" "

Biomolecules
#
Carbohydrates →

✗
%ddefivn -

Carbs are
hydrates of
" "
carbon with formula
gem
-

energy ✓

egg
/
Glucose -

Gh ,z°6
-

66 ( ko }
Sucrose 9211229 , E
,z( tho )Ñ
_

✓
-

# Limitations -✓

* c has no

affinity towards H④
*
H -
É -

n ✓ c( no ) -
formaldehyde .

É (
hide
Cig on { acetic acid
-
-
-
.

✓
 - on
Chj
-

ch
\
S( %) Lactic acid .

can

# These are not carbs .

but formula is
valid .

# There are carbs but formula is not

valid .

9- 2-
deoxyribose G- Hw°y ✓

g- ( bio ) , H2 ✗

Rahmnose = tetra
ez ✓

◦
8h12 5
ferula .

% Chits 11 } not
valid
# New definition of
carbohydrates > Carbs are

tolyhydnny aldehydes or
polyhydroxy
ketone f-I-meckrdHc.ir those
compounds which on
hydrolysis produce
polyhydny ald.by#ktones.-
E- n
%
# É Chim -

on
n
1--0 I
✗

kz-oyxnochi
:: { raf@Casbsli.i
-
own

✗ noCar
aldehyde
-

olyhydmy ketone
Leni but
 E- n '

¥:
"
in
C=0 ✓

on
n¥ñ
on
-

✓
✓

Carbs ✓
Carbs ✓

d.IM#ekbpo1yhydmynt-EiH- n-n-: :
% - n

banega to xeb

↓ onhydoolysis .

% n
1-9
-

"
¥in +

401*-4
Lon
-
-
#
d¥EnofCarz

Monosaccharides → Those carbs which

cannot be further
simplified on
hydrolysis -

#
followings we will discuss in detail .

B- D- Glucose ✓ .
D- fructose?

% - n 1- on
2=0

:# in
n

h
# inn #ñ
-

on
"
II
Disaccharides → Those Carbs which
an
acidic hydrolysis
form z-xsacc.barides -
 ÷::|Maltose

Oligosaccharides
③ > Carbs which
form
%¥rHity /
to

2- 10 monosaccharides .
an acidic

Raffinose / fucose Galactose

Pol y sacchari d es
Carbs which
①
✓ -
.
→
simplify
formto
monosaccharides.
many

Efron Cellulose .

/
 Monosaccharides →

Can be
further clarified on the
basis
of functional gr#

⑨ fmctiavfg
✓
✓ aldose ketose .
✓

( aldehyde) ( ketone
Ñ fight
7eatoI→
3C -
those ✓ Gc -
heriose .

uc -

tetrotev
sc -

pentose ✓
 on

¥ % -
n
1-
C=O

nton nton
1- on
Lon
( aldotriose)✓ ketotertoose.

I ↓ ✓

aldehyde 3C .

gets _ =/
.

egg % -
h

"
n°-4 t "

ntm
ntm
on
-

D-
glucose ✓

@ dounhenose)
 m-EDK-ca.fi#atay
②

% -
n
% - n

nt④ -

on ⑤t→n
D- glyceraldehyde .

L -

glycerol dehy
er
-

de

@ dotriose.fr
.

* on -

on R.h.si
→
lost chiral fer
then
on ko position
check
egg % Kanye .

- n
% h -

¥
a-

r¥
no
-

:
n
n
h
(image
mirror

0h
.

" "

D- Glucose C- Glucose
uns
"
✓
" .

.
✓ .
egi④ E- nv % - n
-

ñ¥⑦ -

on
"
too
1-
on
✓

|
D-
erylhose
L -
Threose .

- -

both fame
opposite
on an both on an

side

# HHa / hewiketa> ✓

on

R -
É -

H + R -

on R -
d- n
,
'

TneyCanTrhewIhemiacet@ToHeni#sl-eehlingTfBene.di
or

✓ =
son test
 !;÷±
"
"
OR

dont shew ×
. hewike

¥
D-hluwte-5i.me aldehyde bhai
% - h or alcohol b
ye
to

react

ʰ;¥÷¥,T
internally
karate r±
so
ye cyclic form
me
exist kaote

hai
totychiraf ye
.

-_

total stereoisomers .

2"
*
open
-
D- Glucose -
less then
-
LY .

open structure Gmorténto

Saw horse Str
Enix
.

- - -
-

n an
9 h h on
h %
✗
J
n
n

h 11-0 oh
> * nmew chiral centre .

no

n on
 47

iÉ¥iÉ n
⑨
:*
µ;#
°J
:
÷

Y
AP
.

off side
°"
an ◦
same side
-

.
.

hhiotpemainiy
ahem
P 2- D-

/ÑtnI
-
D - .

say

P"%%
or

per connected
gets ki position fin hair .

* New chiral per nor an ki

position change to Ati Lai

only
tram I EII.am
N⑦
# ese
cyclic stereoisomers yisne
ek chiral diff
e Lo Wo be Jo new

form Hua Lai

↓
anomeis.IS
"

known
as
" "

c is called
* anome-n.cc _

* ✗ 2- P are anomesf

* P
stableford
is more

less repulsion b/w

¥
* a & B =

optical isomers .
 f
D- glucose
#
&
Étguil ibñuy
☒ p ✗ =P

#Ñutarotan→ phenomenon
It is a

of change in specific
angle of rotation (a) with time

* Muta rotation stops when

egm is attained

④ ✓ ✓

- G3%_
4 p
←
from may
↳ ↓
calculate
✗ 2- B
%
of
attain
WI
/
✗
of a =
n

of B- too Y
-

% -
 ✗

[ 2.5° kill 2° Goo a) 19

]
=
+ -

5- 36 %
✗
:/
4-2--36 × .
✗
of 13=64 ?
( more
stable
#
D-fnuctose_ →

oh
1-

if- ÷
\ →
firemen sing .

oh H -

ii. iron
①Thrag
"
5-
µ
.

on _

←
on
# I
fmetofuranose
C
n on
L -
D -

B- D- fmctofuranose.cn IEEE
µ ,
on
n
*
B 2- 2 are anomers
of each others .

~[m◦*ñeñ
*
cyclic
Leni acetal form of D- fructose

* C
,
is anomeric C

* P -

form is more stable than &

←
-

bufkygofn.IN
* D- fructose also shew mutarotatioasn .
 ch-EH-D-atueose.FI
#

n
-

① It dont react with

no
*-
on
h
5
like
weak

my /
Reagent
Nansg Schiff 's /
n
n
f-
-
on

on
Reagent Coz of cyclic
.

structure
↳ ⑥ It shews Muta
rotation
③ It Thang Totten's Test .

I
① exists in anomeric
forms .

- on _ on

EE:* ¥:*
:# :
"

n ar on

P Cyclic
henri acetal
a
]
.
# hewiaeetafg show tolled , felling's
test .

_ _

*
*
Reducingsugar -

those

responds
carbs which
to Totten}

felling 's son .

=
-

Chunichi .
→

①
% -
n
I
/
"
←h to } n - Lenore .

in
1-
h on
" -

In
e-

gene
n
!
# in
ñ=ñ -
on
Glue o
cyanohydrin
 ≠ sh①

.¥→↑÷÷÷÷
+

ino
③ % .
_
n
-

:*
*
↓ ✓ ten %
Go
-0
-
-

,
Rxn the
gives Penta acetate
Glucose

information that glucose

→ have 5
WE grnf on

* all son Removed ✓ .

* Gen .

alcohol byhi ran

flew krtahai

✓ R -
ait on
,
-
É-y→ cry
-
É -
o -

R+nÑ
•±=
[ Glucose he 5-
ay gof hey:)
.

-
✓

③ D- Glucose 5h -
Eon ◦

d
'

% ✓-
n +
H -
-
it

main aldehyde
h
band n

ketones
bag .
 coon Toni
t> of

§ b
→

CtfCNnsLJ@on_nn_ogca.
old into
.

Reagent n
oylic
acid .

É
oh
-

Sanebndnct
_
" -

Reagent Na④
@
+2

My
)y] + basic med

D- abuse
en=N✓
wine
¥¥÷ih

✓
( ◦ nine
,
WE =

_Ñ%
✓ " "

É
T
"
BE
"
Glucose
D- n -
n +

h -0h →
fdkalint WL
or
€7m
-
.

.
Glnconic acid .
 ✓

'✓"¥◦
soon

D- Glucose
?
H

✓
Coon

both are onidised @acchañc

iin corn
acid .

]
if
-

*
D-' Glucose
¥449 .

↓
0h
I
i

:# n
g. how
many 3¥
n
? # i
"
taufomerise
-
oh

n¥÷
With double band btw
form .

± :#¥
n

g-
use
= % =
→
E- n r
Ife h remove Kar
3
per te
gauge
.

Now two options are

possible .
 opposite rakhenge
to D- Glucose
but Horn same

side rakheto

D- Mannose
barrage
-

0h
"
'
c-
311 double bad chz- 04
g.
C -

Yn Lar 2 kbiefnlao { = ◦

¥: =
:#moi
"
"
or n
h
-
on
n 3 for aaJaJ9
_

on

✓ u
D- fructose .

# D- Glucose / D- fructose / D- mannose

are Taufomers and also

peILE-andremair.in
egvileibn.am#D--fruc@--b reducing sugar
bei

beg eg
.
K -

through D- alucosene

Ja Satta Lai .

( Enki cyclic structure

b
Reducing Sugar
Lai
) I

#
Osagone formation "
✓
-
7m¥
Ch Ph
[ ✓§
=
N Nn
-
-

= o

Nn Ph

¥¥m÷?
N
-
= -

phenyl hydrazine 9

Ton
moles h but him hue
-
on
3 2 '

¥65m thwughm d
o§aza@
?⃝
Mechanism
%= N -

y%Ñ%→n-
in -
Ph
Ph

:# →
fi
¥
4- on

±;
-
on
h
.
-
on

It
←
%
cniin.it#.:nI.PI
i-m-e~1-I-n.tn ✓
c=o → +1
Ph

÷¥÷%¥ :
-

remove .

/→
D
Ch

d-
-

N
N -
Nh

in
- Ph

Ph }
osaja
- -
-

T
" "

¥-1m
?⃝
?⃝
# Efimer molecules
→
multiple
having
Chirag Centre but one

Chirag centre is diff Calle defines.

%É
nof@diff.chiraf.n
n
-n

!É
-

-
on

on
n
h
-

-
on

on

mirror

④ ✓
images .

etimon .

% % n

efiners
-

B 2- C are

ⁿ;¥!n@=
.

but
0hm A 2- case not
↳
End
①✓
 in cyclic form epi mess are called Anomie is
= .

#fnomeric_→
both are an ◦ mess .

\É?÷ñ±T
- on

←
14¥
_#÷¥ / ② yha Koi
alkyl grfi
"

⑤
②

all on an transposition lgaᵗᵈ≈ change

form
.

g-
in

I B- form ( position
stable
.

more

[ due to te -

bonding ] both

anom-e-n. n y-E-i . i r #-y--Ej i

are

1-1%8
" "
'

on

→
✓
p form
-

due to o
-
o repulsion
✗-

ferny
 NI
a-
form is more stable -

# D¥s .

① Sucrose

③
maltose

lactose .

§
① sucrose_ dinners of
they
→ are

x-D -

atcofyranose with
B- D-
fmctofuranose .

*É:* :-#¥ -1-1%9

+

"
on n
n -

✓
a- D-
 ↓
Jab
yhu te no remove
Legato
ether
form we Cannot
hoJa#Ya .

It is called
Alcasid age .

hydnlysiskaranefserfnectoseerab.com
,
again
we
separate
Lo
Jagga
.

* Job Glycosidic linkage banega to

hemiacetaTFbeakhogitn.at#ereaseF&i?
"

¢ m3 m2 % ,
② maltose Dinner
of 2- D- glue
offsyranofe .

campaign
1-
^
[only type of
_ on =

h
↑ ! / ,

on
3
2am ¥17 on henri

EEr
acetal .

glycosidic
linkage
fan hydrolysis
btw
Ély give x-D -

glniofyranose .

# Maltose Is
Reducing Sugar beg
henri acetal present in
1€
③
Lactose >
Diner of P -

D
galactose
-

&
P -
D -

glucose .

s-E.io#TEyoF
}
nai
h acetal
on 43 on

glnc
n

p
-
D- galactose p - D-

Itis .

Reducing Logar
#
Polysaccharides =

① starch glucose
polysaccharide of x-D -

I
¥É¥¥É¥
n
◦ n
n oh
.

henri acetals
# all . are
destroy .

";!÷;-_
# • it "

Sugar .

# Homo
polymer and ok
*
It is of a
types (crosslinked)
amylopectin
 d

crosslinking btw two

linear chains

② starch polymer of B- D- glucose

→

pyrY
/ ,
a

L
h on n n

13
-
D- glnco glycosidic
by ramose
linkage .

C,
non
Reducing sugar
.

# no heeuiacetaf .