9/19/21

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA

EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A
Textbook Of Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic
Electrical Engineering

Dr. C. Alenoghena, Dr A Daniyan, Engr Odianosen E

Okosun & Engr. K. E. Jack

Code of Conduct
• Attendance
• Sign register each week.
• Minimum attendance of 75% is mandatory.
• Classroom behaviour:
• Arrive on time for lectures and be prepared (self
study).
• Usage of cell phones in the class is prohibited
• Responsibility of students
• Success of learning in the course. Write all tests
and hand in assignments/practical work as at
when due.

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Course Synopsis
PART-I
• Basic atomic theory: Conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.
• Electric current concept: Electrical quantities
(emf, current, potential, p.d., power, energy).
Basic circuit elements: functions, properties and
identification.
• D.C. circuits: Ohm’s law, voltage- and current-
divider theorems, KVL, KCL, mesh current analysis,
node potential methods, Thevenin and Norton
equivalents, superposition theorem, maximum
power transfer theorem.

Course Synopsis (2)

PART-II
• Electrostatics, Magnetism & Electromagnetism.
• A.C. signals: generation, parameters. Effect of a.c.
signals on resistor, capacitor and inductor. RC, RL,
LC and RLC circuits with d.c. input (transient
analysis).
• Batteries: Primary cells (Zn-C, alkaline, mercury,
fuel cells). Secondary cells (e.g. lead-acid),
connection of cells (series, parallel, series-parallel).

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EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

PART-I

TODAY’S TOPIC

• BASIC ATOMIC THEORY: Conductors,

insulators and semiconductors.

• FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRICAL CONCEPTS

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Fundamental Electrical Concepts

Charge, Current, Voltage,

Power and Energy

Introduction
• The two fundamental theories upon which all branches
of electrical engineering are built
– Electric circuit theory and
– Electromagnetic theory are.
• Electric circuit theory:
– Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power,
electric machines, control, electronics, communications, and
instrumentations, are based on it.
• Therefore, the basic electric circuit theory is the most
important course for an electrical engineering student and
always an excellent starting point for a beginning student
in electrical engineering education.

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Introduction
• In electrical engineering, we
are often interested in
communicating or
transferring energy from one
point to another. To do this
requires an interconnection
of electrical devices.
• Such interconnection is
referred to as an electric
circuit and each component
of the circuit is known as an
element.
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Electric Charge (Q)

• The concept of electrical charge is the
underlying principle for explaining all electrical
phenomena.
• It is the most basic quantity in an electric circuit.
• We all experience the effect of electric charge
when we try to remove our wool sweater and
have it stick to our body or walk across a carpet
and receive a shock.
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C). Charge, positive or negative, is
denoted by the letter q or Q.

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Electric Charge (Q)

• Characteristic of subatomic particles that

determines their electromagnetic interactions

• An electron has a -1.602·10-19 Coulomb charge

• The rate of flow of charged particles is called

current
• The presence of equal numbers of protons and
electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.

Current (I)
• Current = (Number of electrons that pass in
one second) · (charge/electron)
Ø -1 ampere = (6.242·1018 e/sec) ·(-1.602 10-19Coulomb/e)
Ø Notice that an ampere = Coulomb/second
• The negative sign indicates that the current inside is
actually flowing in the opposite direction of the
electron flow Electrons

Current

Current can be defined as the motion of charge through a

conducting material, measured in Ampere (A). Electric current, is
denoted by the letter i or I.

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Current (I)
• A sustained flow of electric charge past a
point is called an electric current.
• Specifically, electric current is the rate that
electric charge passes a point, so
Charge
Current = or I = q/t
time

1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/sec

Current (I)
• i = dq/dt – the derivative or slope of the charge
when plotted against time in seconds
• Q = ∫ i · dt – the integral or area under the
current when plotted against time in seconds
Current
amps
4
3
Q delivered in 0-5 sec= 12.5 Coulombs
2
1

5 sec

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AC and DC Current
•DC Current has a constant value
•AC Current has a value that changes sinusoidally

ØNotice that AC current

changes in value and
direction

ØNo net charge is

transferred

Direct Current
• If the voltage is maintained between two points
in a circuit, charge will flow in one direction -
from high to low potential. This is called direct
current (DC)
• Battery-powered circuits are dc circuits.

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Alternating Current
• If the high & low voltage terminals switch
locations periodically, the current will flow
“back and forth” in the circuit. This is called
alternating current (AC).
• Circuits powered by electrical outlets are AC
circuits.

Examples
1. Determine the current in a circuit if a charge of
80 coulombs C passes a given point in 20 seconds
(s).

2. How much charge is represented by 4.600

electrons?

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Examples
3. The total charge entering a terminal is given by
!=5"sin4#" $%. Calculate the current at "=0.5 &.

4. Determine the total charge entering a terminal between

"=1 & and "=2 & if the current passing the terminal is '=
3"2−" (.

Why Does Current Flow?

• A voltage source provides the energy (or work)
required to produce a current
ØVolts = joules/Coulomb = dW/dQ
• A source takes charged particles (usually
electrons) and raises their potential so they flow
out of one terminal into and through a
transducer (light bulb or motor) on their way
back to the source’s other terminal

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Voltage
• Voltage is a measure of the potential energy that
causes a current to flow through a transducer in a
circuit
• Voltage is always measured as a difference with
respect to an arbitrary common point called ground
• Voltage is also known as electromotive force or
EMF outside engineering
• An old-fashioned term for electric potential or
voltage is “electromotive force” or “emf”.
Voltage is the energy required to move charge from one point to the other,
measured in volts (V). Voltage is denoted by the letter v or V.

Potential Difference
• Charges can “lose” potential energy by moving
from a location at high potential (voltage) to a
location at low potential.
• Charges will continue to move as long as the
potential difference (voltage) is maintained.

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Voltage Source
• A battery or electrical outlet is a source of
electric potential or voltage - not charge.
• The electrons that move in a conductor are
supplied by the conductor - not the voltage
source.
• The net charge on a current-carrying conductor
is zero.

A Circuit
• Current flows from the higher voltage terminal of the source
into the higher voltage terminal of the transducer before
returning to the source
I

+ Transducer - ØThe source expends

Voltage energy & the transducer
+ converts it into
Source
something useful
Voltage I

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Power
• Although current and voltage are the two basic variables
in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves.
• For practical purposes, we need to know how much
power an electric device can handle.
• We also know that when we pay our bills to the electric
utility companies, we are paying for the electric energy
consumed over a certain period of time. Thus power and
energy calculations are important in circuit analysis.
• The rate at which energy is transferred from an active
source or used by a passive device

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts

(W). Power, is denoted by the letter p or P.

Electric Power
• P in watts = dW/dt = joules/second
• P= V·I = dW/dQ · dQ/dt = volts · amps = watts
• W = ∫ P · dt – so the energy (work in joules) is equal
to the area under the power in watts plotted against
time in seconds
• Power = energy/time = current x voltage
– P = IV = I2R
– 1 Watt = (1 Amp)(1 Volt)
– 1 kilowatt = 1000 Watts
– A kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy

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Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in

joules (J).

Examples
5. A source e.m.f. of 5 V supplies a current of 3A
for 10 minutes. How much energy is provided in
this time?

6. An electric heater consumes 1.8Mj when

connected to a 250 V supply for 30 minutes. Find
the power rating of the heater and the current
taken from the supply.

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Examples
7. An energy sources forces a constant current of
2A for 10 s to flow through a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is
given off in the form of light and heat energy,
calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

Passive Devices
• A load generally refers to a component or a piece of equipment
to the output of an electric circuit.
• In its fundamental form, the load is represented by one or a
combination of the following circuit elements:
1. Resistor (R).
2. Inductor (L).
3. Capacitor (C).
• A load can either be
• resistive,
• inductive or
• capacitive nature or
• a blend of them.
• For example, a light bulb is a purely resistive load whereas a
transformer is both inductive and resistive.

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Passive Devices
• A passive transducer device functions only when
energized by a source in a circuit
ØPassive devices can be modeled by a resistance
• Passive devices always draw current so that the
highest voltage is present on the terminal where
the current enters the passive device
+ V>0 - Ø Notice that the voltage is
measured across the device
Ø Current is measured
I>0
through the device

Active Devices
• Sources expend energy and are considered active
devices
• Their current normally flows out of their
highest voltage terminal
• Sometimes, when there are multiple sources in a
circuit, one overpowers another, forcing the
other to behave in a passive manner

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Types of Electronic Component

PASSIVE ACTIVE
(Do not generate or control current) (Control Voltage) Those that
They do not have gain or have gain or directionality
directionality
Examples
Examples
Resistors Transistors

Capacitors Diodes

Inductors Integrated circuit

Basic Circuit Elements:

• Identification, Functions and Properties
Generally two groups
1. Active elements - delivers more energy to the
circuit than what the circuit supplies to it.
2. Passive elements - cannot deliver more
energy to the circuit than what is supplied to it
by the circuit.

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Basic Circuit Elements (2)

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