Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the literature and related

studies concerning the research study. All the literature

and studies present in this paper will serve as the basis

for the development of the study. These contribute to the

understanding of concepts necessary to establish solutions

to the underlying research problem.

Related Studies

Impact of Social Media on Students’ Behavior in Class

The study shows that social media has a negative impact

on how students behave in class. The internet has created

a platform for millions of computers at numerous sites in

various countries, belonging to thousands of businesses,

governments, research institutions, educational

institutions, and other organizations to link up with one

another. It provides a very rich medium for information

dissemination, exchange, and collaborative interaction

among individuals and computers without regard for

geographical limitation of space (Ugwulebo and Okoro,

2016). Social networking has become a common international

trend that has spread across almost every corner of the

world. The Use of Social media sites has exploded and

evolved into an online platform where people create

content, share it, bookmark it, and network at a

prodigious rate. Because of its ease of use, speed, and

reach, social media is fast changing the public discourse

in society and setting trends and agendas in topics that

range from the environment and politics to technology and

the entertainment industry (Asur and Huberman, 2014). In

the last ten years, the online world has changed

dramatically, thanks to the invention of social media,

young men and women now exchange ideas, feelings, personal

information, pictures, and videos at a truly astonishing

rate. Seventy-three percent of wired American teens now

use social media websites (Oberst, 2014). The increased

use of Social Networking Websites has become a social norm

and way of life for people from all over the world (Boyd,

2017). Teenagers and young adults have especially embraced

these sites as a way to connect with their peers around

the globe, share information, reinvent their

personalities, and showcase their social lives (Boyd,

2017). With these developments in technology social

networking sites have become more and more popular among

students and a major concern has arisen over how the use

of social media sites among undergraduate students affects

their scholastic progress.

 How Social Media Affects Students Time in Studying

According to Junco et. al (2020), social media are a

collection of internet websites, services, and practices

that support collaboration, community building,

participation, and sharing”. The growing dimension of the

use of social media among the youth of today cannot be over-

emphasized. Over the years, social networking among second-

cycle students has become more and more popular. It is a way

to make connections not only on campus but with friends

outside of school. Social networking is a way that helps

many people feel as though they belong to a community. Due

to the increased popularity of it, economists and professors

are questioning whether the grades of students are not being

affected by how much time is spent on these sites (Choney,

2020). According to Lenhart et al., (2020), about 57% of

social network users are 18-29 years old and have a personal

profile on multiple social media websites. In a study by

Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert (2019), the amount of time

spent daily on social network sites varied greatly. However,

an analysis of the data indicated most participants spent

approximately thirty minutes a day socializing, mostly

during the evening hours between 9 p.m. to 12 a.m. students

spent an average of forty-seven minutes a day on Facebook.

More than 50% of college students go on social networking

sites several times a day (Sheldon, 2018). Quan-Haase and

Young (2020), found that 82% of college students reported

logging into Facebook several times a day. Younger students

tend to use Facebook more frequently than older students to

keep in touch with friends from high school or from their

hometown (Pempek et al., 2019) Many researchers such as

Choney (2020), San Miguel (2019) and Enriquez (2020) studies

on students’ use of the social media sites revealed a

negative effect of the use of social media sites on

students’ scholastic progress. Nielsen Media Research study

conducted in June 2020 stated that almost 25% of students’

time on the internet is spent on social networking sites

(Jacobsen & Forste 2017). The American Educational Research

Association conducted research and declared at its annual

conference in San Diego California (2019), that social media

users study less and generate lower grades (Abaleta et al,

2014). San Miguel (2019), focused on the relationship

between time spent on Facebook and the scholastic progress

of students. The overall findings indicated “more time on

Facebook equals slightly lower grades”. In his study, the

average facebook user had a GPA of 3.0 to 3.5, while the non

facebook user had a GPA of 3.5 - 4.0. Also, the average

facebook user studies for 1 – 5 hours per week, while the

non-facebook user studies 11 – 15 hours per week Enriquez

(2020), revealed that students who multi-task between social

networking sites and homework are likely to have 20% lower

grades than a student who does not have a social networking

site. He believes that even running a social networking site

on the background of a student’s PC while studying or doing

homework could lower a student’s grade. He believes that

“the problem is that most people have Facebook or other

social networking sites, their e-mails and maybe instant

messaging constantly running in the background while they

are carrying out their tasks” Choney (2020), in looking at

the time spent on facebook and its effect on scholastic

progress said a user of Facebook has an average “GPA of

3.06, while non users have an average GPA of 3.82”.

Furthermore, a study conducted by Karpinski and Duberstein

(2019), of Ohio Dominican University on college students who

use social networks have lower grade point averages (GPAs)

than those who do not. They also mentioned that among

various unique distractions of every single generation,

Facebook remains a major distraction of the current

generation. According to Khan (2019), facebook users often

time experience poor performance academically. Similarly,

Englander et al., (2020), posit that social media is

negatively associated with the scholastic progress of

students and is a lot more momentous than its advantages.

Internet addiction consequently gave rise to internet usage

within the last couple of decades. Nalwa and Anand (2018),

recommended that addicted users prefer using the internet

setting back their personal and responsibilities which

ultimately leads to poor scholastic progress. According to

Kubey et al., (2020), impairment of educational performance

and internet dependency are correlated by utilizing

synchronous communication programme including internet sites

and forums. Jocabsen and Forste (2017), found a negative

relationship between the use of various media, including

mobile phones, and self-reported GPA among first-year

university students in the United States. In Taiwan, Yen at

el. (2019), identified an association between mobile phone

use and respondents and reported that respondents have

allowed phone use to interfere with their academic

activities. Similarly, Hong et al. (2014), reported that

daily use of mobile phones is correlated with self-reported

measure of academic difficulty among a sample of Taiwanese

university students. In a survey of Spanish high school

students Sanchez-Martinez and Otero (2019), found a

correlation between “intensive” mobile phone use and school

failure.
 Effects of Social Media on the Scholastic Progress of

Students

The Internet is an interconnected computer networks

that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve

billions of users worldwide. It consists of millions of

private, public, academic, business, and government networks

that range from local to global scope and are linked by a

broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking

technologies. The advancement of media technology has had a

great influence on the way people now communicate daily. The

use of social media among the youth of today is growing by

the day and gaining more and more popularity among students.

It is a way to make connections, not only on campus but with

friends outside of school. Social networking is a way that

helps people feel they belong to a community. Its increased

popularity has raised concern over how the time spent and

student activities on these sites could impact their

performance in school. Several studies have been carried out

by different researchers to assess how the use of social

media Impacts student scholastic progress. Choney, (2020),

MehMood & Taswir, (2015), Kist (2018), Jacobsen & Forste,

(2017), believe that the use of technology such as the

internet is one of the most important factors that can

influence IJSER International Journal of Scientific &

Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 3, March-2018 1457 ISSN

2229-5518 IJSER © 2018 http://www.ijser.org educational

performance of students positively or negatively. It stated

that many parents and guardians are worried that students

now spend too much time on facebook and other social media

sites and do not have enough time to study Owusu-Acheaw, &

Larson (2015) did a study to assess students’ use of social

media and its effect on scholastic progress of tertiary

institutions students in Ghana with a focus on Koforidua

Polytechnic students. The questionnaire was used for

collecting data. The study revealed that the majority of the

respondents had mobile phones which also had Internet

facilities on them and had knowledge of the existence of

many media sites. The study further confirmed that most of

the respondents visit their social media sites using their

phones and spend between thirty minutes to three hours per

day. In addition, the study revealed that the use of social

media sites had affected the scholastic progress of the

respondents negatively and that there was a direct

relationship between the use of social media sites and

scholastic progress. Hasnain, et al (2015) carried out

research to study the relationship between the use of social

media and students’ scholastic progress in Pakistan. The

results suggest, social media has an inverse relationship

with scholastic progress. Social media platforms used

positively can help students and youth in gaining knowledge

that can be used to enhance their scholastic progress Emeka

& Nyeche (2016) also did a study on the Impact of Internet

Usage on the Scholastic progress of undergraduate students

using the University of Abuja, Nigeria as a case study. A

survey method using questionnaires as the instrument for

data collection was adopted. The result revealed that the

use of the Internet is a beneficial tool to students and

enhances their skills and capability which will assist them

in studies and professional life. Mensah & Nizam (2016)

carried out a study to examine the Impact of the use of

social media on students’ scholastic progress in Malaysian

Tertiary Institutions. In other to measure social media

platforms a questionnaires were developed based on past

literature. The variables considered were time

appropriateness, time duration, Nature of Usage, Health

Addiction, Friend-People connection, security/privacy

problems, and student scholastic progress. This research

adopted a descriptive research design. Data was collected

with questionnaires. The sample of 102 students from Erican

College was selected using a convenient sampling method. The

data collected was analyzed using description means and

regression via SPSS 21. Pearson’s correlation coefficients

of four independent are correlated with student’s scholastic

progress while two are not. However, using the regression

analysis four variables are significant which include: Time

appropriateness, people-friend connection, nature of Usage,

and health addiction while Time duration and

security/privacy problems are not significant. IJSER

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research

Volume 9, Issue 3, March-2018 1458 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER ©

2018 http://www.ijser.org Raut & Patil (2016) highlights how

social media influenced the education sector the study

revealed various positive and negative Impacts of social

media on education or students. It also highlighted measures

to minimize the negative Impact of social media on students’

scholastic progress such as; moderating their access to

social media sites and reducing the amount of time spent on

social network sites. Zahid, et al (2016) did a study to

determine the effect of the growing use of social media

sites on the scholastic progress of the students of

universities and colleges. On the basis of random sampling,

300 students were selected. Questionnaire was used as the

instrument for data collection. The questionnaire received

from respondents were analyzed with descriptive statistic.

Results indicate that the effect of social media can be

positive Tamayo & dela Cruz (2014) studied relationship

between the use of Social Media sites and the Scholastic

progress of the students of Bachelor of Science in

Information Technology at Centro Escolar University Malolos.

The study shows that using Social Media impedes student’s

learning and directly affects the students’ attendance at

school. The result of the analysis was plotted in a scatter

diagram to show a clear view of correlation or relationship

between the variables. Social Media and Scholastic progress

has effect to each other. It only means that when a student

gets too involve with the use of Social Media it effects his

performance in class activities and overall scholastic

progress. Khan (2014) explore the Impact of social

networking websites on students. A research questionnaire

was designed to determine the factors of social networking

websites that have Impact on students. Variables identified

are age, gender, education, social influence and scholastic

progress. The result of the study shows that Respondents

whose Age ranges between 15 to 25 mostly use social

networking website, an individual whose age is between15 to

25 generally uses social networking websites for

entertainment while Gender analysis shows that male mostly

uses social networking websites.

 Synthesis

From the above-mentioned related studies, it is

conclusive that Social media is increasingly becoming a

critical element of human society by changing our social

norms, values, and culture. Information sharing and the

distribution of content are becoming important social

desires. Social media has changed how people, including

university students—and mainly female students—communicate,

interact, and socialize over the course of their learning

processes at educational institutions. This new form of

media is playing a vital role in content sharing among

universities students and the rest of society. Students now

have the opportunity to participate in social discussion by

sharing images and pictures, posting their comments,

disseminating ideas, and so on. Today, social media

generally Impact’s youths’ daily lives and universities

students in particular. Digital media and social networking

are revolutionizing methods of everyday communication,

collaboration, information sharing, and information

consumption.