CES 004 4 Simple Connections

CE 135 – Analysis and Design of Steel Structures
CHAPTER 4:
Simple Connection
Prepared by: Engr. NMSTabucal

2
TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Simple Bolt Connection
1. Bolt Holes
2. Bolt Spacing
3. Workable Gages
4. Limit States
5. Shear Strength of Bolts
6. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB
3
TOPIC OUTLINE
4.3 Welds
1. Welding Process
2. Electrodes and Fluxes
3. Types of Welds and Joints
4. Fillet Welds
5. Shear strength of Fillet Welds
4
4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds
Steel members are connected to each other by bolts

and/or welds called as connectors/fasteners
Connections are the ”weakest link” in the structure
Defines three types of construction:

Fully Restrained – Rotationally restrained
– Type FR (LRFD)/ Type I (ASD)
Simple Framing – Unrestrained, Bracing System
– Type PR (LRFD)/ Type II (ASD)
Semi-rigid Framing – Moment is approximately
zero, Type PR (LRFD)/ Type III (ASD)
5
There are three classifications of connection:

Simple Shear Connection
Moment Connection
Eccentric Connection
But for this chapter, we will focus on simple shear

connections
 Resultant force passes through the center of

gravity of the connection
 Each connector shares an equal amount of load

6
Simple Bolted Connection
Simple Welded Connection
7
Bolts BOLT
A bolt assembly consists of a

bolt, a nut, and a washer
High strength bolts are used

for structural construction
This is used to connect two NUT

steel members
8

4.2.1 Bolt Holes, h
Table J3.3 of AISC

shows the
maximum sizes of
holes for bolts
8

4.2.1 Bolt Holes, h
Table J3.3M only

shows the SI
equivalent of holes
for bolts shown in
Table J3.3
9

4.2.1 Bolt Holes, h
Types of Bolt Holes:

Standard Holes Oversized Holes
d d1 " d d3 "

16 16
Short Slotted Holes Long Slotted Holes

d  14" 2.5d
d1 " d d1 " d

16 16
10
4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s
Definition of Terms p
Row of bolts – line of
bolts placed parallel to the A
line of stress (A,B,C,D) g
B
Bolt gage, g – transverse g
staggered distance C
g
between adjacent rows of D
bolts
Pitch, p – center-to-center
p F
of two adjacent bolt holes
on a given gage line
11
Definition of Terms le
End Distance, Le – from
center of the bolt hole to ls A
the plate edge parallel to B
the stress
C
Side Distance, Ls – from D

center of the bolt hole to ls
the plate edge le F
perpendicular to the stress
12
Definition of Terms
Clear distance from an lce lci
end bolt, lce – between
A
edge of an end hole and
edge of the material lce B
C
Clear distance from an D
interior bolt, lci – between
edge of a bolt hole and F
lci
edge of the adjacent hole
13
Definition of Terms s s
Staggered Pitch, s – A
longitudinal spacing of any
B
two consecutive bolt holes on
adjacent gage lines C
D
14
Minimum Spacing:
Standard, oversized, slotted
holes
s  2 23 d
Preferred Spacing:
s  3d
Where: d is the bolt diameter
15
Minimum Edge Distance Spacing:
16
Maximum Spacing:
From center of any bolt to
nearest edge
𝑙e  12t
But,
𝑙e  6 in (150mm)
Where: t is the thickness of member
17
Maximum Spacing:
For members not subject to
corrosion
12in(305mm)  s  24tmin
Unpainted members of
weathering steel
7in(180mm)  s 14t min
Where: t is the thickness of member Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB

18
4.2.3 Workable Gages
Provide for entering and tightening clearance and for edge

distance and spacing requirements
Given in AISC “Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties” ,

example:
19
4.2.4 Limit States
Broad Categories of Failure:

Failure of Fastener
Failure of Connected Parts
http://expeditionworkshed.org/works
hed/bolted-steel-connection-bolt-
shear/
http://structures.engr.utexas.edu/
20
4.2.4 Limit States
Failure of Fastener
Shear Failure
Failure of Connected Parts

Tensile Fracture
Bearing Failure of Member
Block Shear Failure of Member
21
4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts
22
Consider the connection below:
P2
P1
d
By summation of forces from statics,
F  0 P1  P2
23
Due to force P:
Pv
P
P Pv
Derived from strength of materials,
 d 2 
P  fv  
 4 
24
Consider the connection below,
P/2
P
P/2
then,
 d 2 
P  2 fv  
 4 
25
By AISC provision,
Rn  nFnv Ab  (Equation J3-1)
Where: Rn Total nominal shearing force

n number of bolts
Fnv nominal shear strength of bolt
(Table J3.2)
Ab Nominal cross-sectional area of bolt
  0.75(LFRD)   2.00( ASD)

26

Strength of Bolts
Table J3.2 of AISC
steel construction
manual
27
Sample Problem 1:
Determine the strength of the connection shown based on
shear if the bolts are under Group A where threads are in the
plane of shear.
27
Sample Problem 1:
Given:
Group A
Threads in plane of shear
Required: Strength
Solution:
27
Sample Problem 1:
27
Sample Problem 2:
The connection is made of a double angle tension member.
The member is connected to a gusset plate by 4 − 3/4” ASTM
A325 bolts, threads are included in shear plane. If the
member carries a dead load of 40𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 and a live load of
100𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 , check the adequacy of the connection. Consider
shear strength only.
27
Sample Problem 2:
Given:
𝑅𝐷𝐿 = 40𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠, 𝑅𝐿𝐿 = 100𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Required: Adequacy
Solution:
27
Sample Problem 2:
28
4.2.6 Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes
29
Independent of the type of fastener because stress is

on the connected part not on the fastener
(a) (b)
Rn
2
Rn Rn
2
Failure Surface
lc
30

Rn
2
Analyzing the failure block, A:
t
A
A
lc
Then the shearing failure area is:
Av  t lc (Equation 4-1)
31
And, from the strength of materials,
  Rn A (Equation 4-2)
As per Research Council on Structural Connections

(2009), the shear fracture stress is given by:
  0.6Fu (Equation 4-3)
Therefore,
Rn  2  0.6Fu  tlc 
32
By AISC provisions, limit state of bearing shall be

determined as follows:
  0.75(LFRD)   2.00( ASD)
a) Standard , oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent
of the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with slot
parallel to the direction of bearing
b) long-slotted holes with slot perpendicular to the direction
of force
c) Bolts that pass completely pass through unstiffened box
member Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB
33

i. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is a design
consideration
Rn  1.2LctFu  2.4dtFu (Equation J3-6a)
Where: d nominal bolt diameter

t member thickness
Lc clear distance, in the direction of force
Fu Ultimate tensile strength of the member
34

ii. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is NOT a design
consideration
Rn  1.5Lc tFu  3.0dtFu (Equation J3-6b)

t member thickness
Lc clear distance (interior/edge)
35

ii. Deformation at bolt hole at service load is NOT a design
consideration
Rn  1.5Lc tFu  3.0dtFu (Equation J3-6b)

t member thickness
Lc clear distance (interior/edge)
36
Clear Distance, lc
Edge bolts:
h
lce  le 
2
Interior bolts:
lci  s  h Where: h hole diameter
d 1
16
37
Sample Problem 3:
Determine the strength of the connection shown considering
both shear and bearing. The bolts are under Group A where
the threads are excluded from shear plane.
37
Sample Problem 3:
Given:
Group A
Threads not in plane of shear
Required: Strength
Solution:
37
Sample Problem 3:
37
Sample Problem 3:
37
Sample Problem 3:
39
Weld
Infusion of of base material and the electrode metal
Three types of welding process:
a) Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
b) Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
c) Resistance Welding
40

1. Welding Process
A. SMAW Process
Uses specially coated metal electrode
Most commonly used welding process
41

4.3.1 Welding Process
B. SAW Process
Uses continuous
bare wire electrode
and granular
material (flux)
42

4.3.1 Welding Process
C. Resistance Welding
Heat and squeeze process
Spot weld – overlapping the parts
and clapping pieces between two
opposing electrodes
43

Welding Electrodes
Rods or wires used in making welds
Affects weld properties: strength, ductility, and
corrosion resistance
i.e: E60XX, E70XX, E80XX, E90XX, E100XX, E110XX
Position code: 1 – all welding positions
“electrodes”
2 – flat/ horizontal
3 – flat only
Type of current (AC/DC) and

Ultimate Tensile Strength polarity (straight/reversed)
43

Welding Electrodes
44

4.3.2 Electrodes and Fluxes
Fluxes
Fused or agglomerated constituents glued together
with silicates
Also serves as filler materal
i.e F6X-EXXX, F7X-EXXX, F8X-EXXX, F9X-EXXX,
F10X-EXXX, F11X-EXXX
“granular
flux”
Type of bare wire electrode material

Ultimate Tensile Strength Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB
45

4.3.2 Electrodes and Fluxes
Matching Filler Metals

Used for joints with complete-joint-penetration
groove welds subject to tension normal to the
effective area (AWS D1.1)
GRP Base Material SMAW SAW

I A36 E60XX / E70XX F6X/ F7X
II A242, A572 Grades 42 and 50, A588, A992 E70XX F7X
III A572 Grades 60 and 65 E80XX F8X
IV A514 (>2.5 in thick) E100X F10X
V A514 (=< 2.5 in thick) E110X F11X
46

3. Types of welds and Joints
Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to the shape of their
cross section
There are three types:

a) Fillet welds
b) Groove Welds
c) Slot and Plug welds
47

4.3.3 Types of welds and Joints
Fillet Welds
Theoretically right
triangular in cross
section
48

Groove Welds
Welds are deposited in a groove or gap between
joints
49

Slot and Plug Welds
Weld metal are

deposited in a circular
or slotted openings
formed in one the
two connected
members
50
51

Welding Symbol
52

3. Types of welds and Joints
Types of Joints
Joint pertains to the common surface of two
connected elements
There are four types:

a) Lap Joints
b) Butt Joints
c) Tee Joints
d) Corner Joints
53

Types of Joints
Corner Joint
Lap Joint
l
l  5tmin  1in
Butt Joint Tee Joint

54

4.3.4 Fillet Welds
Parts of a fillet weld

1. Leg (size, w)
2. Root
3. Face
1
4. Toe
4
5. Theoretical Throat
2 3
5
55

4.3.4 Fillet Welds
Minimum Weld Size

“Minimum size shall not be less than the size
required nor the size shown in Table J2.4”
56

4.3.4 Fillet Welds
Maximum Weld Size

a) Along edges of material less than ¼ - inch (6mm)
thick, not greater than the thickness of the
material
wmax  t m em ber
b) Along edges of material ¼ - inch (6mm) or more
thickness, not greater than the thickness of the
material minus 1/16 in (2mm)
wmax  tmem ber  116
57
4.2.5 Shear Strength of Welds
By AISC provision, design strength shall be the

minimum between (1) base metal shear strength and
(2) weld strength
Weld Strength
Rn  0.707FnwwL (Equation J2-3)
Where:   0.75(LFRD)
FEXX nominal strength of weld
w weld size
L length of weld   2.00( ASD)
58
Base Metal Strength (J4-2)

- Shall be lower than shear yielding and shear rupture of
the connecting elements
Shear Yielding
Rn  0.6Fy tL (Equation J4-3)
Where: Fy base metal yield strength

t thickness of the connecting element
L length of weld
  1.00(LFRD)   1.50( ASD)

59
Base Metal Strength (J4-2)

- Shall be lower than shear yielding and shear rupture of
the connecting elements
Shear Rupture
Rn  0.6FutL (Equation J4-4)
Where: Fu base metal ultimate strength

t thickness of the connecting element
L length of weld
  0.75(LFRD)   2.00( ASD)

60
By AISC provision, for fillet weld groups consisting of

elements oriented for both longitudinal and transverse
direction total strength shall be determined as:
Rn  max Rwl  Rwt , 0.85Rwl 1.5R wt 

(Equation J2-9)
Where:
Rwl total nominal strength in the longitudinal welds
Rwt total nominal strength in the transverse welds
  0.75(LFRD)   2.00( ASD)

61
Sample Problem 4:
A plate used as a tension
member is connected to a
gusset plate, as shown. The
welds are 3/16 − 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ fillet
welds made with E70XX
electrodes. The connected
parts are A36 steel. Assume
that the tensile strength of the
member is adequate, and
determine the strength of the
welded connection.
61
Sample Problem 4:
Given:
Connected Parts: A36 Steel
Required: Strength
Solution:
61
Sample Problem 4:
61
Sample Problem 4:
61
Sample Problem 4:
62
Sample Problem 5:
A plate used as a tension
member is connected to a
gusset plate, as shown. The
welds are 3/16 − 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ fillet
welds made with E70XX
electrodes. The connected
parts are A36 steel. Assume
that the tensile strength of the
member is adequate, and
determine the strength of the
welded connection.
62
Sample Problem 5:
Given:
Connected Parts: A36 Steel
Required: Strength
Solution:
62
Sample Problem 5:
62
Sample Problem 5:
62
Sample Problem 5:
63
Sample Problem 6:
The connection shown will
resist a service dead load of 9
kips and a service live load of
18 kips. What total length of
¼ − 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ fillet weld, E70XX
electrode, is required? The
connected parts are made of
A36 Steel.
63
Sample Problem 6:
Given:
¼ − 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ fillet weld
Required: Length of Weld
Solution:
63
Sample Problem 6:
63
Sample Problem 6:
63
Sample Problem 6:
64
REFERENCES
American Institute of Steel Construction. 2010a. Specification
for Structural Steel Buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-10, Chicago.
Vinnakota, Sriramulu. 2006. Steel Structures: Behavior and

LRFD. McGraw-Hill Companies. Boston.
Segui, W. T. 2012. Steel Design. Fifth Edition. Cengage

Publishing Company
Salmon, Charles G., Johnson, John E, and Malhas, Faris A.

2009. Steel Structures: Design and Behavior: Emphasizing
Load and Resistance Factor Design. Fifth Edition.
Pearson/Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
65
Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/04/28/-thank-you-in-different-languages_n_7163864.html

CES 004 4 Simple Connections

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CES 004 4 Simple Connections

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE 135 – Analysis and Design of Steel Structures

Prepared by: Engr. NMSTabucal

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Steel members are connected to each other by bolts

Connections are the ”weakest link” in the structure

Defines three types of construction:

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

There are three classifications of connection:

But for this chapter, we will focus on simple shear

 Resultant force passes through the center of

 Each connector shares an equal amount of load

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Simple Bolted Connection

Simple Welded Connection

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

A bolt assembly consists of a

High strength bolts are used

This is used to connect two NUT

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Table J3.3 of AISC

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Table J3.3M only

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

Types of Bolt Holes:

d d1 " d d3 "

Short Slotted Holes Long Slotted Holes

d1 " d d1 " d

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Side Distance, Ls – from D

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Minimum Edge Distance Spacing:

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.2 Bolt Spacing, s

Where: t is the thickness of member Steel Design|NMST|DCE|UPLB

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.3 Workable Gages

Provide for entering and tightening clearance and for edge

Given in AISC “Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties” ,

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.4 Limit States

Broad Categories of Failure:

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.4 Limit States

Failure of Connected Parts

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts

Consider the connection below:

4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Bolts 4.3 Welds

4.2.5 Shear Strength of Bolts