CELL

LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.
Cell
Cell – basic structural and

functional unit
• The cell is the basic structural,
functional and biological unit of all
known living organisms. It is the
smallest unit of life that is classified as
a living thing and is often called the
"building block of life".
• The cell was discovered by Robert
Hooke in 1665.
The CELL
Theory
• The observations of Hooke,

Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann,
Virchow, and others led to the
development of the cell theory. The
cell theory is a widely accepted
explanation of the relationship
between cells and living things.
The cell theory states:

• All living things or
organisms are made of
cells and their products.
• New cells are created by
old cells dividing into two.
• Cells are the basic
building units of life.
Ways in which cell

is classified
• by their fundamental
structural elements
• by the way they
obtain food
Classification of cells by their

fundamental structural
elements
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells
lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound
organelles.
Prokaryotes
• DNA is scattered in
the cytoplasm .
• Independent single-
celled organism.
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic cells have a
membrane-bound nucleus
that houses the DNA in
complex structures called
chromosomes.
Classification of cells by
the way they obtain food
• autotrophs
•heterotrophs
Heterotrophs
• derive their energy
from other organism
Autotrophs
• Photosynthetic
organisms that
produces food of their
own using nonliving
nutrients and sunlight.
Major Parts of a cell

•Cell membrane
•Cytoplasm
•Nucleus
Major parts of a cell

Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Plasma membrane
• Cell membrane or plasmalemma
• provides a covering for the cell
• impermeable to harmful
substances and permeable to
beneficial ones
Plasma membrane
• composed of double
layer of phospholipids
and associated
proteins
Cell membranes are made of Phospholipids

• HYDROPHILIC heads
(water liking)
• attracted to the water
called Polar
• HYDROPHOBIC tails
(water fearing)
• Not attracted to the
water called Non Polar
Cytoplasm
• largest part of the cell
• have many cellular inclusions
and organelles surrounded by
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm: Cytosol
• Fluid part
– Water with dissolved ions and molecules; colloid
with suspended proteins
– Contains enzymes that catalyze decomposition and
synthesis reactions; ATP is produced in glycolysis
reactions
– Microtubules
– Actin filaments
– Intermediate filaments
– Cytoplasmic inclusions
Cytoplasm: Organelles
• Centrioles • Smooth
• Spindle fibers endoplasmic
• Cilia reticulum
• Flagellum • Golgi apparatus
• Microvilli • Secretory vesicle
• Ribosome • Lysosome
• Rough endoplasmic • Peroxisome
reticulum • Mitochondria
Centrioles
• Pair of cylindrical organelles in the
centrosome, consisting of triplets of
parallel microtubules
• Centers for microtubule formation;
determine cell polarity during cell
division; form the basal bodies of cilia
and flagella
•
Microtubules
• thin, hollow tube-like
structures that are
commonly found inside
the plasma membrane
• they regulate the
addition of cellulose to
the cell wall
•
Microfilaments
• they are found as long,
protein filaments
arranged in bundles.
• they play an important
role in cyclosis, the
streaming movement of
the cytoplasm
Spindle fibers
• Microtubules extending from the
centrosome to chromosomes and
other parts of the cell
• Assist in the separation of
chromosomes during cell division
Cilia
• Extensions of the plasma membrane
containing doublets of parallel
microtubules; 10 μm in length
• Move materials over the
surface of cells
•
Flagellum
• Extension of the plasma membrane
containing doublets of parallel
microtubules; 55 μm in length
• In humans, responsible for movement
of spermatozoa
Microvilli
• Extension of the plasma
membrane containing
microfilaments
• Increase surface area
of the plasma membrane
for absorption and
secretion; modified to
form sensory receptors
•
Peroxisomes
• contain the
enzyme catalase
which detoxifies
peroxide through
chemical reactions,
converting it to
oxygen and water
Plastids
• may be
grouped into
chloroplast and
amyloplast
Amyloplast
• large and pigmented plastids
• storage of starch
Mitochondria
• the process of
cellular respiration
takes place
• powerhouse of the
cell
•
Mitochondria
The inner membranes
of the mitochondria
has many tube-like in
foldings called
“cristae”
Mitochondria
• between the cristae is the
liquid matrix, the site of
most chemical reactions.
• the inner membrane of the
mitochondria is the center
for ATP synthesis.
Mitochondria
• the outer most
membrane which
is smooth is
readily permeable
to solutes
Golgi Bodies
• consists of disk-
shaped sacs that are
stacked up together in
a flat or cup-shaped
array close to the
endoplasmic reticulum
called “cisternae”
Golgi Bodies
• receive vesicles from
the endoplasmic
reticulum
• the secretory vesicle is
exported to the outside
of the cell for its own
use
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• a system of narrow
tubes and sheets of
membrane forming a
network throughout
the cytoplasm
•
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• contains
ribosomes
• in-charge
of protein
synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• without
attached
ribosomes
• involved in
lipid
synthesis
• common
Ribosomes
structures
found dispersed
in the cytoplasm
or attached to
the ER
• responsible for
protein
synthesis
Vacuoles
• increase size and surface area of the cell
•the most common
are the water
vacuoles.
• they are filled
with a watery fluid
called cell sap.
Nucleus
• found along the central
part of the cell
• control center where the
chromatin material is
found
Nucleus
parts:
nuclear
envelope,
nucleoplasm,
chromatin,
nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
• outer most covering
of the nucleus
• composed of a
membrane perforated
by numerous pores
Nucleoplasm
• the granular fluid inside the
nucleus
Chromatin
• darkly-staining bodies inside the
nucleus
• they contain the genes which determine
the inherited characteristic of the
organism
Nucleolus
• the site of synthesis of
ribosomal RNA, which when
transported outside the nucleus
combines with protein to form
the ribosomes
Examples of Cells found in Plants

Hydrilla Cells under LPO

Can you spot the cell

wall, cell membrane,
nucleus, cytoplasm
and chloroplasts?
Hydrilla Cells- Magnified (under HPO)

Onion Cells under LPO

Can you identify

the parts of the cell?
Onion cell- Magnified under HPO

Cells in a leaf
stoma
stoma
Cells in the stem

xylem
phloem
Examples of Cells found in Animals

Cheek Cells
Can you identify
the parts of the cell?
- cell membrane,
nucleus, cytoplasm
Red Blood Cells

Human Bone Tissues

CELL

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CELL

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LYCEUM OF ALABANG INC.INC.

Cell – basic structural and

• The observations of Hooke,

The cell theory states:

Ways in which cell

Classification of cells by their

Major Parts of a cell

Major parts of a cell

Cell membranes are made of Phospholipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Examples of Cells found in Plants

Hydrilla Cells under LPO

Can you spot the cell

Hydrilla Cells- Magnified (under HPO)

Onion Cells under LPO

Can you identify

Onion cell- Magnified under HPO

Cells in the stem

Examples of Cells found in Animals

Red Blood Cells

Human Bone Tissues

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