F4 C4 Chemical Composition in a Cell

Properties

Polarity : ____________ Cohesive and adhesive properties :

 shared electrons between O and H
atom will be attracted towards O.
 allows water to be
__________________
--> solutes can be transported in
 Produce capillary action which allows water to travel
up xylem vessel
 __________________ : attached to each other
 __________________ : attached to other surfaces

blood plasma to body cells

____________________

___________________ :

 absorbs a lot of heat

energy with a small rise

in temperature

= maintain the body

temperature of
 C:H:O
1:2:1
(CH2O)n

Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Disaccharide Polysaccharide (complex sugar)

Starch carbohydrates are stored as starch for

plants

Glycogen carbohydrates are stored as glycogen

for humans

Cellulose main component of cell wall

 Monomers of carbohydrates  formed when two monosaccharides combine  formed when 40-> thousands monosaccharides

 Combine to form polymers through condensation through condensation combine through condensation

Tastes sweet Not sweet

Can form crystals Does not crystallise

Soluble in water Insoluble in water due to its large molecular size

 All are reducing sugars Reducing sugar :

When heated in Benedict’s solution : Non-reducing sugar : All are non-reducing sugars
 Build new cells
Repair
damaged Breakdown of proteins / polypeptides gives us energy
tissues (but main source of energy is carbohydrate)

Carrier protein, channel protein

 Helps in movement of substances across

plasma membrane
Importance

of proteins
Synthesise enzymes, hormones,
Glycoprotein
antibodies, haemoglobin
 Stabilise plasma membrane

 Helps in cell identification

Form building blocks

 Keratin (help form the tissues of the hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin)

 Collagen (a protein that's found throughout the body, particularly in skin, bones, ligaments, tendons, teeth, and

connective tissues)

 Myosin (muscle tissues)

 Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvent
Lipids

Fats &
oils

Cover internal organs

Energy storage in Act as an heat Transport fat-soluble vitamins
and provide physical
animals insulator A,D,E,K
protection

Both consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements.

Both contain glycerol and fatty acids.
Both contain nonpolar molecules.
Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
Fatty acids only have single bonds between carbon. Fatty acids have at least one double bond between
carbon.

Cannot form chemical bonds with additional hydrogen Can form chemical bonds with additional hydrogen atoms
atoms because all bonds between carbon atoms are due to the presence of double bond
saturated.

Exist in solid form at room temperature. Exist in liquid form at room temperature.
Source: butter and animal fat Source: olive and fish oil

Phospholipids
Wax
 Major component of plasma membrane
a) Sebum secreted from oil  Glycolipid : ensure stability of plasma membrane & help in
glands contain wax --> soften cell identification
human skin
b) Forms waterproof layer on
cuticle of
Steroids
 Plant epidermis & cytoskeleton
of insects (prevent water loss)  Cholesterol : stabilise plasma membrane
 Bird feathes (ensure they are  Sex hormones : testosterone, oestrogen, progresterone
always dry) --> control secondary sexual development & body
 Mammal fur physiology
 Nucleotide Nucleic acids Polymer chains
(monomer)

Nucleotide Phopshate group

(monomer)

Nitrogenous base
1. Guanine
2. Cytosine
3. Adenine
Pentose sugar 4. Thymine
5C 5. Uracil
1. Ribose
2. Deoxyribose

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Carries hereditary information
 contains genetic codes carried by single polynucleotide chain
nitrogenous base which are used for shorter than DNA
synthesis of polypeptides --> proteins -->  involved in protein synthesis process
build new cells
1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
2 polynucleotide chains 2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. transfer RNA (tRNA)

double helix
Both are polymers.
Both consist of nucleotides.
Both consist of pentose sugars.
Both only have one phosphate group in each nucleotide.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Consists of two polynucleotide chains Consists of one polynucleotide chain

Contains deoxyribose sugar Contains ribose sugar

Base pairing is as follows : Base pairing is as follows :

G-C (guanine-cytosine) G-C (guanine-cytosine)

A-T (adenine-thymine) A-U (adenine-uracil)

Carries genetic information Carries out protein synthesis

Located in nucleus and mitochondria Located in cytoplasm, nucleus and ribosomes

Formation of chromosomes from DNA andproteins

1. Chromosomes are formed from DNA polynucleotide chains that are wound around

a protein called histone.

2. Histones do not carry genetic information.

3. DNA molecules combine with histone proteins to form nucleosomes.

4. Nucleosomes are intertwined to form the chromosome structure.

summary