of view,
it may need additional planned bracing.

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 CHAPTER 4

CASE STUDY

4.1 Introduction

To study the cost comparative analysis design of composite member structure and
conventional structure for light framed structure, a residential building project at
Lonawala, Pune is considered. This building is light framed structural with luxurious villa
type. It is located at the foot of Tung fort means hilly area. This building has made up of
mainly 5 parts; Living Area, 2 Bedroom areas, Kitchen area and large pool deck or
swimming pool area. Each part has divided into superstructure and substructure. For
superstructure above plinth level, it is requirement that the entire framed member should
have compact in size and having looks of Timber member. Therefore options for
superstructure are proposed as below;
 Conventional pure Timber framed and along with timber sheeted roof can be used
to get the effect.
 Conventional structural Steel framed and roof supporting system can be designed.
But for timber effect, timber sections should be connected to steel
 Hybrid structural system made of Steel Timber composite member which gives
both i.e. timber looks and cost saving in material.
Substructure to be constructed by RCC as it is below ground and sliding/ sloppy area.
The general arrangement is as per shown in subsequent sections. The substructure
proposed is of RCC frame structure. Analysis & Design is carried out as per Indian
Standards as per IS 456. For conventional type framed superstructure made up of
structural steel, analysis & design is carried out as per Indian Standards as per IS 800. For
hybrid structural system made up of steel timber composite elements framed
superstructure, analysis & design is carried out as per Indian Standards as per IS 800. The
Superstructure is modeled as a three-dimensional space frame in which the columns &
beams are idealized as 3-D beam elements with six degrees of freedom at each node.
Roof supporting structure consists of Sheeting, purlins and Rafters. Structure is analyzed
& designed for various loads & combinations of loads as stated in further sections.

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4.2 Structural Description

The type of structure studied here is considered as light framed structural building, as
there are no multi-storeys laid above. Normally these types of structures are not seen,
hence considered as miscellaneous type. For construction of such building, choice of
structure become more critical, as conventional type takes more time for construction.
Hence, it’s more logical to find the midway and more suitable to choose cost saving
technique. The configuration of the building aesthetics itself imposes the type of the
structure supporting it. In the study there is a complicated structure which is supported by
conventional type and hybrid type structural arrangement.

Fig. 4.1 Roof Arragement– Metal Deck Roof

It consists of roof sheeting consists of arrangement as shown in fig. 4.1 above. Profile
sheeting is supported by purlins, above profile sheeting vapour barrier and insulation will
be provided to reduce thermal effect. Above profile metal sheet synthetic mesh is
provided and top zinc roof panel will be provided.
The roof system is supported by purlins and rafter. Rafter is supported by beams and
beam transfers the loads to props or columns i.e. vertical or inclined member. In
conventional practice all these members are made up of steel or timber member. In other
case means hybrid system these members made up of steel timber composite.

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Fig. 4.2 Plot layout with topography by Architect

Fig. 4.3 Proposed location of Living Room-Verandah Part

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Fig. 4.4 3D View of Living Room-Verandah Part

4.3 Site Conditions And Soil Properties

Design data:- Living Area

1. Finished ground level (FGL) = EL (+) 92.50 m

2. Foundation Level = EL (+) 89.75 m
3. Top level of plinth slab = EL (+) 92.95 m
4. Grade of Concrete
For Foundation = M25
For Plinth Beams = M20
For RCC Footing Columns = M25
For Base Raft / Mat = M25
For Retaining Wall = M25
5. Clear cover to reinforcement ….( As per IS 456)
For Foundation = 50 mm
For Columns = 40 mm
For beams = 30 mm.
6. SBC for Soil at 3 m = 80 kN/m2
7. Wind Speed in the Area = 39 m/s
8. Seismic Zone = III
9. Timber Properties = D60 (Refer Fig. 4.5 below)

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Fig. 4.5 Timber Properties

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Fig. 4.6 Foundation Plan Layout for Living Room Area

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Fig. 4.7 Plan View at Top roof level of Living room

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4.4 Problem Description

For this light frame miscellaneous structure, analysis is done by using STAAD Pro
software to check conventional type structure. This is followed by designing these
members in STAAD Pro by using IS 800. Welded connections are considered for the
frame. The designed steel members are additionally connected by timber sections to
follow the aesthetics. For composite frame analysis SCIA software is used and EC5 Euro-
code is used. Here, wind load considered as governing than seismic due to mass
consideration. Analysis and design is performed using two approaches: (1) by using
conventional type structure (2) by using hybrid or composite type structure. Support
conditions considered as partially fixed.

4.4.1 Loads considered acting on Structure for analysis members

Dead Load
The self-weight of structure is considered under dead load. Additional 10% of dead
load is increase by considering the effect of connection plates and fasteners.

 Self-weight of Structure = from Model

 Dead load of Roof sheeting = 0.2 kN/sq m
 Shear plane loads = 0.20KN/sq m
 Dead load of hangings/utilities = 0.15 kN/sq m
 Total load on roof = 0.55 kN/sq m

Live Load
For roof live load consider as = 1.5KN per critical location

Wind Load
Location of Structure = Lonawala, India

Basic Wind Pressure (Vb) = 39 m/s

Probability factor k1 =1

Category of Structure =2

Class of Structure =B

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Topography factor, k3 =1

Table 4.1 Design Wind Pressure Calculation

Height Terrain, height and Design Wind Design Wind

structural size factor,K2 Speed Pressure

Vz = Vb x k1 Pz = 0.6 Vz2
x k2 x k3
(kN/m2)
(m/s)

Upto 10m 0.98 43.12 1.12

10-15 m 1.02 44.88 1.21

15-20 m 1.05 46.20 1.28

20-30m 1.10 48.40 1.41

30-50m 1.15 50.60 1.54

Wind load will be applied base on IS 875 part 3_Table 7 and 8 pressure coefficient for
free standing double sloped roofs.

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