HUMAN HISTOLOGY – LABORATORY PRACTICALS REVIEWER 2018 Ovum (Ovarian Follicle- Oocyte)

VELEZ COLLEGE – BS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY • Nucleus: Vesiculated Acidophilic Nucleus (Germinal Vesicle)
Revised by BSMT 3C STUDENT: Oclarit, Aither Benedict C. • Nucleolus: Acidophilic Nucleolus
*General Func. of Nucleus: -controls constructive metabolism of cell (main component of Nucleus: DNA) • Cytoplasm: Reticulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm
-essential for reproduction & transmission of heredity • Neighboring Cells: Granulosa Cells (Blue)
*General Func. of Nucleolus: Synthesis of cytoplasmic rRNA • Function of Granulosa Cells: production of sex steroids and growth factors
EX. 1 – CELL STRUCTURE • Occurence:
Nerve Cells (Neurons) Basophilic Slide # 56 – Adult Ovary
•
•
Nucleus: Vesicular Basophilic Nucleus (fish-eye)
Nucleolus: Acidophilic Nucleolus
blueandpurple
• Cytoplasm: Basophilic Cytoplasm Acidophilic
•
•
Shape: Stellate Shape
Function: Conduct impulses to/from the sensory organs.
redandpink
• Occurence:
Slide # 11 - Spinal Cord (Gray Matter)

Granulosa Lutein Cell (Follicular Cells Surrounding the Ovarian Follicle)

Liver Cells (Hepatocytes)
• Nucleolus: Basophilic Nucleolus
• Nucleus: Granulated Basophilic Nucleus
• Nucleus: Acidophilic Vesicular Nucleus
• Nucleolus: Basophilic Nucleolus (has more than 1 nucleoli)
• Cytoplasm : Granulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm: Granulated Acidophilic Cytoplasm
• Arrangement: Scattered Individually
• Shape: Polyhedral due to pressure from neighboring cells.
• Function: To secrete Estrogen and Progesterone
• Arrangement: Irregular Radiating Columns and Plates
• Occurence:
• Function: To filter the blood.
Slide #57 – Ovary (Corpus Luteum)
• Structure: The plate structure of the liver and high permeability of the sinusoids allows each
hepatocyte to be in close contact with the blood. The hepatic plates are arranged into functional
units called liver lobules (Cord). In the middle of each lobule is a central vein.
• Occurence:
Slide #41 – Human Liver Cells Slide #42 – Pig Liver Cells
Ex. 2 – Epithelial Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium • Nucleus: Round Basophilic Nucleus
• Nucleus: One Elongated Nucleus (Centrally Located) • Cell Shape: Polygonal with Striated Borders
• Shape: Irregularly shape hexagons • Function of Epithelium: Secretion and Absorption
• Characteristic: Fine Serrated Borders stained black by AgNO3 • Neighboring Structures: Pale staining in between cells – Goblet cells
silvernitrate • Function of Goblet Cells: To secrete Mucin
• Function of Epithelium: Protection, Diffusion, Filtration
• Function of Bowman’s capsule: Ultrafiltration of the blood • Colloid – acidophilic(?) and homogenous; Function: stores thyroid hormones
• Specific Layer: Mesothelium • Top View: Small(than simple squamous) regular hexagons
• Top View: Irregular Hexagonal Outlines, central nucleus, serrated interlocking borders • Vertical View: Single row of square cells with a round central nucleus
• Perpendicular View: thin, flattened, spindle shaped nucleus, visible lamina propria • Occurrence: Connecting tubules of the kidney, Choroid plexus, Liver cells, Free surface of the
• Occurrence: Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule, Thin Segment of Henle's Loop, Rete Testis, Lung ovary, Thyroid gland follicles
alveoli, Mesentery Slide #69 - Thyroid Gland (Thyroid Follicle) Slide #70 – Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland
Slide #1 – Mesentery Slide #44 A – Kidney (Bowman’s capsule)
Simple Columnar Epithelium (Plain/Ciliated) Slide #43 – Gall Bladder (Plain)
• Nucleus: Ovoid Nucleus near Basal Lamina Plain Ileum
• Shape of Cell: Tall and Slender with striated borders large intestines
• Arrangement: Appear as a row of rectangular cells Gallbladder
• Neighboring Structures: Pale staining in between cells – Goblet cells ciliated oviduct
• Cilia: propels substances at the surface of its environment
• Cilia in Oviduct: to propel the ovum
• Top View: small, regular, hexagonal
• Vertical View: single row of rectangular cells with basal oval nucleus
• Function: Absorption
• Occurrence (Plain) - lines the digestive tract from the cardia of the stomach to the anus
• Occurrence (Ciliated) – Pulmonary Bronchi and Lining of the Uterus and Oviduct
• Others: stomach, small/large intestine, gall bladder
Slide #35 – Ileum (Plain)

Slide #58 - Oviduct (Ciliated)

Slide #37 – Large Intestine (Plain)

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Stereocilia/Ciliated/Plain) Slide #50 – Ductus Epididymis (Stereocilia)
• Nucleus – Found at different Levels
• Components: columnar, fusiform, basal pyramid
• Function of Epithelium: Protection, Secretion of Mucus and to move mucus by cilia
• Function of Cilia: propels substances at the surface of its environment
• Function of Stereocilia – for absorption (non-motile)
• Occurrence (Ciliated) - Lines the Trachea and primary Bronchi of the respiratory tract
• Occurrence (Stereocilia) – Vas deferens, Ductus epididymis and inner ear
• Occurrence (Plain) – Penile urethra of the male and excretory duct of the parotid gland, Distal end
of Spermatic cord
Slide #25 – Trachea (Ciliated)

Slide #52 – Distal end of the Spermatic Cord (Plain) [Distal end of Spermatic cord]
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Slide #29 – Esophagus – upper third
• Shape: Flattened cells at the superficial layer, Polyhedral in the middle and Columnar in the basal
layer.
• Characteristics: They have a superficial layer of flattened cells and there are nipple-like projections
called connective tissue papillae. (always put C.T. before papillae or else wrong!)
• Function: Protection (prevent damage)
• Occurrence: Vagina, Esophagus, Skin, Tongue
eative Slide #22 – Skin - thin

Fae
end
oral
Slide #30 – Esophagus – lower third
ar

Slide #22 – Skin (thin) - keratinized

sammonslayers Fpc
SII
cells connectivetissue
flattened p apillae
polyhedral

Slide #62 – Vagina – adult

Slide #27 – Tongue Slide #28 - Tongue – Circumvallate papilla

Transitional Epithelium (Other Name: Urothelium) Serous Glandular Epithelium (Albuminous Glandular Epithelium)
Shape: Dome-Shaped cells at the superficial layer, Polyhedral in the middle and Cuboidal in the basal • Structure: Darkly stained cells grouped together in clusters called acini (Latin for berries)
layer. surrounded by a small amount of ConnectiveTissue.
Function: To accommodate fluctuation of volume of the liquid in an organ or tube, such as the urinary • Appearance: Granulated and Acidophilic cytoplasm with small lumen.
bladder, and protect against the caustic effects of urine.
Occurrence: Ureter, Urinary bladder, Renal Pelvis, Excretory passages of kidney, Calyces
•
•
Function: Secrets a watery fluid used to lubricate surfaces (Secretion)
Occurrence: Parotid Gland, Pancreas, Lacrimal Gland
wateryfluid
Slide #45 – ?Ureter (In Manual)? -> Urinary Bladder
Slide #38 – Parotid Gland

Mucous Glandular Epithelium (Goblet Cells)

• Structure: Pale cells grouped together in clusters called acini (Latin for berries) surrounded by a
small amount of Connective Tissue.
• Appearance: Reticulated Basophilic cytoplasm
• Function: Secretes a sticky clear fluid (Mucin) used as a defense barrier for the body. (Also for
lubrication)
• Occurrence: submaxillary gland and sublingual gland(mixed); Specific: Esophageal gland, Pyloric
gland
Slide #39 – Submaxillary and Sublingual Glands

Slide #46 – ?Urinary Bladder? (?please double check other Slide 46?)

dome cells
s haped
polyhedral
Ex. 3 – Connective Tissue Proper Mucous Connective Tissue (Wharton’s Jelly)
Mesenchymal Connective Tissue ( Mesenchyme) • Preponderant Cells: Fibroblasts
• Preponderant Cells : Mesenchymal Cells (Fusiform/Spindle shaped) • Preponderant Fibers: Collagen Fibers
• Preponderant Fiber : Collagen fibers • Neighboring Structures: umbilical blood vessels and thin layer of cells called amnion.
• Neighboring Structures : blood vessels, blood islands, notochord and neural tube. • Function of Mucous Connective Tissue: Fibrogelatinous support
• Function of Mesenchymal Connective Tissue: serves as packing substance for the embryo, Give rise • Function of the amnion: protection of the embryo during development.
to other cell types • Function of Fibroblasts: synthesis of extracellular matrix and collagen.
• Function of Mesenchymal Cells: Undifferentiated rapidly dividing cells capable of developing into • Occurrence: dental pulp, umbilical cord
connective tissue, bone, cartilage, lymphatic system or circulatory system. Slide #64 – Umbilical Cord (Early)
• Function of Notochord :serves as the main axial support of the body, it develops into the vertebral
column
• Function of Neural Tube :Develops into the Central Nervous System
• Occurrence: Between germ layers, developing organs of embryo
Slide #2 – Pig Embryo

Slide #65 - Umbilical cord (Term)

Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue) Slide #30 – Esophagus – lower third
• Most widespread Connective Tissue
• Preponderant Cells: Fibroblasts
• Preponderant Fibers: Collagen Fibers
• Function of Areolar Connective Tissue: Mechanical support, Transport metabolites, Repair after
injury, Body defense, Packing tissue
• Occurrence: The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the
epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.( tongue, skin, epiglottis,
esophagus, vagina), mammary gland - all over the body
Slide #6 - Epiglottis

Slide #22 - Skin (thin)

Slide #62 – Vagina – adult

Slide #27 - Tongue

areolarCt or looseat
Lymphoid Connective Tissue (Adenoid Connective Tissue)
• Also called Reticular Connective Tissue because they form a network
• Appearance: dark-staining violet nucleus, scanty cytoplasm
• Preponderant Cells: Lymphocytes
• Preponderant Fibers: Type III Collagen Fibers
• Function of Germinal Center of Flemming – for the production of lymphocytes.
• Occurrence: Lymph Nodes, Palatine Tonsils, Bone Marrow, Liver
Slide #16 – Lymph Node Slide #17 – Palatine Tonsils
Adipose Connective Tissue
• Preponderant Cells: Adipocytes
• Preponderant Fibers: Type lll and lV Collagen Fibers
• Appearance: Has large empty vacuole, flattened peripheral nucleus.
• Function: Insulator,Shock absorber, Energy storage, Cosmetic purpose
• Occurrence: Panniculus adiposus, Axilla Mesentery(all over the body) ABSENT in: CNS, eyelids,
penis, lungs
• Cells appear empty: Fats are dissolved due to Ethanol during preparation of slide
Slide #15 – Skin

Slide #22 – Skin (thin)

Slide #27 – Tongue

LymphoidCTor AdenoidCT
Slide #28 – Tongue – Circumvallate papilla Dense Elastic Connective Tissue (Fibrous Connective Tissue)
• Preponderant Cells: Fibrobasts(dark stained)
• Preponderant Fibers: Elastic Fiber(pale stained)
• Appearance in Longitudinal: slender homogenous parallel bands.
• Appearance in Cross: small, rounded, polyhedral homogenous bodies.
• Function: Mechanical Support and Flexibility
• Occurrence: Large Arteries, True Vocal Cords, Ligamentum nuchae, Flava
Specific Specimen used: Ligamentum Nuchae
Slide #4 – D.E.C.T. – Longitudinal Sec.

Elastic Fibers
• Preponderant Cells: Fibrobasts
• Preponderant Fibers: Elastic Fiber
• Appearance of Elastic Fibers: wavy, homogenous, pale bands.
• Neighboring Structures: Acidophilic Smooth Muscle
• Physical Properties: (1)Yellowish(2)Highly refractile (3)Highly stretchable (4)When it breaks, end is Slide #3 – D.E.C.T. – X Sec. (Cross)
clean cut and has tendency to retract (5)Fine fibers may branch and anastomoses connect
(6)Sheets of lamellae in blood vessels
• Chemical Properties: (1)Composed of elastin (2)Fibrilin-protein responsible for elastin;
lattice/framework for elastin assembly (3) Resistant to boiling, acid, alkali (4) Digested by
elastase(pancreatic juice-small intestine) (5) poor stain in H&E, special stain: Elastic Stain/Resorcin
Fuchsin stain - dark violet/purple
• Function: Elasticity
• Occurrence: Arteries and Veins
Slide#21 – Artery and Vein
Ex. 4 – Cartilage and Bone Elastic Cartilage
Adult Hyaline Cartilage • Preponderant Cells – Chondrocytes with lacunae
• Preponderant Cell – Chondrocytes with lacunae • Preponderant fibers – Abundant Elastic Fibers which branch & anastomose
• Preponderant Fiber – Collagen Fiber • Arrangement – Fewer Cell families
• Shape of Cell - Spherical(center) to flattened(periphey), depending on lacunae • Matrix – Acidophilic Matrix
• Arrangement – single or pairs(Cell family) • Larger lacunae & cells
• Lacunae - spaces where chondrocytes are lodged • May undergo Fatty Degeneration
• Matrix – Avascular ; Basophilic due to glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate) • Neighboring Structures – Perichondrium, Adipose tissue
• Matrix appears homogeneous due to Collagen Fibers being masked enabling the fibers to have the • Occurrence: Pinna of Ear, Epiglottis, Eustachian Tube, External Auditory Meatus
same refractile index with the matrix. Slide #6 – Epiglottis (LPO) (HPO)
• Perichondrium – Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue surrounding the entire matrix
- Where the blood vessels are located
• Occurrence - Costal cartilage, Nose, Larynx, Wall of Trachea, Bronchi, Vertebral End Plate
Slide #24 – Larynx
(LPO) (HPO)

Slide #25 - Trachea

LPO HPO
Fibrocartilage Compact Bone – Osteon / Haversian system
• Preponderant Cell – Chondrocytes with lacunae • Preponderant Cell – Osteocytes with lacunae
• Preponderant Fiber – Collagen Fiber • Osteon / Haversian System - Structural & Functional unit
• Arrangement – Rare cell families, often aligned in rows between Collagen Fiber bundles • Unstained
• Matrix – scanty, acidophilic than hyaline due to abundant and visible dense network of collagen • Identify Specimen: Compact Bone
fiber bundles similar to herring bone • Identify Tissue: Bone “Tissue”
• Absent perichondrium because the tissue is a transition between other connective tissues • Structures Present
• Occurrence - Annulus Fibrosus, Symphysis Pubis, Mandibulo-Temporal Joint o Haversian Canal - Central axis of Osteon, Carry BV, nerves & lymphatics to bone, Large
Slide #5 – Intervertebral Disk (LPO) (HPO) Cavity at the center of the bone
o Haversian lamellae – Concentric bone lamellae covering Haversian Canal, Between
lacunae w/ osteocytes
o Circumferential lamellae – Outermost lamellae of the osteon; Bone lamellae following
the circumference of the bone
o Interstitial lamellae – Sets of bone lamellae occupying the spaces between osteons
o Cement Line – Thin refractile line that serves as boundary between osteons
o Bone Canaliculi – connects with adjacent bone canaliculi within osteon, but will not
connect to adjacent osteon
o Volkman’s Canal – Carries the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics, Connects osteon to
surface, marrow cavity or neighboring structures,
Slide #7 – Compact Bone (Osteon) (Volkmann’s Canal)

LPO HPO
Developing Long Bone Zone 0 - Resting Cartilage
• Zone of Resting Cartilage - Chondrocytes are not dividing ; Has no definite arrangement
• Zone of Proliferating Cartilage - The cells form columns parallel to long axis of bones
• Zone of Maturation & Hypertrophy - Enlargement or Hypertrophy of the cartilage cells/lacunae,
would look cuboidal
• Zone of Calcification - When bone deposition starts, the chondrocytes degenerate, lacunae opens
like a C-shaped
• Zone of Developing Trabeculae - Deposition of Calcium forming trabeculae ; Branch & anastomose
• Zone of Resorption - Osteoclasts are present. Zone 1 – Proliferation
• Osteocytes – maintain bone metabolism, found within the trabeculae.
• Osteoblast – responsible for bone formation.
• Osteoclast – responsible for bone resorption, found between trabeculae.
Slide #8 – Developing Long Bone

Zone 2 – Maturation & Hypertrophy

Zone 3 – Calcification

Zone 4 - Developing Trabeculae

Zone 5 – Resorption
Ex. 5 – Muscular Tissue Slide #35 – Ileum
Smooth Muscle Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)
- Structural & Functional unit: Muscle Fiber
- Shape of Cell: Spindle-Shaped
- Manner of contraction: Slow, Sustained, Resistant to fatigue
- Unstriated, Involuntary, uninucleated
- Undergo peristalsis
- Long Section:Fusiform Densities, Thick Middle, Thinly Tapered, Elongated, Uninucleated, Arranged
Offset, Muscle fibers are surrounded by elastic/reticular fibers
- Cross Section:Only larger section have round central nucleus, Variable sizes due to tapered ends,
Mosaic of Irrefular Polygons
- Function: Cell to cell attachment, Rapid spread of excitation
- Occurrences: Tunica Media of Blood Vessels, Urinary Bladder, Ureter, Tunica Muscularis of GIT,
Respiratory Tract, Uterus, Ciliary Muscle of Eye, Arrector Pili
Slide #30 – Esophagus – lower third
Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)

Long & Cross Section (LPO) HPO

LPO
Slide #46 – Urinary Bladder Cardiac Muscle (Left) Purkinje Fibers (Right) – found in the subendocardial layer
Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)

LPO Skeletal Muscle

- Structural and Functional unit: Sarcomere
- Multinucleated, Striated, Contractions are Voluntary
- Manner of Contraction: Swift, Forceful, Not resistant to fatigue
- Long Section: Roughly Cylindrical, Long Solitary Band, Peripheral nucleus, True Syncytium
- Cross Section: Polyhedral, Almost uniform in size
- Occurrences: Attached to bone EXCEPT: Intrinsic Muscle of Tongue, Upper part of Esophagus, Some
facial muscle
Slide #27 – Tongue Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO)

Cardiac Muscle
- Structural & Functional unit: Sarcomere
- Striated, Involuntary
- Bundle form thick middle coat - Myocardium
- Branch and anastomose but Not Syncytial
- Has inherent automaticity and rhythmicity
- Purkinje Fibers: Modified cardiac muscle for Impulse Conduction
- Long Section: (1) 2 nuclei per cell, centrally located (2) Relatively abundant sarcoplasm than skeletal (3)
Numerous Mitochondria (4) Myofibrils have fainter striations than skeletal (5) Sarcoplasmic reticulum is
not as highly developed as skeletal (6) No Sarcoplasmic Triad, instead has Diad
- Cross Section: (1) Relatively abundant sarcoplasm (2) Uniform in size (3) Centrally located nucleus
Slide #9 – Heart (Occurrence: Heart, Superior Vena Cava)
Long Section (HPO) Cross Section (HPO) HPO HPO (pointed: CS, below: LS)
Slide # 28 - Circumvalate Papillae of Tongue
Long Section Cross Section

Slide #31 - Gastro-esophageal junction

Long Section Cross Section

HPO (terminal ganglion of GEJ)

Basis Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Features Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Size of Muscle Fiber Smallest: 20-500µ in Largest: 10-30µ in Intermediate: no
length; 2-20µ in length; 0.1-0.5µ in accurate measurement
Striations Absent Present Present
greatest diameter. diameter available Fibers Short, Spindle-shaped Long, Cylindrical, Short, Branched,
Shape of Muscle Fiber Spindle-Shaped Solitary Band: the Short, branching,
Unbranched Anastomosing
ends appear rounded arranged end to end
or notched forming a network Nuclei Single, Central Multiple, Peripheral Single, Central
Cell Nexus None Intercalated disks
Number and shape of Single: more slender Multiple; Oval Generally one or two;
nucleus and elongated Oval
Junctions
Transverse None Well Developed Well Developed
Location of Nucleus in At about the Middle of Peripheral: At about the Middle of
Tubules
the Muscle Fiber Muscle Fiber immediately beneath Muscle Fiber
the sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic Present, but poorly • Highly • Less well
Reticulum developed developed developed
Relative size of nucleus Largest of the three Smallest of the three Intermediate • Has • Small Cisterns
in comparison to the types types Terminal
diameter of fiber Cisterns
Regeneration Yes, Mitosis Yes, Satellite Cells No
Cross Striations of Non-striated Prominently Striated Striated but not as
myofibrils prominent as skeletal Contraction • Spontaneous Initiated by nerve • Spontaneous
• Modulated by action potential • Pacemaker
Variations in size of Wide variation Uniform in size Moderate Variation nervous system System
the muscle fibers in and hormones • Modulated by
cross section
nervous system
and hormones
Sarcoplasmic Not well developed Well developed Less developed than
Reticulum skeletal Main • Involuntary Voluntary • Involuntary
Function control of blood movement of limbs, rhythmic
T-tubule Absent Smaller: occurs at A-I Larger: occurs at the Z vessel diameter digits, face, tongue, contractions
junction line • Gut peristalsis and other muscles • Pumps blood to
• Uterine muscles and
Sarcoplasmic Triad Absent Present: two in one Absent
contractions organs
sarcomere
during • Modulated by
Sarcoplasm Small amount Small amount Large amount childbirth, physiological
airway and emotional
Nervous Control Involuntary – Voluntary – Involuntary –
diameter, and factors
Autonomic Nervous Cerebrospinal Nerves Autonomic Nervous
System System
others
Blood and Lymphatic Fair: capilliaries lie in Rich: capilliaries lie on Twice as rich as skeletal
Supply the thicker connective muscle fiber with the muscle. Capilliaries and
tissue between muscle endomysium; lymphatics lie on the
bundles or layers lymphatics occur in muscle fiber with
the thicker parts of endomysium
the perimysium only
Ex. 6 – Nervous Tissue Cerebellum
Spinal Cord • Folds – Folia (plural) Folium (singular)
• Dura, Arachnoid and Pia mater are collectively known as meninges. • Gray matter – located peripherally; comprises Cerebellar Cortex, which has an 3 layers:(1) outer
• There are no lymphatic vessels in the CNS but fine strands from the pia mater extending onto the Molecular layer(2) Inner granular layer - composed of densely packed, dark-staining neurons -
nervous tissue contain blood vessels. Granule Cells, (3) layer of Purkinje Cells
• White matter – fibrillar background is loose | Gray matter - fibrillar background is tight. • White matter – located centrally
• Oligodendrocytes – analogous to the Schwann cells in the PNS
- Function: insulate the axons. Slide #10 - Cerebellum
LPO HPO (pointer lies at White Matter)
• Fiber Tract - group of nerve fibers having the same course, origin, termination and function located
inside the CNS

White Matter (Outside the “H”)

Dura Mater (Outermost)

SubArachnoid Space/Subdural Space (Between)
Arachnoid/Pia Mater (Innermost)

Gray Matter (The “H” or butterfly)

HPO (pointer lies at Gray matter) (structure pointed is Purkinje cells)

Central Canal
Cell: Ependymal Cells
O - Oligodendrocytes (glial cells around the neuron)
Structure: Ependyma
A - Astrocytes (glial cells in between neurons)

Slide #11 - Cross Section of Spinal Cord

Spinal Ganglion/Dorsal Root Ganglion Slide #46 – Urinary Bladder
• Afferent Neurons – pseudo-unipolar type HPO LPO
• Function of Spinal Ganglion: relay impulses from the skin, muscles and visceral organs to the
central nervous system
• Basophilic Cytoplasm
• Prominent "fish-eye" nucleus
• Supporting / Surrounding Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue
• Capsule/Satellite/Amphicyte cells – a type of glial cell that surrounds nerve cell bodies, avoiding
contact with areloar CT
• Space between neuron & capsule cells - artefact due to shrikage during tissue processing
• Function of Satellite cells: “supply nutrients, give protection to the surrounding neurons” and also
have some structural function. Satellite cells also act as protective, cushioning cells.
Nerve Cross Section
Slide #12 – Spinal Ganglion
• It is a bundle of nerve fibers found in the peripheral nervous system.
• Arrangement – in bundles called fascicles.
• Function of Myelin Sheath - increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated
fiber.
• Vas/Vasa nervorum - are small arteries that provide blood supply to peripheral nerves.
• Node of Ranvier - Saltatory Impulse conduction ; Intercal or gap between Schwann Cells ; Structural
bases for the jumping of impulses between nodes
• Neurilemma – it is the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.
• Endoneurium - Thin connective tissue covering individual fibers ; binds with neurilemma
• Perineurium – the protective sheath that covers each fascicle.
• Epineurium - outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve.
Terminal Ganglion Slide #14 – Cross Section of Sciatic Nerve
(LPO) (HPO)
• It is a mass of nerve cells found in or in the vicinity of the organ it supplies.
• It is a part of the Autonomic Nervous System (Parasympathetic)
• Composition: Nerve Cell Bodies, Nerve Fibers, Areolar CT support Space where myelin
sheath was.
• Nerve Cells: Basophlic cytoplasm, Fish eye nucleus, No capsule Axis Cylinder/Myelinated
• Supportive Tissue – Areolar connective tissue Axon

• Neighboriong Tissue – Smooth muscle

• Function – it relays impulses from the central nerve system to the smooth muscles and/or glands
Non-myelinated
and is thus motor in function. axon

• “Ganglion” have nerve cell bodies whereas “Nerves” do not have nerve cell bodies Schwann Cell
Nucleus
Slide #35 - Ileum
Slide #13 - Sciatic Nerve (Long Section) Ex. 8 – CardioVascular System
Slide #9 - Heart
• Purkinje fiber – function is to conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to
contract in a coordinated fashion.
• Chondroid tissue – fibrous tissue that has the same consistency and some characteristics of
cartilage.
• The Subendothelial layer is lined by Simple Squamous epithelium.
• The Subendocardial layer contains Purkinje fibers.
• Slide #9 – Heart (LPO): Specimen

Subendothelial Layer
Endocardium
Subendocardial Layer

Slide #21 - Medium sized & Small nerves (Cross Section)

LPO HPO
Myocardium

Epicardium

Vater-Pacinian Corpuscule
• Appearance – Onion-Like
• Lamellae – composed of of fibrous connective tissue and fibroblasts, separated by gelatinous
material. The lamellae are very thin, flat, modified Schwann cells.
• Inner core – specialized ground substance
• Function – Deep Pressure sensor
Slide #15 – Skin (thick)
Additional notes:
Artery
• Tunica adventitia is thinner than the tunica media except in medium sized arteries where they are
equal or almost equal.
• Characteristic – has 40 or more layers of smooth muscle
• Large Artery - Elastic Artery - Maintain arterial blood pressure and continuity of circulation during
diastole.
• Medium and Small Artery – Muscular Arteries – draw and distribute blood from an elastic artery
and branch into including small arteries and arterioles.
• 1-2 layers – Arteriole Slide #21 – Artery and Vein, medium-sized
• 3-8 layers – Small Artery Medium Artery
• 9-39 layers – Medium Artery
• Specific Name of Lining Epithelium: Endothelium
• Lining Epithelium: Simple Squamous Epithelium
Slide #20 – Aorta (Specimen); Large Artery (Organ)

Medium Vein

Vas Vasorum in Large Artery

Small Artery Small vein Ex. 9 – Lymphatic System
Lymph Node
• Hilus - concavity where BV enter and leave the organ
• Stroma - Capsule, Trabeculae, Reticular Fibert network
• Supporting Structure: Type III Reticular CT
• Parenchyma: Cortex(Dark Stain)- Lymphatic Nodules ; Germinal Center of Flemming
Medulla(Pale Stain)- No Lymphatic Nodules, Medullary Cords
• Function: Filtration of Lymph, Immune Defense, Production of Lymphocytes
Slide 16: Lymph Node

Slide #28 – Arteriole

Artery Vein
Thickest coat Tunica media Tunica Adventitia
Lumen Smaller Larger
Thickness of wall Thicker, better demarcated and Thinner, Tunica media is
distinguishable. poorly developed and blends
with Tunica intima
Shape of lumen Regular Irregular
Internal Elastic Present and easily seen even in Present only in bigger veins
Lamellae arterioles. and never prominent.
Tissue More smooth muscle and elastic fibers. More fibrous (collagenous)
tissue.
During Agonal The artery is emptied of blood. May contain some
Contraction accumulated blood.
Valves Never possess valves Present
Vasa vasorum Fewer, extend only to the outer parts of More, extend through the
the tunica media. tunica media into the tunica
intima.
Blood Flow Rapid, high pressure Slow, low pressure
Nourishment The inner layers are nourished by The cells in the wall are
diffusion from the blood and from the nourished by the vasa
vasa vasorum in the periphery. vasorum through diffusion.
Spleen Trabeculaes:
• Largest ; Location: Left Hypochondriac Region Smallest Trabeculae cut
• Stroma: Capsule - Fibro-muscular, contains smooth muscles for contraction
o Trabeculae - Splenic Nodules (Structural & Functional Unit)
o Reticular Fiber & Cell Network - Support Parenchymal Cells
• Parenchyma: Splenic Pulp
o White Pulp - (1)Dark-blue stained due to lymphocytes (2) Abundant Lymphocytes
(3) Peri-Arterial Lymphoid Sheath (PALS) - arrangement: Nodules, surrounds blood
vessels (4) Has Central Artery
o Red Pulp - (1) Red stained due to RBCs (2) Arrangement: Cellular / Bilroth's Cords
(between cords are venous sinuses made up of elongated simple squamous) (3)
Stave Cells - Lines venous Sinuses
• Functions: Filtration of Blood, Blood Reservoir, Iron Storage, Production of Lymphocytes,
Immunologic Defense Trabeculae with Lumen: Trabecular Blood Vessel!!!!
Slide 18: Spleen

White Pulp parts:

Structure pointed: Central Artery
Red pulp located structures:
Structure pointed: Billroth’s Cord Structure pointed: Spleenic Ellipsoid (a sheathed artery)
Space below Bill.Cord is an Artifact then a Trabeculae
Lymph Node Spleen
Slide #16 Slide #18

Red Pulp

Medullary Cord

White Pulp
Trabeculae
Central Artery

Germinal Center

Capsule

Sub capsular Sinus (the empty space) Red Pulp

Capsule Sheathed Artery (Splenic Ellipsoid)

Billroth’s Cord/Splenic Cord

Trabeculae

Trabeculae
Cortical Sinus (the empty space)

Medullary Sinus (the empty space)

Medullary Cord
Thymus Palatine / Faucial Tonsil
• Primary Lymphoid Organ - Mature certain groups of lymphoid organs (T-Lymphocytes) • Lined by epithelium (Stratified Squamous Epi.) usually infiltrated with lymphocytes
• Origin: Endoderm • Epithelium will invaginate to form Tonsillar Crypts – contain Salivary corpuscles composed of
• Contain Epithelial Cells dead/degenerated cells
• Thin capsule only on one side opposite to epithelium
• Absent Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
• Absent lymphtaic sinsuses
• Location: Beneath the upper part of sternum / Superior Mediastinum Anterior to the Heart • Present typical lymph nodes
• First organ seeded with lymphocytes from the bone marrow • Epithelium: Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Stroma - Capsule, Septa(Long, Will divide into lobules), Trabeculae(Short, Will end at cortico- • Crypt - Shallow - Pseudocrypt
medullary junction)
• Associated Glands - Ser-mucous
• Parenchyma:
• Cortex - No Nodules • Opening of Glands - Surface of Tonsil
• Medulla - Epithelial cells will form Thymic/Hassall’s Corpuscles - contains Keratohyaline granules • Infection: Very Common
arranged concentrically; Function of Hassall’s Corpuscles: produce cytokines and interleukins • Occurrences: Glossopalatine, Pharyngopalatine Arches
• Function: Production and Maturation of Lymphocytes , Immune Defense, Teaches lymphocytes on Slide 17: Palatine (or Faucial) Tonsil
how to respond to different antigens
Slide 19: Thymus
Salivary Corpuscle in Palatine Tonsil

Vermiform Appendix
Aggregation of nodules found in the lamina propria of Appendix surrounding the lumen
Absent Villi
Function: Production of Lymphocytes, Immune Defense
Peyer's Patch Organ: Appendix; Specimen: Vermiform Appendix
• Aggregation of nodules found in the lamina propria of the Ileum(stellate-shape) Opposite its Slide 36: Vermiform appendix
mesenteric attachment
• Covered by Simple Columnar epithelium
• Contains Typical lymphatic nodules
• Goblet cells - will identify Intestinal glands
• Rounded or oval masses of cells are embedded in the lymphatic tissue
• Has Villi
• Absent in Duodenum and Jejunum
• Function: Production of Lymphocytes, Immune Defense

Slide 35: Payer’s Patch (Specimen: Ileum)

Thymus Palatine/Faucial tonsil
Slide #19 Slide #17

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Salivary Corpuscule
Tonsillar Crypt

Septa

Lymph Nodule

Mucous Glandular Epithelium

Septa

Lymphocytes
Hassall’s corpuscule

Peyer’s Patch
Slide #35

Smooth Muscle
Vermiform Appendix
Lymph Nodule
Slide #36

Intestinal Glands Lumen

Lymphatic Nodule

Goblet Cell
Smooth Muscle Germinal Center

IntestinalGlands
Ex. 10 – Integumentary System
Skin
LAYERS OF THE SKIN
v 1. Epidermis
Ø Surface epithelium
Ø Composed of: Stratified squamous KERATINIZING epithelium
Ø Avascular, outermost layer
v 2. Dermis (Other Name: Corium)
Ø Lamina propria of the Skin
Ø Subjacent layer
Ø Made up of: Self-supporting, Tough supporting and nourishing layer of Fibro-elastic connective
tissue
Ø Vascular and with nerves
Ø Has collagen and elastic fiber bundles
Ø Deeper connective tissue of the skin
Ø Derived from: Mesoderm
v 3. Hypodermis
Ø Subcutaneous layer
Ø Found In/Location: Beneath the dermis
Ø NOT part of the skin!!!
Ø Made up of: Adipose tissue, Areolar connective tissue
Ø Function: Binds the skin to the underlying fascia or bones
v HAIR
Ø Thin keratinized structure derived from: Invagination of the epidermal
epithelium now known as “Hair follicle”
Ø Found everywhere of the body surface EXCEPT!!!: Palms of the hand, Soles
of the feet, Sides of fingers and toes, Lateral sides of the feet below the
ankl, Vermillion border of the lips, Glans penis, Sides of the scrotum,
Clitoris, Labia minora, Inner surfaces of the labia majora
Ø PARTS OF HAIR FOLLICLE:
§ 1. Hair Bulb: The bulbous terminal expansion of the hair follicle at the
deep end of the hair follicle
Thin Skin
v Examples of thin skin: Abdomen, Axilla, Inguinal area, Scalp, Lips § 2. Hair Papilla: Connective tissue papilla which extend into the
v ABSENT LAYERS!!!: Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Disjunctum concavity of the hair bulb
Slide 22: Thin Skin Layers (Please Label for Studying) • Function: Has an inductive influence in the formation of hair
§ 3. Hair Matrix: The darkly pigmented cells covering the hair papilla
• Function: Formation and growth of hair
Ø LAYERS OF THE HAIR FOLLICLE:
§ 1. Epidermal Root Sheath: Cellular or epithelial portion of the hair
follicle
§ 2. Dermal Root Sheath: Aka “External Root Sheath”
• Connective tissue sheath Made up of: Dense fibrous connective
tissue
§ 3. Glassy membrane: In between the Epidermal and Dermal Root
Sheath
• Function: Separates epithelium and connective tissue portion of
the hair follicle
Hair Follicle SEBACEOUS GLANDS
v Morphological classification: Simple branch acinar gland
v Found at/Location: Angle formed between the arrector pili muscle and the hair follicle
v Composed of: Rounded acinar cells with abundant fat droplets in the cytoplasm
v Function: Production of sebum
v With hair: Ducts open to the neck of the hair follicle
v For hairless area: Duct opens directly onto the skin surface

Epidermal Root Sheath

SWEAT GLANDS:
v 2 KINDS OF SWEAT GLANDS:
v 1. Apocrine Sweat Gland
Ø Examples: Areoli of the Breast, Axilla, Genital region
v 2. Eccrine (Merocrine) Sweat Gland
Ø Morphological classification: Simple coiled tubular gland
Ø Widely distributed: Throughout Integument
Ø Secretory portions: Embedded in Underlying dermis
ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLE Ø Excretory ducts: Ascend to empty/open unto the skin surface
v Strands of smooth muscle fibers Ø Function: Production of Watery secretions
v Arranged: Obliquely in relation to the hair follicle
v One end is inserted/attached to the Dermal root sheath, the other end is attached to the Dermal
papillae resulting to a “Goose flesh contraction”
v Function: Goose flesh contraction causing the hair to erect, Help in the expulsion/excretion of sebum
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
v 2.1 Stratum Basale/Germinativum
Ø Single layer of low columnar cells
Ø Supported by: Typical Basal lamina then resting on the Underlying dermis
Ø Function: Cells in this layer actively divides, so there is Cell division or Mitosis to replace the
Desquamated cells of the surface
v 2. 2 Stratum Spinosum/Malipighii
Ø Middle layer
Ø Prickle cells: Several layers of cuboidal to polyhedral cells
v 2.3 Stratum Granulosum
Ø 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells containing “Kerato-Hyaline granules”
Ø Function: Has Kerato-hyaline granules for contributribution to the process of keratinization
Ø More distinguished in the Thick skin
v 2.4 Stratum Lucidum
Ø Clear translucent layer
Ø Made up of: Thin layer of extremely flattened cells, Dead keratinocytes, Clear wavy or glass
plates
Ø NOT identifiable in thin skin!!!
Ø Occurs ONLY in Thick skin!!!
v 2.5 Stratum Corneum
Ø Several layers of non-nucleated flattened scale-like Dead cells containing Keratin
Ø Corny or “Horny” cells
Ø Function: Serves as protection from Desiccation
v 2.6 Stratum Disjunctum
Ø The most superficial layer of the Stratum Corneum where the fully keratinized lifeless cells are
loosened and ultimately desquamate/shed off
Ø Scale-like and dead cells which cannot be identified in the long slide because of desquamation

Thick Skin
v Examples of thick skin: Soles of the feet, Palm of the hand
Slide 15: Thick Skin (Please label for studying)

Cork Screw Channel

Function: Passageway for Sweat glands Sweat Glands
Ex. 11 – Digestive System 1 (Oral Cavity - Tongue ONLY) Filiform and Fungiform
v Freely movable organ on the floor of the mouth, so you can move your tongue at any direction
v Main [tissue] bulk of tongue: Skeletal muscles
v Tunica mucosa:
Ø Epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium NON-KERATINIZING type
Ø Lamina propria: Dense and continuous with the interstitial connective tissue of the underlying
muscle
Ø Muscularis mucosa: Absent
Ø Found at/Location of TM of Tongue: Rough dorsal surface (Dorsum) of the tongue
v Tunica submucosa: Found at the smooth ventral surface of the tongue
Filiform Papillae
-Primary filiform papilla: Broad base with pointed ends
- Secondary filiform papilla with pointed end: Connective tissue
-Shape: Conical
-Epithelium: Stratified squamous is polyhedral in shape
-The Superficial squamous cells: transform into Hard scales (keratohyaline) Circumvallate Papillae
Slide 27: Tongue (Filiform Papillae) -Primary filiform papilla: Stratified squamous epithelium
-Secondary filiform papilla: Areolar Connective Tissue (Lamina propria)
-Location: Sunk on the surface of the mucous membrane
-Surrounded by: 2 circular furrow/trench/groove/ crypt
-Taste buds: Numerous, pale staining oval bodies on the lateral side of the epithelium
-Occurrence of Taste Buds:Upper surface of the tongue, Soft palate, Upper Esophagus, Cheeks, Epiglottis
-Function of Taste buds: For Taste receptor
-Associated with: Serous glands of Von Ebner
-Secretory end pieces: At the Underlying skeletal muscle
-Excretory ducts: Empty at the Bottom of the crypts/furrow
Slide 28: Circumvallate Papillae

Fungiform Papillae
-Primary fungiform papilla: Narrow base w/ a Smooth rounded and expanded top surface
-Secondary papilla with blunt ends: Lamina propria
- Has blood vessels which are responsible for the redness of the papilla
-Taste buds: Few
-Function of Taste Buds: For Taste receptor
-Occurrence of Taste Buds:Upper surface of the tongue, Soft palate, Upper Esophagus, Cheeks, Epiglottis
Slide 27: Tongue (Fungiform Papillae)