CELLS AND ITS FUNCTIONS
_________are part of an
1. different chemical processes
during cell metabolism provides
energy for muscle contraction and
heat production.
2. Cells synthesize various types of
molecules, including proteins,
nucleic acids, and lipids.
3. Cells produce and receive
chemical and electrical signals that
allow them to communicate with
one another
4. Each cell contains a copy of the
genetic information of the
individual.
CELL STRUCTURE
1. Defining boundaries with gate-like
properties
2. Contains organelles and molecules
3. Acts as the control center and
contains a cell’s genetic
information
CELL MEMBRANE
1. Are like gatekeepers that manages
which does and does not enter the
cell
2. Made of two layers of ______
reffered as _________.Separates
the inside and outside of the cell
and controls the flow of
substances
3. Phosphate-containing ends which
made it _______ or attracted to
water and the _______ends that
are hydrophobic
4. The _______ function as
membrane channels, carrier
molecules, receptor molecules,
enzyme, or structural supports in
the membrane.
5. __________and carrier molecules
6. are involved with the movement
of substances through the cell
membrane.
7.
intercellular communication
system that enables cell
recognition and coordination of
the activities of cells.
8. this barrier permits exchange of
certain substances such as those
substances found outside are
called__________ , while those
inside the cell are termed
as___________
9. controls the flow of substances
into and out of the cell through its
property called_____________
10. Its external________ helps
identify the cell to other cells such
as immune cells
11. It participates in __________its
receptor proteins.
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
1. ______gel like substance that fills
the space between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus.
2. Consist of the intracellular fluid
called __________ and organelles
3. Site of lipid synthesis; participates
in detoxification
4. Modifies protein structure and
packages proteins in secretory
vesicles
5. Cell’s control center; contains DNA
and nucleoli; site for RNA
synthesis and ribosomal subunit
assembly
6. Site of protein synthesis
7. Where many ribosomes attached;
site of protein synthesis
8. Contains materials produced in
the cell; formed by the Golgi
apparatus; secreted by exocytosis
9. Contains enzymes that digest
material taken into the cell
10. Site of aerobic respiration and the
major site of ATP synthesis
11. Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell
division and forms components of
cilia and flagella
 12. Facilitate the movement of
chromosomes during cell division
13. Propel sperm cells
14. Moves substances over surfaces of
certain cells
15. Increase surface area of certain
cells
16. What are the three distinct parts
of nucleus?
17. Outer part of the nucleus
18. Small openings in the nucleus
19. Is a round structure that is made
of the DNA and proteins,
responsible for making ribosomes
which contains small units of RNA
20. In a non-dividing cell, the genetic
material is spread out in the form
of_________
21. There are ____ pairs of
chromosomes, which also consists
of DNA and protein, can be found
in the human cells.
RIBOSOMES
1. are made of RNA and proteins
2. is a large membrane system that
extends outward from the outer
nuclear membrane throughout the
cytoplasm
3. synthesize glycoproteins and
4. phospholipids that are then
transferred into the plasma
membrane, or secreted during
exocytosis.
5. where fatty acids and steroids are
being made
GOLGI APPARATUS AND SECRETORY
VESICLE
1. flattened sacs that acts like a
pathway for processing proteins
and lipids made by the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
2. ___________discharge processed
proteins via exocytosis into
extracellular fluid. It forms
membrane vesicles that ferry new
molecules to the plasma
membrane and lastly, it forms
transport vesicles that carry
molecules to other organelles,
such as __________
LYSOSOME AND PEROXISOMES
1. break down ingested material and
wornout organelles and release
their components into the cytosol.
2. are small, membrane-bound
vesicles containing enzymes that
break down fatty acids, amino
acids, and hydrogen peroxide.
MITOCHONDRION
1. These bean-shaped organelles, are
the major structures to produce
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)-the
main energy source for most
chemical reactions within the cell.
2. The folds of the inner membrane
are called
3. the fluid that fills the inside of the
membrane is termed a________
CYTOSKELETON AND MICROTUBULES
1. is made of networks of the
following protein elements
2. are small protein strands that
provide mechanical support and
generate force for movement.
They are analogous to muscles in
your body. They also anchor
proteins within the plasma
membrane and provide support
for ________
3. are protein strands that are larger
than micro laments but smaller
than microtubules.
4. are long, hollow protein
5. tubes that determine shape and
movement similar to the way
bones shape your body. Stiff
components of cilia and flagella
6. are like mini-tunnels that were
stacked together by threes
(microtubule triplet) and formed a
cylindrical organelle composed of
nine triplets
7. found near the nucleus and will be
later essential for cell division
called Mitosis.
8. are hairy-like projections that
propels materials across the
surface
9. is like a whip tail placing itself at
the terminal end of a cell. Unlike
cilia that were numerous to be
found in a cell, flagella usually
appears singular like in the sperm
cells.
10. are folds of the cell membrane
that greatly increase the surface
area of a cell. Typically found in
cells charged with absorbing
nutrients—such as the intestines
CELL TRANSPORT
1. inside the cell - sample substances
that can be found are enzymes,
glycogen and potassium ions
2. fluids between cell within tissue
3. fluid within a blood vessel
4. fluid within lymphatic vesse
5. fluid that surrounds brain and
spinal cord
6. no cellular energy required during
transport. Examples includes
Diffusion, osmosis and facilitated
diffusion
7. certain amount of cellular energy
is needed to help transport to be
Successful. Includes itself,
secondary active transport,
endocytosis and exocytosis
8. is the process wherein solutes
moves from an area of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration.
9. involves the diffusion of water
down the concentration gradient
through a selectively permeable
membrane.
10. important to cells because large
volume changes caused by water
movement can disrupt normal cell
functions.
11. is the process wherein solutes
moves from an area of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration. It can occur in two
conditions
12. substances which are lipid soluble
like oxygen, carbon dioxide and
13. steroids can easily pass-through
the phospholipid bilayer
14. In addition, cell membrane
channels differ in the degree to
which ions pass through them.
Some channels constantly allow
ions to pass through. These
channels are called
15. . Other channels limit the
movement of ions across the
membrane by opening and
closing. These channels are called
16. involves the diffusion of water
down the concentration gradient
through a selectively permeable
membrane.
17. is the force required to prevent
the movement of water across a
selectively permeable membrane
18. As the solution rises, its weight
produces -
___________________which
moves water out of the tube back
into the distilled water
surrounding the tube
19. The solute concentration outside
the cell is the same as that inside
the cell. Therefore, water
concentration is also the same on
both sides of the cell, and the net
movement of water is zero.
20. The solute concentration outside
the cell is less than the
concentration inside the cell.
Therefore, the water
concentration outside is greater
than that inside, and water flows
into the cell
21. The solute concentration outside 28. The cell “eats” large particles such
the cell is greater than the as bacteria, viruses, and dead
concentration inside the cell. cells. White blood cells and some
Therefore, the water other cell types phagocytize
concentration is greater inside the bacteria, cell debris and foreign
cell than outside, and water flows particles.
out of the cell 29. The cell periodically “drinks” by
22. are protein present in the cell forming small vesicles around
membranes that serves as a droplets of extracellular fluid.
flexible gate that changes shape. These droplets may have small
There are three kinds of carrier- particles dissolved in them as well.
mediated transport and these are These vesicles fuse with lysosomes
facilitated diffusion, active and release their contents.
transport, and secondary active 30. When hormones bind to receptors
transport. on the plasma membrane, the
23. is a carrier-mediated transport hormone–receptor complex is
process that moves substances often ingested by endocytosis
across the cell membrane from an after the hormone has produced
area of higher concentration to an its effect. Cholesterol and growth
area of lower concentration of factors are samples of which.
that substance 31. utilize membrane-bound sacs
24. t is the process in which energy is called secretory vesicles to fuse
used to move substances across a with the cell membrane and finally
membrane against a concentration release its content towards the
gradient, that is, from lower extracellular space.
concentration to higher
concentration. Substances must
be highly-concentrated on side to
have enough stimulation of the
energy required.
25. nvolves the active transport of one
substance, such as Na+, across the
cell membrane, establishing a
concentration gradient. The
diffusion of that transported
substance down its concentration
gradient provides the energy to
transport a second substance,
such as glucose, across the cell
membrane
26. the diffusing substance moves in a
direction opposite to that of the
transported substance.
27. involves ingesting material by
forming a vesicle from the plasma
membrane. The sac of ingested
material buds off inside the cell
and usually fuses with lysosomes
During interphase, the cells goes through
three stages:
32. _______a growth phase in which
proteins are synthesized. The cell
performs the tasks for
which it was created (such as carrying
oxygen, secreting digestive enzymes, etc.).
It accumulates the materials it will need to
replicate its DNA.
33. ________— when DNA is
replicated.
34. ________—another growth phase
in which proteins are made.
35. ______________ which may take
20 to 22 hours, is followed by
mitosis.
their stages are rather confusingly referred
to by the same names. One difference is
that, in the first prophase of meiosis
(prophase I), pairs of homologous
chromosomes (that is, pairs of
chromosome #1, pairs of chromosome #2,
and so on) remain close together in tight
groups called _______. During this phase,
the chromosomes may exchange pieces of
DNA in a process called___________.
___________________“shuffles” the
genetic material, which allows genetic
variation from one generation to the next.
In the
first anaphase of meiosis (anaphase I), the
tetrads get pulled apart. Ultimately, the
two stages of meiosis divide the
chromosome complement of the parent in
half, a status called haploid.

Mitosis itself consists of four phases:

• Prophase - each chromosome consists of
two chromatids joined at the centromere.
• Metaphase - chromosomes align at the
center of the cell.
• Anaphase - chromatids separate at the
centromere and migrate to opposite poles
• Telophase - the two new nuclei assume
their normal structure, and cell division is
completed, producing two new daughter
cells.
As a result of mitosis, each cell contains 23
pairs of chromosomes. This make-up,
which is
identical to that of the starting cell, is
called diploid

Specialized cells called _________undergo

a different process of cell division called
________
During____________, a starting cell
undergoes two rounds of cell division to
produce four cells.
Each cell has one-half the genetic material
of the starting cell (only one set of
chromosomes). Meiosis is very similar to
mitosis. In fact, the two are so similar that