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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,
MINNA

EET219
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I

Prescribed Book:
B.L. THERAJA and A. K. Theraja, A
Textbook Of Electrical Tech. Vol. 1 Basic
Electrical Engineering

Dr. C. Alenoghena, Dr ‘Ayo IMORU, Dr A Daniyan,

Engr Odianosen E Okosun & Engr. K. E. Jack

Course Synopsis
PART-I
• Basic atomic theory: Conductors, insulators and
semiconductors.
• Electric current concept: Electrical quantities
(emf, current, potential, p.d., power, energy).
Basic circuit elements: functions, properties and
identification.
• D.C. circuits: Ohm’s law, voltage- and current-
divider theorems, KVL, KCL, mesh current analysis,
node potential methods, Thevenin and Norton
equivalents, superposition theorem, maximum
power transfer theorem.

Lecture 4

Network Analysis
-KVL & KCL
- Voltage and Current Division
- Mesh Analysis
- Node Analysis

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Network Analysis
Solving for all voltages and currents in the network
elements. Two approaches
• 1. Direct methods; determine the different voltages
and current in its original form; Kirchhoff's laws,
loop analysis, Nodal analysis, superposition etc
• 2. Network reduction method; for complicated
circuits, original network is converted into more
simpler equivalent circuits and solved using
Norton’s theorem, Thevenins theorems etc

Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Born 12 March 1812 in
Konigsberg, Prussia.
• Died 17 October 1887 in
Berlin
• German physicist
contributed to electrical
circuits

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

(KCL)
• The sum of currents entering a node equals the
sum of currents leaving the node.
• The algebraic sum of all currents at any node in
a circuit equals zero.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any
closed path in a circuit equals zero
• The sum of voltage rise around a loop equals
the sum of drop around the same loop

Series Circuits

In a series circuit

(a) the current I is the same in all parts of the circuit

(b) the sum of the voltages V1, V2 and V3 is equal to the total
applied voltage, V,

Potential Divider

• A potential divider is the simplest way of producing a

source of lower e.m.f. from a source of higher e.m.f.

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Parallel Networks
In a parallel circuit:
(a) the sum of the currents is equal to
the total circuit current,
i.e I = I1 + I2 + I3
(b) the source p.d., V volts, is the
same across each of the resistors.

Series Resistors and Voltage

Division
• Resistors in series behave as
a single resistor whose
resistance is equal to the sum
of the resistances of the
individual resistors.
• The equivalent resistance of
any number of resistors
connected in series is the
sum of the individual
resistances.

Series Resistors and Voltage

Division
• The source voltage v is
divided among the resistors
in direct proportion to
their resistances; the larger
the resistance, the larger
the voltage drop.
• This is called the principle
of voltage division

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Parallel Resistors and Current

Division
• The equivalent resistance of
two parallel resistors is equal
to the product of their
resistances divided by their
sum.
• Conductances in parallel
behave as a single conductance
whose value is equal to the
sum of the individual
conductances.

Parallel Resistors and Current

Division
• The total current i is shared by the resistors in
inverse proportion to their resistances.
• This is known as the principle of current division
• Notice that the larger current flows through the
smaller resistance.

A Simple
Electrical
System

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Series and Parallel Networks

Recap
Series Circuits:
• Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.
• All components share the same (equal) current.
• Resistances add to equal total resistance.
Parallel Circuits:
• All components share the same (equal) voltage.
• Branch currents add to equal total current.
• Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

Network Analysis and

Theorems
• Many practical circuits can be understood in
terms of series and parallel circuits.
• Some electrical engineering applications,
especially in electronic engineering, involve
networks with large numbers of components.
• It would be possible to solve many of them
using the techniques such as KCL, KVL, series
and parallel networks.

Network Analysis and Theorems

Contd..
• These techniques however can be lengthy and time-
consuming especially when large components are involved.
• To overcome this, the techniques below have been developed
to speed up the analysis of the more complicated networks:
– Mesh analysis
– Nodal analysis,
– the Superposition theorem,
– Thévenin’s theorem and
– Norton’s theorem,
• It is always a good idea to make life as easy as possible!
• Each of these techniques have particular strengths in solving
a particular type of problem

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Mesh Analysis
• This method is given a number of different names – all of
which are an indication of the analysis technique
employed.
• It is variously known as
– Maxwell’s circulating current method,
– loop analysis or
– Mesh current analysis.
• The terminology is chosen to distinguish it from the
familiar ‘branch current’ technique, in which currents are
assigned to individual branches of a circuit.
• Mesh analysis relies on Kirchhoff ’s laws

Mesh Analysis
• The Mesh Current Method, also known as the Loop
Current Method, uses simultaneous equations,
Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law, and Ohm’s Law to
determine unknown currents in a network.

Mesh Current Analysis (2)

• Loop; A closed path in a circuit in which no
element or node is encountered more than once
• Mesh; It is a loop that contains no other loop
within it.

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Mesh Current Analysis

• The technique for mesh current analysis
proceeds as follows:
1. Circulating currents are allocated to closed loops or
meshes in the circuit rather than to branches.
2. An equation for each loop of the circuit is then
obtained by equating the algebraic sum of the
e.m.f.s round that loop to the algebraic sum of the
potential differences (in the direction of the loop,
mesh or circulating current), as required by
Kirchhoff ’s voltage (second) law.
3. Branch currents are found thereafter by taking the
algebraic sum of the loop currents common to
individual branches.

Mesh Current Analysis

Steps to follow for the “Mesh Current” method of analysis:
1. Draw mesh currents in loops of circuit, enough to account for all
components.
2. Label resistor voltage drop polarities based on assumed directions of mesh
currents.
3. Write KVL equations for each loop of the circuit, substituting the product
IR for E in each resistor term of the equation. Where two mesh currents
intersect through a component, express the current as the algebraic sum of
those two mesh currents (i.e. I 1 + I 2) if the currents go in the same
direction through that component. If not, express the current as the
difference (i.e. I 1 - I 2).
4. Solve for unknown mesh currents (simultaneous equations).
5. If any solution is negative, then the assumed current direction is wrong!
6. Algebraically add mesh currents to find current in components sharing
multiple mesh currents.
7. Solve for voltage drops across all resistors (E=IR).

Mesh Analysis Example

• Calculate
the current
in each
branch of
the network
shown

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• In this example, all the circulating loop currents have been taken
in the same direction (i.e. clockwise).
• This is not essential when using this method, but if the same
direction is adopted for the loop currents then the equations will
always be of the form:

Nodal Analysis
• This technique of circuit solution, also known as
the Node Voltage method, is based on the
application of Kirchhoff ’s first (current) law at
each junction (node) of the circuit, to find the node
voltages.
• It should be noted that, in contrast, both the branch
current and Mesh current techniques of circuit
analysis are based on the applications of Kirchhoff
’s second (voltage) law, often to find unknown
currents.

Node Voltage Method

• The node voltage method of analysis solves for
unknown voltages at circuit nodes in terms of a
system of KCL equations

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Nodal Analysis Steps

• The Node Voltage method generally proceeds as follows:
• Step 1:
– Choose a reference node to which all node voltages can be
referred.
– Label all the other nodes with (unknown) values of voltage, V1 ,
V2 , etc.
• Step 2:
– Assign currents in each connection to each node, except the
reference node, in terms of the node voltages, V1 , V2 , etc.
• Step 3:
– Apply Kirchhoff ’s current law at each node, obtaining as many
equations as there are unknown node voltages.
• Step 4:
– Solve the resulting equations to find the node voltages.

Node Voltage Rules:

• Convert voltage sources in series with a resistor to an equivalent current source with
the resistor in parallel.
• Change resistor values to conductances.
• Select a reference node (E0)
• Assign unknown voltages (E1)(E2) ... (EN)to remaining nodes.
• Write a KCL equation for each node 1,2, ... N. The positive coefficient of the first
voltage in the first equation is the sum of conductances connected to the node. The
coefficient for the second voltage in the second equation is the sum of conductances
connected to that node. Repeat for coefficient of third voltage, third equation, and
other equations. These coefficients fall on a diagonal.
• All other coefficients for all equations are negative, representing conductances between
nodes. The first equation, second coefficient is the conductance from node 1 to node
2, the third coefficient is the conductance from node 1 to node 3. Fill in negative
coefficients for other equations.
• The right hand side of the equations is the current source connected to the respective
nodes.
• Solve system of equations for unknown node voltages.

Nodal Analysis Example 1

• Using Nodal analysis, calculate the voltages V1
and V2 in the circuit

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Nodal Analysis Example 2

• Using the Node Voltage method calculate the voltages
V1 and V2 in the Fig and hence calculate the currents in
the 8 Ω resistor.

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