11th

GRADE

Lesson 1: Illustrating Random Variables

Ms. Via C. Alvarez, LPT

At the end of this lesson, the learners should
be able to:
1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and

continuous);
2. Distinguish between a discrete and a
continuous random variable;
3. Find the possible values of a random
variable
 STATISTICS
Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with:

Collecting DATA
Organizing Sets of Values of Qualitative
or Quantitative variables.
Analyzing
Interpreting
 USES OF STATISTICS

Government
Used to provide the necessary data
Medicine and
Education to guide them in managing the
affairs of the government (especially
when it comes on the budget in this
Physical Sciences
Statistical tools are used to get time of pandemic) Methods of statistical design of
information regarding enrollment, experiments are valuable to the
finance, physical facilities etc. researches especially when it come
on the efficacy of the medicines)
 USES OF STATISTICS

Sociology
Business and
Psychology It is vital in the study of the
conditions of the society in which
man live
Economics
People are best understood when
evaluated to be able to systematize, Means of exploration of the new
analyze, and interpret data on markets for a product, forecasting
intelligence scores, aptitudes, business trends, quality of goods
personality trait ratings and produced.
attitude.
SOME IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS

Society frequently organizes and expresses data numerically.

Statitics shapes our lives and influence our decisions

Statistics is often used by media experts to inform consumers

TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF
STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
It is used to describe a mass of data in a clear, concise and informative way; deals
with the methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data.
Measure of Frequency, Measure of Central Tendency, Range, Variance, Standard
deviation, Percentile ranks, Quartile Ranks

Inferential Statistics
It is concerned with making generalizations about the characteristics of a larger
set where only a part is examined.

Sample T Test, ANOVA, Regression etc.

 BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
DATA

are figures or facts collected, analyzed and presented. Data can be non-numeric or number, and must
be contextualized.

UNIVERSE

a collection or set of all individuals or entities whose characteristics are to be studied; answers the
question, “Who?”

Finite Infinite
 BASIC TERMS IN STATISTICS
POPULATION
The set of all possible values of a variable. Thus, for each variable we observed, we have a population
of values. The number of population in a study will be equal to the number of variables observed. In
the data collection activity we had, there are 12 populations corresponding to 12 variables.

SAMPLE

A subgroup of a universe or of a population

Universe vs. Population vs Sample
 DESCRIBING DATA

VARIABLE

Quantitative Qualitative

Continuous Discrete
(measurable) (countable)
 SAMPLE ACTIVITY
VARIABLE TYPE OF VARIABLE TYPE OF
QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE
Sex Qualitative
Weight (in kg) Quantitative Continuous
Usual Daily Allowance in Discrete
Quantitative
School (in pesos)
Most Preferred Color Qualitative

Student Number Qualitative

Height in centimeter Quantitative Continuous
Usual Number od Text Quantitative Discrete
messages sent in a day
 LEVELS OF
MEASUREMENT
 LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

These are data collected in the
form of labels, names or
categories; (blood type, eye
color, student number, skin
type, civil status etc)
data collected are labels data can be ordered or data have all the
with implied ordering; ranked; the difference properties of the interval
the difference between between two data values scale; the number zero
two data labels is is meaningful; data at this indicates the absence of
meaningless (freshman, level may lack an the characteristic being
absolute zero point measured (mass, heights,
sophomore, junior,
weights, energy and
senior)
electric charge)
 Ordinal Interval Ratio

1st place 60º C 80 kg 40 kg

2nd place 20º C 40 kg
3rd place 10º C 0º C 10 kg
-15º C 0 kg
SAMPLE ACTIVITY
VARIABLE TYPE OF LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT

Sex

Student Number

Weight

Height

Usual Sleeping Time

Happiness Index for the day

SAMPLE ACTIVITY
VARIABLE TYPE OF LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT

Sex Nominal

Student Number Nominal

Weight Ratio

Height Ratio

Usual Sleeping Time Nominal

Happiness Index for the day Ordinal

 METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
 Methods of Collecting Data

Subjective Method
the information is provided by
Use of existing
Objective Method identified respondents; the

the data are collected through

instrument used
to gather data may take the form of
Record
measurement, counting or by a questionnaire. this method uses data which have
observation been previously collected by
using our senses; this method another person or institution for
requires the use of a measuring or some other purposes.
counting instrument
 DATA
PRESENTATION
 Forms of Presenting Data

Graphical
Textual Tabular
Presentation

• This is form of • Statistical tables • This form is the

presentation are constructed most effective
combines text to facilitate the means of
and numerical analysis of organizing and
facts in a relationships. presenting
statistical report. Each statistical data
class/subclass is because the
assigned to a important are
particular row or brought out more
column and clearly and
figures for creatively in
various virtually solid and
classifications are colorful figures.
noted in
appropriate calls.
 Textual or Narrative Presentation
This is a way of data presentation where important details or information are given in a
way of text. Usually, it is in the form of narrative report.
Sample textual presentation
The monthly gross family income of the 30 BMSCA members range from 10.1 to 73.1 thousand
pesos. More than half of them have income of at most 35,250 pesos. Only three of them, or 10%,
have monthly family income of at least 60,450 pesos.
 Tabular Presentation
In this way, the numerical values are presented using tables. Some information may be
lost in tabular presentation of data. When presenting qualitative variables, the use of
frequency distribution table can also be applicable.
Advantages of Tabular Presentation

It is brief it reduces the matter

to minimum

It provides the reader a good

gasp of meaning of the
quantitative relationship
indicated in the report.

It tells the whole story without

the necessity of mixing
textual matter with figures.
 PARTS OF A STATISTICAL TABLE

Table • Includes the table number and title

Heading

• Designates the information contained in the

Caption columns.

• Main part of the table containing the

Body information or figures presented.

• Categories which describe the data usually

Classes found at the left-hand side of the table.
Example
 Graphical Presentation
Graphical presentation is a visual presentation of data and is commonly used in oral
presentation. Compared to tables, trends can be easily seen in graphs. It is better to look
at compared to tables because you can easily see the trends at the first glance. There are
several forms of graphs to use like the pie chart, pictograph, bar graph, line graph,
histogram and box-plot.
Different kinds of Charts/Graph
Line Graph
•It shows relationship between two sets of quantities. This is done by plotting points,
those points will be connected by a line segment which forms the line graph

Bar Graph
•It consist of bars or rectangles of equal widths, either drawn vertically or horizontally,
segmented or non segmented.

Pie Chart
It represents the relationships of the different components of a single total as revealed in the sectors of a
circle. The angles or size of sectors should be proportional to the percentage components of the data which
give 100%

Scatter Plot
It is a graphical device to show the relationship between two quantitative values.

Pictograph
It is a visual presentation of statistical quantities by means of drawing pictures r symbols
related to the subject under study.

Stem and Leaf plot

• A stem-and-leaf plot or stemplot is a hybrid between a table and a graph. It shows actual
data values as well as the distribution of the data. It also shows the extreme data values in
the data set.
Assessment
Task