Relief Report

Northern Option Gas Pipeline Project Document Number:
Relief and Depressurization Report NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113

Revision: 00 Status: IFC Approval Class:2
Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

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Contracting Nigeria Ltd.
Relief and Depressurization Report
Rev. Status Rev. Date Revision Memo Issued by Checked by Approved by
00 IFC 18-Nov-13 Issued for Construction M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri D. De Luca
D2 IFA 25-Sept-13 Re- Issued for Approval M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri D. De Luca
D1 IFA 09-Apr-13 Re- Issued for Approval M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri I.Della Ragione
D0 IFA 19-Nov-12 Issued for Approval M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri I.Della Ragione
DB IFR 07-Aug-12 Issued for Review (Detailed Engineering) M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri I.Della Ragione
This document has been generated by an Electronic Document System. When printed it is considered as a for information only copy. The” controlled copy” is the
screen version and it is the holder’s responsibility that he/she holds the latest valid version.
“This document is the property of TEP NG. It must not be reproduced or transmitted to others without written authorization from the Company”.
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REVISION DESCRIPTION
DETAILED ENGINEERING
Rev. index Revision Description
DB Issued For Review (IFR)
D0 Issued For Approval (IFA)
00 Issued For Construction (IFC)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................4
1.1. BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2. PROJECT OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 6
2. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................7
3. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION PHILOSOPHY ............................................................10
4. BASIC DATA............................................................................................................................10
4.1. RUMUJI NODE DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................... 10
4.2. IMO RIVER NODE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 11
4.3. PIPELINE DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 11
4.4. FLUID COMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................... 12
4.5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION .......................................................................................................... 13
5. COMPUTER PROGRAMS ......................................................................................................14
6. METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................15
6.1. SIMULATED SCENARIOS DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 15
6.2. SYSTEMS MODELING ........................................................................................................................ 16
7. SIMULATIONS RESULTS .......................................................................................................17
7.1. MANUAL DEPRESSURIZATION AT RUMUJI...................................................................................... 17
7.2. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION WITH FIRE AT IMO RIVER ..................................................... 24
7.3. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION WITHOUT FIRE OF SURFACE FACILITIES AT IMO RIVER .. 29
7.4 MANUAL DEPRESSURISATION OF NOPL PIPELINE AT IMO RIVER ............................................... 36
8. HYDRATE ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................40
9. PSV SCENARIOS AND GOVERNING CASES .......................................................................44
10. APPENDIX A: IMPERIAL COLLEGE RESULTS WITH GTS 4 FLUID ....................................49
11. APPENDIX B: SND RESULTS WITH GTS 4 FLUID ...............................................................53
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND
The Northern Option Pipeline (NOPL) is a gas pipeline envisaged to transport gas from
TEPNG operations to the ALAOJI Power Plant and for distribution to other customers in the
Eastern Domestic Gas (DOMGAS) Market network, as requested by NAPIMS. The ALAOJI
Power Plant is being constructed by the Federal Government of Nigeria at ALAOJI, near
Aba, in Abia State as one of the National Integrated Power Plants (NIPPs).
TEPNG’s commitment to the DOMGAS market is some 120 MMScf/d from 2010 and 225
MMScf/d as from 2014.
1.2. PROJECT OVERVIEW

NOPL comprises about 52 kilometers of 24” pipeline with Above Ground Installations (AGI)
at RUMUJI (adjacent to the NLNG facilities) and at IMO RIVER (adjacent to the NGC
facilities). NOPL will follow partially the route of the existing SPDC pipelines between
RUMUJI and IMO RIVER.
NOPL is expected to source its gas mainly from the 42” OUR Gas Pipeline with (optional)
provisions for additional tie-ins to 36” GTS1 and 36” GTS4 at RUMUJI NODE.
The scope of work includes but not limited to design, procurement, fabrication and
installation of 24’ X 52 km API 5L X65 pipeline and fiber optic cable between RUMUJI and
IMO RIVER, pig launcher and receiver at each extremity, Slug catcher at IMO RIVER, and
associated AGI (piping, SCADA, Fiscal Metering, firewater systems, cathodic protection,
electrical, instrumentation, LSDS, etc.)
1.3. OBJECTIVES
Scope of the document is:
- The analysis of the controlled depressurization through flare of the surface facilities at
Rumuji Node. The aim of the analysis is to determine the minimum temperatures in flare
and depressurized facilities for the material selection.
- The analysis of the emergency depressurization through Flare of the surface facilities at
Imo River Node. The aim of the analysis is to provide the data for the sizing of the Flare
(86 FS 3601, Ref. [5]) (i.e. peak flow rate) and determine the minimum temperatures in
flare and depressurized facilities for the material selection.
- The analysis of the controlled depressurization of the entire pipeline through flare
positioned at Imo River. The depressurization is considered to be through a BDV (plug
type), with a sequential opening suitable to keep the flow as high as possible, close to
the maximum value, determined during Imo River Node depressurization analysis.
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1.4. REFERENCES
Project Documents
Ref Doc N° Title

[1] NG22-480 -PJM-SND-000022 Project Design Basis Document
[2] NG22-480-HSE-SND-000060 Vent Dispersion Report
[3] NG22-480-HSE-SND-000064 Noise Report
[4] NG22-482-PRO-SND-000042 P&ID Rumuji Node, Flare System
[5] NG22-486-PRO-SND-000062 P&ID Imo River Node, Flare System
[6] NG22-482-PRO-SND-000040 P&ID Rumuji Node, Pig launcher
[7] NG22-486-PRO-SND-000059 P&ID Imo River Node, Pig Receiver
[8] NG22-486-PRO-SND-000060 P&ID Imo River Node, Slug Catcher
[9] NG22-482-PVV-SND-000015 Rumuji Overall Plot Plan
[10] NG22-486-PVV-SND-000016 Imo River Overall Plot Plan
[11] NG22-482-PRO-SND-000175 Rumuji Closed Drain / Flare KOD
datasheet
[12] NG22-486-PRO-SND-000162 Imo River Flare Knock Out Drum
Datasheet
Company Specification
Ref Doc N° Title

[13] GS EP ECP 103 Process Sizing Criteria
Other References
Ref Title
[14] API RP 521
[15] R.W.Miller, ”Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition”,
McGraw-Hill Co., New York (1989)
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1.5. ABBREVIATIONS
AGI Above Ground Installation
BDV Blow down Valve
BO Blocked Outlet
BVS Block Valve Station
CVF Control Valve Failure
CVL Check Valve Leakage
d/s Downstream
DP Design Pressure
ESDV Emergency Shutdown Valve
FG Fire, Gas expansion
FW Fire, Wetted Area
HDP Hydrocarbon Dew Point
IC Imperial College of London, department of Chemical Engineering
KOD Knock out drum
KP Kilometer Progressive
LAH Level Alarm High
LSHH Level Switch High-High
LSDS Leak and Shock Detection System
LTCS Low Temperature Carbon Steel
MDMT Minimum Design Metal Temperature
NOPL Northern Option Pipeline Project
PSV Pressure Safety Valve
RO Restriction Orifice
SND Saipem Contracting Nigeria Limited
SS Stainless Steel
TR Tube Rupture
TRL Thermal Relief
u/s Upstream
WDP Water Dew Point
WT Wall Thickness
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2. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The manual depressurisation of the surface facilities located at Rumuji, the Emergency
Depressurization of the surface facilities located at Imo River Node and the controlled
depressurization of the pipeline at Imo River have been analysed, starting from the DP (95
barg) and minimum ambient temperature (18°C for surfaces facilities and 25°C for pipeline)
The aim of the analysis was to verify that the current system design is adequate to handle
depressurization, i.e:
- selected materials (in terms of minimum design temperatures);
- selected header diameters (in terms of Mach and ρv2 criteria);
- selected KOD sizes (in terms of liquid accommodation capacities).
Table 2.1 shows the minimum temperatures obtained in each equipment analysed, as well as
the material selected and the minimum design temperatures associated. As shown from the
table, all the minimum selected design temperatures cover the minimum temperatures
calculated during the depressurizations.
The depressurization calculations were repeated using “Blowdown” software by Imperial
College (London University), UK. Results are shown at the end of sections 7.1, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5,
while the overall conclusions of their study are shown at the end of the current section.
Table 2.1 : Rumuji/Imo River Nodes – Minimum Temperatures and Selected Materials (SND).
Minimum Fluid
Minimum Design
Temperatures inside Material
Temperature
Facility
[°C] [°C]
Pig Launcher 0 CS -20
Pig Receiver -9 CS -20
24” Piping -7 CS -20
2” Piping 10 CS -29
Slug Catcher -31 LTCS -40
Pipeline -15 CS -20
Vent Lines -46 SS / LTCS -65 / -46
Table 2.2 shows the two flare header sizes and the maximum Mach and ρv2 calculated during
the depressurizations performed. As shown from the table, the criteria reported in Ref. [13] for
case of gas (one phase) intermittent flow are respected.
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Table 2.2 : Rumuji/Imo River Nodes – Flare Headers Sizes (SND).

Header Size ρv2 Mach Number
[in] [kg/m/s2] [-]
Imo River 26 37754 0.4
Rumuji 6 38600 0.47
Table 2.3 shows the maximum liquid volume formed d/s RO/BDVs, as well as the KOD’s
accommodation capacities (assuming the depressurization happening during a liquid surge with
initial liquid level in the KOD set at the LAH).
Table 2.3: Liquid Volumes formed d/s RO/BDV (SND). (Ref. [11 & 12])
Maximum Liquid Volume KOD Accommodation Volume

formed d/s RO/BDV (between LAH and LSHH)
[m3] [m3]
Rumuji AGI 0.07 1.94
Imo River AGI 4.6 31.47
Depressurization of Pipeline
22 31.47
Via Imo River
All the results relevant to the effect of the cold gas released and dispersed into atmosphere are
addressed in the dedicated Vent Dispersion Report Ref. [2].
In Table 2.4 the Gas and Liquid Peak Flow Rates calculated d/s the BDV are reported.
Table 2.4: Imo River Nodes – Gas and Liquid Flow Rates (SND).
Scenario Peak Relieved Flow Gas Flow (kg/h) Liquid Flow (kg/h)
(kg/h)
Imo River Surface
facilities Emergency 341810 321830 19980
Depressurization-
24” pipeline
160000 155214 4786
Depressurization
In the following, a comparison between SND and Imperial College results is performed. IC
results shown below are relevant to the OUR fluid used also in SND simulations. Further IC
results relevant to GTS4 fluid (not simulated by SND) are shown in Appendix A.
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Imperial College simulated results are in good agreement with SND’s ones for all sections
upstream the RO or BDV: all related minimum design temperature shown in table 2.1 are
respected.
Imperial College results produce lower wall temperatures than SND’s simulations in some
specific sections downstream the RO/BDV, as discussed in detail below.
The possible cause of these differences might lay in the use of a different initial backpressure
value at flare stack base with respect to SND’s one (1 bara versus 3 bara, respectively; final
backpressure value is 1 bara in both models). The use of a lower initial backpressure value
leads to higher flowrates and in a shorter depressurization time. As a result, there is an
increased drop in temperature downstream the valve.
The typical uncertainty in Imperial College predictions of minimum wall temperatures is ±3 C,
based on extensive experimental validation, much at full scale. Thus, provided the MDMT of
each unit is at least 3 C lower than its predicted minimum wall temperature, no low-temperature
problems are predicted to arise in metals during depressurization.
As a result, Imperial College conclusions are that no such problems are predicted to arise
upstream of the RO or BDV in any of the systems considered here. Downstream of the RO (or
BDV) wall temperature exceeds the minimum design temperature of -46°C in these sections:
Surface facilities at Rumuji Node:
• 2"-FH-170 (min T = -57 °C)
• FS-3602 [4" Section] (min T = -55 °C)
Surface facilities at Imo River Node:
• 18"-FH-013 (min T = -52 °C)
• 18"-FH-089 (min T = -54°C)
• 26"-FH-027 (only in a 40 m length at its upstream end) (min T = -46 °C)
All the above mentioned piping and the first 40m sections of flare header, 26” FH-211 is
Stainless Steel, with a design temperature of -65 °C, while the rest is LTCS.
Flare Tip of Rumuji Node and Imo River Node:
• 86 FS-3602 [4" Section] (min T = -55 °C)
• 86 FS-3601 [24" Section] (min T = -51 °C)
For reference see tables 7.1.4 , 7.3.3 and 7.4.4, respectively.
The minimum allowable wall temperature is always equal or below SND and IC temperature
minima reached during depressurization.
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3. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION PHILOSOPHY

At Rumuji, no automatic depressurization facility will be provided. Pig launcher and Above
Ground Piping will have the possibility to be depressurised manually.
At Rumuji Node, the depressurization facilities will be designed to have the possibility of
depressurizing Pig Launcher + Above Ground Piping from design pressure to 7 barg in 103
minutes.
Imo River AGI installations will have a possibility to be depressurized automatically, with
confirmation by operator. Pig Receiver and Above Ground Piping will also have possibility of
individual manual depressurization.
At Imo River Node, the depressurization facilities will be designed to have the possibility of
depressurizing Pig Receiver + Slug Catcher + Above Ground Piping from design pressure to 7
barg in 15 minutes.
Pipeline will be depressurized manually from Imo River. No automatic depressurization facility
will be provided for Pipeline. The pipeline depressurization relief load will be controlled so as not
to exceed the maximum relief load of 160000kg/h corresponding to the peak flow rate based on
flare radiation limit.
4. BASIC DATA
4.1. RUMUJI NODE DESCRIPTION

The depressurized facilities at Rumuji Node are the Pig Launcher 82 VP 3501, the gas
metering Skid, the pipeline section isolated by 82 ESDV 35704, a 24” piping section (section
going from the 82 ESDV 35701 to Metering Skid total Length + Metering Skid to Barred Tee)
and a 2” piping section (Tap of point for Fuel Gas System to 82 ESDV 70876), as per Ref.
[6]).The depressurization takes place through the vent valves (Ref. [6]). In Table 4.1.1 the
description of the depressurized facilities at Rumuji Node is reported, in terms of volumes,
sizes (diameters and length) and wall thicknesses.
Table 4.1.1 : Rumuji Node – Depressurized Facilities
Volume WT Internal Diameter Length
[m3] [mm] [m] [m]
Pig Launcher 3.0 24 0.578 1.5
28 0.676 7.6
24” Pipings 50.7 30.9 0.548 210
10” Pipings 1.1 13 0.247 24
2” Pipings 0.03 5.5 0.049 16
Pipeline 6.3 15.9 0.578 24
Total 61.1
Total (+10%) 67.2
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4.2. IMO RIVER NODE DESCRIPTION

The depressurized facilities at Imo River Node are the Pig receiver 86 VP 3502, the pipeline
section isolated by 86 ESDV 35001 (Ref. [7]), the Slug Catcher 86 VZ 1101 (Ref. [8]), a 2”
(Tap of point for Fuel Gas System to 86 ESDV 70276) and a 24” piping section (Barred Tee
to Slug Catcher + Metering Skid total Length + Metering Skid to 86 EDSV 11027 + Slug
Catcher to Heater + Heater to Metering) (Ref. [7,8]) The depressurization takes place
through the vent valves (Ref. [7,8]). In Table 4.2.1 the description of the depressurized
facilities at Imo River Node is reported, in terms of volumes, sizes (diameters and length)
and wall thicknesses.
Table 4.2.1 : Imo River Node – Depressurized Facilities.
Volume WT Internal Diameter Length

[m3] [mm] [m] [m]
Pig Receiver 4.4 24.0 0.578 7
28.0 0.676 7.6
24” Piping 47.4 30.9 0.548 201
20” Pipings 26.7 28.6 0.451 167
10” Pipings 1.4 13.0 0.247 30
2” Piping 0.1 5.5 0.019 76
Slug Catcher 156.6 98.0 3.45 15.6
Pipeline 6.6 15.9 0.578 23
Total 243.1
Total (+10%) 267.4
4.3. PIPELINE DESCRIPTION

In Table 4.3.1 the description of the depressurized pipeline is reported, in terms of sizes
(diameters and length) and wall thicknesses.
Table 4.3.1 : Pipeline Description.

Outside and Nominal
WT Length
Diameter
[in] [mm] [km]
Pipeline 24 11.1-15.9 50.8
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4.4. FLUID COMPOSITION

According to Ref. [1], the depressurization study has been performed considering OUR
composition, reported in Table 4.4.1. GTS4 fluid composition is added as a reference for the
hydraulic study shown in Appendix B.
Table 4.4.1 : OUR ans GTS 4 compositions.

OUR GTS 4
Composition
% mol % mol
C1 83.397 85.480
C2 6.723 6.910
C3 3.887 3.880
iC4 0.793 0.970
nC4 1.071 0.970
iC5 0.300 0.248
nC5 0.240 0.248
C6 0.191 0.297
C7 0.137 0.198
C8 0.044
C9 0.007
C10 0.002
N2 0.100 0.130
CO2 3.108 0.670
Thermodynamic parameters to be considered for C6+ components are given in Table

4.4.2.
Table 4.4.2 : NOPL pipeline gas compositions C6+ components.

Component Molecular Weight Standard Density
[kg/m3]
C6 84.16 721
C7 97.34 758
C8 110.77 772
C9 125.19 780
C10 138.54 790
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4.5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION
The area concerned by the project is located in Nigeria, in the Rivers region.
The ambient air temperature is shown in Table 4.5.1, as drawn from Ref. [1]
Table 4.5.1: Ambient air temperature.

Maximum Temperature 35°C
Mean Temperature 27°C
Minimum Temperature 18°C
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5. COMPUTER PROGRAMS
The code used for thermodynamic analysis is PVTsim ver. 18.0.
PVTsim is a simulation system for process engineers in petroleum, natural gas, chemical
and gas/oil production and distribution industries.
PVTsim includes the following modules: PVT simulations, Multi Flash, Unit Operations,
Regression analysis, Hydrate analysis, Wax analysis, Asphaltene, H2S, Minimum Miscibility
Pressure, Scale, DepoWax, and Clean for Mud.
PVTsim provides interface modules and in particular, a PVT table input suitable for the major
fluid dynamic simulation programmes (i.e. Hysys, Olga2000, PRO II, etc.).
Depending on the analysis requested, the program provides a detailed output giving, among
others:
• fluids thermodynamic properties
• phase envelope
• hydrate formation curve
The code used for thermo-hydraulic analysis is OLGA2000 ver. 6.2.1.
Olga is a dynamic one-dimensional model for three-phase hydrocarbon flow in pipelines and
pipelines networks, also capable to simulate process equipment as compressors, heat
exchangers, separators, check-valves, controllers and mass sources/sinks.
Olga model consists of separate continuity equations for the gas, liquid bulk and liquid
droplets that can be coupled through interfacial mass transfer.
Only two momentum equations are used: one for the continuous liquid phase and one for the
combination of gas and possible liquid droplets.
One mixture energy equation is applied; both phases are at the same temperature.
This yields 6 conservation equations.
Boundary conditions define the interface between the pipeline system and its surroundings.
Basically, either flow rate or pressure must be specified at each pipeline boundary.
Necessary fluid properties (gas/liquid mass fraction, density, viscosity, etc.) are assumed to
be function of temperature and pressure, and have to be supplied by the user as tables in a
special input file.
Two basic flow regime classes are applied; distributed and separated flow. The former
contains bubble and slug flow, the latter stratified and annular mist flow. Transition between
the regime classes is determined by the program based on a minimum slip concept
combined with additional criteria.
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As per Ref. [11] the results are verified by repeating the depressurisation calculations using
the Imperial College software “Blowdown”. Imperial College results are shown for
comparison at the end of each paragraph in Section 7.
6. METHODOLOGY
6.1. SIMULATED SCENARIOS DESCRIPTION

The depressurization scenario that has been simulated for Rumuji Node is:
- simultaneous depressurization of the surface facilities from 95 barg (DP) to 7 barg.
In Table 6.1.1. the Initial Conditions imposed at Rumuji Node:
Table 6.1.1. Rumuji Node – Starting Conditions for depressurization.
Starting Starting Liquid
Temperature Pressure Content Composition
[°C] [barg] [m3]
Pig Launcher 18 95 - OUR
24” Piping 18 95 - OUR
Pipeline 18 95 - OUR
Note: Refer to Section 4.1 for the description of the depressurized facilities (Pig Launcher, Piping and
Pipeline).
The depressurization scenarios that have been simulated for Imo River Node are:
- simultaneous depressurization of the surface facilities from 95 barg (DP) to 7 barg in 15
minutes as minimum, with fire.
- simultaneous depressurization of the surface facilities from 95 barg (DP) to 7 barg with
the previous RO calculated for depressurization without fire.
In Table 6.1.2. the Initial Conditions imposed at Imo River Node:
Table 6.1.2. Imo River Node – Starting Conditions for depressurization.
Starting Starting Liquid
Composition
Temperature Pressure Content
[°C] [barg] [m3]
Pig Receiver 18 95 - OUR
Slug Catcher 18 95 6.4 OUR
Pipeline 18 95 - OUR
Notes: 1) Refer to Section 4.2 for the description of the depressurized facilities (Pig Receiver, Piping
Pipeline and Slug Catcher).
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2) The initial liquid volume corresponds to the minimum operating level. It was verified
through simulations this it is the one leading to minimum temperatures inside facilities. It is
also to be noted that under normal operation the slug catcher operates between LLL and HLL,
with a liquid volume up to about 50 m3, so the initial liquid volume used for these simulations
produces more conservative results.
The initial condition for the pipeline depressurization is with a pressure of 95 barg and a
temperature of 25 °C (minimum temperature at pipeline burial depth).
6.2. SYSTEMS MODELING

Depressurization of Surface Facilities
The sections upstream of Relief Valve are modelled with real lengths and diameters of the
facilities object of depressurization, as described in Sections 4.1-4.3. The initial conditions
have been imposed as per Section 6.1. RO is simulated as a valve with diameter equal to
RO itself (selected to obtain the depressurization of the facilities as per Section 6.1).
The section downstream of RO is modelled as a line with relevant routing as per Overall
Plots Plan (Ref. [9] and [10]). Initial conditions for flare pipes are 0 barg and 18 °C. The line
is sized in order to respect the constraint of Mach and ρv2 of flare headers as per Ref [13].
At a fixed time, opening of valve simulating RO is set to 1 (open), so that all the facilities are
depressurized simultaneously and the pressure, temperature and flow rate evolution is
monitored both u/s and d/s the RO.
For Imo River, the RO size is defined as follows:
- RO is calculated based on the Depressurization with Fire
- Depressurization without Fire is run by using the selected diameter. It will be verified that
in 15 minutes, the pressure reached inside the facilities is lower than 7 barg.
Depressurization of Pipeline
BDV is simulated as a valve; a sequential opening suitable to keep the flow as high as
possible, close to the max. value of 160000kg/h. The max value of flow rate corresponds to
the peak flow rate based on flare radiation limit (continuous flaring).For each
depressurization step instead of the BDV percentage openings, the equivalent orifice
diameters able to provide the required peak flowrate have been only reported. They have to
be converted to the BDV percentage openings, once the valve characteristics (i.e. size, CV)
are defined.
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7. SIMULATIONS RESULTS
7.1. MANUAL DEPRESSURIZATION AT RUMUJI

In the following, the simulation results relevant to the manual depressurization of Rumuji
Node, in terms of flare system sizing and pressure, temperature and liquid formation both
inside the depressurized facilities and d/s the RO.
The peak flow rate and the flare size had been determined in the previous revision of the
document, in order to obtain the depressurization of surface facilities at Rumuji Node from 95
barg to 7 barg in 30 minutes. Since the volumes of the facilities have been updated (total
volume to be depressurised increased from 19.8 m3 to 67.4 m3) the total depressurization
time of the Node will be higher than 30 minutes. A time of 103 minutes has been obtained
from the simulation.
The flare header has been sized on the basis of the criteria reported in Ref. [13] for case of
gas (one phase) - Intermittent flow:
- V < 0.7 Mach
- ρV2 < 150 000 kg/m/s2
In Table 7.1.1 the simulation results relevant to the depressurization of Rumuji surface
facilities are shown, in terms of:
- Peak Flow Rate;
- Minimum Fluid and Metal Temperatures d/s RO;
- ρv2
- Mach Number
- Amount of Liquid that is formed d/s the RO and that has to be handled by Flare KOD. A +
20% margin was added up for KOD sizing.
Table 7.1.1 : Depressurization of Rumuji Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 103 min –
Flare Systems Results (SND simulations).
Minimum Amount
Amount of Minimum Fluid
Metal Peak Header Mach of
Depressurised Temperature ρv2
Temperature Flow Rate Size Number Liquid
Gas d/s RO
d/s RO d/s RO
[m3] [°C] [°C] [kg/h] [in] [kg/m/s2] [-] [m3]
67.4 -54.0 -51.0 11750 6 38600 0.47 0.07
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In Figure 7.1.1 the Mass Flow Rate Trend through the RO (14.2 mm) and the pressure
evolution inside the surface facilities are shown during the depressurization of Rumuji Node
from 95 barg to 7 barg in 103 min.
Figure 7.1.2 shows the Fluid and Metal Temperatures d/s RO.
Figure 7.1.3 shows the liquid volume flow rate d/s RO, that has to be handled by Flare KOD,
in terms of liquid flow rate and total accumulated liquid.
Figure 7.1.1 : Rumuji Node – Pressure and Flow Rate Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg in 103 min.
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Figure 7.1.2 : Rumuji Node – Minimum Temperatures d/s RO Trends – 95 barg to 7

barg in 103 min.
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Figure 7.1.3 : Rumuji Node – Liquid d/s RO – 95 barg to 7 barg in 120 min.
In Table 7.1.2 the minimum fluid temperatures and the minimum wall metal temperatures
calculated by the software inside the surface facilities are reported for Rumuji Node for the
simulated depressurization scenario.
Table 7.1.2 : Rumuji Node – Minimum Temperatures during Depressurization (SND simulations).
Minimum Fluid Temperatures Minimum Wall Temperatures calculated
inside Facility by Software inside Facility
[°C] [°C]
Pig Launcher 0.0 3.0
24” Piping 3.6 6.7
Pipeline -4.5 -1.0
2” Piping 14.0 14.5
In Figure 7.1.4 the fluid temperature trends inside the depressurized facilities are shown
during the depressurization of Rumuji Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 103 min.
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In Figure 7.1.5 the trend of total liquid content inside the facilities is reported for the same
scenario.
Figure 7.1.4 : Rumuji Node Depressurization – Temperature Trends – 95 barg to

7 barg in 103 min.
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Figure 7.1.5 : Rumuji Node Depressurization – Liquid Content inside Facilities – 95 barg to 7
barg in 103 min.
Imperial College results about manual depressurisation at Rumuji are shown in Table 7.1.3
(Flare system results) and 7.1.4 (Minimum Temperatures during depressurisation).
The RO valve size used for depressurisation simulations is 15.11 mm.
Table 7.1.3 : Depressurization of Rumuji Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 94 min –

Flare systems Results (Imperial College simulations).
Minimum
Metal Peak
Depressurised Temperature
Temperature Flow Rate
Gas d/s RO
d/s RO
[m3] [°C] [°C] [kg/h]
67.4 -57.0 -46.0 11750
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The maximum levels of condensate is 21 mm (0.022 m3) in Unit 11.
Table 7.1.4: Rumuji Node – Minimum Temperatures during Depressurization

(Imperial College simulations).
Minimum Wall Minimum Design Metal

Unit Tag Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
1 82-VP-3501 [28" Section] 3
2 82-VP-3501 [24" Section] 2
3 24" HG 82 35 021 -10
4 10" HG 82 35 007 F01 6 -20
5 2" HG 82 35 049 F01 13
6 24" HG 82 35 004 F01 5
2" HG 82 36 005 F23 / 2” FH -29/-65
7 2
82 36 006 F47
8 RO-35701
9 2" FH 82 36 170 B47 -57 -65
10 6" FH 82 36 060 B23 -42
11 82 VZ 2801 10
12 6" FH 82 36 078 B23 -36 -46
13 82 FS 3602 [6" Section] -35
14 82 FS 3602 [4" Section] -55 -65
Typical uncertainty in temperature is +/-3 °C.
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7.2. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION WITH FIRE AT IMO RIVER

In the following, the simulation results relevant to the emergency depressurization with fire of
Imo River Node, in terms of flare system sizing and pressure, temperature and liquid
formation both inside the depressurized facilities and d/s the RO.
An amount of heat has been considered absorbed by the slug catcher; it has been calculated
as per Ref. [14], on the basis of the assumption that considers no adequate drainage/fire
fighting system and that the vessel is bare (3300 kW).
The value of 3300 kW has been calculated by using the following Equation:
Where:
Aws : wetted area;
C2: constant (taken as 70900 where adequate drainage and firefighting system is not
available);
F: Environmental Factor (taken as 1).
The flare header has been sized on the basis of the criteria reported in Ref. [13] for case of
gas (one phase) - Intermittent flow:
- V < 0.7 Mach
- ρV2 < 150 000 kg/m/s2
In Table 7.2.1 the simulation results relevant to the depressurization of Imo River surface
- Peak Flow Rate;
- ρv2
- Mach Number
- Amount of Liquid that is formed d/s the RO and that has to be handled by Flare KOD.
In Table 7.2.1 the simulation results relevant to the depressurization of Imo River surface
- Peak Flow Rate;
- ρv2
- Mach Number
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- Amount of Liquid that is formed d/s the RO and that has to be handled by Flare KOD.
Notice this amount includes also a + 20% margin on the accumulated volume for KOD
sizing.
Table 7.2.1 : Emergency Depressurization with fire of Imo River Node – Flare systems Results
(SND simulations).
Minimum Amount
Metal Peak Flow Header Mach of
Depressurised Temperature d/s ρv2
Temperature Rate Size Number Liquid
Gas RO
d/s RO d/s RO
[m3] [°C] [°C] [kg/h] [in] [kg/m/s2] [-] [m3]
267.4 -49.3 -43.6 341810 26 37754 0.4 4.6
In Figure 7.2.1 the Mass Flow Rate Trend through the RO and the pressure evolution inside
the surface facilities are shown during the Emergency Depressurization with fire of surface
facilities at Imo River Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
Figure 7.2.3 shows the liquid volume d/s RO, that has to be handled by Flare KOD, in terms
of liquid flow rate and total accumulated liquid.
Figure 7.2.1 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node – Pressure and Flow
Rate Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
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Figure 7.2.2 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node – Minimum
Temperatures d/s RO Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
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Figure 7.2.3 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node – Liquid Volume Flow
Rate d/s RO – 95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
calculated by the software inside the surface facilities are reported for Imo River Node for the
Table 7.2.2 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node –
Minimum Temperatures during Depressurization (SND simulations).
Minimum Wall Temperatures
Minimum Fluid
calculated by Software inside
Temperatures inside Facility
Facility
[°C] [°C]
Pig Receiver -8.7 0.8
24” Piping -6.6 7.2
2” Piping 10.2 12.3
Slug Catcher -21.7 18
Pipeline -14.1 -2.3
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In Figure 7.2.4 the fluid temperatures trend inside the depressurized facilities are shown
during the emergency depressurization with fire of Imo River Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in
15 min.
scenario.
Figure 7.2.4 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node – Temperature Trends –
95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
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Figure 7.2.5 : Emergency Depressurization with fire Imo River Node – Liquid Content inside
Facilities – 95 barg to 7 barg in 15 min.
7.3. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION WITHOUT FIRE OF SURFACE FACILITIES AT

IMO RIVER
By using the value of the RO determined for the depressurization with fire, the
depressurization without fire has been performed, in order to verify that the depressurization
time to reach the 7 barg without fire is less than 15 min and in order to determine the
minimum temperatures reached in the facilities and d/s the RO.
In the following, the simulation results relevant to the emergency depressurization without
fire of Imo River Node, in terms of flare system sizing and pressure, temperature and liquid
formation both inside the depressurized facilities and d/s the RO.
Notice the amount of liquid d/s the RO includes also a + 20% margin on accumulated volume
for KOD sizing.
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Table 7.3.1 : Emergency Depressurization without fire of Imo River surface facilities from 95 barg to
7 barg – Flare systems Results (SND simulations).
Minimum Amount
Metal Peak Flow Header Mach of
Depressurised Temperature d/s ρv2
Temperature Rate Size Number Liquid
Gas RO
d/s RO d/s RO
[m3] [°C] [°C] [kg/h] [in] [kg/m/s2] [-] [m3]
267.4 -49.5 -44.5 341810 26 37754 0.4 3.9
In Figure 7.3.1 the Mass Flow Rate Trend through the valve and the pressure evolution
inside the surface facilities are shown during the Emergency Depressurization without fire of
surface facilities at Imo River Node from 95 barg to 7 barg. As shown from the chart, the
pressure reached in 15 minutes using the RO calculated for the Fire Case (76.5 mm) is
lower than 7 barg (6.5 barg).
Figure 7.3.3 shows the liquid volume d/s RO, that has to be handled by Flare KOD, in terms
of liquid flow rate and total accumulated liquid.
Figure 7.3.1 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node – Pressure and Flow
Rate Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg.
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Figure 7.3.2 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node – Minimum
Temperatures d/s RO Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg.
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Figure 7.3.3 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node – Liquid Volume
Flow Rate d/s RO – 95 barg to 7 barg.
calculated by the software inside the surface facilities are reported for Imo River Node for the
Table 7.3.1 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node –
Minimum Temperatures during Depressurization (SND simulations).
Minimum Wall Temperatures
Minimum Fluid
calculated by Software inside
Temperatures inside Facility
Facility
[°C] [°C]
Pig Receiver -9.0 0.6
24” Piping -6.8 7.0
2” Piping 10.0 12.3
Slug Catcher -31.0 7.3
Pipeline -14.4 -2.3
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In Figure 7.3.4 the fluid temperatures trend inside the depressurized facilities are shown
during the emergency depressurization without fire of Imo River Node from 95 barg to 7
barg.
scenario.
Figure 7.3.4 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node – Temperature
Trends – 95 barg to 7 barg.
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Figure 7.3.5 : Emergency Depressurization without fire Imo River Node – Liquid Content
inside Facilities – 95 barg to 7 barg.
Imperial College results about manual depressurisation at Imo River are shown in Table
7.3.2 (Flare system results) and 7.3.3 (Minimum Temperatures during depressurisation).
The RO valve size used for depressurisation simulations is 83.26 mm.
Table 7.3.2 : Depressurization of Imo River Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 14 min –
Flare systems Results. (Imperial College simulations)
Minimum
Amount of
Metal Peak
Depressurised
Temperature Flow Rate
Gas
d/s RO
[m3] [°C] [kg/h]
67.4 -54.0 341810
The maximum levels of condensate are 382 mm (10.7 m3) in Unit 16 and 0 mm in Unit 22.
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Table 7.3.3: Imo River Node – Minimum Temperatures during Depressurization

(Imperial College simulations)
Minimum Wall Minimum Design Metal
Unit Tag Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
1 86 VP 3502 [28" Section] 4
2 86 VP 3502 [24" Section] 3
3 24" HG 86 35 026 -16
4 10" HG 86 35 014 F01 4
5 24" HG 86 35 012 F01 5
24" HG 86 35 023 F01/ 24” -20
6 6
HG 86 35 033 F01
7 86 UN 3501 6
8 20" HG 86 35 001 F01 5
9 2" HG 86 35 151 F01 11 -29
20" HG 86 35 001 F01[2] 20”
10 4
HG 86 35 149 F01[2]
20" HG 86 35 001 F01[1]/ 20"
HG 86 35 002 F01/20" HG 86
11 5
35 157 F01/ 20" HG 86 35 158
F01
12 86 HZ 3501 A/B 5 -20
20" HG 86 35 003 F01/24" HG
86 35 036 F01[2]/ 20" HG 86
13 5
35 156 F01/ 20" HG 86 35 182
F01
24" HG 86 35 036 F01[1]/ 20"
14 3
HG 86 35 149 F01[1]
15 24" HG 86 35 036 F01 5
16 86 VZ 1101 -2 -40
12" HG 86 28 028 F21/ 12" -46
17 HG 86 28 080 F21/ 12" HG 86 -30
28 081 F21
18 RO-11026
19 18" FH 013 F47 -52 -65
20 18"-FH-089 B47 -54
26" FH 86 36 211 B47/26" VE -65 / -46
21 -46
86 36 027 B23
22 86 VZ-3601 12 -46
23 26" FH 86 36 053 B23 -11
24 86 FS-3601 [26" Section] -4 -65
25 86 FS-3601 [24" Section] -3 -46
Typical uncertainty in temperature is +/-3 °C.
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7.4 MANUAL DEPRESSURISATION OF NOPL PIPELINE AT IMO RIVER

In this Section the results relevant to the controlled pipeline depressurization through the Imo
River flare is reported.
As per Section 6.2 the pipeline depressurization has been considered to be performed
through a Manual BDV (16” plug type with a maximum opening diameter of 262 mm) with a
sequential opening suitable to keep the flow as high as possible, close to the max value of
160000 kg/h (corresponding to the peak flow rate allowed considering the flare radiation
limits).
Tables 7.4.1 and 7.4.2 give the main simulation results, in terms of depressurization time,
peak flow rate, minimum temperatures (u/s and d/s the BDV) and valve opening.
Table 7.4.1 : Pipeline Depressurization– Main Hydraulic Results

(SND simulations).
Orifice Orifice Mass Peak Flow Rate

Time Opening
Equivalent Area Equivalent Diameter GTS4 Fluid
2
[h] % [m ] [mm] [kg/h]
0-3 4.1 0.002219 53.1 160000
3-6 5.9 0.003164 63.5 160000
6-9 9.4 0.005093 80.5 160000
9-12 20.1 0.010859 117.6 160000
12 + 100 0.053913 262 109600
NOTE: For each depressurization step instead of the BDV percentage openings, the equivalent orifice
diameters able to provide the required peak flow rate have been only reported. They have to be
converted to the BDV percentage openings, once the valve characteristics (i.e. size, CV) are defined.
Table 7.4.2: Pipeline Depressurization–Minimum Temperatures

(SND simulations).
Minimum
Minimum Pipeline Minimum Wall Minimum Fluid
Pipeline Wall
Fluid Temperature Temperature inside Temperature d/s
Temperature d/s
inside Pipeline Pipeline BDV
BDV
[°C] [°C] [°C] [°C]
18.3 19.6 -32.8 -30.7
Figures 7.4.1 to 7.4.2 show time trends of pipeline pressure, fluid and wall temperature at
intact end, discharge flow rate and liquid hold up during pipeline depressurization. Notice
that each depressurization step is performed by keeping the maximum (i.e. initial) flow rate
as close as possible to 160000 kg/h. The last step shows a peak flow rate lower than this
value because there is not enough pressure left upstream the manual BDV to produce an
higher flow rate (according to table 7.4.1 above the valve is fully opened on the last step).
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As shown from Figure 7.4.2, the total pipeline liquid content left in the pipeline after the
depressurization operation is about 10 m3, a volume that can be easily handled by the slug
catcher at system start-up.
Figure 7.4.3 shows the fluid and wall temperature trends calculated d/s the BDV.
Figure 7.4.4 shows the liquid volume d/s BDV that has to be handled by Flare KOD, in terms
of liquid flow rate and total accumulated liquid. As shown from this Figure the total liquid
formed d/s the BDV which has to be accommodated in the Flare KOD is calculated by
software as 18.3 m3; since a margin of 20% is added, then a volume of 22 m3 has been
considered for KOD sizing. Refer to the Noise Report (Ref. [3]) for the Noise related issues.
Figure 7.4.1: Pipeline pressure and discharge flow rate time trends during depressurization
through the Manual BDV
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Figure 7.4.2: Pipeline fluid and wall temperature time trends and liquid hold up during
depressurization through the Manual BDV.
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Figure 7.4.3 : Fluid and vent wall temperature time trends d/s BDV.
Figure 7.4.4 : Liquid Volume d/s BDV.
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8. HYDRATE ANALYSIS
An hydrate analysis has been performed on the basis of the maximum water content that is
allowed in gas composition (approx. 115 mg H2O per Sm3 of gas): WDP of 5°C @ 95 barg.
In Figure 8.1. the hydrate formation curve, the water dew point curve and the hydrocarbon
phase envelope relevant to the considered composition:
Figure 8.1 : Phase Envelope Curve –OUR gas Composition – WDP 5°C @ 95 barg.
110
OUR Gas Compsition- HDP Curve
OUR Gas Composition - WDP Curve
100
OUR Gas Composition - Hydrate Formation Curve
96
90
80
70
Pressure [bara]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 5 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature [°C]
The analysis has been performed by comparing the operating conditions

(pressure/temperature) that occur inside pig traps, pipeline, slug catcher, u/s, d/s and in
proximity of BDV/RO during the depressurization operations. The analysis has been
performed for the two cold emergency depressurizations (at Rumuji and Imo River Nodes)
and for the controlled pipeline depressurization.
In Figures 8.2-8.5 the described analysis is reported.
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Figure 8.2: Hydrate Analysis relevant to the Emergency Cold Depressurisation of Rumuji Node.
120
110 Evolution of operating conditions in proximity of RO
Evolution of operating conditions inside Pig Receiver
100 Evolution of operating conditions inside Pipeline
Evolution of operating conditions d/s RO
90 Evolution of operating conditions u/s RO
80
70
Pressure [bara]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Temperature [°C]
Figure 8.3: Hydrate Analysis relevant to the Emergency Cold Depressurisation of Imo River Node.
110
Evolution of operating conditions in proximity of RO
100
Evolution of operating conditions d/s RO
Evolution of operating conditions u/s RO
90 Evolution of operating conditions inside Slug Catcher
Evolution of operating conditions inside Pipeline
Evolution of operating conditions inside Pig Receiver
80
70
Pressure [bara]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Temperature [°C]
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Figure 8.4: Hydrate Analysis relevant to the Controlled Depressurisation of the Pipeline at Imo River.
120
110 OUR Gas Composition - Hydrate Formation Curve

Evolution of the operating conditions in proximity of the BDV
Evolution of the operating conditions inside the Pipeline
100
Evolution of the operating conditions d/s the BDV
Evolution of the operating conditions u/s the BDV
90
80
70
Pressure [bara]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature [°C]
As shown from the Figures, the operating conditions that occur during the depressurization
operations (temperatures and pressures) fall into the hydrate formation region, inside the
depressurized facilities, u/s, d/s and in proximity of RO/BDV.
The possible formation of hydrate crystals inside of the depressurized facilities is not a big
issue, since they will dissolve as the plant starts up to the regime conditions.
Furthermore, it is expected that the possible formation of hydrate crystals inside the RO/BDV
and d/s RO/BDV won’t cause any clogging problem, due to the high velocity of the fluid (from
100-300 m/s).
The problem can be encountered in the section immediately u/s the RO, for the case of
depressurisation of the surface facilities at the two Nodes, where the gas velocity is lower
(about 3-4 m/s) and the operating conditions fall into the hydrate formation region. However,
the flow pattern in the valve upstream section is characterized by a convergent effective flow
cross section, in which the gas is conveyed toward the RO entry section, where the cross
section is reduced and the gas accelerates and reaches the velocity of sound (chocked flow
conditions) and hydrate crystals possibly formed will be again swept away by the high flow
kinetic energy, analogously to what happens in the valve downstream section.
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In Figure 8.5 (Ref. [14]) a graphic visualization of a similar flow pattern behaviour across the
a sharp edge orifice.
Figure 8.5: Gas flow pattern behaviour across the a sharp edge orifice (Ref. [13]).
The alternative solution (for situations not involving an emergency depressurization) is to

prevent hydrate formation u/s the depressurization devices by means of localized injection of
hydrate inhibitor (MeOH) during the depressurization operations. Portable MeOH injection
units shall be used.
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9. PSV SCENARIOS AND GOVERNING CASES

The following cases were considered for sizing the PSVs for the NOPL project.
- Fire Gas Expansion,
- Fire Wetted Area,
- Thermal Expansion.
- Check Valve Leakage.
- Thermal Relief
The results of individual relieving scenarios and the selected sizing scenario for all PSVs are
summarized in table 9.2. The description of the most important scenarios can be found here below.
Table 9.1: List of PSVs
Item Location Protected Equipment PID Sizing

case
82 PSV 000040
82 VP 3501 Rumuji Pig Launcher FG
35705
86 PSV 000059
86 VP 3502 Imo River Pig Receiver FG
35005
86 PSV 86 VZ 1101 Imo River Slug Catcher 000060 FG
11032
86 PSV 86 HE 2001 A/B Condensate Heaters 000093 FW
20527 A/B
86 PSV 86 HG 86 35 033 F01 Gas Metering 000063 CVL
35601 A/B
86 PSV 86 VA 0701 3 Instrument Air Receiver 000095 FW
07301
86 PSV 86 HZ 3501 1A/B Imo River Gas Heaters 000091 FG
35452 A/B
86 PSV 86 HZ 3501 1A/B Imo River Gas Heaters TR
35484 A/B 000091
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Table 9.2: List of PSVs supplied loose by vendors
Item Location Protected Equipment PID Sizing

case
82 PSV 000043
82 HE 7002 Rumuji Instrument Gas line 1/4 CVF
70894 A/B
82 PSV Rumuji Fuel Gas Package 000043

82 VF 7002 1A/B 1/4 FG
70881 A/B Prefilters
82 PSV 000043
82 HE 7002 1A/B Rumuji Fuel Gas Package Heaters 2/4 BO
70882 A/B
82 PSV 000043
82 HE 7002 1A/B Rumuji Fuel Gas Package KO Drum 3/4 CVF
70887 A/B
82 PSV Rumuji Fuel Gas Package 000043

82 VF 7002 1A/B 4/4 FG
70890 A/B filters
86 PSV Imo River Fuel Gas 000066

86 VF 7001 1A/B 1/4 FG
70281 A/B Package Prefilters
86 PSV 000066
86 HE 7001 1A/B Imo river Fuel Gas Package Heaters 2/4 BO
70282 A/B

86 HE 7001 1A/B 3/4 CVF
70287 A/B Package KO Drum
70290 A/B 86 VF 7001 1A/B 4/4 FG
Package filters
86 PSV 000062
86 PR 2301 A/B Imo River Flare KOD Pumps 1/2 BO
23082 A/B
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Table 9.3a: PSV Individual Relieving Scenarios.

A summary of the PSVs relieving load to flare systems is shown below.
SET LIQUID THERMAL
FIRE GAS EXPANSION FIRE WETTED AREA VALVE LEAKAGE OVER PRESSURE VIA THERMAL RELIEF
PRES. EXPANSION
NITROGEN BOTTLE
FLARE
ITEM
SYSTEM
T T T
bar g kg/m3 kg/h MW kg/h MW kg/h MW T kg/h MW T kg/h MW T(°C) P&ID
m3/h (°C) (°C) (°C)
(°C) (°C)
RUMUJI
82 PSV
FLARE 95 6,065 20.3 127 000040
35705
SYSTEM 7057 28 35
86 PSV
95 9,320 20.3 124 000059
35005
7057 28 35
86 PSV
95 54,609 20.32 124 13,959 28.2 103 000060
11032
IMO 86
RIVER PSV**
86 0.49 557 21 2162 24.3 72 000093
FLARE 20527
SYSTEM A/B
86 PSV
35601 95 000063
49291 20.32 46
A/B
86 PSV
35452 95 124547.5 20.03 46 000091
A/B
**Will be confirmed on receipt of condensate heater vendor information.
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Table 9.3b: PSV Individual Relieving Scenarios (PSV supplied loose by Vendor).
Blocked Outlet
SET
FIRE GAS EXPANSION CONTROL VALVE FAILURE
PRES.
FLARE
ITEM
SYSTEM
T T T
bar g kg/h MW kg/h MW m3/h Kg/m3 P&ID
(°C) (°C) (°C)
82 PSV
10 42 20.32 28 000043 1/4
70894A/B
82 PSV
95 392.5 20.3 202 000043 1/4
RUMUJI 70881A/B
FLARE
SYSTEM 82 PSV
95 392.5 20.3 202 000043 2/4
70882A/B
82 PSV
15 110 20.32 45 000043 3/4
70887A/B
82 PSV
13.2 179 20.3 206 000066 4/4
70890A/B
86 PSV
95 585.4 20.3 195 000066 1/4
70281A/B
86 PSV
95 585.4 20.3 202 000066 2/4
70282A/B
IMO RIVER
FLARE 86 PSV
15 1721 20.32 45 000066 3/4
SYSTEM 70287A/B
86 PSV
13.2 179.9 20.3 205 000066 4/4
70290A/B
86 PSV
95 4.98 712 50 000062 1/2
23082A/B
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Table 9.4: PSV Individual Relieving Scenarios.

A summary of the PSVs relieving load to safe location systems is shown below.
SET
ITEM FIRE WETTED AREA BLOCKED OUTLET
PRESSURE
VENTED TO
bar g kg/h MW T(°C) kg/h kg/m3 T(°C) P&ID
86 PSV
SAFE LOCATION 11 4090 20.3 181 11.6 000095
07301 171 45
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10. APPENDIX A: IMPERIAL COLLEGE RESULTS WITH GTS 4 FLUID
In the following results are shown for Imperial College depressurisation simulations using
GTS4 fluid instead of the OUR fluid taken into account in the rest of the report.
Blowdown simulations were performed with BLOWDOWN software on two NOPL systems in
order to determine minimum wall temperatures.
The two systems simulated here are:
• System 1: surface facilities at Rumuji Node;

• System 2: surface facilities at Imo River Node;
The composition of GTS-4 hydrocarbon is listed in Table A.1 below as follows (treating i-C4
as n-C4 & i-C5 as n-C5).
Table A.1: GTS-4 fluid composition

Component Molar
C1 0.8547
C2 0.0691
C3 0.0388
C4 0.0194
C5 0.0050
C6 0.0030
C7 0.0020
N2 0.0013
CO2 0.0067
There are no other changes with respect to OUR simulations: in particular, the RO sizes for
Systems 1 & 2.
The minimum (metal) wall temperature of each unit in Systems 1& 2 is predicted to be as
follows; the MDMT is also given for comparison purposes. Note that:
• the inlet and outlet nozzles of items of equipment would be expected to attain very
similar temperatures to their inlet and outlet lines, respectively;
• the minimum wall temperatures in Systems 1, & 2 for GTS-4 hydrocarbon are
predicted to be very similar to those for OUR hydrocarbon (see section ).
Tables A.2 through A.4 show simulated minimum wall temperatures for each unit of Systems
1, 2, 3 respectively, compared with the minimum design metal temperatures of every unit.
NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113_00

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Table A.2: IC simulated minimum wall temperature versus MDMT for System 1
Minimum Wall MDMT

Unit System 1 [°C]
Temperature [°C]
1 82-VP-3501 [28" Section] 3
2 82-VP-3501 [24" Section] 3
3 24" HG 82 35 021 -10
-20
4 10" HG 82 35 007 F01 6
5 2" HG 82 35 049 F01 13
6 24" HG 82 35 004 F01 5
2" HG 82 36 005 F23 / 2” FH 82 36 -29/-65
7 2
006 F47
8 RO-35701
9 2" FH 82 36 170 B47 -56 -65
10 6" FH 82 36 060 B23 -40
11 82 VZ 2801 10
12 6" FH 82 36 078 B23 -35 -46
13 82 FS 3602 [6" Section] -33
14 82 FS 3602 [4" Section] -54 -65
NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113_00

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Table A.3: IC simulated minimum wall temperature versus MDMT for System 2
Minimum Design Metal

Minimum Wall
Unit System 2 Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C]
1 86 VP 3502 [28" Section] 4
2 86 VP 3502 [24" Section] 3
3 24" HG 86 35 026 -15
4 10" HG 86 35 014 F01 5
5 24" HG 86 35 012 F01 6 -20
24" HG 86 35 023 F01/ 24” HG 86 35
6 6
033 F01
7 86 UN 3501 6
8 20" HG 86 35 001 F01 5
9 2" HG 86 35 151 F01 11 -29
20" HG 86 35 001 F01[2] 20” HG 86
10 4
35 149 F01[2]
20" HG 86 35 001 F01[1]/ 20" HG 86
11 35 002 F01/20" HG 86 35 157 F01/ 5
20" HG 86 35 158 F01
12 86 HZ 3501 A/B 6
20" HG 86 35 003 F01/24" HG 86 35 -20
13 036 F01[2]/ 20" HG 86 35 156 F01/ 5
20" HG 86 35 182 F01
24" HG 86 35 036 F01[1]/ 20" HG 86
14 3
35 149 F01[1]
15 24" HG 86 35 036 F01 6
16 86 VZ 1101 -2 -40
12" HG 86 28 028 F21/ 12" HG 86 28 -46
17 -31
080 F21/ 12" HG 86 28 081 F21
18 86 RO-11026
19 18" FH 013 F47 -51 -65
20 18"-FH-089 B47 -53
26" FH 86 36 211 B47/26" FH 86 36 -65 / -46
21 -45
027 B23
22 86 VZ-3601 12 -45
23 26" FH 86 36 053 B23 -10
24 86 FS-3601 [26" Section] -3 -65
25 86 FS-3601 [24" Section] -2 -46
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The peak rate of blowdown for each system, which always arises right at the start of
blowdown, is predicted to be as follows:
• System 1: 11,880 kg/hr through 82-RO-35701: when the rate is at this peak value:
• the pressure upstream of the RO is 96.0 bara and the temperature is 18 C,
• the pressure downstream of the RO is 8.8 bara and the temperature is -36 C;
• System 2: 353,160 kg/hr through 86-RO-11026: when the rate is at this peak value:
• the pressure upstream of the RO is 96.0 bara and the temperature is 18 C,
• the pressure downstream of the RO is 4.2 bara and the temperature is -43 C;
The peak rate of venting from each system, which always occurs shortly after the start of
blowdown (not at the start because of packing of the flare systems), is predicted to be as
follows:
• System 1: 11,520 kg/hr out of 82-FS-3602;

• System 2: 335,450 kg/hr out of 86-FS-3601;
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11. APPENDIX B: SND RESULTS WITH GTS 4 FLUID
In this Section the results relevant to the controlled pipeline depressurization through the Imo River
flare is reported. Pipeline is assumed to be filled with GTS 4 fluid.
As per Section 6.2 the pipeline depressurization has been considered to be performed through a
Manual BDV (plug type) with a sequential opening suitable to keep the flow as high as possible,
close to the max value of 160000 kg/h (corresponding to the peak flow rate allowed considering the
flare radiation limits).
Valve openings are intentionally the same as per OUR fluid (see Tables 7.4.1) as the scope of this
hydraulic analysis is to provide a comparison between OUR and GTS4 fluids.
Table B.1 reports total mass peak flow rate across the BDV with respect to progressive valve
opening, while Table B.2 gives the main simulation results in terms of minimum fluid and metal
temperatures (u/s and d/s the BDV).
Table B.1 : Pipeline Depressurization with GTS4 fluid–

Flow Rate across BDV versus valve opening (SND simulations).
Time Orifice Orifice
Mass Peak Flow Rate
Opening Equivalent Equivalent
GTS4 Fluid
Area Diameter
[h] % [m2] [mm] [kg/h]
0-3 4.1 0.002216 53.1 155500
3-6 5.9 0.003164 63.5 158900
6-9 9.4 0.005093 80.5 155000
9-12 20.1 0.010859 117.6 155200
12 + 100 0.053913 262 91400
NOTE: For each depressurization step instead of the BDV percentage openings, the equivalent orifice areas
able to provide the required peak flow rate have been only reported. They have to be converted to the BDV
percentage openings, once the valve characteristics (i.e. size, CV) are defined.
Table B.2: Pipeline Depressurization with GTS4 fluid–

Minimum Fluid and Metal Temperatures (SND simulations).
Minimum
Minimum Pipeline Minimum Wall Minimum Fluid
Pipeline Wall
Fluid Temperature Temperature inside Temperature d/s
Temperature d/s
inside Pipeline Pipeline BDV
BDV
[°C] [°C] [°C] [°C]
19.5 19.6 -31.9 -29.9
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Page. 54 of 57
Figures B.1 and B.2 show time trends of pipeline pressure, fluid and wall temperature at intact end,
discharge flow rate and liquid hold up during pipeline depressurization.
Notice that each depressurization step is performed by keeping the same orifice openings of OUR
fluids, so maximum (i.e. initial) flow rate may not reach the maximum possible value of 160000
kg/h. Notice also that the last step shows a peak flow rate lower than this value because there is
not enough pressure left upstream the manual BDV to produce an higher flow rate (according to
table B.1 above the valve is fully opened on the last step).
As shown in Figure B.2, the total pipeline liquid content left in the pipeline after the
depressurization operation is about 13 m3, a volume that can be easily handled by the slug catcher
at system start-up.
Figure B.3 shows the fluid and wall temperature trends calculated d/s the BDV.
Figure B.4 shows the liquid volume d/s BDV that has to be handled by Flare KOD, in terms of
liquid flow rate and total accumulated liquid. As shown from this Figure the total liquid formed d/s
the BDV which has to be accommodated in the Flare KOD is calculated by software as 1.4 m3;
since a margin of 20% is added, then a volume of about 1.7 m3 has been considered, which is far
less than the liquid accumulated with the OUR fluid (notice GTS fluid is drier than OUR fluid).
Refer to the Noise Report (Ref. [3]) for the Noise related issues.
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Figure B.1: Pipeline pressure and discharge flow rate time trends during depressurization
through the Manual BDV
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Figure B.2: Pipeline fluid and wall temperature time trends and liquid hold up during depressurization
through the Manual BDV.
Figure B.3 : Fluid and vent wall temperature time trends d/s BDV.
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Figure B.4 : Liquid Volume d/s BDV.
NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113_00
Contracting Nigeria Ltd.
CLIENT COMMENTS ANSWER SHEET
Date : 18/11/2013
Discipline : Process
Deliverable Name : Relief and Depressurization Report
Company Doc. No. : NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113
Rev. : D2
Item Company Comments Description Contractor Action / Remarks Company Further

No. Remarks (if any)
1 Correct flre to flare. Ok corrected
2
Answer Sheet Prepared By:
Michele Carpita
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Northern Option Gas Pipeline Project Document Number:

Relief and Depressurization Report NG22-480-PRO-SND-000113

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Contracting Nigeria Ltd.

Relief and Depressurization Report

Rev. Status Rev. Date Revision Memo Issued by Checked by Approved by

00 IFC 18-Nov-13 Issued for Construction M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri D. De Luca

D2 IFA 25-Sept-13 Re- Issued for Approval M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri D. De Luca

D0 IFA 19-Nov-12 Issued for Approval M. Carpita I. Onwubuariri I.Della Ragione

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Rev. index Revision Description

DB Issued For Review (IFR)

D0 Issued For Approval (IFA)

D1 Issued For Approval (IFA)

D2 Issued For Approval (IFA)

00 Issued For Construction (IFC)

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

1.2. PROJECT OVERVIEW

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Ref Doc N° Title

Ref Doc N° Title

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

2. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Table 2.2 : Rumuji/Imo River Nodes – Flare Headers Sizes (SND).

Maximum Liquid Volume KOD Accommodation Volume

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

3. EMERGENCY DEPRESSURIZATION PHILOSOPHY

4.1. RUMUJI NODE DESCRIPTION

Total (+10%) 67.2

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

4.2. IMO RIVER NODE DESCRIPTION

Volume WT Internal Diameter Length

4.3. PIPELINE DESCRIPTION

Table 4.3.1 : Pipeline Description.

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

4.4. FLUID COMPOSITION

Table 4.4.1 : OUR ans GTS 4 compositions.

Thermodynamic parameters to be considered for C6+ components are given in Table

Table 4.4.2 : NOPL pipeline gas compositions C6+ components.

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

4.5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

Table 4.5.1: Ambient air temperature.

Mean Temperature 27°C

Minimum Temperature 18°C

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

6.1. SIMULATED SCENARIOS DESCRIPTION

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

6.2. SYSTEMS MODELING

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

7.1. MANUAL DEPRESSURIZATION AT RUMUJI

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Figure 7.1.2 : Rumuji Node – Minimum Temperatures d/s RO Trends – 95 barg to 7

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Figure 7.1.4 : Rumuji Node Depressurization – Temperature Trends – 95 barg to

Document Type: REP System/Subsystem: Discipline: PRO Revision Date: 18-Nov-13

Table 7.1.3 : Depressurization of Rumuji Node from 95 barg to 7 barg in 94 min –