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Intelligence (AI)
• Conceptual research :
is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
• Empirical research ;
It is data-based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable of being verified
by observation or experiment. We can also call it
as experimental type of research.
8. Analysis of data:
Requires a number of closely related operations such as
establishment of
• Categories
• Coding
• Editing
• Tabulation
• Analysis work after tabulation is generally based on the
computation of various percentages, coefficients, etc., by
applying various well defined statistical formulae.
9. Experiment:
The process of examining the truth of a
statistical hypothesis, relating to some
research problem, is known as an experiment.
Lecturer Mr. Yasin Calase
10. Experimental unit(s):
The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where
different treatments are used, are known as
experimental units. Such experimental units
must be selected (defined) very carefully.
• MEASUREMENT IN RESEARCH,
• In our daily life we are said to measure when we
use some yardstick to determine weight, height,
or some other feature of a physical object.
• Meaning:
The case study method is a very popular form of
qualitative analysis and involves a careful and
complete observation of a social unit, be that
unit a person, a family, an institution, a cultural
group or even the entire community.
• Inferential statistics are also known as sampling statistics and are mainly concerned with two major
type of problems:
(i) the estimation of population parameters,
(ii) the testing of statistical hypotheses.
• The important statistical measures* that are used to summarize the survey/research data are:
(1) measures of central tendency or statistical averages; the arithmetic average or mean, median and
mode. Geometric mean and harmonic mean are also sometimes used.
(2) measures of dispersion; variance, and its square root—the standard deviation are the most often
used measures. Other measures such as mean deviation, range, etc. are also used. . For comparison
purpose, we use mostly the coefficient of standard deviation or the coefficient of variation.
(3) measures of asymmetry (skewness and kurtosis);
(4) measures of relationship; Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is the frequently used measure in
case of statistics of variables, whereas Yule’s coefficient of association is used in case of statistics of
attributes. Multiple correlation coefficient, partial correlation coefficient, regression analysis, etc
(5) other measures. ., Index numbers, analysis of time series, coefficient of contingency, etc., are other
measures that may as well be used by a researcher, depending upon the nature of the problem under
study.
• classified as:
• (a) Parametric tests or standard tests of
hypotheses; (1) z-test; (2) t-test; x2-test, and (4)
F-test. All these tests are based on the
assumption of normality i.e., the source of data
is considered to be normally distributed.
• (b) Non-parametric tests or distribution-free
test of hypotheses.
Lecturer Mr. Yasin Calase
10
Chi-Square Test