MATM111 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERM – A.Y. 2023-2024
LESSON: INDTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Statistics
→ science that deals with collection, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of data.
→ fundamentally concerned with the understanding of
structures of data.
→ methods range from simple to more systematic
procedures in describing and summarizing data.
These methods enable us to develop way of
thinking.
→ describes or characterized person, objects,
situation, and phenomena with some reliability
(facts).
→ make statement and comparison in an objective
manner.
→ make evidence-based decisions.
Steps in Statistical Investigation
1. Identify the Problem
2. Collection of Data
→ refers to the different methods and techniques of
gathering the data.
3. Presentation of Data
→ refers to the tabulation and organization of data in
tables, graphs, and charts.
4. Analysis of Data
→ process of deriving relevant information from the
gathered data through the different statistical tools.
5. Interpretation of Data
→ refers to the task of drawing conclusions or
inferences from the analyzed data.
Population and Sample
→ universe – set of all entities under study.
→ population – set of complete collection or totality of
all possible values of the variables.
→ sample – subset or sub collection of elements drawn
from a population; refers to the proportion of a
population.
Data and Variable
→ data – refers to any information concerning to a
population or sample.
→ variable – attribute of interest observable of each
entity in the universe.
→ parameter and statistic – numerical measures that
describe the population of interest.
Divisions of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
→ division of statistics that summarizes or describes
the important characteristics of a given set of data.
TRANSCRIBED BY: BUCYOT (BSN 1 – Y1 – 37)
2. Inferential Statistics
→ division of statistics that aims to give information
about the population by studying the characteristics
of the sample drawn from it.
Categories of Data
1. Quantitative Data
→ uses categories or attributes that are distinguishes
by some nonnumeric characteristics (e.g., sex,
religion, race, and color of the skin, etc.).
2. Quantitative Data
→ consists of numbers representing counts or
measurements (e.g., weights, heights, temperature,
scores, etc.).
Classification of Variables
1. According to Source
1.1 Primary Data
→ refer to information which is gathered directly from
the original source.
1.2 Secondary Data
→ refer to information which is taken from a secondary
source.
2. According to Functional Relationship
2.1 Independent Data
→ refer to any controlling data; affects the dependent
data; sometimes called as predictor variable.
2.2 Dependent Data
→ any data that is affected by the controlling data;
sometimes called as criterion variable.
3. According to Continuity of Values
3.1 Discrete Data
→ quantitative data which can assume a finite or
countable number of values; cannot be represented
by fractions or decimal numbers but by any whole
number only.
3.2 Continuous Data
→ quantitative data which can assumes an infinity of
many possible values corresponding to the points on
a line interval; can be represented by fractions and
decimal.
4. According to Scale of Measurements
4.1 Nominal
→ data that consists of names, labels, or categories
only commonly used by number to categorize data.
4.2 Ordinal
→ measurements which deal with order or rank;
degrees of difference are not available.
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 MATM111 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERM – A.Y. 2023-2024
LESSON: INDTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

4.3 Interval → distribution of the data is normal.

→ similar with ordinal but this level of measurement
does not only show likeness or difference between Median
data, likewise it gives meaningful amounts of → central value of distribution.
differences between data. It does not have a “true- → value that divided the distribution into two equal
zero” starting point, instead it is arbitrarily assigned. parts.
→ formula:
4.4 Ratio a. if n is odd
→ a modifies interval level to include the starting point n + 1 th
“zero”; the quality of ratio or proportion is meaningful. x̅ = ( )
2
b. if n is even
Measure of Central Tendency n
x̅ = ( )th
→ an index of the central location of a distribution. It is 2
a single value that is used to identify the “center” of
the data or the typical value. Advantages of the Median
→ precise yet simple → not affected by extreme values.
→ most representative value of the data. → exact middle value of the distribution.
→ can be computed even for grouped data with open-
Arithmetic Mean ended class intervals.
→ most frequently used measure of central tendency.
→ the sum of the observations divided by the total Disadvantages of the Median
number of observations. → median cannot be combined with other distribution
→ sum of all values, divided by the total number of with similar variates to obtain overall median.
values. → median value does not have direct relation to the
→ notations: total number of observations and their total value. It
a. 𝛍 – used to denote population mean; parameter merely indicates the value that divides the
b. 𝐱̅ – used to denote sample mean; statistic population into two parts.
→ can be computed in two ways:
a. ungrouped data When to Use the Median
b. grouped data → data is in ordinal scale.
→ formula: → middle value is desired.
Σx → measure of central tendency that is not affected bu
x̅ = extreme values is needed.
n
→ data distribution is skewed.
Advantages of the Mean → if the distribution has open-ended intervals.
→ takes into account of all observations.
→ can be used for further statistical calculation and Mode
mathematical manipulation. → value of variable or set that occurs the most
→ values of the mean always exists and unique. frequently in a distribution.
→ widely understood measure of central tendency. → also referred to as the nominal average.
→ determine the mode by counting the frequency of
Disadvantages of the Mean each observed value and finding the observed
→ may or may not be an actual observed value in the value with the highest frequency of occurrence.
data set. → unimodal – one mode
→ easily affected by extreme values, especially if the → bimodal – two modes
number of observations is small. → multimodal – more than two modes
→ cannot be computed if there are missing values due → no mode
to omission or non-response.
→ in grouped data with open-ended class intervals, the Advantages of the Mode
mean cannot be computed. It is independent on all → extreme values do not easily affect the mode.
observed values. → value is always one of the observed values in the
data set.
When to Use the Mean → can be obtained bot for qualitative and quantitative
→ data is of interval and ratio scale. types of data.
→ the values of each score are desired.
→ further statistical computation is needed. Disadvantages of the Mode
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TRANSCRIBED BY: BUCYOT (BSN 1 – Y1 – 37)
 MATM111 – MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
1ST SEMESTER – MIDTERM – A.Y. 2023-2024
LESSON: INDTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

→ mode is sometimes not unique or does not exist.

→ does not possess the desired algebraic property of
the mean that allows further manipulation.
→ obtain new mode of distributions, all the raw data of
the different distributions have to be merged to
obtain a new mode.

When to Use the Mode

→ data is in nominal scale.
→ most frequent value is desired.

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TRANSCRIBED BY: BUCYOT (BSN 1 – Y1 – 37)