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Literacy
For the purpose of census 2011, a person aged seven and above, who can both read and write with
understanding in any language, is treated as literate. A person, who can only read but cannot write, is
not literate. In the censuses prior to 1991, children below five years of age were necessarily treated
as illiterates.
The results of 2011 census reveal that there has been an increase in literacy in the country. The
literacy rate in the country is 74.04 per cent, 82.14 for males and 65.46 for females. Kerala retained
its position by being on top with a 93.91 per cent literacy rate, closely followed by Lakshadweep
(92.28 per cent) and Mizoram (91.58 per cent).
Bihar with a literacy rate of 63.82 per cent ranks last in the country preceded by Arunachal Pradesh
(66.95 per cent) and Rajasthan (67.06 per cent).
எழுத்தறிவு
2011 மக்கள்பதொககக் கணக்பகடுப் ின் ந ொக்கத்திற்கொக, ஏழு வயது மற்றும்
அதற்கு நமற் ட்டவர்கள், எந்த பமொழியிலும் புரிந்து பகொண்டு டிக்கவும் எழுதவும்
முடியும், அவர் கல்வியறிவு ப ற்றவரொகக் கருதப் டுகிறொர். டிக்க மட்டுநம
பதரியும் ஆனொல் எழுதத் பதரியொத ஒருவன் எழுத்தறிவு இல்லொதவன். 1991க்கு
முந்கதய மக்கள்பதொகக கணக்பகடுப் ில், ஐந்து வயதுக்குட் ட்ட குழந்கதகள்
கல்வியறிவற்றவர்களொகநவ கருதப் ட்டனர்.
இந்தியாவின் வேலையின் லை விகிதை் 16 ைாதங் களிை் இை் ைாத அளவுக்கு டிசை் பரிை்
There has been a 3% decline in Tamil Nadu’s workforce between 2011 and 2018-19 with just 50%
of the State’s population being employed and 46.4% of the population falling under ‘Not in the
Workforce’ category in 2018-19, according to the Tamil Nadu Household Panel Survey’s Pre-
Baseline Survey. The report says 3.6% of the employable population was unemployed in 2018-19.
2011 ைற் றுை் 2018-19 க்கு இலையிை் தமிழ் நாை்டின் ததாழிைாளர் எண்ணிக்லகயிை் 3%
சரிவு ஏற் பை்டுள் ளது, ைாநிைத்தின் ைக்கள் ததாலகயிை் தேறுை் 50% ைை்டுவை வேலை
தசய் கிறார்கள் ைற் றுை் 46.4% ைக்கள் 2018-19 இை் 'வேலைப்பலையிை் இை் லை' பிரிவின்
கீழ் உள் ளனர். தமிழ் நாடு வீை்டுக் குழுக் கணக்தகடுப்பின் முன் -அடிப்பலை
Of the 27.5% that did not possess toilets, 83.8% practised open defecation and 15.2% used public
toilets
Female literacy rate increased from 73.4% to 80.2% between 2011 and 2018-19
Population practicing Hinduism increased from 87.6% to 89.2% from 2011 to 2018
91% குடும் ங்கள் குகறந்தது ஒன்று அல்லது அதற்கு நமற் ட்ட வட்டுச்
ீ
பசொத்துக்ககள கவத்துள்ளன
2011 இல் 93% உடன் ஒப் ிடும்ந ொது 98% குடும் ங்கள் வட்டு
ீ மின் இகணப்க க்
பகொண்டிருந்தன
இந்து மதத்கத ககட ிடிக்கும் மக்கள் பதொகக 2011 முதல் 2018 வகர 87.6%
இலிருந்து 89.2% ஆக அதிகரித்துள்ளது.
Socio Economic data - சமூக ப ொருளொதொர தகவல்கள்
Poverty- வறுகம
According to the methodology authorized by the Union Cabinet, the BPL income limit in India is
around Rs. 27,000 per year. A benchmark known by the Indian government as "below the poverty line"
is used to reflect economic losses and to identify people and households in need of support and
assistance. It is calculated using various factors that vary both within and between states.
ேருைான ேரை் பு ரூ. ஆண்டுக்கு 27,000. "ேறுலைக் வகாை்டிற் குக் கீவழ" என இந் திய
India ranked 107th out of 121 countries in the Global Hunger Index (GHI) 2022, down from the 101st position
the previous year.
குவளாபை் ஹங் கர் இன் தைக்ஸ் (GHI) 2022 இை் 121 நாடுகளிை் இந்தியா 107 ேது இைத்திை்
உள் ளது, இது முந்லதய ஆண்டு 101 ேது இைத்திை் இருந்து கீவழ உள் ளது.
India has by far the largest number of poor people worldwide at 22.8 crore, followed
by Nigeria at 9.6 crore.
Two-thirds of these people live in a household in which at least one person is deprived of
nutrition.
Reduction in Poverty:
The incidence of poverty fell from 55.1% in 2005/06 to 16.4% in 2019/21 in the country.
The deprivations in all 10 MPI indicators saw significant reductions as a result of which the
MPI value and incidence of poverty more than halved.
வறுகம குகறப்பு:
ொட்டில் 2005/06 இல் 55.1% ஆக இருந்த வறுகமயின் ிகழ்வு 2019/21 இல் 16.4%
ஆகக் குகறந்துள்ளது.
Sanitation- சுகொதொரம்
Swachh Bharat Mission (G) Phase-I:
The rural sanitation coverage in the country at the time of launch of SBM (G) on 2nd October,
2014 was reported as 38.7%.
More than 10 crore individual toilets have been constructed since the launch of the mission,
as a result, rural areas in all the States have declared themselves ODF as on 2nd October, 2019.
SBM(G) Phase-II:
It emphasizes the sustainability of achievements under phase I and to provide adequate facilities
for Solid/Liquid & plastic Waste Management (SLWM) in rural India.
It will be implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 in a mission mode with a total outlay of Rs.
1,40,881 crores.
The SLWM component of ODF Plus will be monitored on the basis of output-outcome
indicators for 4 key areas:
Plastic waste management,
• Biodegradable solid waste management (including animal
waste management),
• Greywater (Household Wastewater) management
• Fecal sludge management.
Top Performing States:
The top five performing states are Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal
Pradesh where maximum number of villages have been declared as ODF Plus.
2014 ஆை் ஆண்டு அக்வைாபர் 2 ஆை் வததி SBM (G) ததாைங் கப்பை்ை வபாது
நாை்டிை் கிராைப்புற சுகாதாரை் 38.7% ஆக இருந்தது.
Socio Economic data - சமூக ப ொருளொதொர தகவல்கள்
இது 2020-21 முதை் 2024-25 ேலர ஒரு பணி முலறயிை் தசயை் படுத்தப்படுை் ,
தைாத்த தசைவிை் ரூ. 1,40,881 வகாடி.
ததலுங் கானா, தமிழ் நாடு, ஒடிசா, உத்தரப் பிரவதசை் ைற் றுை் இைாச்சைப்
பிரவதசை் ஆகியலே முதை் ஐந்து தசயை் திறன் தகாண்ை ைாநிைங் கள் ஆகுை் ,
அங் கு அதிகபை்ச கிராைங் கள் ODF பிளஸ் என அறிவிக்கப்பை்டுள் ளன
Corruption- ஊழல்
தற் வபாலதய குறியீை்டிை் 180 நாடுகளிை் இந்தியா 85 ேது இைத்திை் உள் ளது (2020
இை் 86 ைற் றுை் 2019 இை் 80). டிரான் ஸ்பரன் சி இன் ைர்வநஷனை் இந்தியாவுக்கு CPI
ைதிப்தபண் 40 தகாடுத்தது.
அடிப்பலை சுதந்திரங் கள் ைற் றுை் நிறுேன வசாதலனகள் ைற் றுை் நிலுலேகள்
சிலதேதாை் , நாை்டின் ஜனநாயக நிலை குறித்து கேலைகள் உள் ளன.
Ombudsman- குறறதீர்ப்பாளர்
Complaints received under ombudsman schemes rise 9.39% in 2021-22: RBI
Context: The volume of complaints received under the Reserve Bank of India’s ombudsman schemes and
consumer education and protection cells showed an increase of 9.39 per cent compared to the previous year.
Of the total complaints received in 2021-22, about 42 per cent were related to the digital modes of payment
and transactions, according to the annual report of Ombudsman Schemes, 2021-22.
As per the data compiled by the IPU, of which India is a member, women represent 14.44% of the total
members of the Lok Sabha.
As of October 2021, Women represent 10.5% of the total members of the Parliament.
The scenario for women Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) across all state assemblies in India is even
worse, with the national average being a pitiable 9%.
In the last 75 years of independence, women’s representation in Lok Sabha has not even increased by 10%.
▪ In electoral representation, India has fallen several places in the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s global
ranking of women’s parliamentary presence, from 117 after the 2014 election to 143 as of January
2020.
o India is currently behind Pakistan (106), Bangladesh (98) and Nepal (43) and ahead of Sri
Lanka (182).
இந்தியொ தற்ந ொது ொகிஸ்தொன் (106), வங்கநதசம் (98), ந ொளம் (43), இலங்கககய
விட (182) ின்தங்கி உள்ளது.
Significant Decline in the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) from 130 in 2014-16 to 97 per lakh live births in
2018-20: Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya
outstanding progress made in terms of the number of states which have achieved Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) target, the number has now risen from six to eight leading with Kerala (19), followed by
Socio Economic data - சமூக ப ொருளொதொர தகவல்கள்
Maharashtra (33), then Telangana (43) and Andhra Pradesh (45), subsequently Tamil Nadu (54), Jharkhand
(56), Gujarat (57) and lastly Karnataka (69).
The World Economic Forum’s gender gap report 2022, where India was ranked at 135th position out of 146
countries.
• Status of India- From 30.7% in 2006, the proportion of working age women taking part in paid work
dropped to 19.2% in 2021, according to the World Bank.
• While the pandemic could be partly responsible for severe job losses among women, the percentage
of employed women has been quite low, averaging 21% between 2012 and 2021.
• Status of other countries- 46% of the women were part of the workforce on an average globally in
202.
• China had 61% of its women in workforce while the US had 55%.
Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu has seen upward trend and is 80.09 percent as per latest population census. Of
that, male literacy stands at 86.77 percent while female literacy is at 73.44 percent.
According to the latest report by The National Family Health Survey (NFHS) a large scale, and multi round
survey conducted in Indian households:
“29.3% married Indian women between the ages of 18-49 years have faced domestic violence/or sexual
violence. 3.1% of pregnant women between the ages of 18-49 have experienced physical violence during any
pregnancy.”
According to the latest report domestic violence is highest in Karnataka 44% Bihar 40% Manipur 39%
Telangana 36% Tamil Nadu 38%
Domestic violence was least in Lakshadweep 1.3% Goa 8.3% Himachal Pradesh 8.3%
ந ஷனல் ஃந மிலி பெல்த் சர்நவயின் (NFHS) சமீ த்திய அறிக்ககயின் டி, இந்திய
குடும் ங்களில் டத்தப் ட்ட ப ரிய அளவிலொன மற்றும் ல சுற்று கணக்பகடுப்பு:
சமீ த்திய அறிக்ககயின் டி குடும் வன்முகற கர் ொடகொவில் 44% ீகொர் 40%
மணிப்பூர் 39% பதலுங்கொனொ 36% தமிழ் ொடு 38%
In 2020-2021, the NHRC had registered 74,968 cases of human rights violations, while in 2021-2022 (till
February 28, 2022), the commission registered as many as 1,02,539 such cases. NHRC's yearly figures are
calculated from April 1 to March 31 for a financial year.
2020-2021 ஆம் ஆண்டில், NHRC 74,968 மனித உரிகம மீ றல் வழக்குககளப் திவு
பசய்துள்ளது, அநத ந ரத்தில் 2021-2022 இல் ( ிப்ரவரி 28, 2022 வகர), ஆகணயம்
1,02,539 வழக்குககளப் திவு பசய்துள்ளது. NHRC இன் வருடொந்திர புள்ளிவிவரங்கள்
ஒரு ிதியொண்டிற்கொன ஏப்ரல் 1 முதல் மொர்ச் 31 வகர கணக்கிடப் டுகிறது
of the 125 deaths in police custody, Uttar Pradesh reported the highest number at 14, followed by Tamil Nadu
and Punjab with 11 deaths each.
Achievement of MGNREGA
▪ It is the world’s largest social welfare scheme and it has been allocated Rs 73,000 crore in the Budget
2022-23.
▪ The scheme has managed to reduce the poverty levels in India by a huge amount. It was, hence,
called a stellar example of rural development by the World Development Report of 2014.
▪ It has helped many women in rural areas to make a livelihood as well as gain social security.
▪ The unemployed youth in the age bracket of 18-30 got employment for 100 days a year.
▪ According to the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER), this scheme has played a
vital role in reducing poverty among the poor as well as the socially weaker sections (Dalits, tribals
and marginal farmers).
Population
• The current population of India is at 138.26 crores (2020), according to UN data.
• Population of India is equivalent to 17.7% of the total world population. India ranks number 2 in the
list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
• According to estimates in a recently released United Nations report, India is expected to add 273
million people by the year 2050.
• More often, it is argued that such a large population invariably puts pressure on its limited
resources and is also responsible for many socio-economic problems in the country.
• Decadal Growth rate of Population in India between 2001-2011 was 17.64%. It decreased from
21.54% during 1991-2001.
• India’s population is larger than the total population of North America, South America and Australia
put together.
• The individual states of India have population comparative to the population of many countries.
• இந்தியாவின் தற் வபாலதய ைக்கள் ததாலக 138.26 வகாடியாக உள் ளது (2020), ஐநா
தரவுகளின் படி.
எதிர்பார்க்கப்படுகிறது.
ோதிைப்படுகிறது.
Socio Economic data - சமூக ப ொருளொதொர தகவல்கள்
In the last 75 years, India has improved tremendously with respect to life expectancy. In 1947, the expectancy
of an average Indian citizen was around 32 years and it has increased to 70.19 years in 2022.
According to United Nation projections, India’s current infant mortality rate in 2022 is 27.695 deaths per 1000
live births, a 3.74 percent decline from 2021. The findings of the National Health Family Survey-5 (NHFS-5)
revealed that IMR has marginally declined in nearly all states and Assam has seen one of the largest drops in
IMR, from 48 deaths (per 1,000 live births) to 32 deaths. Meanwhile, in the 1940s, the Maternal mortality ratio
(MMR) was 2000/100,000 live births, which apparently came down to 1000 in the 1950s. Moreover, India is
also a signatory to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which adopted a global
maternal mortality ratio (MMR) target of fewer than 70 deaths per 100 000 live births by 2030. In March this
year, a special bulletin by the Registrar General of India the MMR has declined by 10 points. It has declined
from 113 in 2016-18 to 103 in 2017-19 which is an 8.8 percent decline.
Since gaining independence, India has launched several national programmes to curb the menace of
communicable diseases like Malaria, Tuberculosis, and AIDS, among others.
According to the WHO’s latest World Malaria Report 2021, of the world’s 11 highest burden countries, only
India registered progress against malaria. Meanwhile, India’s success in Polio has been acclaimed around the
globe.
Until the early 1990s, Polio was hyperendemic in India, with an average of 500 to 1000 children getting
paralysed daily. India was declared Polio free in 2014 and no new case of Polio has been reported in the
country since January 2011.
With respect to Leprosy, India is running one of the largest leprosy eradication programme in the world, the
National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP).
Socio Economic data - சமூக ப ொருளொதொர தகவல்கள்
India’s performance in smallpox eradication has been commendable too. After years of being one of the
countries with the highest number of smallpox cases, the country declared itself smallpox free in 1979.
The Economic Survey 2021-22 declared India as the third-largest startup ecosystem in the world, after the US
and China. The government recognised over 14,000 new startups in 2021-2022, taking the total number of
recognised startups in the country to 61,400. Of these, a record 44 startups gained unicorn status in 2021.
Maharashtra has highest number of recognized startups followed by Karnataka, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh
Decline in India’s TFR: In 2021, India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) slipped below the replacement level
fertility (which is 2.1 children per woman) to two. Post-Independence, in the 1950s, India had a TFR of six.
இந்தியொவின் TFR இல் சரிவு: 2021 இல், இந்தியொவின் பமொத்த கருவுறுதல் விகிதம்
(TFR) மொற்று ிகல கருவுறுதகல விட (இது ஒரு ப ண்ணுக்கு 2.1 குழந்கதகள்)
இரண்டொக சரிந்தது. சுதந்திரத்திற்குப் ின், 1950களில், இந்தியொவில் ஆறு TFR
இருந்தது.