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Miloje M. Kostic
Nikola Tesla Institute of Electrical Engineering
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Miloje Kostić
Electrical Engeneering Institute Nikola Tesla, University of Belgrade, Serbia
E-mail: mkostic@ieent.org
Abstract: Following results of an investigation the author comes to the conclusion: that the Potier
reactance values depend almost solely on the turbogenerator(s) reactive currents (iaQ = ian∙sinφ) for a given
voltage value. This new rule is after being proven by a general qualitative analysis, and his thesis is then checked
for rated values of the active and reactive power, for an example of a GTHW 360 (360 MW) turbogenerator.
Potier reactance xp is determined by the open-circuit saturation characteristics and data from the zero-power
factor at the rated voltage ( ia ═ ia,90·cosφ═0, U═Un). The procedures used to determine the Potier reactance (xP
or xP,n) are performed by a computer with the open-circuit saturation curves if0 (e0) expressed analytically. The
author proposes the IEC 34-4 standard in the part on the determination of the Potier reactance. It is proposed that
it is determined for the excitation current corresponding to the rated voltage and armature current
value ia,90 = ian∙sinφn, at the zero-power factor (overexcitation), and for some characteristic values is needed for
the construction of the turbogenerator capability curve (P-Q curve).
Keywords: Reactive power, synchronous generator, turbogenerator, rotor saturation, leakage reactance, Potier
reactance, excitation current, reactive load test, capability curves.
Določitev Potierjeve reaktance za reaktivna bremena techniques for calculating this reactance have been
V članku analiziramo odvisnost Potierjeve reaktance od suggested in the literature, there has been no practical
reaktivnega toka (iaQ = ian∙sinφ) v generatorju za dano method to accurately determine its value
napetost. Podana teoretična analiza je eksperimentalno experimentally, owing to the fact that it is difficult to
potrjena z generatorjem GTHW 360 (360 MW). Potierjeva directly measure the armature leakage flux [6, 7]. For
reaktanca xp je določena s karakteristiko odprtih sponk in experimental machines, search coils inserted in the air
faktorja moči pri različnih napetostih ( ia ═ ia,90•cosφ═0, gaps of the machines have been used to detect this
U═Un). Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov predlagamo
leakage flux [5]. In general, the armature leakage
spremembe v standardu IEC 34-4 v delu, ki se nanaša na
določanje Potierjeve reaktance. reactance is usually approximated by the Potier
reactance measured at the rated terminal voltage [8, 9].
1 INTRODUCTION However, the values of the Potier reactance of
The excitation (field) current required for operating a synchronous machines measured at the rated terminal
synchronous generator (SG) at a rated steady-state voltage can be much larger than those of the armature
active power, power factor, and voltage, is an important leakage reactances [1]. Following the author’s
factor in the thermal design of a machine. To determine investigation [11], it is confirmed that the discrepancies
the excitation current under specified load conditions, between the values of the Potier reactance and the
the Potier reactance Xp (or leakage reactance Xℓ), armature leakage reactance of four synchronous
unsaturated direct-axis and quadrature-axis reactance, machines can be as high as 50%. Recent investigations
Xdu and Xqu, armature resistance Ra, and the open-circuit of experimental synchronous machines have also
saturation curve e0 (if) are needed. Methods for resulted in the same observation [12]. Instead measuring
determining the Potier reactance are especially the Potier reactance at the rated terminal voltage, March
important since they take into account the rotor and Cary propose that the measuring of the Potier
additional saturation due to field of the excitation reactance at a higher value of the terminal voltage could
winding on load in the overexcited regime and Xp is result in a more accurate value of the armature leakage
greater than the real value of the armature leakage reactance. However, application of this method is
reactance (Xp > Xℓ). difficult since the machine under test may not be able to
An accurate determination of the armature leakage withstand the high values of the field current at which
reactance of synchronous machines is essential for the the armature leakage reactance is well approximated by
analysis of these machines [1–5]. Although numerical the Potier reactance. In order to obtain more accurate
values of the armature leakage reactance without any
risk to the machines under test, an alternative method is
Received 25 November 2013 proposed [1].
Accepted 28 April 2014
132 KOSTIĆ
However, it is more important to establish the Potier (overexcitation), and for some characteristic values that
reactance real values than the accurate values of the would be convenient for the construction of the
armature leakage reactance, due to the following facts: turbogenerator capability curve, i.e. the P-Q curve.
1. Leakage reactance Xℓ is almost independent of the Namely based on investigations [10, 14], the author
magnetic circuit saturation and is therefore assumed comes to a new conclusion: that in practice the Potier
to be constant. reactance values depend solely on the turbogenerator
2. The saturation curve of the synchronous generator reactive currents (iaQ = ian∙sinφ) for the given voltage
under its loaded states is assumed to be the same as values.
the open-circuit characteristic. According to this The author’s thesis proven by qualitative analysis
assumption, the field leakage flux is assumed to and the Potier reactance values determined by the Potier
have the same effect under load as under no-load method. A standard graphical method is used determine
state. Any error introduced by the using the open- the Potier reactance [9] from the following data:
circuit characteristic is empirically compensated for a) the no-load saturation characteristic and sustained
by using the Potier reactance (Xp>Xℓ). three-phase short-circuit characteristic, and
3. The field MMF, equivalent to the armature MMF, b) the excitation current corresponding to the rated
and corresponding field current component Iaf can be voltage and rated armature current at the zero power-
found from the unsaturated armature reactance Xa. factor (overexcitation).
4. The air gap is assumed to be uniform so that the
direct-axis synchronous reactance Xd is equal to the
quadrature axis synchronous reactance Xq. For
nonsalient-pole synchronous machines
(turbogenerator), in practice this means Xd = Xq. The
unsaturated direct-axis synchronous reactance is
calculated by equation Xdu = Xa+ Xℓ.
In numerous investigations [1, 6, 12], it is shown that
the Potier reactance values depend on the terminal
voltage values. Results of the author’s investigations
[10, 11] also show that the Potier reactance essentially
depends on the reactive load values for a given voltage
value. In this paper, changes and additions to the
IEC 34-4/2008 standard are proposed in the part for the
determining the Potier reactance [9].
- with ia (A1)< ia (A2)< ia (A3). by numbers 7 and 8 and is identical to the procedure for
Corresponding and different values of Potier reactance determining value xPn. The procedure described was
are obtained (Fig. 2), as shown follow: conducted for the same turbogenerator as the one in
x P (A1) x P(A2) x P (A3) , for ia (C1) > ia (C2) > ia (C3) (1) Fig.3. Since the voltage value
(xP,nian)sinφn═ xp,90n (iansinφn) (Fig. 4), the Potier
3 A NEW RULE FOR THE POTIER REACTANCE reactance value for the rated regime (xP,n) is
DETERMINATION AND THE ANALYSIS OF ITS approximately equal to the value (xP,90n), for the reactive
DEPENDENCE ON REACTIVE LOADS load regime with i90 = ian∙sinφn (u ═ un, i90 ═ ian∙sinφn
and φ ═ 900), i.e.:
Based on the results of the investigations [101, 11, 14],
x P,n x P,90n , for ia90 = iansinφn (2)
the author comes to the conclusion: that the value of the
Potier reactance, for a given voltage value, depends Based on of the equivalence (2) and illustrations in Fig.
almost exclusively on the reactive load values 4, a general equivalence can be written as given below:
(iaQ = ia∙sinφ). This new rule is proven: a) first, by a x P x P,90 , for i90 = ia∙sinφ (3)
qualitative analysis, and b) then by checking made on an
The explanation for (2) and (3) is based on two factors:
example of a GTHW 360 (360 MW) turbogenerator for
(1) The electromotive forces behind the Potier
the relevant values of the regime of the active and
reactance (eP) have approximately the same values in
reactive loads [12, 15]. Potier reactance xp is determined
the reactive load regime, ia,90 = ian∙sinφn, and in the
by open-circuit saturation and the zero-power factor
nominal generator regime, i.e. eP90 ≈ ePn =0C (Fig. 4),
rated current (ia,90 ═in, cos ═0, U═Un). The procedures
which makes the corresponding main turbogenerator
for determining the Potier reactance (xP or xP,n) are magnetic fluxes to be also equivalent.
performed by a computer (Excel program), with the (2) The corresponding components of the direct-axis
open-circuit saturation curve if0(e0) expressed leakage flux of the excitation coil (of the rotor) are also
analytically. With this, the procedure is simplified and equivalent as they, just as the components of the direct-
more precise. axis magnetic leakage of the stator coil, depend almost
In addition to the graphical procedure for exclusively on the reactive load.
determination of the Potier reactance (xP,n) for the rated
generator regime (u ═ un,, i ═ in i φ ═ φn), Fig.3, shows
also graphic determination of the Potier reactance
value (xP,90n) for the reactive load regime with the rated
load (u ═ un,, i90 ═ in i φ ═ 900). The procedure for to the
determine the Potier reactance (xP,90n) has been runs in
the order marked by numbers 7 and 8 and is identical to
the procedure applied to determine the reactance value
(xP,n). The reactance values xPn and xP,90 n are set by
means of the procedure illustrated in Fig. 3.
The magnetization curve of the machine under load,
ifl(el), is constructed and given in Fig. 3. The Potier
reactance value for the rated regime (xpn) exceeds the
value for the reactive load regime with rated current
(xPn,90), i.e. xP,n > xP,90n (Fig. 3). The reason for this are
Figure 2. Potier reactance values, XP (A1) <XP (A2) < XP (A3) for
which the electromotive forces behind the Potier three different armature currents (ia1(C 1) > ia2(C2) > ia3(C3)) and
reactance (eP) which have a larger value in the reactive corresponding points A1, A2, A3 (from Fig. 1)
load regime with rated current (u ═ un,, i90 ═ in i
φ ═ 900), i.e eP90 = 0F > OC = ePn,90 (Fig. 3), so that in From (1) and (2) it follows that the corresponding direct
such a load regime the turbogenerator magnetic circuit axis fluxes and magnetic saturation on the stator and
saturation is larger and the corresponding reactances are rotor parts are approximately equivalent in both cases.
therefore smaller. For a certain turbogenerator [15], the For that reason the Potier reactance values for the rated
Potier reactance value for the rated region (xP,n) is by regime and the reactive load regime with ia,90 = ian∙sinφn,
20% larger. i.e. xP,n ≈ xP90n (Fig. 4) are also approximately
The fact that the Potier reactance value for a given equivalent. The above proofs are sufficient for the
power system voltage value depends almost exclusively conclusion that the Potier reactance values for drawing
on the reactive current load value (iaQ = ian∙sinφ) is the given voltage value, depend almost exclusively on
shown in Fig. 4. Besides the Potier reactance value (xPn) the reactive load component (ia,90 = ian∙sinφn).
for the rated generator region (u ═ un,, i ═ in and φ ═ φn) The above rule is tested on the example of a
(ian), Fig. 4 includes also a graphic determination of the GTHW 360 (360 MW) turbogenerator by comparing
Potier reactance value (xPn,90) for the reactive load - the measured values of the generator excitation
regime i ═ ia90 = ian∙sinφn. The procedure to determine current (IF, meas) for the regimes around the rated regime:
the Potier reactance (xPn,90) is runs in the order marked
134 KOSTIĆ
Figure 3. Vector diagrams of the electromotive forces behind the Potier reactance (eP) and behind the leakage reactance (el), and
procedure to determine the Potier reactance (XP):
XPn for the rated generator regime (u ═ un,, i ═ in and φ ═ φn) from 1–6; and
XP,90n by the reactive load test with rated current i90 ═ in (u ═ un, i90 ═ in and φ ═ 900) from 7–8
Figure 4. Vector diagrams of the electromotive forces, eP and el, and procedure to determine the Potier reactance:
xP,n for the rated generator regime (u ═ un,, i ═ in and φ ═ φn) from 1–6, and
xP90n by the reactive load test with armature current i90=ian∙sinφn (u ═un, i90═ian∙sinφn and φ═900) from 7–8
DETERMINING THE GENERATOR POTIER REACTANCE FOR RELEVANT (REACTIVE) LOADS 135
Figure 5. Vector diagrams of the electromotive forces, eP and el, and vector diagram to determine the excitation current values
As an example, the Potier reactance values, xP,90, Using equation (5), all procedures for determining the
were determined from the data of the reactive load test Potier reactance (xP) are performed by computer (in an
and the given generator no-load characteristics, IF0 (U0). Excel program), and the open-circuit saturation curves
The results obtained for the Potier reactance are given in if0(e0) are expressed analytically. With this the
Table 1, for three turbogenerator reactive load values: procedure is simplified and more precise. The required
1. For values QG1=QGmax> QGN, corresponding to the Potier reactance values (XP) determined by equation (5)
rated excitation current If =IfN; are given in Table 1. As seen from the results in Table
2. For values QG2= QGN, at voltage UG2 = UG for 1, the Potier reactance value significantly increases as
QG2 = QN; and the reactive load decreases (by up to 20%).
3. For values QG3 = (QGmax + QGN)/2, at voltage The author’s thesis that the value of the Potier
UG3 = UG for QG3. reactance (practically) does not change with the active
It should be noted that the reactive load test is generator power when the reactive load value remains
conducted with the generator connected to a large- constant was verified on two regimes around the rated
capacity power system for which a constant voltage VEES current (PG ≈ PGn and QG ≈ QGn), i.e. by comparing:
may be assumed (i.e. infinite bus), and that the - measured values If, meas (Table 2, type 1a and 2a), and
generator voltage (VG) only changes due to the changes - calculated values If, calc, on the basis of the Potier
in the voltage level at the block transformer when there reactance values (xP,90) determined by the reactive load
is a change in the reactive loads. This enables the Potier test for QG,90 =QGn.
reactance change to take place in real regimes at a
change in the reactive loads, as it is only the change that Table 1: Data from the reactive load test of the
leads to perceptible voltage changes in the synchronous GTHW 360Turbogenerator and results of the Potier reactance
generator connected to an infinite bus. (xP) calculation Xs=Xd
The Potier reactance values, xp, are determined by the
Xs=Xd P Q UG XP IF EIf
open-circuit saturation curves and from the reactive p.u. MW Mvar kV p.u. A %
load test with armature current ia,90 = iansinφn and U=Un
Regime 1
(Fig. 5). From Fig. 5, equation (4) is obtained for the
excitation current component (Δifr) due to the rotor 1a.Meas 321 216 23.0 / 2502
additional saturation in the load regime 1b.Calc. 321 216 23.0 0.273 2480 -0.88
i fr , L i f i f ( xd x )ia90 (4)
Regime 1
1a.Meas 321 231 23.3 / 2589
1b.Calc. 321 216 23.3 0.273 2569 -0.77
if i fP
( xd x P )(s / u)(sin cos cos sin ) ( xd x P ) (cos cos sin sin )
2 2
(6)
136 KOSTIĆ