Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.

Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija

GRADUATE SCHOOL

FIRST SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024

GROUP 1 PRESENTER September 23, 2023

Aguilar, Jerome G.

Carpio, Jennifer A.

Carpio, Mariel DG.

Catacutan, Gerald C.

Dacumos, Esperanza S.

Professor: DR. FERNANDO T. GACOSTA

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

STATISTICS- is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and

organization of data.

- The basics of statistics include the measure of central tendency and the
measure of dispersion. The central tendencies are mean, median and mode
and dispersions comprise variance and standard deviation.

Mean is the average of the observations. Median is the central value when
observations are arranged in order. The mode determines the most frequent
observations in a data set.

Variation is the measure of spread out of the collection of data. Standard deviation is
the measure of the dispersion of data from the mean. The square of standard deviation
is equal to the variance.

Basic definition:

Population- refers to the total amount of “things”.

Sample - refers to a small part of the population that is used for the study.

Sample Size- total amount of “things” in a sample.

Variable- any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted.

 Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.
Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

FIRST SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024

Refer to variables that

Discrete can only be measured
in certain numbers.
Quantitative Variable
Refer to variables that
Continious can take on any
numerical value.

NO logical ordering
Categorical and
to the values of a
Nominal
categorical variable.
Categorical Data
Logical ordering to
Categorical and
the values of a
Ordinal
categorical variable.

Two types of statistics

1. Descriptive Statistics- summarize and explain data from a population sample

using factors like mean and standard deviation. They organize, represent, and
explain data using charts, graphs, and summary measures, without normalizing
beyond the collected data.
 Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.
Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

FIRST SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024

2. Inferential Statistics- interpret descriptive statistics by assessing the

probability principle, determining if patterns in a sample can be extrapolated to
the wider population, testing hypotheses, predicting population sizes, and
generating conclusions and inferences from samples for accurate
generalizations.

Data Collection and Presentation

1. Bar Graph represents grouped data with

rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that
they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or
horizontally.

2. Pie Charts a type of graph in which a circle is divided into

Sectors. Each of these sectors represents a proportion of the
whole.

3. Histogram a diagram is consisting of rectangles. Whose area is proportional

to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval.
 Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.
Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

FIRST SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024

4. Stem plots also called a stem and leaf diagram is a way of organizing data into
a form that makes it easy to observe the frequency of different types of values.
It is a graph that shows numerical data arranged in order. Each data value is
broken into a stem and a leaf.

5. Time plot is a type of graph that displays data points collected in a time
sequence.
 Dr. Gloria D. Lacson Foundation Colleges, Inc.
Castellano, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
GRADUATE SCHOOL

FIRST SEMESTER, SY 2023-2024

REFERENCES:

byjus.com (n.d.). Statistics. Google. Retrieved September 20, 2023, from

https://byjus.com/maths/statistics/#Definitions

[Simple Learning Pro]. (2015, October 17). Introduction to Statistics (1.1) [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXaJ7sa7q-8.

[Simple Learning Pro]. (2015, October 17). Bar Charts, Pie Charts, Histograms,
Stemplots, Timeplots (1.2) [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHRqkGXX55I&t=133s.