Cells and Tissues

Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Rough
Endoplasmic Golgi
Reticulum Apparatus

Nuclear Nucleolus
Membrane
Centrosome/
Chromatin
Centriole
Lysosome
Ribosomes (red dots)
Peroxisome
Cytoplasm

Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Flagella
Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope Chromatin

Nucleolus Ribosome
Microtubule Cell Membrane
Rough ER
Centriole

Mitochondria Smooth ER

Microvilli

Cilia
Golgi Apparatus

Microtubule
Microtubule

Lysosome
 Organelle Functions
Organelle Location Function
Cell Membrane External boundary of the cell Confines cell contents; regulates entry and exit of
materials
Lysosome Throughout cytoplasm Digests and breaks down old organelles
Peroxisome Throughout cytoplasm Breaks down toxic materials in the cell (alcohol)
Mitochondria Scattered throughout cell Energy powerhouse of the cell (ATP)
Golgi Apparatus Within cytoplasm Process lipids/proteins for export out of the cell
Centrioles 2 rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus made of microtubules Controls the spindle fibers during mitosis

Centrosome Consists of the 2 centrioles and a mass of proteins near nucleus Form the spindle fibers during mitosis that pulls
chromosomes apart
Smooth ER Within cytoplasm Synthesize lipids
Rough ER Flattened sacs near nucleus Synthesize proteins
Ribosomes Attached to Rough ER Synthesize proteins
Cilia Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane Movement
Microvilli Hair like structures on surface of cell membrane (smaller than Increase surface area of the cell; involved in secretion
cilia) and absorption
Microtubules Throughout cytoplasm; part of cytoskeleton; thick proteins Moves organelles inside the cell; form the spindles
during mitosis; compose cilia, flagella, and centrioles
Microfilaments Throughout cytoplasm; part of the cytoskeleton; thin stringy Moves organelles inside the cell; also involved in muscle
proteins contraction
Nucleolus Within the nucleus Synthesis of ribosomes
Nucleus Near the center of the cell Contains the genetic information
Nuclear Envelope w/ pores External boundary of the nucleus Allows materials into and out of the nucleus

Knowing functions are not required on the lab, but are helpful when clues are given in the question
Movements through the membrane:
Diffusion

Movement of molecules
from a high
concentration to a low
concentration

No energy required
 Movements through the membrane:
Filtration

As blood flows through the capillary, smaller

molecules are filtered out through tiny openings
and larger molecules stay inside
 Testing Solutions

Water Glucose Sucrose

Benedict’s Test Iodine Test

(test for glucose) (test for starch)

Color change from blue to orange Color change from orange to dark purple
• Type of cell: RBC

• Type of solution: Isotonic

• Water is diffusing: Into and out of RBC equally

• Type of cell: Crenated RBC

• Type of solution: Hypertonic

• Water is diffusing: out of RBC faster

• Type of cell: Lysed RBC

• Type of solution: Hypotonic

• Water is diffusing: Into RBC faster

 Mitosis

• Phase: Interphase

• What is occurring: Nuclear envelope is visible

DNA replication
Cell performs its normal job
 Mitosis

• Phase: Prophase

• What is occurring: Nuclear envelope is

disappearing
Chromosomes forming
 Mitosis

• Phase: Metaphase

• What is occurring: Chromosomes line up along

the center of the cell
 Mitosis

• Phase: Anaphase

• What is occurring: _______ are separating

 Mitosis

• Phase: Telophase
Cytokinesis

• What is occurring: Nuclear membrane reforms

Cell membrane forms
Tissues
 Simple Squamous

• Location: Lungs, endothelium of

capillaries

• Body Function: Diffusion, osmosis

 Simple Cuboidal

• Location: Kidney tubules, glands,

ovaries

• Body Function: Secretion, absorption

 Simple Columnar

• Location: GI tract, uterus

Secretion, absorption, move

• Body Function: sperm
 Pseudostratified Columnar
• Location:

Trachea

• Function:

Movement of fluids
(mucous)
Stratified Squamous
• Location:
Skin, mouth, anal
canal, esophagus
• Body Function:
Protection water
loss, abrasion
etc….
Transitional
• Location: bladder

• Body Function: Stretch

Connective Tissues
 Loose Connective Tissue
(Areolar)
Collagen Fibers Elastic Fibers

Reticular Fibers Fibroblasts

 Fat (adipose)

Adipocyte

Nucleus
 Reticular

Reticular Fibers
 Dense Regular

Nuclei of Fibroblasts

Collagen Fibers
 Hyaline cartilage

Chondrocytes
Matrix
Lacuna (space occupied by cell)
Elastic Cartilage
 Fibrocartilage

Chondrocytes Collagen
Fibers
 Bone
Osteocytes

Central Canal
 Blood
WBC

RBC

Platelets
Skeletal Muscle
• Location:
Attached to
Skeleton

• Body Function:
Voluntary
movement
 Cardiac Muscle

Intercalated Discs
• Location: Heart

Heart muscle contraction

• Body Function:
 Smooth Muscle

• Location: Blood vessels, GI tract

• Body Function: Involuntary movement

 Nervous tissue

• Location: CNS, PNS

• Body Function: Conduct nerve impulses