General Biology

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I just compiled the information and turned it 8. Draw the membrane bound organelles and label
into practice tests to review for our midterm. them. Give their functions and processes that
Module 1: CELLULAR PARTS and happens in them.
FUNCTIONS Mitochondria:
1. Give the Cell Theory. And who contributed them.

Nucleus:
Robert Hooke
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
Henri Dutrochet Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Robert Brown
Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow Golgi Apparatus:

2. Give the extensions of Cell Theory, and explain.

Peroxisome:

3. Two types of Cell. Lysosome:

4. Differentiate Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell.

Ribosomes:

5. Draw and Label all the Parts of the Eukaryotic

Cell.
Cell Membrane:

9. It means little organ.

6. Draw and label all the parts of the Prokaryotic
Cell.
10. In general, all cells (eukaryotic) have three
regions or parts: ________, __________,
___________.
10. It is the control center or the headquarters of
the cell. _________
11. The meaning of DNA. _________________
12. What is DNA
13. Explain gene.
14. What happens to a cell that has lost its nucleus.
15. The 3 recognized regions or structures of
nucleus: ________, _________, ___________.
16. Nuclear Envelope is a _______ phospholipid
bilayer. Its parts _______, _______, _______. It
also contains the proteins that serves as a tunnel for
other molecules to enter the nucleus. What is it?
___________
Draw the Nuclear Envelope.
17. What do you call to the substance or fluid in the
nucleoplasm.
18. Draw the Nucleolus. And label its parts, then
explain.
19. Nucleolus contains one or more small, dark-
staining, essentially round bodies called ______. It
is the site of ______ synthesis.
20. It is the substance that contains DNA and
proteins. _______. The protein that binds the DNA
is called _________. How many of this proteins are
present in the chromatin? __________. Explain its
function.
21. The charge of DNA and the protein ______.
DNA ( ) Protein _____ ( )
22. Function of DNA.
23. Variety of RNA.
24. It forms a loose network of “beads on string”
called ___________.
25. During Cell Division, chromatin threads coil
and condense to form dense, rodlike bodies called
_________.
Chromo= _________
Soma=__________
26. What do you call is the space between the Outer
and Inner Nuclear Membrane?
27. What does Nuclear Pores are made of?
PLASMA MEMBRANE
28. Plasma Membrane is described as
______________. Explain its function.
29. Where does the plasma membrane is made or
composed of:
30. Explain the fluid mosaic structure.
31. Components of the Cell Membrane
Polar Heads=
Nonpolar Tail=
32. Enumerate the proteins in the plasma
membrane.
CYTOPLASM
33. It is the site for most of the cellular activities.
_______. And contains a jelly like fluid known as
the ______ where organelles are embedded.
34. are chemical substances that may
or may not be present depending on the specific cell
type.
35. Explain the process of making ATP in the
Mitochondria.

36. It is consisting of double membrane, equal to
two plasma membrane placed side by side. It
contains an inner folding known as _________.
Where the site for ATP synthesis occurs.
_______________
37. Oxygen is used to breakdown foods, and an
energy us released in the form of _____________
molecule. It is an important energy as it supplies all
cellular activities and works.
38. The Endoplasmic Reticulum could be:
____________ & _____________.
39. What is the function of Endoplasmic
Reticulum, RER & SER.
40. Differentiate RER & SER.
41. It is the site of protein synthesis.
42. Where is ribosomes synthesize/produced?
43. Ingredients for protein synthesis.
44. What do you call the ribosomes that floats freely
in the cytoplasm.
45. What do you call the part of the Golgi apparatus
that is facing the Endoplasmic Reticulum.
46. What do you call the part of the Golgi apparatus
that is facing the Cell Membrane.
47. The function of Golgi Apparatus.
48. All proteins leaving the Golgi apparatus
accumulate in sacs called __________.
49. Proteins that are synthesize outside the ER &
Golgi Apparatus are utilize in ___________.
59. Proteins that are synthesize in the ER &
package, modified by Golgi Apparatus
goes/utilize___________& ___________
60.It is also as the suicidal organelle. And functions
as cellular stomachs.
61. Lysosomes function…
62. Lysosomes contains what enzymes?
63. It is a membranous sac containing powerful
oxidase powerful enzymes that use molecular
oxygen to detoxify poisonous substances including
alcohol and formaldehyde.
64. The most important function of peroxisome is to
“_________” radicals.
65. The process on how peroxisome breaks down
the substances.
66. It acts as the cell’s “bone and muscle” by
furnishing an internal framework that determines
the cell shape, support other organelles, and
provides the machinery for intracellular transport
and various types of cellular movements.
67. Cytoskeleton is made up of: ______________,
_______________, ______________.
68. Monomers of Intermediate Filaments:
_________
69. Monomers of Microtubules: ___________
70. Monomers of Microfilaments: ___________ &
____________
71. It is one of the components of Cytoskeleton that
are most involved in cell motility and in producing
changes in cell shapes.
72. It is one of the components of Cytoskeleton
where they determine the overall shape of a cell and
the distribution of organelles. They are very
important during cell division.
73. It is a component of Cytoskeleton that help form
desmosomes and provide internal guys wires to
resist to pulling forces on the cell.
74. Two or pair centrioles is called
__________________.
75. Where does centrioles lie closely to?
76. They are rod-shaped bodies that lie at right
angles to each other; internally they are made up off
a pinwheel array of ___ triplets of fine __________.
77. Centrioles are known for the formation of
__________________ during cell division.
CELL EXTENSIONS
78. They are whiplike cellular extension that move
substances along the cell surface. -______________
79. The formation of cilia:
80. Flagella are long projections formed by
____________.
81. The only example of flagellated cell in the
human body is __________.
82. Sperm Cell has only single propulsive
flagellum called _______.
83. The difference between cilia and flagellum.
84. They are tiny fingerlike extension of the plasma
membrance that projects an exposed cell surface.
85. Microvilli increase in the cell’s surface area
tremendously ans are usually found on the cells
active in absorption such as ________________
CELL DIVERSITY IN HUMAN BODY
86. There are _________ of cells in the human body
which include ______ different cell types that vary
greatly in ______,________, and ____________.
87. TRUE or FALSE: A cells shaped reflects its
function.
88. TRUE or FALSE: The shapes of cells and the
relative numbers of various organelles they contain
relate to specialized cell function.
89. Enumerate Cell that Connects body parts:
•
•
90. Cells that cover and Line body organs:
•
91. Cells that Move Organs and Body Parts:
•
•
•
92. Cells that stores nutrients:
•
93. Cell that Fight Disease:
•
94. Cell that Gathers information and Contrils body
functions:
•
95. Cells of Reproduction:
•
•
Module 2: CELLULAR TRANSPORT
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
1. Cell membrane are composed of double layer or
bilayer of _______________. They are also called
_________________.
2. One of the important lipid components of
membranes is _____________.
3. Phospholipid are composed of: __________ to
which _________ and a molecule containing a
phosphate group.
4. The phosphate end of the phospholipid molecule
is _______---- that is slightly charges,, whereas the
_________________ are nonpolar.
5. The polar “head” is ____________. Meaning
_____________. They are positioned on the outer
edges side of the layer.
From the Greek words:
Hydro=
Phil=
6. The nonpolar “tail” is ______________.
Meaning _______________. They are positioned on
the inner side of the layer.
From Greek words:
Hydro=
Phobos=
7. TRUE or FALSE. There are no chemical
reactions that occur to hold the membrane
molecules together, nor do covalent bonds connect
adjacent molecules.
8. TRUE or FALSE. The forces of hydrophilic
portions that are attractedto water and of
hydrophobic regions that are repelled by water are
strong enough to form and maintain the membrane’s
structure.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
9. Each of the cell’s internal parts is designated to
perform a specific function for the cell. Most cells
have the ability to , ,
, , , ,
.
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
10. The fluid environment on both sides of the
plasma membrane is an example of ____________
11. Solution is a ________________ of two or
more components. The substance present in the
largest amount in a solution is called _________.
The components or substances present in smaller
amount are called ___________.
12. It is the body’s chief solvent.
13. It is a solution containing small amounts of
gases (e.g. O, CO2), nutrients, and salt, dissolved in
water. This fluid are found in the internal
environment of the cell. (ex. of this are:
___________, and the __________)
14. It is the fluid that continuously bathess the
exterior of our cells. It composes of nutrients,
regulatory substances such as hormones and
neurotransmitters, salt, and waste products.
15. TRUE or FALSE. To remain healthy, each cell
must extract from this fluid the exact amount of the
substances it needs at a specific times and reject the
rest.
16. The plasma membrane is
________________________.
17. What do you mean by selectively permeable
barrier?
18. Substances move through the plasma membrane
in basically two ways:
19. In this process, substances are transported across
the membrane without energy input from the cell.
20. In this process, cell provides the metabolic
energy ATP that drives the transport process.
PASSIVE PROCESS
21. Enumerate the Passive Processes/Passive
Transport:
• •
• •
22. It is a process by which water and solutes are
forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic
pressure.
23. In the body, hydrostatic pressure is usually
exerted by the _________.
24. It is a pressure gradient that actually pushes
solute-containing fluid from the higher
concentration area throuogh the filter to the lower-
pressure area.
Note!
In Kidneys, water and small
solutes filters out of the
capillaries into the kidney
tubules because the blood
pressure in the capillaries is
greater than the fluid
pressure in the tubules.
25. Filtration is not _______________. For most
part, only blood cells and protein molecules too
large to pass through the membrane pores are held
back.
26. It is the process by which molecules (and ions)
moves from the area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration.
27. The greater the difference in concentration
between two areas, _____________________.
28. The rate of diffusion is affected by the ______
of the molecules and the _________.
29. The _______, the faster; the ______, the faster.
30. The _______________ of the plasma membrane
is physical barrier to diffusion. BUT…
31. Molecules will diffuse through the plasa
membrane if any of the follwing are true:
•
•
•
31. Types of Diffusion:
•
32. It is the diffusion of water through the plasma
membrane.
33. It is the special pores that are used by water to
diffuse through the cell membrane. And it is also
known as?
34. Why do water needs special pores?
35. It is an unassisted diffusion of solutes through
a plasma membrane. Most solutes transported in
this type of diffusions are lipid soluble (e.g. fats,
fat-soluble, vitamins, oxygen, CO2)
36. It is a type of diffusion that provides a passage
for certain needed substances that are both lipid-
insoluble and too large to pass through membrane
pores. It uses __________ or a membrane protein
that acts as a carrier to move the substances.
37. Passive processes follow the
________________ (movement from high
concentration area to low concentration area).
38. It is the tendency of a solution to hold water or
“pull” water into its cell. It is also directly related to
the ______________ of solutes in the solution.
39. The higher the solute concentrations, the _____
the osmotic pressure, the ________ the tendency of
water to move into the solution.
40. Any changes in the concentration on one of the
sides of the membrane to the other may cause the
cell to _____ or _____ water.
41. It is the ability of a solution to change the size
and shape of cells by altering the amount of water
they contain.
42. When a cell is placed in a solute concentration
equal to that inside the cell, water molecules
diffuse through the plasma membrane equally in
both directions. The solution is said to be
__________.
From Greek words: iso meaning”_________”
43. When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute
concentration higher than that within the cell,
the solution is said to be ________ to the cell.
From Greek word: hyper meaning “________”
44. When the solution is said to be isotonic, what is
the movement of water?
45. When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute
concentration lower than that within the cell, the
solution is said to be ________.
From the Greek word: hypo meaning “______”
46. What happen to the cell when the solution is
hypertonic to the cell?
47. What is the movement of the water when the
solution is hypotonic?
48. What is the movement of the water when the
solution is hypertonic?
49. What happen to the cell when the solution is
isotonic?
50. What happen to the cell when the solution is
hypertonic?
51. It is the cell used to move substances across the
membrane.
52. Reason why substances move actively:
53. These are the most important active processes:
54. Active transport is also called _____________.
55. It alternately carries sodium ions out and
potassium into the cell.
56.It is similar to facilitated diffusion by which both
this processes require protein carriers that interact
specifically and reversibly with the energize
protein carriers.
57. Active transport uses energy (ATP) to energize
protein carriers which they are called
____________, and most cases these substances
move against the concentration gradients.
58. This process is absolutely necessary for normal
transmission of nerve impulses.
59. There are more sodium ions “outside” the cell
than inside, so those inside tend to remain in the cell
than “inside” unless cell uses ATP to force or
“pump” them out. ATP is split into ADP and 𝑃𝑖
(inorganic substance) and the phosphate is then
attached to the sodium-potassium pump in a process
called _________________.
60. Likewise, there are more potassium ions _
cells than in the extracellular fluid, and potassium
ions leak out of cells must be actively pumped back
inside.
61. No pump, no ______________.
62. It involves help from ATP to fuse or separate
membrane vesicles and the cell membrane, moves
substances into or out of the cells “in bulk” without
their actually crossing the plasma membrane
directly.
63. Two types of vesicular transport:
•
•
64. It is the mechanism that cells use to actively
secretes hormones, mucus, and other cell products
or to eject certain cellular wastes out of the cell.
65. The product to be released is first packages in a
________________. It migrates to the plasma
membrane, fuse with it, and then ruptures, spilling
its contents out of the cell.
66. Exocytosis involves a “_________” process in
which docking proteins on the vesicles recognize
plasma membrane docking proteins and bind with
them.
67. The binding that happens in the item no. 66
causes the membranes to “____________” together
and fuse.
68. It includes those ATP-requiring processes that
take up, or engulf, extracellular substances by
enclosing them in a vesicle.(The process of entering
substances from the outside environment to the
inner environment of the cell)
69. In the process of endocytosis, once the vesicle is
formed, and it detaches from the plasma membrane
and moves in the cytoplasm, where it typically fuses
with _________ and its contents are digested.
However, in some cases, vesicle travels to the
opposite side of the cell and release its content by
____________ there.
70. It is typically known as the process by which the
cell eats solid substances- _________________
71. It is typically known as the process by which the
cell drinks- ________________
72. Cell eats by ______________ and drinks by a
form of endocytosis called
_____________________.